交: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 直前交渉
- Last-minute Negotiations
- 国交交渉
- Diplomatic negotiations
- 交通関連
- Boundary between the soup broth and transportation
- Access
- いい交わす
- to have a chat with
- to exchange words or promises
- to promise
- to get engaged
- 日本の交通
- Transportation within Japan
- Transportation in Japan
- Transport in Japan
- 交渉の経緯
- History of Negotiations
- 交差点の概要
- Summary of the intersection
- 収拾への交渉
- Negotiation toward a solution
- 各交替式の概要
- Summary of each kotaishiki
- 条約交渉-2-
- The negotiation of the treaty -2-
- 条約交渉-1-
- Negotiation of the treaty -1-
- 民間・地域交流
- Private-sector/Regional exchanges
- 倭館における交易
- Commerce in wakan
- 通交権の対馬集中
- Concentration of the trading rights in Tsushima
- 休戦期の和平交渉
- Peace talks during the truce period
- 朝鮮との国交交渉
- Diplomatic talks with korea
- 交替雑事(20巻)
- Kotai zatsuji (miscellaneous matters about administrative transitions) (20 volumes)
- 公共交通利用の場合
- By public transportation system
- 外交交渉から侵攻まで
- From Diplomatic Negotiations to Invasion
- 「参勤交代」が一般的。
- Generally written as '参勤交代'.
- 文化面の交流・相互影響
- Cultural exchanges/Mutual influence
- 公共交通機関利用の場合
- Via public transportation
- 男女が性交を指す例え。
- This is an analogy referring to a sexual activity between a man and woman.
- 醒ヶ井駅前交差点を右折。
- Turn right at Samegai-ekimae intersection.
- 交通の要所となっている。
- Therefore, it is an important point for traffic.
- 交差点南東側は京都御所。
- To the southeast of the intersection lies Kyoto Gosho (Kyoto Imperial Palace).
- 朝鮮王朝との国交と貿易。
- Diplomatic relations and trade between Japan and the Korean royal dynasty
- 京都と滋賀を結ぶ主要交通
- Main traffic that connects Kyoto and Shiga
- 奈良交通法隆寺バスセンター
- Horyuji Bus Center of Nara Kotsu Bus Lines Co. Ltd.
- 砲艦外交の展開:江華島事件
- Development of gunboat diplomacy: the Ganghwa Island incident
- これが最後の交替式となった。
- This became the last kotaishiki.
- 国交の再開~20世紀前半まで
- From restoration of diplomatic relations to the first half of the 20th century
- 中国王朝との通交も途絶した。
- During this time, trade with the Chinese Court also stopped.
- 九州支配と外交の役目を果たす。
- This office was effectively utilized for ruling the Kyushu area as well as for diplomacy.
- 梅と砂糖を交互にビンに詰める。
- The bottle is filled alternately with ume and sugar.
- 条約交渉における日本側の基本姿勢
- The basic attitude of Japan at the treaty negotiations
- 大日本帝国憲法第13条 外交大権
- Article 13. Prerogative to control diplomatic affairs
- これらを好みにより交互に食べる。
- A person eats a small amount at a time from any of the dishes.
- ユガケの中で唯一交換可能な部分。
- Among the parts of a yugake, it is the only one which is interchangeable.
- 前後交互に激しく上下に差し上げる
- Lifting up and down, back and forth, alternately and violently;
- 通交船や交易量の制限を定めたもの。
- This treaty was designed to restrict the amount of trading ships and trading amounts.
- 翌々年再度交渉するが不調に終わる。
- Two years later after that, they had another negotiation, but it did not go well.
- 10月中旬に至って交渉は妥結した。
- The negotiations came to a settlement in the middle of October.
- そのためバスが公共交通機関である。
- For this reason, bus is the public transit system for the area.
- 日朝修好条規付録及び貿易規則の交渉
- The negotiation of the subsidiary agreements of Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity and trade regulations.
- 条約交渉は大きく分けて二段階ある。
- The negotiation of the treaty was divided into two stages.
- まずは日朝修好条規そのものの交渉。
- The first stage was to negotiate the Japanese-Korean Treaty of Amity itself.
- アユタヤからも交易船が長崎に来た。
- Trading ships from Ayutthaya also came to Nagasaki.
- その後数年間交渉が進展しなかった。
- The bilateral talks did not progress for several years.
- 異文化料理との折衷・交流・逆輸出入
- Partially taking in features of dishes in foreign culture (eclectic dishes), interaction with dishes in foreign culture, and exporting Japanese dish styles originated in other nations/importing Japanese dish styles modified/invented in other nations
- 漢字片仮名平仮名交じり文で記される。
- It is written in a blend of kanji, katakana, and hiragana.
- ふれあい交流館(大塔温泉「夢乃湯」)
- Fureai Koryu-kan (Oto Onsen Hot Spring 'Yume-no-yu')
- 5月15日 上野戦争で彰義隊と交戦。
- July 4: the troop clashes with the Shogitai (a pro-bakufu force) during the Battle of Ueno.
- 「交戦団体」としての特権は認めない。
- We do not approve any privileges as a 'warring group'.
- 交渉は最初から日本ペースで進められた。
- The negotiations initially proceeded to Japan's advantage.
- 交渉場所は事件のあった江華島とされた。
- The venue of the negotiation was Ganghwa Island, where the incident had occurred.
- 次に条規附録及び貿易規則に関する交渉。
- The second stage was to negotiate the affiliated provisions and trade rules.
- 認定された棚田は、助成金が交付される。
- If a rice field is recognized as 'Tanada,' a subsidy will be offered.
- また、朝鮮半島との交流も盛んであった。
- Interaction with Korean Peninsula was also very active.
- 足利義満は倭寇を取り締まり朝鮮との交易。
- Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA brings the Wako under control and begins dealings with Korea
- この事件により日朝の国交は断絶状態となる。
- This incident led to the rupture of diplomatic relations between Japan and Korea.
- 田川交差点の先で分岐する一般道沿いにある。
- It is located along the local road branched after Tagawa Intersection.
- 市場の成立や交通の整備は都市の発展を促す。
- The founding of and subsequent commerce at markets spurred cities to grow and develop.
- また、交代は「交替」と書かれることがある。
- '交替'can be used instead of '交代'.
- 参勤交代のために、街道や宿場が整備された。
- On the other hand, because of sankin-kotai, roads and shukuba (post stations) were maintained.
- 国道307号 :彦根市・原町交差点が起点。
- National Route 7 starts at Hara-cho crossing in Hikone City
- 国道306号 :彦根市・外町交差点が終点。
- National Route 6 ends at To-machi crossing in Hikone City.
- この事件は外交的に大きな影響をもたらした。
- This incident had a great diplomatic influence.
- (下に挙げる和歌は漢字仮名交じり文で記す)
- (The following Japanese poems are written in kanji and kana:)
- これにより交易は再開され倭館も再び開かれた。
- This allowed the both parties to restart trading, and the wakan was reopened.
- また仮名交じり文の法令が増加するようになる。
- In addition, the statutes written in both kanji and kana (the Japanese syllabary) increased.
- そこで8月5日よりソウルで交渉が開始された。
- They resumed negotiations in Seoul from August 5.
- さらに上杉家や北条家との外交の失敗もあった。
- It also failed in the diplomatic negotiations with the families of Uesugi and Hojo.
- 外観は下見板張り、大入母屋を交互に重ねた形。
- The outer wall adopted the shitami itabari style, and each Oirimoya was alternately crossed to assemble.
- 唐よりも日本との交流が質量ともに大きかった。
- Interaction with Japan was greater than with Tang in terms of both quality and quantity.
- こうした一方で、新羅は民間交易に力を入れた。
- Meanwhile, Silla concentrated on private sector trade.
- 藤原惺窩をはじめとした儒家同士も交流があった。
- Confucians of both nations, including Seika FUJIWARA, interacted with each other as well.
- 事件は外交問題となり、宋素卿は投獄されて獄死。
- The incident became a diplomatic issue, and Sokei SO was imprisoned and died in prison.
- 明使の交渉も失敗し慶長の役の再出兵が行われた。
- The negotiation with the Ming envoy failed, and Hideyoshi sent his troops to Korea again.
- またこの頃、日元間で禅僧の交流が盛んであった。
- Moreover, interaction between Japanese and Yuan Zen monks flourished in those days.
- その名の通り、琵琶湖の水上交通の要衝であった。
- As its name suggests, it has been an important point of water transport of Lake Biwa.
- 京都の銀座より座人が一年毎に勤番交代を行った。
- The ginza was run by officials from the ginza in Kyoto, alternating shifts once every year.
- 交易場所は平戸港と長崎港に限られるようになった。
- The sites where foreign trade could be carried on became restricted to the Hirado port and Nagasaki port.
- 寮時代は、寮にいた友人らと盛んに議論を交わした。
- While he lived in the dormitory, he often discussed with his friends.
- 半日に渡り交戦したが、結局大崎付近まで退却した。
- Although having fought for half a day, Shinbutai retreated to the neighbor of Osaki.
- そして1876年2月11日に本交渉が開始された。
- In February 11, 1876, the main negotiations started.
- 当時は女王が支配し、南シナ海交易の要港であった。
- Ruled by a queen at that time, the Patani Kingdom was the location of an important trading port in the South China Sea.
- その交易港はホイアン(会安)及びダナンであった。
- Its trading ports were Hoi An and Da Nang.
- 翌年には近江国に転戦して六角氏とも干戈を交えた。
- The Yamana clan fought on successive fronts to Omi Province in the next year and fought with the Rokkaku clan.
- しかし、私撰「交替式」には内容の不備も多数あった。
- However, privately compiled 'Kotaishiki' included many unsatisfactory items.
- 城戸交差点で奈良県道20号下市宗桧線を下市方面へ。
- At Kido Crossing, take Nara Prefectural Road No.20 Shimoichi Munehi Route toward Shimoichi City.
- 一方、大内氏と何度か交戦するも決着が着かなかった。
- On the other hand, he had battles with the Ouchi clan several times, but it was not brought to an end.
- 劣悪な荘田と肥沃な公田を無断で交換してはならない。
- Fields within manors that were low quality could not be exchanged, without notice, for fertile fields administered directly by a ruler.
- 古来から交通の要衝であり、戦略上の価値も高かった。
- Being positioned at an important place in traffic from ancient times, the area was highly evaluated strategically as well.
- これを契機に低圧直流から高圧交流への転換を行った。
- On this occasion, high-voltage direct current was switched to high-voltage alternating current.
- 上の具と下の飯を交互に食べるのが好ましいとされる。
- It is said that it is preferable to eat cooked rice and the side dish placed on it alternately.
- すると再び国書を送り、日本と明の間に国交が成立する。
- After that, the Ming Dynasty sent a sovereign's message again, which resulted in the establishment of the diplomatic relations between Japan and the Ming Dynasty.
- 一方、日本の商人はポルトガル商船との交易を歓迎した。
- However, merchants in Japan welcomed trade with Portuguese coming aboard their merchant ships.
- 以後、内外官の事務引継ぎは同交替式に依ることとなる。
- After this, when a government officer was replaced, the procedure of handing over matters necessary for continuing office duties were carried out based on this kotaishiki, regardless of whether he lived in or outside Kyoto.
- 村内を名阪国道が横断しており、交通の至便な地である。
- Meihan National Route runs across the village, thus the village is quite conveniently located in terms of public transportation.
- 竜田川・竜田大橋(俊徳街道・十三街道・清滝街道交点)
- Tatsuta River, Tatsuta-ohashi Bridge (a point where Shuntoku Kaido, Juso Kaido and Kiyotaki Kaido intersect)
- その後交渉が再開され、南朝の使者が京都へ赴いている。
- Negotiations were resumed afterwards and a messenger from the Southern Court visited Kyoto.
- また福知山市は、交通の要衝としての一面を持っている。
- Fukuchiyama City also has all the character of a transportation hub.
- また情報交換のネットワークとしても貴重な存在である。
- It is also an important organization which provides an information exchange network.
- 船は警戒を受けるが、結局上陸を果たし、交易に成功する。
- Although the vessel was alerted, they were eventually allowed to land and succeeded in trade.
- 「恰も戦場に交るが如し」(『玉葉』閏10月14日条)。
- It was like being in a battlefield ('Gyokuyo,' entry of December 7).
- スギ花粉とヒノキ花粉の交叉性がある、という研究がある。
- Research has found that there is crossability between Japanese cedar pollen and Japanese cypress pollen.
- 熊野交通バス「玉置口」行きに乗換えて30分、終点下車。
- Transfer to KUMANO KOTSU line bus, `Tamakiguchi'-bound, and get off the bus at the last bus stop after a 30 minutes ride.
- 戦後は交通アクセスの良さで関西の奥座敷として発展した。
- Ogoto developed as a area where one can enjoy adult entertainment of Kansai region due to its good traffic accessibility, after the war.
- また、そこから生まれた外交関係における孤立状態を指す。
- National isolation also refers to the isolated condition in diplomatic relations resulting from the policy.
- 官軍はさらに軍を進めて薩軍と21日から野尻で交戦した。
- Further advanced government army fought with the Satsuma army in Nojiri from July 21.
- 一方、徳川軍と交戦していた朝倉軍は数では上回っていた。
- On the other hand, Asakura troops, which were fighting with Tokugawa, outnumbered the Tokugawa troop.
- 当時はアメリカと不平等条約改正を交渉中の最中であった。
- This incident occurred while negotiations to redress an unequal treaty between Japan and the USA were underway.
- なお江戸幕府は唯一李氏朝鮮とは正式な国交をもっていた。
- The shogunate government had official diplomatic relations only with Yi Dynasty Korea.
- 繁殖期は5-8月で、メスはオスと交尾した後に産卵する。
- The breeding season is from May through August, and females spawn their eggs after mating with males.
- 壬辰倭乱をきっかけに朝鮮と日本の外交関係は断絶していた。
- Due to Jinshin waran (the Bunroku War in Korean), Japan and Korea broke their diplomatic relations.
- 熊野交通バス「玉置川口」行きに乗換えて30分、終点下車。
- Transfer to KUMANO KOTSU line bus, `Tamaki Kawaguchi-bound' and get off the bus at the last bus stop, `Tamaki Kawaguchi' after a 30 minutes ride.
- 『案内記』は俳句や狂歌、挿絵を交えた案内記となっている。
- 'Annaiki' was a guidebook containing haiku, kyoka (comic or satirical tanka) and illustrations.
- 日本が困難な外交的取引を通じて辛うじて勝利を勝ち取った。
- Japan gained the victory barely through difficult diplomatic dealings.
- 参勤交代における江戸と領地との往来が典型的な形態である。
- The typical form was traffic between Edo and territory in Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo).
- 国交交渉再開の気運が高まり、1875年に交渉が行われた。
- There was a growing tendency to resume negotiations for diplomatic relations, and the negotiations started in 1875.
- この段階で両者の戦線が行き詰まり、和平交渉が始められた。
- At this stage, the battle lines for the both parties seemed fixed, and peace talks commenced.
- 事実上、洛北、嵐山方面の交通機関を一手に担うこととなる。
- It virtually controlled all the transportation systems in the Rakuhoku and Arashiyama areas.
- 外観は下見板張りで2重目・3重目を交互に大入母屋が乗る。
- The outer wall adopted the shitami itabari style and the second and third stories carried Oirimoya crossing alternately.
- 仏教会側は「三協西山」社長の西山正彦を交渉の窓口とした。
- The Buddhist organization installed Masahiko NISHIYAMA, who was the president of 'Sankyo Nishiyama', as the person to contact for negotiation.
- 徳川から朝廷への政権交代を宣言した(王政復古の大号令)。
- The change of regime from the Tokugawa shogunate to the Imperial court was thus declared (the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule).
- また、交通や経済のみならず、宗教的にも重要な場所であった。
- The place was important from transportation, economics and even religious point of view.
- 水運が主体であった時代には湖上交通の要衝として栄えていた。
- Katata was prosperous as an important point for traffic on Lake Biwa when water transportation was the main means of transportation.
- 卑弥呼は魏 (三国)との通交により倭国連合の安定を図った。
- Himiko established relationships with the Wei Dynasty (during the three States Period of China) to stabilize the union of Wa nations.
- 原則的に藩兵1,000人が京都に常駐し1年おきに交替した。
- Basically, 1,000 samurai of the Aizu clan were stationed in Kyoto and took turns every another year.
- これにより、両雄の大規模な交戦が避けられない状態になった。
- Here, a battle between the two big cliques seemed to be inevitable.
- 交換の際、日本は樺太のアイヌ民族を北海道に強制移住させた。
- When the land exchange took place based on the treaty, Japanese government forcibly transferred the Ainu in Sakhalin to Hokkaido.
- この制度により、全国的な参勤交代制度の原形ができあがった。
- This system became the prototype of the nationwide sankin-kotai.
- 九州国立博物館の文化交流展示室ではこの説が紹介されている。
- This theory is being introduced in the Cultural Exchange Exhibition room of Kyushu National Museum.
- 交易とは違うが、天候不順により海外へ難破した者も数名いた。
- Although not associated with the trade issue mentioned above, there were some people who ended up staying overseas after being shipwrecked due to bad weather.
- 文禄の役の後続いていた講和交渉は決裂し慶長の役が始まった。
- The peace-treaty negotiations after the Bunroku Campaign failed and therefore led to the Keicho Campaign.
- 尺八は当道座外の楽器であるが、古くから胡弓と交流があった。
- Shakuhachi was not an instrument played by the Todo-za members, but it had close ties to kokyu from old days.
- デモ隊は、河原町通を南下し、御池通との交差点にさしかかった。
- The demonstration march went down southward on Kawaramachi Street and reached the intersection of Oike Street.
- 「武士交名」へ登載されていることが武士身分を表す指標だった。
- The index to check whether or not a person was a samurai was whether the person's name was listed in 'bushi-komyo.'
- 交差点直下やや北寄りに京都市営地下鉄烏丸線 今出川駅がある。
- Imadegawa Station of Kyoto City Subway Karasuma Line is located immediately below or a little bit to the north of the intersection.
- 紀元前後には100前後の「国」が中国と通交していたとされる。
- Apparently, around the beginning of the first century, around a hundred nations had relationships with China.
- 当然、治天・天皇の交替を求める大覚寺統からの圧力は増大した。
- As expected, the pressure exerted by the Daikakuji line demanding a change in Chiten/Emperor grew.
- 正保4年(1647年)ポルトガル船2隻、国交回復依頼に来航。
- In 1647, two Portuguese ships came to ask the Bakufu to resume trade with Portugal.
- 以後、屯田兵は八代から人吉への進撃に加わって、交戦を重ねた。
- Thereafter, tondenhei joined marching from Yashiro to Hitoyoshi and fought a series of battles.
- 日本側の砲艦外交に対し、戦端を開く覚悟までは至らなかったこと
- Korea could not prepare for the outbreak of war against the gunboat diplomacy of Japan.
- 幕末の開国を経て、明治初年に日本とスペインは国交を回復する。
- After the opening of the country to the world at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, Japan resumed diplomatic relations with Spain in the first year of the Meiji period.
- このことにより、兵士の交代要員を確保することが難しくなった。
- This resulted in a difficulty in ensuring the number of soldiers who could be put on rotation for military service.
- 「鴻臚」という言葉は外交使節の来訪を告げる声を意味していた。
- Accordingly, the word '鴻臚' (pronounced 'Koro') meant a call for announcing a visit from a diplomatic mission.
- 明治政府は1874年6月から交渉を再開するがやはり紛糾した。
- In June 1874, the Meiji Government resumed negotiations, which did not come to a conclusion.
- 中国政府は自国の検査証明書で通関可能とするよう交渉中である。
- The Chinese government is in the middle of negotiating so that proof of inspection by China will be sufficient to pass customs.
- 現在、固有種・交配種を含め600種以上の品種が自生している。
- Presently more than 600 kinds, including both endemic species and hybrids, grow wild.
- 槍出しを左右交互に出すという決まりがあり、飾りは左右非対称。
- There is a rule to attach yaridashi alternately from side to side, and the ornaments are arranged asymmetrically.
- ゴルフは社交として戦後盛んになり、接待で行われることも多い。
- Golf came to be played actively after the war as one of the social opportunities, and Japanese people also play it frequently when entertaining business-related clients.
- 結果、「銅にしては高いが銀にしては安い」価値で交易されていた。
- As a result, the copper of Japan was exchanged at 'a high rate for copper, but low rate for silver.'
- 三浦の乱後、通交の断絶によって困窮した宗氏は大内義興を頼った。
- The So clan, suffering from dire poverty caused by the severance of friendly relations with Korean Dynasties as a result of the Sanpo disturbance, placed its reliance on Yoshioki OUCHI.
- 予定では、この交差点を左折して御池通へと入ることになっていた。
- They planned to turn left at the intersection onto Oike Street.
- 親幕府派の二条良基の要望もあって一旦は12月に交渉は成立した。
- Partly because Yoshimoto NIJO (a sympathizer of Muromachi bakufu) wanted it, the two sides reached an agreement in December (in the lunar calendar).
- 寛永元年(1624年)(スペイン)との国交を断絶、来航を禁止。
- In 1624, the Bakufu broke diplomatic relations with Spain, prohibiting the arrival of Spanish ships.
- その後、徳川家康からアイヌ交易独占権を認められ、大名に列した。
- Afterwards, the Matsumae clan was approved by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA of the monopolistic trade right with the Ainu and ranked as daimyo (Japanese territorial lord).
- 参勤交代の起源は鎌倉時代にみられた御家人の鎌倉への出仕である。
- Sankin-kotai originated from Gokenin (shogunal retainers of the Kamakura bakufu)'s serving in Kamakura during the Kamakura period.
- 総督府は台湾の近代化のために都市整備と交通改善を実施している。
- The Sotoku-fu also placed a strong emphasis on the modernization of Taiwan's urban infrastructure and transportation system.
- しかし渤海王大仁秀治世に日本との関係に変化が生じて交易が減退。
- But there was a shift in the relationship between Japan and the Balhae Kingdom during the rule of Emperor Dae Jung-sang of the Balhae Kingdom and the trade between two countries declined.
- 応募された案の審査が行なわれ、意見交換や様式の変更がなされた。
- After examining the subscribed designs, opinions were changed and alterations added to the designs.
- 日本では固有種・交配種を含め600種以上の品種が自生している。
- In Japan more than 600 kinds of both endemic species and hybrids grow wild.
- その後、信長は悪銭と良銭との交換レートを定める政策に改めている。
- Later, however, Nobunaga changed the policy and specified an exchange ratio of low-quality coins to high-quality coins.
- バス:近畿日本鉄道近鉄吉野線下市口駅から奈良交通バスで約1時間。
- By bus: It takes about one hour by Nara Kotsu Bus from Kinki Nippon Railway Company Kintetsu Yoshino line Shimoichiguchi station.
- 西日本では交易が活発化し、その活動は朝鮮・中国に及んだ(倭寇)。
- In western Japan, trade was actively conducted with activities extended to Korea and China as well (wako (Japanese pirates)).
- つまり外交だけでなく貿易の権限を幕府が制限・管理した体制である。
- In other words, Japan's national isolation indicated a regime in which the Bakufu restricted and controlled not only authority of diplomacy, but also controlled trade.
- 対馬藩の宗氏は中世から対朝鮮の外交、貿易の中継ぎをになってきた。
- The So clan in the Tsushima Domain had assumed the role of coordinating the diplomatic exchanges and trade between Japan and Korea since the Medieval period.
- たとえば清は日朝間の外交関係すらよく把握していなかったのである。
- For example, the Qing dynasty did not understand even diplomatic relations between Japan and Korea.
- 1482年、牙符を携行した最初の日本国王使が通交することで発効。
- In 1482, the Gafu came into effect when the first King of Japan envoy carrying Gafu had diplomatic relations with the Yi-Dynasty.
- 本来ならば一年で交代の兵役が3年・4年と長引くようになっていた。
- The military duty that was supposed to last for one year began to drag on to 3 or 4 years.
- また学侶方の老練の僧が交替で護摩を焚き、信長降伏の祈祷を行った。
- In addition, experienced priests of Gakuryogata (learned priest) took turns lighting a holy fire and prayed for Nobunaga's surrender.
- 福岡市交通局福岡市地下鉄空港線赤坂駅 (福岡県)下車徒歩10分。
- Ten minutes on foot from Kuko Line, Fukuoka City Subway managed by Fukuoka City Transportation Bureau, Akasaka Station (Fukuoka Prefecture)
- 陸上交通:五街道(東海道、中山道、日光街道、甲州街道、奥州街道)
- Land transport: the five main highways (gokaido) (Tokai-do Road, Nakasen-do Road, Nikko-kaido Road, Koshu-kaido Road, and Oshu-kaido Road)
- 2004年以降東京との交流が密接になってきているのも見逃せない。
- We also need to keep in mind that Kamigata storytellers have formed a closer relationship with their colleagues in Tokyo since 2004.
- このように、惣村は支配者側との交渉を通じて各種権利を獲得していく。
- Thus, the soson acquired various rights through negotiation with their rulers.
- 惣村もまた、領主と交渉して年貢徴収の請負権を獲得するようになった。
- As a result of negotiation with the feudal lords, the soson also came to acquire the contract which gave them the right to collect nengu themselves.
- 各奈良駅奈良交通バス奈良阪・青山住宅行「今小路」・「手貝町」下車。
- Take Nara Kotsu Bus bound for Narazaka or Aoyama Jutaku from Kakunara Station, and get off at 'Imakoji' or 'Tegai-cho.'
- これに伴ってこの峠自体も交通量が少なく、静かな雰囲気を保っている。
- Therefore, the traffic of the pass itself is also light, and the pass keeps a quiet atmosphere.
- 日本は新羅との関係が悪化する中で、遣渤海使などで交流を深めていく。
- In the midst of deteriorating relations between Japan and Silla, Japan deepened their ties with Bokkai by sending a team of envoys.
- 講和交渉開始の翌年、明治39年(1906年)3月に日本に帰着した。
- They returned to Japan in March, 1906, the next year when peace negotiations began.
- 以上をまとめると日本側の交渉の基本姿勢は、以下の二点に集約される。
- Japan's basic attitude towards negotiations was based on a combination of these two points.
- 古番峠は、八代を距ると、約五里、球摩八代両郡の交界に位置していた。
- The Koban-toge Pass was located at the boundary between Kuma County and Yatsushiro County, approx 19 km from Yatsushiro.
- その名称は北斉からあった九寺のうちの外交施設「鴻臚寺」に由来する。
- The name 'Korokan' was derived from the diplomatic facility 'Koroji Temple,' one of nine offices belonging to the executive organ of old China administration, which had existed since Northern Song Dynasty.
- 交趾 当時実質的に中部ベトナムを領有していたフエの阮氏政権である。
- Giao Chi was governed by the Guen clan in Hue, which actually ruled Central Vietnam at the time.
- この後、海外交易の抑制政策は明と次の清によって基本的に維持された。
- After this, the policy to restrict trading on the sea was maintained by the Ming dynasty and the following Qing dynasty.
- 服を着たときに、身体の正中面と服の背中が交わる線を、背中心という。
- Sechushin is the line where Seichumen of the body crosses the back of the garment.
- 三味線は降ろし撥、すくい撥を交互に早く連続させる音型が多用される。
- In shamisen, a figure of continuously exchanging oroshibachi (the downward movement of koto plectrum) and sukuibachi (the upward movement of koto plectrum) quickly is used repeatedly.
- 幕藩領主は普請・掃除・交通などのために、領民に人足役を賦課していた。
- Lords in the shogunate system imposed ninsokuyaku (physical labor) for construction, cleanup and traffic on the people inhabiting a fief.
- そして10月23日、学内において建て替え問題に関する団交が開かれた。
- A mass bargaining session on the problem of reconstruction was held on October 23.
- 1968年後期の寮自治会委員長として学生部封鎖や総長団交を推進した。
- He was the chairman of the dormitory council in the latter half of 1968 and spearheaded a blockade of the office of the student affairs department as well as negotiations with the president of the university.
- 」との降伏文書を出させたとし、政治・外交的には成功したと結論付けた。
- As such, the analysis concludes that the expedition was a success politically and diplomatically.
- 立花京子が提唱した、イエズス会が日本の政権交代をもくろんだとする説。
- This view was advocated by Kyoko TACHIBANA assuming that the Society of Jesus intended to realize political power change in Japan.
- 樺太千島交換条約にもとづき明治8年(1875年)11月20日に廃止。
- Abolished in accordance with the Treaty of Saint Petersburg on November 20, 1875.
- このために費用がかさみ、参勤交代は大名の財政を圧迫することとなった。
- Sankin-kotai was so costly that it placed an enormous financial burden on daimyo accordingly.
- この問題は、日朝双方の国交に対する思惑がすれ違ったことが原因である。
- The root of this problem lied in Japan and Korea's differing expectations regarding diplomatic relations.
- 東西交流の進む現代では、人情噺を上方風の演出で口演する落語家がいる。
- Today some storytellers perform sentimental routines in Kamigata style as communication between the east and the west has improved.
- また、その製法技術は、日本海交易により福岡からもたらされたとする説。
- There are various theories about how the manufacturing method came to the region, such as a theory suggesting that it was introduced from Fukuoka via Japan Sea Trade.
- このため、18世紀以降、倭館交易は衰退するが、断絶することはなかった。
- As a result, wakan trade had dwindled after the 18th century, although it was not terminated.
- 交渉は難航し、結局20年後の1811年(文化8年)にようやく実現した。
- The negotiation did not go smoothly, and the visit was realized 20 years later, or 1811, at last.
- これとは異なり、主人側にて書類を起案・交付するケースもあるようである。
- It appears that some lords may have prepared and issued similar documents themselves.
- このことから、国衙支配の回復が重要な外交カードになっていたと指摘する。
- Therefore, the recovery of the ruling on kokuga played an important role as a diplomatic card.
- 標高はそこそこ高いが、峠附近に住宅があるので狭路の割りに交通量は多い。
- The altitude is a little high and the traffic is heavy for houses nearby although it is a narrow road.
- 尊氏は南朝とも交渉し、和議の提案と直義・足利直冬追討の綸旨を要請する。
- Takauji negotiated with the Southern Court and suggested peace talks and requested an order to attack Tadayoshi and Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA.
- なんらかの事情で参勤交代が免除される事があり、これを'用捨'と言った。
- When a clan was exempted from sankin-kotai for certain reasons, this was called 'yosha'(literary means forgiveness).
- 砲艦外交を最大限推し進めながら、実際には戦争をできるだけ回避すること。
- They pushed forward with gunboat diplomacy as much as possible, while actually avoiding war as much as possible.
- 水上交通:角倉了以、河村瑞賢、東廻り航路、西廻り航路、菱垣廻船、樽廻船
- Water transport: Ryoi SUMINOKURA, Zuiken KAWAMURA, the westward freight route, the eastward freight route, higaki kaisen (a cargo-vessel between Edo and Osaka), and taru kaisen (a cargo-vessel between Edo and Osaka)
- 関ヶ原の戦い、大坂の役、参勤交代、武家諸法度、武断政治、天草の乱、鎖国
- Battle of Sekigahara, the Siege of Osaka, the daimyo's alternate-year residence system in Edo (Sankinkotai), Laws Governing Military Households, military government, Shimabara Rebellion, and national isolation
- ここに至り戦局有利と見た織田信長は石山本願寺との和平交渉を打ち切った。
- Under the circumstances, Nobunaga ODA judged that the war situation was favorable for him, and discontinued peace talks with Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple.
- 草仮名と女手の交用による散らし書きの優品で完成期に近い枯淡の書である。
- An excellent piece of chirashi-gaki that uses a mix of sogana and onnade; an elegantly simple calligraphy that is closer to the complete period style.
- 宗氏はこの点に着目し、日本国王使の偽使を仕立て上げ通交を行うことになる。
- The So clan focused on this and they tried to prepare gishi who pretended to be royal envoys in order to maintain relations to Korea.
- 通交再開の条件として朝鮮王朝側が一方的に突きつけたものが壬申約条である。
- The Jinshin Yakujo was imposed one-sidedly by the Korean Dynasties as a condition for the resumption of the relationship.
- 中国から博多へ向かっていた交易船が何らかの理由で沈没したものと思われる。
- A trading ship bound for Hakata from China is believed to have sunk for some reason.
- 朝鮮王朝にとってこうした通交は多大な負担であり、次第に制限を加えていく。
- Since maintaining such amicable relations was a heavy burden for the Korean Dynasty, they gradually increased restrictions.
- 五山は幕府の保護を受け、日明貿易を行う足利義満の外交的顧問役でもあった。
- The Gozan temples enjoyed the patronage of the bakufu, and in fact served as advisors and diplomats for Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA in the trade between Japan and Ming China.
- 交渉の停滞に業を煮やした日本側は砲艦外交を行うことを日本政府に上申した。
- The Japanese got angry about the stagnation of negotiations, and they asked the Japanese government to resort to the gunboat diplomacy.
- ある程度の損害を与え、その後の交渉で日本に要求をのませるようにするため。
- Their aim was to damage Japan to some extent and force it to accept their demands in later negotiations.
- 田植え、草刈り、稲刈り、ぐい飲みつくり、酒造工場見学根戸で交流を深める。
- The owners deepen exchanges through rice transplanting, mowing, harvesting, production of guinomi (Japanese sake cup) and a tour of the sake brewery.
- その一方で渤海使も交易に比重を置くようになり、来日の頻度も増えていった。
- On the other hand, envoys from Balhae began to put stress on trade and the frequency of their visits to Japan increased.
- 西海道は大陸との外交・防衛上の重要性から大宰府が置かれて諸国を管轄した。
- The Saikaido was so important to diplomacy with and security against the continent that Dazaifu was located there to control provinces.
- 西洋料理が入ってきて外国人と交渉のある社会階層で食べられるようになった。
- As Western dishes were brought to Japan, these vegetables were eaten by the people in social classes that had the chance to be mingled with foreigners.
- 交通手段が徒歩に限られていた時代には、宿場および峠やその前後で見られた。
- In the days when transportation was limited to walking, teahouses were seen around inn towns, mountain passes and thereabouts.
- また正式の通交使節との公貿易では、大蔵経など朝鮮の書籍も日本に輸出された。
- In the public trade with the formal missions for friendship, a lot of Korean books including Daizo-kyo Sutra (the Tripitaka) were imported into Japan.
- 近世の倭館交易では日本側は銀、硫黄、金、その他南方物産を朝鮮側に輸出した。
- In the Modern Period wakan trade, Japan exported silver, sulfur, gold, and other products of the south seas to Korea.
- 1510年に発生した三浦の乱により、日本と朝鮮王朝との通交は断絶していた。
- The friendly relationship between Japan and Korean Dynasties had been severed due to the Sanpo disturbance in 1510.
- 7月末に頼朝が勲功第一と評定されたことはその外交方針による成果だといえる。
- It could be regarded as an outcome of such a diplomatic policy that he was evaluated as the greatest deed of valor at the end of July.
- 市内全域を、丹後海陸交通(丹海バス・本社:京都府与謝野町)が担当している。
- Tango Kairiku Kotsu Co., Ltd. (Tankai Bus, the central ofice: Yosano-cho, Kyoto Prefecture) was in charge of the entire city.
- 季鷹は、有栖川宮職仁親王に手ほどきを受けた後、江戸にて文人墨客と交わった。
- Suetaka learnt poetry from Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Yorihito and moved to Edo to be with other writers and artists.
- またサイクリングコースの一つとなっている為、自転車の交通量も多い峠である。
- There are many bicycles in the pass because it is one of the cycling courses.
- 大型地域集団の中には中国王朝と通交するものもあり中国から「国」と称された。
- Some of these large-sized communities established a relationship with the Chinese dynasty, and were called a nation by China.
- しかし、遣唐使廃止後も対外交流は盛んで中国の文物は多く日本に流入していた。
- But, in reality, even after the demise of its missions to Tang China, Japan had active relations with other countries and many aspects of Chinese learning and culture were introduced.
- 4月17日 下関条約が調印され、5月8日に清の煙台で批准書の交換を行った。
- Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed on April 17, and the ratification was exchanged in Yantai, Qing on May 8.
- 先住民とは交流ができなかったらしく、12月17日に遭難者達は集落から逃走。
- The abductees apparently could not communicate with the aborigines, for they escaped from the village on December 17.
- これが事実であれば倭国の外交文書上、はじめて天皇号を用いられたことになる。
- If this transcription is authentic, this is the first instance that the word 'Emperor' was used in diplomatic documents of Wakoku (Japan).
- 鴻臚館(こうろかん)は平安時代に設置された外交および海外交易の施設である。
- Korokan was a facility established in the Heian period for diplomacy and overseas trade.
- 筑紫(現在の福岡県西部)の外交施設の原型は魏志倭人伝の時代に遡るとされる。
- The model of this diplomatic facility in Tsukushi (now the west of Fukuoka Prefecture) is assumed to originate in the period that the first written record of Japan's commerce was written.
- しかし唐以来、漸次南方の沿岸に海外から交易に訪れる外国の海上勢力が増した。
- However, during and after the Tang dynasty, the influence of foreign vessels visiting the southern costal areas for trade gradually increased.
- これらの交易物などは、正倉院宝物でも、その一端をうかがい知ることができる。
- One can discover a fragment about these traded goods from treasures in Shosoin.
- 弁士は舞台上でななめに構え、奥のスクリーンと観客席を交互に見ながら語った。
- Katsudo benshi sat sideways on stage, and narrated while watching the audience and the screen (at the back of the stage) alternately.
- その後、信長は悪銭と良銭の交換レートを設定し、流通を滞らせないように改めた。
- Later, Nobunaga set an exchange rate between low-quality coins and high-quality coins to prevent the circulation of money from becoming stagnant.
- さらに対馬から交易船が到着すれば、倭館滞在者が急増したことは言うまでもない。
- Needless to say, the number of its residents would jump after arrival of the trading ships from Tsushima.
- その直後再交渉を求める学生が総長を監禁したため警官隊が導入されたものである。
- The students kept the President hostage demanding renegotiation and the police were introduced.
- その注文をもとに国内武士を列挙した名簿「武士交名」が受領のもとで作成された。
- Based on the chumon, a list of samurai in the province, called 'bushi-komyo' (literally, samurai name list), was generated under the zuryo.
- JR紀勢本線 新宮駅 から熊野交通バス「熊野本宮」行きで35分、「志古」下車
- After 35 minutes by KUMANO KOTSU line bus, `Kumano-hongu Shrine-bound' from Shingu Station of the JR Kisei Main Line and get off at the bus stop, `Shiko'
- →東今出川通(京都府道101号銀閣寺宇多野線)出町柳・百万遍交差点・銀閣寺道
- To the east: Imadegawa-dori Street (Kyoto Prefectural Road 101 Ginkakuji-Utano Line) leads to Demachiyanagi, Hyakumanben Intersection and Ginkakuji-dori Street.
- 大阪都心部に直通する鉄道路線を持つ隣の橋本市、大淀町に比べて交通の便が悪い。
- It is less convenient for transportation compared with neighboring Hashimoto City, Oyodo Town which have railroads bound directly for the heart of Osaka.
- なお、オランダ東インド会社は出島使用料年額銀55貫に応じ唯一交易を許された。
- The Dutch East India Company of the Netherlands was the only company permitted to carry out trade in exchange for paying an annual rental fee to use Dejima for 55-kan (obsolete unit of currency/weight; 1 kan = approx. 3.75 kg, 8.3 lb) of silver.
- なお同日、各藩の藩札は当日の相場で政府発行の紙幣と交換されることが宣された。
- On the same day, it was declared that hansatsu (bills usable only in a particular domain) be exchanged for government bills at the market rate of the day.
- 蘇我氏打倒後、保守派は百済重視外交を推し進め、白村江の戦いでそれが破綻する。
- After the fall of the Soga clan, the conservatives moved ahead with the Baekje focused policy, which failed when the Battle of Hakusukinoe (the battle of Baekgan) broke out.
- 統監は外交を管理するために京城に駐在し韓国皇帝と親しく内謁することができる。
- He shall reside at Seoul, primarily for the purpose of taking charge of and directing matters relating to diplomatic affairs, and have the right of private and personal audience of His Majesty the Emperor of Korea.
- そもそも朝鮮側は、江華島事件に関する謝罪と賠償が交渉のテーマだと考えていた。
- Korea thought from the beginning that the theme of negotiations would be an apology and compensation for the Ganghwa Island incident.
- 和平交渉は徳川家康によって委任を受けた対馬の宗氏と朝鮮当局の間で進められる。
- Peace talks were carried out between the So clan in Tsushima, who was entrusted by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, and the government of Korea.
- 通交を行う者は図書を押印した書契を携行し、その印影を持って査証を行っていた。
- Those who were to start interaction carried shokei (letter of introduction) sealed with toso so that he could be certified by using the stamp seal.
- 牙符制(がふせい)とは、外交使節の審査・認証を行なう制度(査証制度)の一つ。
- Gafusei was one of the systems of examining and certificating an envoy (endorsement).
- 大名には幕府によりその格式に定められた参勤交代と御手伝いの義務が課せられた。
- The shogunate government obliged daimyo to live in Edo every other year (Sankinkotai) and compulsory service in construction work, which were determined according to their social status.
- 参勤交代時の西国大名が朝廷、公家より贈答され国許へのお土産としても使われた。
- During the time of the sankin-kotai system in the Edo period, in which feudal lords were obligated to live in Edo each alternate year, daimyo (feudal lords) from western Japan, the Gosho dolls were given as gifts by the Imperial court and used as souvenirs when the feudal lords returned home.
- 乙名は一人ではなく複数人で構成され、惣村の運営・調整・交渉などに当たっていた。
- The title of Otona wasn't given to one person but was instead given to a group comprising two or more persons, such a group being in charge of soson operations, coordination and negotiations.
- これらの禅僧の往来の多くは、日元間を交易する商船に便乗することが都合良かった。
- It is convenient for many of these priests to come and go on board merchant ships that carried on trade between Japan and Yuan.
- 一番槍(いちばんやり)とは、槍を用いて交戦の口火を切る軍団もしくは個人のこと。
- The term Ichiban-yari refers to a warrior or group of warriors who engaged in combat using a spear.
- 日清間で数年前に起きた台湾出兵の時の日本側の交渉姿勢が念頭にあったためである。
- That was because the Koreans were mindful of the attitude of Japan during the negotiation of the Taiwan expedition which had occurred between Japan and Ching several years before.
- 交渉の結果、官舎の設置や朝鮮内地の旅行は、朝鮮側の強い反対で日本側が撤回した。
- As a result of the negotiation, Japan withdrew the matters regarding establishment of the official residence and traveling inland in Korea, because of severe objection by Korea.
- 8・12日にも有楽斎と治長が本多正純、後藤光次と講和について書を交わしている。
- On 8th and 12th Yurakusai and Harunaga exchanged a document on pacification with Masazumi HONDA and Mitsutsugu GOTO (the old calendar).
- 司農寺等の官庁に籍があり年間三番の交代制で1ヵ月ずつ勤務するたてまえであった。
- Individuals of this status would be registered at a government office such as the Court of the National Granaries (Sinong Si) and work three one month shifts per year.
- 両軍とも講和の機運が高まり、明から使者が来たのにともなって、和平交渉に入った。
- The time for both armies to make peace had come, and they engaged in peace negotiations with the arrival of an envoy from Ming.
- この結果、ヤマト王権(倭国)と朝鮮半島諸国との関係・通交が活発化したのである。
- This led to increased interaction between the Yamato Kingdom (Wakoku) and the Korean kingdoms.
- 来日については交渉の妨げになるようであれば、削除もやむなしという姿勢であった。
- If the part concerning coming to Japan interfered with negotiations, Japan were prepared to delete it.
- 番組と連動した落語会の主催や、専属タレントとして落語家と契約を交わすなどした。
- They held rakugo shows linked to their programs and signed exclusive contracts with storytellers.
- 水界(海)の女人が神との交合により処女懐胎し「小さな子」を産み落とす話である。
- It is a story of a woman from the water realm (the sea) who has an immaculate conception due to her relationship with a god, and she gives birth to a 'little child.'
- 資料が残っておらず結果は不明ながら、1508年にも再度同様の交渉が行われている。
- In 1508, they again had a similar negotiation, although its result is unknown because any related documents are not left.
- しかし、その後の文禄・慶長の役によって日朝間が国交断絶となったために中断された。
- However, the diplomatic relations between the two nations were broken due to the Bunroku-Keicho War, and Chosen Tsushinshi ceased to come.
- 「請不廃失鴻臚館懐遠人励文士事」(外交の再建と文芸の振興の観点からの鴻臚館復活)
- 請不廃失鴻臚館懐遠人励文士事' (restoration of Korokan from the viewpoint of the restoration of diplomacy and the promotion of literature)
- 797年(延暦16年)頃に国司交替の際に行政実績を監査する勘解由使が設置された。
- Around 797, kageyushi was introduced to audit results of the administration when a kokushi (provincial governor) was to be replaced.
- バス:近畿日本鉄道近鉄吉野線下市口駅から奈良交通バスで約1時間「洞川温泉」下車。
- By bus: From Shimoichiguchi Station, Kintetsu Yoshino Line of Kinki Nippon Railway Company, about one hour ride by Nara Kotsu Bus, get off at 'Dorogawa onsen.'
- 5世紀に入るとヤマト王権は本拠を河内平野へ移し、中国王朝との通交を活発に行った。
- Entering the fifth century, the Yamato sovereignty moved its core site to the Kawachi plain and had active relationships with the Chinese dynasty.
- これを受けて吉田寮では、受諾の可否とその際の交渉条件について昼夜議論がなされた。
- Yoshida dormitory's residents discussed day and night about the pros and cons of the proposal as well as the conditions of the negotiation.
- いざ凶党追捕の際には、国司は武士交名を元にこれらの者を軍事力として編成していた。
- When it was necessary to hunt down and catch outlaws, provincial governors formed forces by referring to the samurai list.
- これにより、朝廷の旧習を一新して外交を進め、海軍や陸軍を整えることを図るとする。
- Because of this the Imperial court decided to part with conventional ways and move ahead with diplomatic ties, while improving the navy and army.
- その直後、相模国石橋山にて大庭景親らと交戦して頼朝軍は惨敗する(石橋山の戦い)。
- Immediately after that, Yoritomo's troops experienced a large loss in a battle against Kagechika OBA at Mt. Ishibashi in Sagami Province (the Battle of Mt. Ishibashi).
- 明治8年(1875年)12月2日に樺太と交換して日本領になった得撫島以北を所管。
- The jurisdiction north of the Uruppu Island, which became the Japan's property in exchange for Sakhalin, was transferred to the Sapporo head office on December 2, 1875.
- 他方で唐へ使節を送って和議を願い出るなど、武力と交渉の両面をもって唐と対峙した。
- In the meantime, the Silla forces sent an envoy to the Tang Dynasty seeking a settlement, and dealt with the Tang Dynasty by a two-pronged strategy of force and negotiation.
- しかし講和交渉がはじまったため戦地に赴くことなく、5月15日に復員命令を受けた。
- However, they were given orders of demobilization without leaving for battle fronts because peace negotiations were started on May 15.
- 古い時代から海上交通の比重が高く、沿岸部では海の船上生活に慣れた海民が活躍した。
- Because of this, in Korea marine traffic played an important role in the transportation from ancient times, and in the coastal areas kaimin (people of the sea) who were used to life at sea flourished.
- 西アジアや中央アジアなどとの交流も活発であり、首都長安は国際都市として繁栄した。
- There was also active exchange with West and Central Asia and the capital Changan flourished as an international city.
- このため、公共交通機関はこの期間中は平日も含めて休日ダイヤで運行する傾向にある。
- Therefore, the public transportation tends to operate based on the holiday schedule during this period including weekdays.
- 江戸時代には釜山広域市に限定され、日本側は対馬府中藩が朝鮮との外交、通商を行った。
- In the Edo period, Wakan was restricted to only Busan Metropolitan City, where the Tsushima-fuchu Domain of Japan conducted diplomacy and commerce with Korean side.
- この偽使の派遣により、壬申約条による交易の制限は事実上有名無実化されることになる。
- In fact, the trading restrictions imposed by the Jinshin Yakujo became a mere scrap of paper due to the dispatch of gishi.
- 奈良坂・木津などを経由して、途中一旦宇治市の平等院に入り、交渉を行って様子を見る。
- Going via Nara-zaka slope, Kizu, and other places, they stopped by Byodo-in Temple (in the present Uji City), made negotiations, and saw how it went.
- JR紀勢本線 新宮駅 から熊野交通バス「熊野本宮」行きで40分、「宮井大橋」下車。
- After 40 minutes by KUMANO KOTSU line bus, `Kumano-hongu Shrine-bound,' from Shingu Station of the JR Kisei Main Line, and get off at the bus stop, `Miyai Ohashi.'
- 国道165号穴虫交差点から、奈良県道・大阪府道703号香芝太子線を太子方面へすぐ。
- At the Anamushi intersection of National route 165, take Kashiba-Taishi Route of Nara Prefectural road, Osaka Prefectural Road, 703, heading for Taishi and you will be get there very soon.
- 今出川通(京都府道101号銀閣寺宇多野線)と烏丸通(国道367号)が交わっている。
- At the intersection, Imadegawa-dori Street (Kyoto Prefectural Road 101 Ginkakuji-Utano Line) crosses with Karasuma-dori Street (National Route 367).
- 東海道・東山道(中山道)・北陸道の合流地であることから、陸上交通の要衝でもあった。
- Since Shiga was also a meeting point of Tokai-do Road, Tosan-do Road (Nakasen-do Road) and Hokuriku-do Road, it was a strategic stop for land transport.
- 文化面では、連歌・猿楽・喫茶など身分を超えた交流に特徴付けられる室町文化が栄えた。
- In culture, the Muromachi culture, which is characterized by interaction among people in different social strata, as seen in renga, sarugaku (the predecessor of Noh), and drinking tea, flourished.
- 結局、明治8年(1875年)5月に樺太・千島交換条約によって日本は樺太を手放した。
- As a result, the Japanese government gave up Sakhalin based on the Treaty of Saint Petersburg signed in May 1875.
- 5月5日、雷撃隊と官軍は牛尾川付近で交戦したが、雷撃隊は敗れ、官軍は大口に迫った。
- On May 5, the Raigeki-tai troop fought against the government army near the Ushio-gawa River but was defeated and the government army closed in on Oguchi.
- 寛文4年(1664年)には全国の大名に一斉に朱印状を交付する寛文印知が行なわれた。
- In 1664, the Kanbuninchi was conducted, whereby shuinjo were issued to daimyo across the country at the same time.
- これには、中国と対等の地位で通交するため、あえて倭を称さなかったとする見解がある。
- There is a view that they dared not use the term Wa in an attempt to have relations with China on an equal footing.
- (秀吉は)小西行長の和平交渉が詐欺であったことがわかり、この場で誅殺しようとした。
- He understood that the peace negotiations by Yukinaga KONISHI were a deception, and tried to punish him by killing him on the spot.
- 琉球王国は明(1644年滅亡)の冊封を受け東アジア諸国との交易により繁栄していた。
- The Ryukyu Kingdom was in a sakukfu relationship with the Ming Dynasty (that fell in 1644), and trade with East Asian countries flourished amongst the islands.
- ただし片方にしかない噺については、東西交流の進んだ太平洋戦争後はこの限りではない。
- However, this does not apply to those routines which are told in either region as communication between the east and the west improved after the War.
- 豊彦は、有栖川宮家と親交があり、宮中にも出入りし、修学院離宮にも作品が残っている。
- Toyohiko was associated with the Arisugawa no miya imperial family and used to visit the Imperial Court, and his works remain in Shugakuin Imperial Villa.
- 有職料理 - 平安時代の貴族の社交儀礼の中で発達した大饗料理の流れをくむ料理様式。
- Yusoku-ryori dishes: Their style belonged to the line of the dishes for grand banquets that developed based on the codes of honor among nobles during the Heian period
- それに対し宗氏は、それまでは外交交渉のため使用していた特送船を使って銅の輸出を図る。
- Against this movement, the So clan tried to export copper by shipping it over by tokusosen which had been used only for diplomatic negotiations until then.
- そのため、宗氏は様々な手段で通交の拡大を図り、朝鮮王朝と軋轢を引き起こすことになる。
- Consequently, the So clan intended to enhance the trade using various measures, but the clan's intent triggered a conflict with the Korean Dynasty.
- ただし、宗氏による通交権の集中は三浦の乱以前から行われていた可能性も指摘されている。
- However, it is also pointed out that the concentration of the trading rights in the So clan had possibly existed even before the Sanpo War.
- ただ、漢文体で書かれた他の2書と違って漢字仮名交じり文で書かれているのが特徴である。
- Unlike two other books written in kanbun (classical Chinese), however, the characteristics of this book is that it was written utilizing the mixture of kanji (Chinese characters) and kana (Japanese phonetic characters).
- 『富士野往来』に代表される書簡のみならず公文書などの他の文書の文例を織り交ぜたもの。
- The fifth group, which has 'Fujino Orai' as an example, includes titles with sentences not only from letters but also from other documents such as official papers.
- JRきのくに線 新宮駅 から熊野交通バス「熊野本宮」行きで40分、「宮井大橋」下車。
- After 40 minutes by KUMANO KOTSU line bus, `Kumano-hongu Shrine bound' from Shingu Station of the JR Kinokuni line, get off the bus at `Miyai Ohashi.'
- 奈良交通も榛原駅から10月15日~10月29日までの日祝日に臨時バスを運行している。
- Nara Kotsu Bus Lines Co., Ltd. also operates special bus service from Haibara Station, on Sundays and national holidays from October 15 to 29.
- 場所は、大田神社南交差点を南に、一筋目の道を西に入った北側の住宅(上賀茂竹ヶ鼻町)。
- It stands in a residence (Kamigamo-takegahara-cho) located at the northern side of the road which is to the south of Ota-jinja-minami Intersection, then to the west at the first corner.
- 交換条件として、後宇多は邦良の次の皇太子には量仁を立てることを後伏見に約束している。
- As an exchange condition, Gouda promised Gofushimi that Kazuhito would become the next Crown Prince after Kuniyoshi.
- 江戸幕府の支配下、各藩大名に対して参勤交代を強いたり、築城・治水工事を命じたりした。
- Under the control of the Edo bakufu, all daimyo were obliged to participate in Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo) and to engage in castle construction and flood prevention works.
- 慶長16年(1611年)より京都銀座より座人および常是役人が勤番交代で詰めたという。
- It has been manned in alternate shifts by zajin officers and jouze inspectors from Kyoto-ginza since 1611.
- 木村重成も藤堂隊の一部を破った後、井伊直孝隊3,200らと交戦、激戦の末に討死した。
- Shigenari KIMURA defeated part of Todo troop and then fought Naotaka II troop, but was killed at the end of a fierce battle.
- 当時中国では銀が不足していたため、朱印船の主要な交易相手である中国商人は銀を欲した。
- There was a shortage of silver in China during that period, and Chinese merchants, who were the main trading partners of Shuinsen desired silver.
- バテレン追放令をだすなどキリスト教を禁ずる一方でヨーロッパとの交易は盛んに推進した。
- While he forbid Christianity, which was symbolized by 'Bateren Tsuihorei' (an edict expelling the European missionaries), he earnestly promoted commerce with Europe.
- その後岡豊城で一領具足を交えて軍議を開き、その結果阿波の完全制圧を目指す事となった。
- After that, having a council of war including ichiryo gusoku, the self-made rural samurai, they aimed to take complete control of Awa Province.
- このような物の交流は各地で起こっているが、これが現在の名産物になっている地域も多い。
- Exchange of products of this kind occurred all around the country, and in many regions these transferred products became present-day local speciality.
- 西洋との交流は厳しく制限されたものの、長崎の出島を通じてオランダとの交易が行われた。
- Even though exchanges with western countries were strictly restricted, trades with the Netherlands were implemented through Dejima in Nagasaki.
- 引付衆はその結果を評定会議へ上申し、評定衆で判決を行った後、勝訴人へ下知状を交付した。
- The hikitsukeshu submitted the results to the assessment assembly, and after a decision among the hyojoshu (a member of the Council of State) was made, the verdict was issued to the prevailing party as a gechijo (notification).
- それ以前に北宋の段階で交子が発行されて国内経済は銅銭と紙幣の二本立て構造になっていた。
- In the Northern Sung Dynasty era before that, bills called koshi were issued, causing both copper coins and paper money to be used in the domestic economy of the dynasty.
- 朝鮮王朝建国当初は入港場に制限はなく、通交者は随意の浦々に入港することが可能であった。
- When the Korean Dynasty was founded, there was no restriction on entrance ports, and foreigners who visited Korea for trade were allowed to enter any port.
- 解由状(げゆじょう)は、古代日本の律令制における、官人交替の際の事務引継ぎ文書である。
- A geyujo is a document that, when an officer in a position is replaced with another person under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in ancient Japan, was issued confirming the change necessary for continuing office duties.
- この新都市予定地近傍には京滋バイパスや第二京阪道路などが通っており交通の要衝ともなる。
- Because Keiji Bypass and the Second Keihan national highway run in the vicinity of the site of this new city, it will become the important point for traffic.
- 小辺路には道標・宿跡などの交通遺跡を除けば、信仰に関係する遺跡を見出すことは出来ない。
- In fact, on Kohechi, any religious relics cannot be found except for traffic relics such as guideposts and remains of lodgings.
- 西日本旅客鉄道紀勢本線 新宮駅 から熊野交通バス「熊野本宮」行きで35分、「志古」下車
- After 35 minutes by KUMANO KOTSU line bus, `Kumano-hongu Shrine bound' from Shingu Station of the JP West Kisei Main Line, get off the bus at `Shiko.'
- 2008年 上賀茂小学校は、交通安全協会より自転車ヘルメット着用推進校の指定を受けた。
- In 2008 Kamigamo Elementary School was designated as a school of promoting the use of helmets while cycling by the Traffic Safety Association.
- 新選組幹部の沖田総司の義兄、沖田林太郎が組頭を務めているなど、新選組との交流もあった。
- They had a relationship with the Shinsengumi (Tokugawa shogunate police force located in Kyoto), because Rintaro OKITA, who was the headman of this group, was an elder brother-in-law of Soji OKITA, who was one of the senior members of the Shinsengumi.
- 政界から引退して福原の山荘へ移り、日宋貿易および瀬戸内海交易に積極的に取り組み始めた。
- He retired from the political scene and moved to his mountain retreat in Fukuhara to start actively participating in Japan-Song trade and Seto Inland Sea trade.
- 鎖国(さこく)は、江戸幕府が日本人の海外交通を禁止し、外交・貿易を制限した政策のこと。
- National Isolation ('Sakoku' in Japanese) refers to the policy of seclusion by which the Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) prohibited Japanese citizens from going abroad, while imposing restrictions on diplomatic exchanges and trade with foreign countries.
- 全権の林復斎らとの交渉により、日米和親条約が締結され、いわゆる「鎖国」体制は終焉した。
- After the negotiation with senior officials of the Shogunate, including the plenipotentiary official Fukusai HAYASHI, a treaty (the convention of Kanagawa, or the America-Japan Treaty of Amity and Friendship) was concluded, ending Japan's closed-door policy, the so-called 'Sakoku' system.
- さらにボアソナードのいう軍事行動も含む強硬な外交姿勢も、日本は忠実に実行に移している。
- Besides, Japan faithfully practiced the hard diplomatic attitude including military action as recommended by Boissonade.
- 1875年、釜山広域市に於いて、東莱政府と森山茂との間で初めての政府間交渉が持たれた。
- In 1875, the negotiation was held between the Torai Government and Shigeru MORIYAMA in Pusan Metropolitan City for the first time.
- しかし朝鮮の立場は建国以来、明の属国であり、その外交方針をここで変える意思はなかった。
- However, the Joseon Dynasty had been a tributary nation to Ming since its establishment, and it would not change its diplomatic policies.
- 朝鮮との国交交渉が進展しない明治政府内で武力による開国を迫るいわゆる征韓論が台頭した。
- The so-called Seikanron (debate on the subjugation of Korea) supporting military pressure to force Korea to open the country emerged in the Meiji government whose diplomatic talks with Korea did not show any progress.
- 第1条(段)として、演能上における細かな所作について、増阿弥の実例などを交えての注意。
- In Section 1, advice is given on delicate movements in performing Noh with the examples of Zoami.
- 様々な流儀で交流が行われ、槍術や剣術、柔術などで試合方法や試合道具が共通化していった。
- Various exchanges were made between different schools or styles, and the manners of a match or the tools for a match were being made common in sojutsu, kenjutsu, jujutsu, and so on.
- 国交回復を確実なものとするために対馬藩は国書の偽造まで行い、朝鮮側使者も偽造を黙認した。
- To make sure the restoration of diplomatic relations, the Tshushima Domain forged even sovereign's message, and the envoy on the Korean side approved the message, even though knowing that it was forged one.
- しかし、国司の交替による方針変更や境相論の相手側の工作によって引き抜かれる場合もあった。
- However, it was sometimes pulled out due to the policy change arising from the change of kokushi (provincial governor) or a backroom maneuver by a counterparty of boundary dispute.
- 多数の街道や吉野川(紀の川)の水運など交通の便に恵まれ、南大和統治の中心地として栄えた。
- It was blessed with facilities for transportation, including many kaidos (roads) and water transpotation by the Yoshino-gawa River (Kino-kawa River), etc., and prospered as the center of the administration of southern Yamato Province.
- 一方、華北や朝鮮半島、東日本では、高気圧と低気圧が交互にやってくる春のような天気が続く。
- On the other hand, in North China, Korean Peninsula and eastern part of Japan, weather as in spring, in which high-pressure systems and low-pressure systems come alternately.
- 西郷は3月13日、高輪の薩摩藩邸に入り、同日から勝と西郷の間で江戸開城の交渉が行われた。
- Saigo visited the residence owned by the Satsuma Domain in Takanawa on April 5 and afterwards, negotiated the surrender of Edo Castle with Katsu.
- 当初ロシアは強硬姿勢を貫き下記のような主張を行っていたため、交渉は暗礁に乗り上げていた。
- Russia initially took a vigorous attitude, insisting the following opinions, and it hindered the negotiation process.
- また、大名・旗本の格式や、参勤交代、手伝い普請などの形で負担すべき軍役の算出基準となる。
- Also, it served as estimation standard to determine social status of daimyo and hatamoto, or military service to be borne such as tetsudai-fushin (construction service which the cost was borne by each domain) or sankinkotai.
- 参勤交代(さんきんこうたい)は、藩の大名を定期的に江戸に出仕させる江戸幕府の制度である。
- Sankin-kotai is one of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)'s system that obligated daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) to reside in Edo periodically.
- これにより大韓帝国の外交権はほぼ大日本帝国に接収されることとなり、事実上保護国となった。
- This treaty allowed the Empire of Japan to deprive the Korean Empire of its diplomatic right, making Korea in effect Japan's protect state.
- ちょうど官軍守兵の交替期で、其時、守兵の混乱雑踏と云ふものは、殆ど形容することが出来ぬ。
- Since it was just the time when the defense soldiers of the government army changed, the ensuing confusion and crowds of the defense soldiers were almost beyond description.
- 牙符制は導入当初こそ通交統制に効果を発揮したが、明応の政変を期に牙符が流出し効力を失う。
- Although Gafusei was effective in controlling dispatch of envoys at the beginning, Gafu flew after the Meio no ran and lost its effect.
- 琉球は清との関係存続を嘆願、清が琉球の朝貢禁止に抗議するなど外交上の決着はつかなかった。
- This issue was not diplomatically resolved, because Ryukyu wanted to maintain ties with Quing and Quing protested a ban on tributes of Ryukyu to Qing.
- その後、宗治ら4人は秀吉から差し向けられた小舟に乗って秀吉の本陣まで漕ぎ、杯を交わした。
- Subsequently, Muneharu and three others boarded the boat sent by Hideyoshi, rowed to his headquarters, and had a drink together.
- そして延喜9年(909年)には唐物使に代わって大宰府の役人に交易の実務を当たらせている。
- The Dazaifu entrusted the business relating to trade to the officers of the Dazaifu instead of karamono no tsukai in 909.
- 1987年1月、西山正彦と今川正彦の和解交渉の会話を録音したテープが寺側から公表された。
- January 1987: A recording of the settlement talks between Masahiko NISHIYAMA and Masahiko IMAGAWA was made public by the Buddhist organization.
- 江戸は政治の中心地であり、諸大名の参勤交代をはじめ広く地方の産物や料理法が持ち込まれた。
- Because Edo was placed at the center of politics, many products and cooking methods in areas throughout Japan were gathered there, in addition to the occasions of Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo) of daimyo (Japanese feudal lords).
- 日本人を中心とした各国の移民たちの交流の中で形成されていった料理であると考えられている。
- This suggests that the Saimin noodle dish was designed and modified in the course of exchange among immigrants from each country centering on Japanese.
- したがって通信使は外交使節としてだけでなく、朝鮮の先進文化を日本に伝播する役割も果たした。
- Therefore, Tsushinshi played the role of introducing advanced culture in Korea to Japan, in addition to the mission as a diplomatic envoy.
- これに対して朝鮮側は強硬に退去を要求し、日朝間の外交問題に発展、日本では征韓論が台頭した。
- In response, the Korean government adamantly demanded Japanese withdrawal, which subsequently escalated into a diplomatic problem between Japan and Korea, leading to the rise of Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea) in Japan.
- こうした交易の制限を巡る軋轢が繰返される中、宗氏は不満を募らせ三浦の乱の一因となっていく。
- Dissatisfaction was growing at the So clan due to a number of conflicts over the trade restrictions, and that became one of the triggers for the Sanpo War.
- 湊川の戦い後、比叡山に逃れた後醍醐天皇は京に入った足利尊氏との間で和議の交渉を進めていた。
- Defeated in the Battle of Minato-gawa River, Emperor Godaigo fled to Mt. Hiei and had negotiations for peace with Takauji ASHIKAGA who entered Kyoto.
- 一般的に利用される登山道は、登山口までの交通の便がよい奈良県御所市から山頂に至る道である。
- The most commonly used pass up the mountain is the route from Gose City, Nara Prefecture to the mountaintop, the starting point of which is conveniently located in terms of public transportation.
- その国道も京奈和自動車道五條道路(国道24号バイパス)の開通によって交通量が減少している。
- Traffic on the national road has decreased because of the opening of the Keinawa Expressway, Gojo Road (a bypass of the National Road 24).
- 宗教面では従来の神仏混交が改められ(神仏分離)、仏教弾圧(廃仏毀釈)などの動きも見られた。
- In religion, the syncretism of Shintoism and Buddhism was rejected (separation of Buddhism and Shintoism), and moves to oppress Buddhism (Haibutsu-kishaku) were also observed.
- 国衙軍制において国司は、次に掲げる者を「武士」として名簿(「武士交名」という)に登録した。
- In the kokuga military system, provincial governors registered certain individuals as 'samurai' on the name list (called the 'name list of approved samurais').
- その後、ジャービルの子孫とサリームの子孫がほぼ交互に首長の位につくことが慣行となってきた。
- Later, it became tradition to alternate the post of Emir between the descendants of Jabir and the descendants of Salim.
- この頃、日宋貿易につながる海上交通ルート・瀬戸内海は、海賊の跋扈が大きな問題となっていた。
- Around this period, the Seto Inland Sea, part of the sea route in trade between Japan and Song, was infested with pirates.
- 7世紀の東アジア情勢を考えると、倭国にとって隋との国交を開いておくことが是非必要であった。
- Considering the situation in east Asia in the 7th century, it was considered extremely necessary for Japan to open diplomatic relations with Sui.
- 永井は外交経験も豊富であり、彼の態度は、英仏領事のみならず、英仏艦艦長にも好印象を与えた。
- NAGAI had a lot of experience of diplomacy, and his attitude gave a good impression to not only the British and French consuls but also the captains of the British and French warships.
- また市内交通では「乗合自動車」が設置され、鉄道駅を中心に放射状のバス路線が整備されていた。
- As for urban transportation, 'noriai jidosha' (a type of bus) service was available, with the bus routes centering on local railway stations.
- 豊臣方では、4月9日 (旧暦)に交渉にあたっていた大野治長が城内で襲撃される事件が起こる。
- On the other hand, the Toyotomi side had an incident that Harunaga ONO, the negotiator was attacked in the castle on April 9 (the old calendar).
- 前述のとおり小西行長は当初は李氏朝鮮、後には明との和平交渉を優先して平壌で北進を停止した。
- As described above, Yukinaga KONISHI put priority on peace talks with Yi Dynasty Korea, at first, and, then, with Ming and stopped any further movements north, stopping at Pyongyang.
- 信長は京都支配を重要視し、村井貞勝を京都所司代として、朝廷に対する交渉や監視を任せている。
- Nobunaga placed importance on the rule of Kyoto, and appointed Sadakatsu MURAI as the Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy) for negotiation and surveillance.
- 11月、勝家は前田利家・金森長近・不破勝光を秀吉のもとに派遣し、秀吉との和睦を交渉させた。
- In November, Katsuie dispatched Toshiie MAEDA, Nagachika KANAMORI, and Katsumitsu FUWA to Hideyoshi to negotiate a reconciliation.
- また、それぞれの杜氏集団も、杜氏組合を設立し、雇用の安定や情報交換の場を持つようになった。
- In addition, toji groups established a toji union in order to hold stable employment and have a place for information exchange.
- またとくに京流手事物曲の手事には、三味線と箏が交互に音型を受け渡しする「掛け合い」が多い。
- Also especially in tegoto of Kyoto-style tegotomono pieces, a method called 'kakeai' (alternate performance), wherein shamisen and koto exchange figures, is often used.
- また、出席者も太政大臣以下の公卿や官人が出席して熱心な講義・意見交換が行われたとされている。
- It is also said that there were lively lectures and traffic in ideas among the participants composed of the Grand Minister, Kugyo (the top court officials), and other government officials.
- このとき朝廷側の交渉前面に登場したのは、権大納言でもあった室町幕府征夷大将軍足利義満である。
- In this case, the negotiations' director on the side of the court was Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, who occupied the position of 'seii taishogun' (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') in Muromachi bakufu and also the position of 'Gon Dainagon' (Provisional Major Counselor) in court.
- 私的な交易は認めず、冊封体制と呼ばれる国家間の公式な朝貢貿易に限定しようとした(海禁政策)。
- It did not authorize private trading but attempted to authorize only the official international tribute trading called sakuho system (the Chinese vassal system) (Kaikin Policy [the policy to forbid private people to trade with foreign countries]).
- このように、院をはじめとする貴族社会と武士・庶民の間の文化交流にはかなりの広がりが見られた。
- Thus, cultural exchanges between noble society including In and samurai, the common people spread widely.
- しかし、その後の状況は、義仲に優越しようとする頼朝外交があえなく失敗したことを物語っている。
- However, the subsequent conditions indicated that Yoritomo's diplomacy aimed at superiority over Yoshinaka failed in vain.
- 堀は、八幡城の防衛と湖上交通による物流の役割を兼ね備え、城下町の発展・繁栄に大きく寄与した。
- The canal served both as defense for Hachiman Castle and also as a route for transportation in Lake Biwa, contributing hugely to the growth and prosperity of the town.
- しかし麓に下りると雅な料亭や川床が広がる観光地として整備された一角が現れ、交通量が激増する。
- At the bottom of the hill, however, lies an area developed as a touristic district with fancy Japanese-style restaurants and kawayuka Terraces, where the traffic increases.
- 烏丸今出川(からすまいまでがわ)は京都府京都市上京区今出川町にある交差点及びその近隣の名称。
- Karasuma-Imadegawa is the generic name of an intersection and its neighboring area located at Imadegawa-cho, Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture.
- これにより松前藩が和人地を直接支配領域とし、あわせて蝦夷地との交易をも管理することになった。
- Due to this reason, the Matsumae clan placed Wajinchi under its direct control area, and besides, came to manage the trade with the Ezo area.
- 当時朝鮮は清の冊封国であったが、鎖国政策を国是としていたため、国際交流は非常に限られていた。
- At that time Korea was a tributary state of the Qing dynasty, but as its national policy was seclusionism, it had diplomatic relations with very limited countries.
- しかしこのことは中国との外交に大きな影響を生じさせたため、その後再び倭を称するようになった。
- However, this had a great impact on relations with China, and they again called themselves Wa thereafter.
- 糸島半島にあった伊都国には「郡使の往来、常に駐まる所なり」と記された外交施設が存在していた。
- There was a diplomatic facility in Ito Province of Itoshima Peninsula, which was recorded in a poem envoy from county always stop at this facility.'
- 周辺諸国も唐と通交し、漢字・儒教・漢訳仏教などの諸文化を共有して東アジア文化圏が形成された。
- Various countries around China had friendly relations with Tang and the East Asian cultural sphere was formed with shared cultural features such as Chinese characters, Confucianism and Buddhism translated into Chinese.
- 通勤電車、マイカー、バス_(交通機関)、タクシー、ハイヤー、運転代行、バイク、自転車、車椅子
- Commuter train, private car, bus (transportation facility), taxi, limousine, chauffeur service, motorbike, bicycle, and wheelchair
- 朝鮮王朝は綿布の国庫備蓄が底をつくことを恐れ、1488年に綿布の交換レートの引き上げを行った。
- The Korean Dynasty raised the exchange rate of cotton cloth in 1488, because they were afraid that the state-reserved cotton cloth might run out.
- 8月29日、両軍は上野原(長野県長野市上野)で交戦するが決定的な戦いではなく、戦線は膠着した。
- On September 21, both forces fought in Uenohara (in Ueno, Nagano City, Nagano Prefecture), but with neither side being able to win decisively, the combat lines became deadlocked.
- またこれらが満たされない場合、軍事行動も含む強硬な外交姿勢を取ることをも合わせて意見している。
- Also he advised that if these requirements were not accepted, Japan should demonstrate a hard diplomatic position which includes the use of military action.
- 興利倭船(こうりわせん)とは、室町時代、日本から朝鮮へ交易のみを目的に訪れた商船のことを指す。
- Koriwasen meant a merchant ship that operated a service from Japan to Korea only for the purpose of trade during the Muromachi period.
- この時期と前後して4世紀半ば(350年頃)からヤマト王権(倭国)は朝鮮半島との交易を開始した。
- Around this time, in the middle of the fourth century (around 350), the Yamato Kingdom (Wakoku) began trading with the Korean Peninsula.
- 明人との交友があることから篆刻を学び自ら刻した可能性もあり、日本篆刻の先駆者のひとりとできる。
- It can be said that he was one of the pioneers of tenkoku in Japan because he had friends from Ming, and it is possible that he learned the tenkoku and engraved his own.
- 祝言音曲・曲舞謡・かかり・訛り・拍子・位などがライバルたちのエピソードも交えて詳細に語られる。
- The sections explain in detail music of shugen (celebration), kakari utai (chanting of a Noh text), namari (accent), hyoushi (beat) and kurai (rank), telling the rival's episodes.
- さらに対馬島外勢力や実在しない勢力名を騙った新たな通交者の偽使を仕立て上げ、通交の拡大を図った。
- Moreover, the So clan tried to increase the number of trade transactions by making up false envoys using names of clans who existed outside Tsushima or names of fictitious clans.
- しかしながら、琉球人はポルトガル船がマラッカを攻撃して占拠したことを知っていて、交易を拒否した。
- However, having known that Portuguese ships attacked and occupied Malacca, people in Ryukyu refused to trade with the Portuguese.
- 区の北寄りを旧東海道が東西に走り、奈良方面への奈良街道も通じるなど、古くから交通の要衝であった。
- With the ancient Tokai-do Road running in the northern part of Yamashina Ward as well as the Nara-kaido Road leading to Nara City, the ward has been a major traffic center since olden times.
- 激怒した後陽成帝は、乱交に関わった全員を死罪に処せと命じたが、従来の公家の法には死罪は無かった。
- An infuriated Emperor Goyozei demanded all the participants in the promiscuous relations be sentenced to death, but no traditional law governing court nobles provided for capital punishment.
- 農業生産力の向上や手工業の独立は市場を成立させ、都市や交通の要地とされる場所では市場が発達した。
- Increased agricultural production and the growing independence of artisans caused markets to spring up and expand in places ideally situated for commerce between or within cities.
- 弘化年間(1844年~1847年)以後の債務は無利息公債を交付して50年賦で返済する(旧公債)。
- As for debts made after the Koka era (1844 - 1847), the government issued bonds with no interest and promised to redeem them by annual installements of 50 years (kyu-kosai (old bond)).
- 別働第1旅団は岩川から末吉の雷撃隊(辺見)・行進隊(相良)と交戦し薩軍を敗走させ、都城に入った。
- The detached 1st brigade from Iwakawa fought with Raigeki-tai (led by HENMI) and Koshin-tai (led by SAGARA) stationed in Sueyoshi, defeated them and entered Miyakonojo.
- しかし、琉球は清との関係存続を嘆願、清が琉球の朝貢禁止に抗議するなど外交上の決着はつかなかった。
- However, the diplomatic solution was not realized because Ryukyu pleaded for the continuation of the relationship with Qing, and also because Qing protested against the ban on choko in Ryukyu.
- 撤退命令を受領した小西行長は11月、明・朝鮮の陸水諸将と交渉や買収で無血撤退の約束を取り付ける。
- Having received the withdrawal order, Yukinaga KONISHI succeeded in December to obtain a promise of bloodless withdrawal through negotiations with and by bribing the Ming and Korean commanders of the army and navy.
- これは後の明清交代期に於いて、清朝と明との間での朝鮮外交の針路に多大な影響を与えることとなった。
- During the later period in the shift from Ming to Quin, this made an important impact on the track of foreign diplomacy between the Quin Dynasty and Ming.
- 結果として、1504年以降朝鮮に通交した日本国王使・王城大臣使の大半は偽使であると見られている。
- It could be concluded that most of the Kings of Japan envoys and the Ojo-daijin envoys dispatched to Korea after 1540 were pseudo envoys.
- しかし、京・畿内を中心とした地域の外では、稲や布などを物品貨幣とする交易が広くおこなわれていた。
- However, outside of the area around Fujiwarakyo and Kinai, trade based on material currencies such as rice plant and cloth was widely conducted.
- また、守護は世襲ではなく交替制であったため、守護の交代とともに守護所も替わるのが一般的であった。
- Shugo was not hereditary but a shift system, so Shogosho was generally moved according to the change of Shugo.
- 以下は全三十一条に分けられ、能を演じる上、作る上での注意を、具体的な事例を交えつつ詳説している。
- And following part consists of 31 sections in which full account of instructions in performing and creating Noh are given, mentioning the particular examples.
- 一行らは南は交州から北は鉄勒にいたる子午線測量を行い、中国全土に及ぶ大規模な天文測量を実施した。
- Yi Xing and his group conducted a meridian determination covering the area from the southern Jiao-zhou up to the northern Tie-le, and also a large scale astronomical surveying over the whole China.
- 桶の中にフナだけでなく飯も交互に敷き詰め、フナは身の内と外から飯に囲まれた状態で敷き詰められる。
- Put the stuffed fish in a barrel alternating every other layer with rice whereby there is rice inside the fish cavity and also on either side of the fish.
- 4月9日頃、倭軍は兵の一部を対馬へ撤退させ、残りを薺浦へ終結させて盛親自ら講和交渉に臨もうとする。
- Around April 9, the Japanese Army withdrew a part of their troops to Tsushima while the remaining forces got together at Seiho, and Morichika himself attempted to have peace negotiations.
- 国司は、中央から天皇のミコトモチ(御言持)として交替で赴任し、郡司を指揮して国内の支配に当たった。
- Kokushi were appointed from central government on an alternate basis as mikotomochi (a court official dispatched to a provincial post by imperial order) of the emperor, and were responsible for governing the province by serving as commanders of gunji (district managers).
- 白河_(京都市)は、平安京と鴨川 (淀川水系)を挟んで向かい合い、東海道も通る交通の要衝であった。
- Shirakawa (Kyoto City), opposite the Heiankyo (the Heian Palace) across the Kamo-gawa River (Yodo-gawa River system), was an important center of transportation with the Tokaido Highway passing through.
- 近鉄御所線近鉄御所駅より奈良交通葛城ロープウェイ前行き乗車、近鉄葛城索道線葛城ロープウェイ前下車。
- Take the train bound for 'Nara Kotsu Bus Lines Katsuragi Ropeway mae' from Kintetsu Gosho Station of the Kintetsu Gosho-line, and get off at 'Kintetsu Katsuragi Ropeway Line Katsuragi Ropeway mae.'
- 天誅組の本陣は桜井寺(現在の五條市須恵、本陣交差点の近く)に置かれ、一時「五條仮政府」を名乗った。
- The base of tenchu-gumi was placed in Sakurai-ji Temple (currently Sue, Gojo City near Honjin Crossing), and they temporarily named themselves 'Gojo Provisional Government.'
- 現在の京阪神は五畿七道では畿内に相当し、日本の中では他の地域に先駆けて古くから交通が発達していた。
- The current Keihanshin corresponds to the Kinai region in the Gokishichido area of the ancient map, and ahead of other areas of Japan transportation system was developed since ancient times.
- 江華島事件後に調印されたため江華(島)条約()とも、丙子の年に結ばれたために丙子修交条約ともいう。
- It is also called the Treaty of Ganghwa or the Bingzi Treaty of Amity, because it was signed after the Ganghwa Island incident on the year of Bingzi.
- そのほか台湾東部や離島との海上交通の整備の一環として花蓮港や馬公港などもこの時代に整備されている。
- Makung Harbor and Hualien Harbor were developed at that time as a part of the maritime transportation service for the eastern part of Taiwan and the islands.
- 交渉が暗礁に乗り上げると、日本では朝鮮出兵を求める征韓論争など出兵問題が政治問題化するようになる。
- When the negotiation came up against unexpected difficulties, the issue of the dispatch of troops, like Seikanron, which demands the dispatch of troops to Korea, became a political issue in Japan.
- 断絶していた李氏朝鮮との国交を回復すべく、日本側から朝鮮側に通信使の派遣を打診したことにはじまる。
- It began with the approach to restore diplomatic relations with the Yi Dynasty in Korea from Japan to Korea for sounding out the dispatch of Tsushinshi (Emissary).
- 渡航先集計によると交趾(73回)で最も多く、暹羅(55回)、呂宋(54回)、安南(47回)と続く。
- According to voyage destination records, Giao Chi was most often visited by Shuinsen ships (73 times), followed by Siam (55 times), Luzon (55 times) and Annan (47 times).
- 中世日朝貿易は制限貿易であり、朝鮮王朝から図書と呼ばれる銅製印章を受けた者のみ通交が許されていた。
- The medieval Japan-Korea trade was limited trade, and only the recipients of copper seals called toso (tosho in Japanese) were allowed to have diplomatic relations with the Yi dynasty.
- 以後、経顕が尊氏及びその代理と言える高師直・足利直義・足利義詮らとの間で朝幕交渉を行うことになる。
- After that, Tsuneaki started to negotiate with the Takauji or so called Takauji's deputy group of KO no Moronao, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA and Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, about the issues between the Imperial Court and the bakufu.
- その後、朽木氏は交代寄合として遇されて、独自の陣屋を持つことを認められて大名に準じる扱いを受けた。
- Later, the Kutsuki clan was treated as kotaiyoriai (alternate yoriai, a family status of samurai warriors in the Edo period), which was similar to daimyo, and was granted the right to own their own jinya.
- 古墳時代から畿内の港として往来のあった難波津には外交施設として難波館(なにわのむろつみ)があった。
- There was a diplomatic facility named Naniwa-no-murotsumi in Naniwa-no-tsu, a port in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) at which foreign vessels had entered since the Kofun period.
- 1871年日本で廃藩置県が実施されると、江戸時代以来対馬藩に委ねられていた朝鮮外交権を外務省が接収。
- When the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) was carried out in Japan in 1871, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs took over the right of trade with Korea, a right that had long been consigned to the Tsushima clan since the Edo period.
- いずれにせよこの制度改定は、後述の正徳 (日本)度来日の際のような深刻な外交問題には発展しなかった。
- Anyway, this system change did not develop into a serious diplomatic problem as when Tsushinshi came to Japan in the Shotoku era (1711 - 1716), as described later.
- こうして日朝交易から締め出された勢力の一部は明人海商と結びつき、倭寇後期倭寇の一役を担うようになる。
- Thus some influential people who were excluded from the Japan-Korea trade began to have relations with maritime merchants of Ming, and they eventually took part in the koki wako (late wako).
- ただし、これは当該の国司の個人裁量によるものであったから、国司が交代すると無効になる可能性があった。
- Since kokushi gave such treatment entirely at his discretion, that exemption could be cancelled by a newly assigned kokushi.
- 源義仲の入京直後に行われた朝廷の論功行賞では、頼朝による政治交渉が功を奏し、勲功第一は頼朝となった。
- In the grant of honors awarded by the Imperial Court immediately after MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka entered into the capital, Yoritomo was granted the greatest deed of valor, owing to his political negotiation skills.
- 今井まちなみ交流センター「華甍(はないらか)」 (県指定文化財) - 今井町に関する資料を展示する。
- Imai Machinami Exchange Center 'Hanairaka' (prefectural cultural property): Materials on Imai town are exhibited.
- - 建物はA通(東西方向の道)に面しており、B通(南北方向の道)との交差点から西に入った地点にある。
- The building faces A-dori Street (a street going east and west) and is located in the spot which is in the west from the intersection with B-dori Street (a street going north and south).
- 交差点北東側に同志社大学・同志社女子大学今出川キャンパスが立地しており、学生街としての色合いが強い。
- To the northeast of the intersection lies Doshisha University and the Imadegawa Campus of Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, creating the atmosphere of a students' quarter.
- - 建物はC通(南北方向の道)に面しており、D通(東西方向の道)との交差点から北に入った地点にある。
- The building faces C-dori Street (a street going north and south) and is located in the spot which is in the north from the intersection with D-dori Street (a street going east and west).
- 西征日記(せいせいにっき)は、文禄・慶長の役の際、小西行長軍に従軍した妙心寺の外交僧天荊の陣中日記。
- Seisei Nikki was a camp diary written by Tenkei, a diplomat priest of Myoshin-ji Temple, who accompanied Yukinaga KONISHI's army during the Bunroku-Keicho War.
- 西日本旅客鉄道桜井線・近畿日本鉄道天理線 - 天理駅から奈良交通バスで上滝本バス停下車後、徒歩5分。
- West Japan Railway Sakurai Line/Kintetsu Railway Tenri Line: Get off at Tenri Station, take a Nara Kotsu Bus, and after alighting from the bus at Kamitakimoto Bus Stop, walk five minutes.
- 江戸時代に入っても、対馬藩にはその権限が引き続き認められ、幕府の対朝鮮外交を中継ぎする役割を担った。
- The Tsushima Domain was allowed to carry authority even during the Edo period, having the honor of coordinating the diplomatic exchanges between the Bakufu and Korea.
- これにより冊封体制の維持を理由に国交交渉を忌避する朝鮮を、交渉のテーブルに着くように促したのである。
- As a result of that, Japan urged Korea to enter into negotiations, while Korea had been avoiding the diplomatic negotiations in order to maintain the tributary system.
- これは小西行長によって撃退するものの、明の救援によって交渉優先の状況となり戦況は膠着することになる。
- This assault was beaten back by Yukinaga KONISHI, but, because of assistance from Ming, the situations changed to prioritize negotiation and war situation got stuck.
- 六角高頼軍は、山内政綱、伊庭貞隆、伊庭行隆を観音寺城やその支城、周辺の砦に配置し、交戦状態になった。
- Takayori ROKKAKU deployed Masatsuna YAMANOUCHI, Sadataka IBA and Yukitaka IBA to Kannonji-jo Castle, the subsidiary castles and surrounding fortresses to resist.
- 通常は将軍の意向を受けて朝廷との交渉役にあたる役人が、役職としての武家執奏に申入れを行うことが多い。
- In general, on behalf of the Shogun the official who acted as the negotiator often made a proposal to perform bukeshisso for the post.
- 頼朝邸内に多数の訴人が集まり、怒号・喧噪が飛び交ったため、頼朝はそれにうんざりし問注所の移転を命じた。
- Disgusted by the shouts and arguments exchanged within his compound, Yoritomo ordered the relocation of the Monchu-dokoro.
- 註:飛騨は調・庸を免除され替わりに匠丁(しょうてい、たくみのよほろ)を里ごと10人1年交替で徴発した。
- Note: Hida Province was exempted from paying Cho and Yo, instead 10 members of Shotei (woodworkers, also called Takumi-no-yohoro) were commandeered for one year of duty from each village every year.
- 対馬藩は江戸幕府から朝鮮外交担当を命じられ、釜山に新設された倭館における朝鮮交易の独占権も付与された。
- The Tsushima clan was appointed in charge of diplomacy with Korea by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and was also bestowed the exclusive right for commerce with Korea at the newly-established wakan in Busan.
- そうなることを防ぐため、江戸幕府は地理的に有利な西日本の大名に先んじて、朝鮮と国交を結ぶ必要があった。
- To prevent such a situation from prevailing, it was necessary for the Edo bakufu to establish diplomatic relations with Korea ahead of daimyo in the western part of Japan.
- そして、本所側(公家の家司・政所や寺院の三綱など)と起請文・請文などを交わした荘官によって実施された。
- It was enforced by shokan (an officer governing Shoen), who exchanged kishomon (sworn oath) and ukebumi (the reply) with the Honjo's side including Kuge, such as Keishi (household superintendent) and Mandokoro (Administrative Board), and temples, such as Sango (three monastic positions with management roles at a temple).
- 東海道と中山道と北国街道が交差する交通の要衝である近江国の地の利を生かして商業地として発展、繁栄した。
- It was developed and flourished as a commercial district making use of geographical advantage of Omi Province which was an important point for traffic in which Tokaido Road, Nakasendo Road and Hokkoku Kaido Road crossed with each other.
- そこで鎌倉幕府の仲介によって、大覚寺統と持明院統が交互に皇位につく事(両統迭立)が取り決められていた。
- At that point, through the mediation of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), a compromise was reached where it was decided to alternate between the two lineages, choosing the Emperor from each lineage in turn (called 'ryoto tetsuritsu' in Japanese).
- 後、元朝によって南宋が亡ぼされた結果、南北中国の交流が始まり、朱子学は漸く華北にも地歩を築くに至った。
- Later, when the Yuan Dynasty defeated the Southern Song Dynasty, relations developed between northern and southern China and Shushigaku began expanding into northern China.
- 同年、ロシア帝国のエフィム・プチャーチン艦隊との間でも川路聖謨らの交渉により日露和親条約が締結された。
- In the same year, the treaty was concluded between Toshiakira KAWAJI and Evfimiy Vasil'evich Putyatin of the Russian Empire.
- 当初、日本は外交努力で衝突を避けようとしたが、ロシアは強大な軍事力を背景に日本への圧力を増していった。
- At first, Japan sought to avoid a conflict through diplomatic efforts; however, Russia backed by its massive military force continued to increase its pressure toward Japan.
- まず随行兵士の人数や武器携帯をめぐって、本交渉の前に協議されたが、日本側は朝鮮側の抗議を一蹴している。
- First of all, before starting negotiations, the number of soldiers and carrying arms were talked about, but the Japanese refused the protests of Korea.
- 次いで到着した明石全登、薄田兼相ら3,600の兵も小松山を越えた徳川軍と交戦し、薄田兼相らが討死した。
- As many as 3,600 soldiers including Takenori AKASHI, Kanesuke SUSUKIDA and others, who arrived later, fought the Tokugawa army that passed Komatsuyama, and Kanesuke SUSUKIDA and others were killed.
- 五大老の筆頭となった家康は秀吉死後の和平交渉でも主導権を握り、実質的な政権運営者へとのし上がってゆく。
- Ieyasu, who became the top of Gotairo, gained the control of the peace talks after Hideyoshi's death and pushed his way up to the virtual operator of the government.
- 朝鮮王朝建国期において倭寇前期倭寇が猛威を奮っており、朝鮮王朝は交易の利を持って倭寇の沈静化を図った。
- Since the first phase wako (Japanese pirates) fiercely raided coasts when the Korean kingdom was founded, the Korean kingdom used the profits made by the trade in suppressing the wako.
- 日本から通交する使節はいずれかの牙符を携行し、朝鮮側の保管する片割れと突き合わせることで査証を行った。
- The envoy dispatched from Japan brought any of the halves, that were to be matched with the other half kept by Yi-Dynasty as an endorsement.
- 製造方法は、醤油からイオン交換法で塩分を除去する方法と、濃厚に造った醤油を希釈する方法の2通りがある。
- There are two production methods; removing salt content from soy-sauce using ion exchange method and diluting thick soy-sauce.
- 今日伝わっている祭も土着のものを起源とするという意味では民間信仰も交え、神道系に分類されるものが多い。
- Matsuri passed down today also include folk beliefs in the sense of originating from native's, and many of them are categorized as Shinto-related's.
- そのため、通信使の宿泊先には多くの日本の文人墨客が集まり、大いに交流がなされるという副産物をもたらした。
- Therefore, many Japanese writers and artists visited the places where Tsushinshi stayed, also generating the byproduct that cultural exchanges among peoples of the two nations were made actively.
- しかし18世紀になって日本でも絹生産の技術が向上すると、中国産品の輸入が減少し、釜山交易に打撃を与えた。
- However, advancement of Japanese silk production technology in the 18th century diminished the imports of Chinese products, which had devastating effects on Busan trade.
- しかしながら、これは従来の饗応、待遇を全面的に変更するものであり、結果として日朝間の外交摩擦に発展する。
- However, the former ways of treating and entertaining the envoy were totally changed in the new system, resultantly leading to diplomatic conflicts between Japan and Korea.
- 車 :国道309号 新川合トンネル越えてすぐ、()川合交差点から奈良県道53号高野天川線を西吉野方面へ。
- By car: Take National Route 309, and just after passing through Shinkawai Tunnel, take Nara Prefectural Road NO. 53 Koya Tenkawa Line from Kawai Crossing toward Nishiyoshino.
- 車 :国道309号 新川合トンネル越えてすぐ、()川合交差点から奈良県道21号大峯山公園線を洞川方面へ。
- By car: From National Route 309, take the Ominesan Park Road of Nara Prefectural Route 21 at Kawai Intersection for Dorogawa just after passing through Shinkawai Tunnel (refer to the map of Tenkawa Village).
- その結果、国(道路の案内標識)、奈良県、警察署、郵便局、主な新聞社、奈良交通などにおいて修正が行われた。
- As a result, such a revision was conducted by the nation (information signs in the roads), Nara Prefecture, police stations, post offices, major newspaper companies and Nara Kotsu Bus Lines, etc.
- 国歌は、近代西洋において生まれ、幕末、日本が開国した時点において、外交儀礼上欠かせないものとなっていた。
- The national anthem was born in the modern Occident and, when Japan opened the country to foreigners in the last days of the Edo Period, it had become indispensable for diplomatic ceremonies.
- 一つは、ごく限られた場面以外に外国との交流を断ったことで、日本独自の文化を形成できたとする肯定的なもの。
- One evaluation of 'national isolation' argues that, outside of exceptional cases, severing relations with foreign countries let Japan form its original culture.
- この事件により一時アメリカ上院には条約改正は時期尚早という声が大きくなり、重要な外交懸案が危殆に瀕した。
- After this incident, there were growing opinions that it was still too soon to revise the treaty in the US upper House for a while, bringing Japan to a crisis over important diplomatic issues.
- (日本のように神道の祖先崇拝が「御先祖様」として仏教と混交している状態はインドではなかなか理解されない)
- (It is very difficult for Indians to understand that, in Japan, the ancestor worship of Shinto is mixed with Buddhism as 'my dear ancestors.')
- 丁未約条締結後、宗氏は通交抑制の緩和を求める交渉を繰り返し、1557年に丁巳約条が締結されることとなる。
- After the Teibi Yakujo was concluded, the So clan continued negotiations for requesting a reduction in restrictions relating to trading and diplomacy visits, and in 1557 the Teishi Yakujo was concluded.
- その後の度重なる交渉により、島主歳遣船は30隻にまで回復していたが、丁未約条では再び25隻に削減される。
- Through repeated negotiations thereafter, the toshu saikensen increased in number to 30, but, they were reduced to 25 again by the Teibi Yakujo.
- 蓄銭叙位令は一種の売官制であり、かえって貨幣の死蔵がすすみ、円滑な貨幣交換がさまたげられることがあった。
- Chikusen joirei was a kind of Baikan sei (system of selling government posts) and, therefore storing away of coins was promoted all the more, sometimes hindering the smooth exchange of currency.
- 禁教令の徹底などを目的に1630年代の鎖国令によってオランダとの交易を除き西欧諸国との関係も途絶させた。
- It also broke relations with western countries except for Holland by issuing a national seclusion order with an aim to put a complete ban on Christianity.
- よって、蔵元と杜氏のあいだ、杜氏と蔵人たちのあいだには、まったく別の労使契約が交わされていたわけである。
- Therefore the toji and the brewery have one labor-management contract, and the kurabito and the toji have a different labor-management contract.
- 江戸時代、鎖国の世にも長崎を通じて中国との交流は続き、儒学者などの間には中国崇拝の風潮が強く残っていた。
- In the Edo period, exchanges with China continued through Nagasaki even in the state of national isolation, and strong trends to admire China remained among Confucian scholars.
- しかし、交易の発展にともない豆毛浦倭館は手狭になり、交通も不便であったので、朝鮮側に再三移転要求を行った。
- However, since its space became insufficient as the commerce had been thriving, combined with its poor transportation conditions, the Japanese-side repeatedly asked the Korean government for its relocation.
- ここでデモ隊は、上記許可条件を熟知していなかった被告人の誘導により、交差点の中央付近まで進行してしまった。
- But the defendant, who did not know fully about the condition of permission, led the demonstration march around the center of the intersection.
- 1624年にスペイン船の来航が禁止され、1639年にポルトガル船の来航が禁止され、平戸での交易を禁止した。
- Then Spanish ships and Portuguese ships were prohibited from visiting Japan in 1624 and in 1939, respectively, prohibiting their trade at Hirado.
- - 建物はA通(東西方向の道)に面しており、かつ、B通(南北方向の道)との交差点から西に入った地点にある。
- The building faces A-dori Street (a street going east and west) and is located in the spot which is in the west from the intersection with B-dori Street (a street going north and south).
- - 建物はC通(南北方向の道)に面しており、かつ、D通(東西方向の道)との交差点から北に入った地点にある。
- The building faces C-dori Street (a street going north and south) and is located in the spot which is in the north from the intersection with D-dori Street (a street going east and west).
- これは「ビジット・ジャパン・キャンペーン」の一環として、ミシュラン社や国土交通省などが連携したものである。
- This is a collaboration as a part of 'Visit Japan campaign' by Michelin company, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and so on.
- 蝦夷は平時には交易を行い、コンブ・ウマ・毛皮・羽根などの特産物を日本にもたらし、代わりに米・布・鉄を得た。
- In times of peace, trade was carried out between the Emishi and Japan; Emishi offered their specialties such as seaweed, horses, fur pelts and feathers, and in return they obtain rice, cloth and iron.
- 大軍を見て平氏軍からは脱落者が相次ぎ、目立った交戦もないまま平氏軍は敗走することとなった(富士川の戦い)。
- Seeing the large force they faced, many troops defected from the Taira clan forces and the battle ended with no serious engagements and the Taira clan forces fleeing the site (The Battle of Fuji-gawa River).
- 日本は当時、国内各地で大量に金銀(特に銀)を産出する国であったため、交易においてもその潤沢な金銀を用いた。
- Japan produced a large amount of gold and silver (especially silver) during this time, using these abundant resources for trade.
- 参勤交代で江戸に単身赴任する各藩の家臣はかなりの数に上り、この結果、江戸の人口の約半数が武士となっていた。
- Because a large number of vassals of each clan went to Edo leaving their families in their domains owing to sankin-kotai, warriors accounted for about half the population in Edo.
- 日本の豊臣秀吉が主導する遠征軍と李氏朝鮮および明の軍との間で交渉を交えながら朝鮮半島を戦場にして戦われた。
- An expeditionary force from Japan headed by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and military forces of the Yi Dynasty Korea and Ming fought each other on the Korean Peninsula carrying out intermittent negotiations in parallel.
- 中世、近世において頻繁に利用され、比叡山の物資輸送のために港町として、坂本は交通の要所として繁栄していた。
- The roads were frequently used during the medieval and early modern period, so Sakamoto thrived as a port town for cargo shipment through Mt. Hiei and a key point for transportation.
- 明治政府は12月に黒田清隆を特命全権大使に任命し軍艦3隻などの艦隊をともなって朝鮮に派遣した(砲艦外交)。
- The Meiji Government appointed Kiyotaka KURODA as a plenipotentiary in December and dispatched him to Korea with a fleet including three warships (gunboat diplomacy).
- また、紀和国境の果無峠は、前述の通り、龍神・熊野・高野および大峯の各地を結ぶ交通路として利用され続けていた。
- As explained above, Hatenashi Pass at the boundary of Kiwa continued to be used as a community road connecting Ryujin, Kumano, Koya and Omine.
- こうして歩かれなくなっていった小辺路は、昭和30年代に至って、紀伊山地山中の主要交通路としての役割を終えた。
- As explained above, people gradually did not use Kohechi, and in the 30's of the Showa era the road ended its role as the main road in the Kii Mountains.
- 2009年現在、この峠の直下にトンネルを掘削して、国道162号の交通をより円滑にしようとの声が上がっている。
- As of 2009, voices are raised to improve the traffic flow of the National Route 162 by boring through a tunnel beneath the pass.
- それに対し宗氏にとって通交の制限は受け入れられるものではなく、両者の間に確執が生まれる(交易の制限節参照)。
- However, such restrictions were unacceptable to the So clan, which gave rise to a feud between the two sides (See the section on the trade restriction).
- 両統迭立が鎌倉幕府(最高権力者は得宗北条貞時)の公式な方針として表明されたのは、この交替のときが最初である。
- This change is the first time when Ryoto tetsuritsu was announced as being the official policy of the Kamakura Shogunate (when its supreme leader was Tokuso Sadatoki HOJO).
- このような相違は、国家権力の強さ、土地私有性および交換経済の発展の状態などの相違を反映させたものとみられる。
- Such differences may have been a reflection of the strength in government power and the state of development of a system for private ownership of land and an exchange economy.
- いずれも良基の一族・家司・側近や和歌・連歌を通じて交際のある武士・僧侶で、多くが二条派・京極派に属している。
- All of them were either family, household superintendents or close aides of Yoshimoto, or samurai and monks who were acquainted with Yoshimoto through waka poetry/renga, and many of them belonged to the Nijo or Kyogoku schools.
- 両国はアメリカ合衆国の仲介の下で終戦交渉に臨み、1905年9月5日に締結されたポーツマス条約により講和した。
- The two countries entered into peace negotiations mediated by the United States, and concluded signed the Treaty of Portsmouth on September 5th, 1905.
- 日本側 陸軍は第一軍で朝鮮半島へ上陸、鴨緑江を渡河しつつ、在朝鮮のロシア軍と第一会戦を交えた後に満洲へ進撃。
- Japanese-side: The army would land their First Army on the Korean Peninsula and climb northwards and engage occupying Russian forces and assault Manchuria by crossing the Oryokko River.
- また銀座で灰吹銀を引取り丁銀と交換した、いわゆる南鐐替(なんりょうがえ)が変化したものであるとする説もある。
- Another theory says it came from what is called nanryogae that is the exchange of silver by cupellation with chogin at gin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver during the Edo period).
- 渤海の成立後に唐との関係が好転した新羅は、やがて対等外交を主張するようになったが、日本はこれを認めなかった。
- After the formation of Balhae, relations between Silla and Tang developed favorably and Silla began insisting on equal diplomatic relations, but Japan did not consent.
- 織田勢と高野勢は紀ノ川を挟んで対峙する形になったが、なお交渉は継続しており、同年中は目立った戦いはなかった。
- The Oda army and the Koyasan army faced each other across the Kino-kawa River, but they continued to negotiate and did not fight so much in that year.
- 幕府により大名の大幅な配置換えが実施された江戸時代は、同時に日本中で活発な文化交流が行われた時代でもあった。
- The Edo period when the shogunate government implemented a drastic relocation of feudal lords (daimyo) was also an era of active cultural exchange throughout Japan.
- 173年 - 倭の女王卑弥呼が、使者を送って、新羅に交際を求める(二十年 夏五月 倭女王卑彌乎 遣使来聘)。
- In 173, Himiko, Queen of Wa, sent an envoy to acquire the friendship of Silla.
- 日本語の表記において漢字と仮名が交用されていく中で漢字の点画も平仮名のような曲線を帯びるようになっていった。
- While both kanji (Chinese characters) and hiragana were used together in Japanese writing, the dots and strokes making up a kanji character gradually came to have curve lines like hiragana characters.
- なお、下絵は料紙の片面のみに描かれているので、見開き一開ごとに下絵のある面と経文のみの面が交互にあらわれる。
- Since the pictures were painted only on one side of the ryoshi, the opened pages show one side of pictures and one side of sutras only.
- 1510年、交易上のトラブルもあり朝鮮側に不満を募らせた日本人は、対馬からの援軍も加えて大規模な反乱を起こす。
- In 1510, the Japanese became discontented with the Korean side, partly due to troubles in trade, which caused a big-scale insurgence, with reinforcements from Tsushima.
- また朝鮮国内における通交者の滞在費・交易品の輸送も朝鮮側が担っており、こうした負担も無視出来ないものであった。
- Korea had to pay for the living expenses of traders during their stay in Korea and the transportation expenses of commodities, and these financial burdens were too heavy to be ignored.
- そして、義興が後見する室町幕府征夷大将軍足利義稙の使者として派遣された弸中の助力を得て通交再開の交渉を行った。
- With the help of Hochu, who was dispatched as an envoy of Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) under the guardianship of Yoshioki, the So clan negotiated the resumption of the relationship with the Korean Dynasties.
- これに基づく価格を估価(こか、沽価)と呼び、租税の物納や日本国外との貿易の価格や交換の基準としても用いられた。
- The prices based on the law were called koka, which were used as standards for calculating taxes paid in kind, prices in trading and conversion rates for goods.
- この交流は朝貢貿易の形態を取ったため、渤海からの貢物に対して、日本側では数倍の回賜でもって応える義務が生じた。
- Due to the exchanges being in the form of a tribute trade, Japan was obligated to send return gifts of several times more value after receiving tributes from Bokkai.
- 鉄道 近畿日本鉄道吉野線大和上市駅から奈良交通バス 湯盛温泉杉の湯行きで終点乗り継ぎ、池原方面行きで約2時間。
- By railway: Take Nara Kotsu Bus bound for Yumori Hot Spring Sugi no yu from Kintetsu Yoshino line Yamato-Kamiichi Station, and change at the last stop for Ikehara.
- また、内裏の警備のために諸国から武士を交替で上京させる内裏大番役の催促についても、清盛が担うようになっていた。
- Kiyomori was in charge of making sure the Imperial Palace guard service, which required bushi from the provinces to travel to Kyoto for guard duty at the Imperial Palace in alternation, ran smoothly.
- イギリスの銀行家たちと1ヶ月以上交渉の末、ようやくロンドンでの500万ポンドの外債発行に成功することができた。
- At the end of more than one month of negotiating with British bankers, he succeeded in issuing 5 million pounds in foreign bonds in London.
- 日本は条約の批准書交換後、樺山資紀海軍大将を台湾総督とし、北白川宮能久親王率いる近衛師団を台湾現地に派遣した。
- Japan, after exchanging ratification, appointed Naval Captain Sukenori KABAYAMA as governor of Taiwan, and dispatched the Imperial Guards led by Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Yoshihisa to Taiwan.
- 日朝間の国交交渉再開もその結果としてもたらされたものであると同時に、また別の歴史事象の原因でもあったのである。
- As a result of that, the resumption of negotiations between Japan and Korea was realized, but at the same time it was triggered by another historical phenomenon.
- これらの大内氏・大友氏・毛利氏の所有する牙符は宗氏に貸し出され、偽日本国王使・偽王城大臣使の通交に使用された。
- Those Gafu owned by the Ouchi clan, the Otomo clan, and the Mori clan were lent out to the So clan, who used them in dispatching the pseudo King of Japan envoy and the pseudo Ojo-daijin envoy.
- 中国や朝鮮半島諸国との通交・人的交流などにより技術や文化を持った多くの人々が渡来し、ヤマト(倭国)へ貢献した。
- Many people who were engaged in technology or cultural activities came over from China and the Korean Peninsula through trade and interaction, contributing to the development of Yamato (Wakoku).
- しかし、秀吉はこれを拒否して「五国割譲と城主・清水宗治の切腹」を要求したため、交渉はいったん物別れに終わった。
- But Hideyoshi declined it and demanded 'the cession of the five countries and the seppuku of Muneharu SHIMIZU,' which failed to produce an agreement.
- また、参勤交代やお手伝い普請で多くの諸大名が街道筋の宿屋・旅籠に泊まったため、経済の流通が活発化したのである。
- In addition, as many feudal lords stayed at inns and taverns along main roads on the way to Edo for the alternate-year residence obligation or the site of construction work under the shogunate order, the economic circulation was activated.
- 射撃手前後交替の発想が見られるものとしては騎兵のカラコール戦術が対テルシオ戦法として用いられた事が挙げられる。
- The idea of the exchange of shooters between the front and rear is seen in the military caracole of horse soldiers, utilized against military tercio.
- 山田流箏曲は曲により三曲外のジャンルである一中節などの浄瑠璃と合奏(交互演奏。掛け合いという)することがある。
- In the so music of the Yamada school, some pieces are played with (played in turn, i.e., exchange of performances) the music of joruri such as the Icchubushi (a school of joruri), a different genre from sankyoku.
- また、新聞、雑誌などのメディアや鉄道など交通機関の発達は各地に新しい文化を広め、庶民生活に大きな影響を与えた。
- In addition, the development of media such as newspapers and magazines, and transportation facilities such as railroad spread a new culture across the country, and this new culture had a great influence on the common people's lives.
- 平安時代と江戸時代に日本は外国との交流を絶ったが、この時期に日本独自の文化が顕著に熟成されたという特徴がある。
- Although Japan discontinued exchanges with foreign countries in the Heian period and in the Edo period, one characteristic is that a culture specific to Japan was prominently matured in these periods.
- しかし対馬は土地が痩せ島内で過剰人口を吸収できず、交易従事者のみならず三浦に定住する日本人(恒居倭)が出現する。
- However, since Tsushima had such poor land that it could not absorb the surplus population within the territory, some Japanese people as well as people involved in trading began to settle in Sanpo, and these people were called kokyowa.
- 1443年の嘉吉条約により、朝鮮王朝は対馬から通交する歳遣船(毎年派遣される使送船)の上限を年間50隻に定める。
- In accordance with the Kakitsu Treaty concluded in 1443, the Korean Dynasty decided to set the maximum number of saikensen (annual shisosen) from Tsushima at 50 per year.
- 後白河は平時忠ら堂上平氏の官職は解かずに天皇・神器の返還を求めたが、交渉は不調に終わる(『玉葉』8月12日条)。
- Although Goshirakawa requested the return of the emperor and the sacred treasures without removing the Tosho family of the Taira clan including TAIRA no Tokitada from government posts, the negotiation was unsuccessful ('Gyokuyo,' entry of September 7).
- 2時間半に及ぶ交渉を行ったが結局合意が得られず、同年度における吉田寮建て替え予算の提出は見送られることとなった。
- In spite of two and a half hours of negotiation, no agreements were reached and the submission of the budget for reconstruction of Yoshida dormitory in the academic year 2006 was not reached.
- 初期の松前藩の収入は、藩主・家臣ともにアイヌとの交易にあったため、松前藩は他の日本人とアイヌとの取引を禁止した。
- Revenue of the Matsumae clan including the lord and retainers in its early days, was from the trade with Ainu, therefore, the Matsumae clan prohibited the trade between other Japanese and Ainu.
- この他森山の洋服着用など欧米スタイルを貫こうとする姿勢に朝鮮側が嫌悪感を示したことで交渉ははかばかしくなかった。
- Furthermore, as the Japanese persisted in the European and American style, such as Moriyama wearing Western clothes, to which the Koreans showed aversion, the negotiation did not go smoothly.
- この他、中央と地方の情報伝達を遅滞なく行うための交通制度(駅伝制)なども、律令制を構成する制度として採用された。
- Other systems, including a transportation system called Ekidensei for conveying information between the capital and local regions without delay, were also adopted to form the Ritsuryo system.
- しかし室町幕府は朝鮮王朝と同格の存在であり、許可を受けなければならない立場にはなく、自由な通交が認められていた。
- Since the Muromachi bakufu was on an equal footing with the Yi-Dynasty, it need not be allowed to have diplomatic relations with the Yi Dynasty; therefore, the Muromachi bakufu was permitted to freely have diplomatic relations with the Yi Dynasty.
- 上記の岩倉使節団は西欧諸制度の調査も目的であったが、条約改正のための下準備という面もあり、実際交渉も準備された。
- The purpose of the Iwakura Mission was not only to do research of the systems of western Europe but to make primary arrangements for revising the treaty, and in fact, the negotiation of the revision was prepared.
- 国税庁と在日朝鮮人商工連合会の間で取り交わされたとされる以下の五項目の合意も五箇条の御誓文と呼ばれることがある。
- The agreement including 5 items made between the National Tax Administration Agency and Federation of Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Korean resident in Japan is also called Charter Oath of Five Articles sometimes.
- 江戸時代初期は交易国であったイギリスやポルトガルなどからもキリスト教が伝えられたため、禁止令も徹底されなかった。
- Since Christianity was also brought from England and Portugal which were trading countries in the early Edo period, the ban was never completed.
- しかし朝鮮人捕虜を送還するなど対馬藩の必死の努力によって、1607年最初の朝鮮通信使が来日し、国交回復が決まった。
- However, thanks to desperate efforts by the Tsushima clan, including extradition of Korean captives, the first Chosen Tsushinshi (the Korean Emissary) arrived in Japan in 1607, leading to the recovery of Japanese-Korean diplomatic relations.
- そのため、宗氏は通交権益の知行化を通じて有力庶家の掌握や地侍の被官化を行い、領国支配を推し進めていた(宗氏領国)。
- Therefore, the So clan established their dominance over the territory by obtaining the revenue arose from the trade with Korea in order to have a command of influential families and place local samurai under the clan's order (this is called the Territory of the So clan).
- そのため、身分は水呑百姓であっても、例えば交易業や養蚕業を経営し、富豪と呼ぶべき実態の者も少なくなかったのである。
- Therefore, among the people whose positions were Mizunomi Byakusho, there were many rich men who engaged in, for example, trade and sericulture.
- 698年に大祚栄により建国された渤海 (国)であるが、大武芸の時代になると唐や新羅と外交的に対立するようになった。
- Bokkai was founded as a nation by Dae Joyeong in 698, as it became the Dai Bugei (King Mu) period, the kingdom began having conflicts with the Tang Dynasty and Shiragi (Silla, an ancient Korean kingdom).
- 更に元寇以降、海岸防備の必要性から九州を中心とする領主側の一円地と、西国の地頭側一円地を交換する動きが活発化した。
- After Genko (Mongol invasion attempt against Japan), a movement to exchange ichienchi (land under ichien shihai) in Kyushu owned by the lords of shoen and those in the western part of Japan owned by jito became active because of the need to defend the coast.
- 車 :五條市中心部(本陣交差点=国道24号、国道168号、国道310号交点) から国道168号を十津川方面へ南下。
- By car: Take National Route 168 from the Central part of Gojo City (Honjin Crossing: the point of intersection of National Route 24, 118 and 310) and go south toward Totsu-kawa River.
- 速度規制や交通の混乱、健康被害などの諸被害によるものや、砂や塵の処理にかかる費用も含め、大きな経済的損失も生じる。
- Serious economic losses, such as those due to speed restriction or traffic disruption and to various kinds of damage, including damage to health, and the cost of dealing with the sand and dust, are generated.
- これは、杜甫が七言律詩『鄭駙馬宅宴洞中』の中で、雲の端から砂塵交じりの風が吹いてくる様を表したものだとされている。
- It is said that, in '鄭駙馬宅宴洞中,' a Qi-yan-shi (a Chinese poem of eight lines, with seven characters in each line) made by Du Fu, this line expressed the state that wind containing dust was blowing from the edges of clouds.
- 義時は弟の北条に1000騎を与えて上洛させ、武力による恫喝を背景に交渉を試みるが、朝廷の態度は強硬で不調に終わる。
- Yoshitoki provided his younger brother, Tokifusa HOJO, with 1000 mounted samurai warriors and sent him up to the capital at Kyoto, intending to negotiate with the court with this intimidating show of force as a backdrop, but the Court held firm in its position and the negotiations broke down.
- また、条約内容を交渉した会議(同年8月10日-)のことを 日露講和会議、ポーツマス会議、ポーツマス講和会議と呼ぶ。
- The conference where the contents of the treaty were discussed (from August 10 of the same year) is called Russo-Japanese Peace Conference, Portsmouth Conference or Portsmouth Peace Conference.
- 参勤交代制度の目的は、諸大名に出費を強いることでその勢力を削ぎ、謀反などを起こすことを抑止するためだったとされる。
- The sankin-kotai system reportedly aimed to curb daimyo's power for uprisings or rebellious acts by putting financial burdens on them.
- 前者の条約交渉には、日本からは全権大使黒田清隆と副使井上馨が、朝鮮からは簡判中枢府事申櫶と副総管尹滋承が出席した。
- In the first stage of negotiations Ambassador plenipotentiary Kiyotaka KURODA and the Vice-envoy Kaoru INOUE from Japan and General of the Royal Brigade Heon SHIN and Minister of Rites Ja-seung YUN from Korea attended.
- 渤海は、唐・新羅の対抗上727年(神亀4年)に日本に渤海使を派遣して国交を求め、日本に対し臣従するかたちをとった。
- In 727, Balhae sent an envoy to Japan asking for diplomatic relations in order to cope with Tang and Silla, and became a vassal to Japan.
- 芸能事務所や放送局(当時、一部の名のある落語家は放送局と専属契約を交わしていた)の枠を超えた定席として位置づけた。
- The association identified the Shimanouchi Yose Theater as rakugo-specific theater where storytellers of all affiliations, whether entertainment companies or TV stations (with which famous storytellers had exclusive contracts), could perform.
- 1547年の丁未条約を以って交易が再開されるが入港地は釜山浦一港に制限され、これが近代倭館へと続いていくことになる。
- In 1547, the trade was restarted under the Treaty of Tenbun, but the Pusanpo port was the only permitted entrance port for Japanese ships, and this led to the latter-day wakan.
- 室町期の守護は、当初(14世紀中葉)、室町幕府から数年ごとに補任されており、守護職の交替は比較的頻繁に行われていた。
- The shugo in the Muromachi period were initially (around the mid 14th century) appointed by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) once in several years, which resulted in the comparatively frequent alternation of the shugo-shiki (the post of shugo).
- 勘合符(かんごうふ)は日明貿易等に用いられた、明と朝貢国間の正式の来貢、通交船であることを証明する明が発行した割符。
- Kangofu was a tally or trading license issued by the Ming dynasty and used in trade, such as the Ming-Japanese trade, to confirm authorized tribute and trade ships between the Ming dynasty and a tributary state.
- 物資の確保を狙う朝廷側(後白河上皇)と、義仲に優越する必要に迫られていた頼朝側との間で、9月ごろから交渉が開始した。
- A negotiation began around September between the Imperial Court (the retired Emperor Goshirakawa) aiming at maintaining the supply of goods and Yoritomo under the necessity of predominating over Yoshinaka.
- 熊野記念館の調査では、小辺路沿いに道標・町石・宿屋跡など多くの交通遺跡が確認され、庶民の道としての性格が指摘された。
- The investigation by the Kumano Kinenkan Museum confirmed many relics such as guideposts, stupa-shaped stones for indicating distances and ruins of inns, and pointed out that it had been a road for the common people.
- 「日本」の枠組みがほぼ完成した8世紀、文武天皇によって遣唐使が再開され、粟田真人を派遣して唐との国交を回復している。
- When the framework of 'Japan' neared completion in the 8th century, Emperor Monmu restarted sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty, and tried to restore their relations by dispatching AWATA no Mahito as the envoy.
- 合流するはずだった江南軍は、総司令官の交替と多人数による混乱により統率が取れず、東路軍との合流が1ケ月半ほど遅れた。
- The Southern Yangtze Army, which was to join the Eastern Route Army, was delayed about one and a half months because the army was disorganized due to the substitution of the commander-in-chief and confusion caused by a large number of soldiers.
- 戦術に於いても攻城戦の開始前と落城寸前の場面で降伏勧告を行っており、自軍被害も低減できる無血開城の交渉を行っている。
- In tactics, a choice to surrender was given before starting a siege and just before fall of the castle and negotiations were carried out for a bloodless surrender which enabled them to minimize the damage to their own troops.
- これは使節の交換と領事駐在および限定的な領事裁判権、開港と通商および協定関税率を相互に認めるという平等条約であった。
- This was an equal treaty that mutually authorized the exchange of envoys, the presence of the consular with restricted jurisdiction, opening of a port and commerce, and tariff rates based on an agreement.
- 関西風の鰻屋が存在した理由は参勤交代で江戸までお供した職人や料理人がそのまま江戸に定住しそこで商いを始めたとされる。
- The reason why the Kansai-style eel restaurants existed was that the artisans and cooks, who came to Edo because of Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords during the Edo period were required to spend every other year residing in Edo), settled in Edo, and began their trade.
- 噺家が大きい仕草を交えた語りをしても安心して座っていられるよう、高座の座布団にも一番大きい「夫婦判」が使われている。
- The zabuton used on stage is the largest size zabuton, or Meotoban so that the rakugo storyteller can feel comfortable even when telling a story using a lot of gesturing.
- ために戦乱後成立した日本の徳川幕府は先進文物を受け入れるために、対馬島主をとおして交渉を許可するように朝鮮に懇請した。
- Therefore, the Tokugawa shogunate, which was established after the war, needed to import advanced things and requested Korea to conduct negotiations with Japan through the head of the Tsushima island.
- これらは魔除けやまじない、戦乱を避けて蓄蔵したとの解釈もあるが、悪貨への交換を避けるため良貨を保管したとの見方もある。
- According to a theory, these coins were stored underground to ward off evil spirits, as a charm or for avoiding the disturbance of war, but according to another theory, they were stored to prevent them from being exchanged with low-quality coins.
- 遣明船として遠洋航海用に艤装品を充実させ、外交使節や有力商人などの居室用の屋形を増設するなど大規模改修を行って用いた。
- These rented ships were used for Kenminsen after conducting major renovation such as the installation of hull fittings suitable for ocean navigation and the expansion of cabins for diplomatic envoys or influential merchants.
- 日中関係史において、元寇による関係悪化(13世紀)と日明貿易(15世紀)の間の時期をつなぐ、半官半民的な交易船である。
- In the history of the relationship between Japan and China, those vessels were semi-official trading ships that likened to the period when relations worsened due to the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan (13th century) and the period when Japan and the Ming dynasty in China started trade (15th century).
- また同年には旗本に対しては供回りの人数を制限させるなど、以後家族の生活や食生活、交際時の土産の内容までが規制を受けた。
- In the same year, restrictions were placed on hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which was a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), such as limiting the number of retinue that they could take along, and this kind of control was later extended to the lifestyle of their families, their meals, and even the gifts they sent to each other.
- しかし8世紀後葉、対新羅外交政策を転換したことに伴い、対外防衛・侵攻のための軍団兵士制も大幅に縮小されることとなった。
- However, the government changed its diplomatic policy against Silla in the latter half of the eighth century, and therefore, the scale of the gundan-soldier system for defense and invasion was reduced drastically.
- 流通貨幣は不足しており私鋳銭など悪貨が流通しており、幕府は度々撰銭令で悪銭を指定し、流通貨幣との交換比率も定めていた。
- But the coins in circulation were insufficient, leading to the circulation of both privately minted and bad currency (which contained less than the full amount of copper), which prompted the bakufu to issue a series of laws singling out low-quality coins and banning them from use; the bakufu also set an exchange rate between the different currencies in circulation.
- 参勤交代制度は、8代将軍・徳川吉宗のときに財政窮乏を理由に部分的緩和が行われた時期を除き、江戸時代を通じて堅持された。
- The sankin-kotai system was firmly maintained throughout the Edo period except during the era of Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, the eighth Shogun, when the regulations were partially relaxed because of financial difficulty.
- しかし、条約交渉において清の全権李鴻章は、日本軍は台湾本土に入っておらず、その割譲要求は筋が通らないと大いに反論した。
- However, Li Hung Chang given full authority argued strongly that the Japanese troops had not entered the main island of Taiwan and thus Japan's request for the cessation of Taiwan was not reasonable.
- また、長崎鳴滝に西洋医術の塾を開いたシーボルトのもとに多数の日本人が修学するなど西洋人と日本人との交流は盛んであった。
- Additionally, Japanese and Western people made exchanges with each other, such as the many Japanese who received an education from Siebold who opened a school of Western medicine at Narutaki, Nagasaki.
- 実際に前後交替射撃法が実用化するのは燧石式に移行してからであり、燧石式の機能改善もそれに相当の貢献をしたと考えられる。
- In fact, it was not until after the mechanism was shifted to that of flintlock when the shooting method of exchanging between the front and the rear was put into practical use, which, some people think, owed much to the improvement in the functions of the flintlock mechanism.
- これにより、文引制と合わせ対馬島内諸勢力の通交は宗氏本宗家の支配するところとなり、宗氏の領国支配が強化されることになる。
- This treaty, coupled with the Bunin (a pass issued by the So clan to enter the Korean Dynasties) system, effectively enabled the head family of the So clan to control trading among the powers within Tsushima island, strengthening territorial rule by the So clan.
- 対明交渉を開始するが、1380年には明で胡惟庸の獄が起り、胡惟庸が通牒している疑惑などがあり、日明関係は成立しなかった。
- Then, he started negotiations with the Ming Dynasty, however the diplomatic relationship between Japan and Ming was not established at that time due to 'the Koiyo no goku' (the incident in which Koiyo was executed on the suspicion of espionage) broke out in the Ming in 1380.
- 10世紀前期、律令官制の再構築を図る醍醐天皇が、延喜格式の編纂事業を開始すると、その一環として交替式の再編纂も行われた。
- In the first half of the tenth century when Emperor Daigo tried to reconstruct the organization of government according to the ritsuryo codes and started the work to compile Engi no kyakushiki (regulations and laws of the Engi era), kotaishiki was recompiled in the work as well.
- しかし2009年現在夜景スポットとして人気があり、京都市街地から比較的近いこともあり、交通量は道幅と比較して非常に多い。
- As of 2009, it is a popular spot for its nice night view and, since it is relatively close from the center of Kyoto City, the traffic is pretty heavy for the narrowness of the road.
- 治承5年(1181年)1月には、紀伊国の熊野三山勢力が挙兵して、伊勢国や志摩国で平氏側勢力と交戦するという動きもあった。
- In January 1181, the forces of the Kumano-Sanzan (three temples in the Kumano region) in the Kii Province raised forces and battled with Taira clan troops in Ise and Shima Provinces.
- 参勤は一定期間主君(この場合は征夷大将軍)のもとに出仕すること、交代は暇を与えられて領地に帰り政務を執ることを意味する。
- Sankin means that daimyo served for the lord (Seii-Taishogun [literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians] in this case) for a certain period, while kotai means that they returned to their domains on leave to attend to government affairs there.
- それに対し、従来の「百済重視」の外交路線をとる中臣鎌足や中大兄皇子ら保守派が「開明派」の蘇我氏を倒したと言うものである。
- On the other hand, the conservatives like NAKATOMI no Kamako and Prince Naka no Oe were in favor of their original 'Baekje focused' policy, and therefore destroyed the Soga clan who were 'liberals.'
- 交渉が決裂し、再びの開戦は避けられないと悟った豊臣方は、4月12日 (旧暦)に金銀を浪人衆に配り、武具の用意に着手した。
- With negotiations broken down, th Toyotomi side, realizing that the second war could not be avoided, distributed gold and silver to ronin and began to prepare arms.
- 江戸時代には幕府と密接に連携し一定量の発注を受けて生産し、工人等は交代で江戸に詰め、江戸城での銃器メンテナンスも行った。
- A close alliance with the shogunate during the Edo period led to orders being placed and workers being alternately seconded to Edo where they carried out firearm maintenance at Edo-jo Castle.
- 同様に離脱していたオーストラリアでは世論の高まりを受けて総選挙により政権交代し、直後の 2007年12月3日に批准した。
- However in Australia, which had not ratified the Kyoto Protocol likewise, change of government took place through a nationwide election and immediately after that the new government ratified the protocol on December 3, 2007.
- 『陰徳記』によると石山合戦で織田信長と交戦中の石山本願寺へ毛利氏勢と通じた荒木村重が兵糧を密かに搬入したとの噂が流れた。
- According to 'Intokuki' (the war chronicle of the Sengoku period in Chugoku region), it was rumored that Murashige ARAKI, who clandestinely consorted with the troops of the Mori clan, carried army provisions into Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple which had been fighting with Nobunaga ODA in Ishiyama War.
- 実際に防人軍団の外国勢力との交戦は、1019年に中国沿海地方の女真族が対馬から北九州を襲撃した刀伊の入寇の1度だけである。
- In actuality, the only conflict to have taken place between sakimori troops and a foreign force was the Toi invasion of 1019 in which Jurchen people from the coastal region of China invaded northern Kyushu through Tsushima Island.
- これは宗氏以外の全ての受職人(朝鮮王朝から官位を貰っている者)・受図書人(通交許可を受けている者)に対しても同様であった。
- This sanction was applied not only to the So clan but also to all Jushokunin (those given an official rank by the Korean Dynasties) and Tsuko Jutoshonin (those granted the permission to practice amicable relations).
- その後、薺浦一港での入港受入れは難しいとの理由から釜山浦も再び開かれるが、1544年に蛇梁倭変が起こり再び国交は断絶する。
- After that, Pusanpo was also opened again because the capacity of the port of Seiho was not large enough to deal with all transactions; however, an incident called Saryang Incident (the raid carried out by Japanese pirates on Saryang Islands) occurred in 1544, and this brought a diplomatic break between these parties again.
- 車 五條市・新宮市から国道168号、十津川村平谷蕨尾(ワラビ尾交差点)より国道425号経由、奈良県道735号龍神十津川線。
- By car: Take National Route 168 from Gojo City or Singu City, or take Ryujin-Totsukawa Route of Nara Prefectural Road, via National Route 425 from Hiraya Warabio, Totsukawa-mura village (Warabio intersection).
- さらにその南側(海側)には浜の大鳥居跡(旧一の鳥居)前で若宮大路と交差する車大路(同:琵琶小路、本興寺裏辻子等)があった。
- Further to the south (coast side) the Kuruma oji (today also known as the Biwa-koji Street and the Honkoji ura tsuji (backstreet of Honko-ji Temple), etc) ran and crossed the Wakamiya-oji Street in front of the remain of Otorii (a large gateway to a Shinto shrine) (former Ichi no Torii).
- 前述の例は、「東大路通(南北方向の通り)と松原通(東西方向の通り)の交差点を北上して4つ目の町である毘沙門町」の意である。
- The example mentioned above means 'Bishamon town which is the forth town after going up north of an intersection between Higashioji-dori Street (street going north and south) and Matsubara-dori Street (street going east and west).'
- こうした交通網の発達は、明治以降鉄道建設や道路整備により、京阪神を一体の地域としての性格を強めることに大きな影響を与えた。
- The development of such traffic networks had a major effect on strengthening the character of Keihanshin as an integrated area by the construction of railroads and the maintenance of its roads in and after the Meiji era.
- また両国の外交文書は日本語と朝鮮真文(漢文)で書くこととし、日本側の文書には、先10年間は日本語に漢文を併記する事とした。
- Also they decided that the diplomatic documents of both countries should be written in Japanese and the legitimate language of Korea (namely Chinese), and the documents of Japan should be written in both Japanese and Chinese for the next 10 years.
- こうして1980年11月、京都府ならびに京都市を含めた四者で覚書が交わされ、双方が訴訟全てを取り下げることで決着が付いた。
- Then, in November, 1980, the four parties including Kyoto Prefecture and Kyoto City exchanged a memorandum of understanding, and the both sides decided to discontinue the action for the settlement.
- 「六人の会」主催の「大銀座落語祭」に参加する上方落語家が2008年現在114人に迄に達し、東西落語家の親睦交流が深まった。
- As of 2008, 114 Kamigata storytellers participated in 'The Great Ginza Rakugo Festival' held by 'the Rokuninnokai,' strengthening friendship between the eastern and western storytellers.
- しかし、国司が交代すると認可を取り消される可能性も高く、境界などを巡って他の開発領主などと紛争が起こることもたびたびあった。
- However, it was highly possible that authorization to them were revoked upon the change of kokushi (provincial governors), and also, disputes with other kaihatsu-ryoshu often erupted over such elements as the border.
- また交易目的だけではなく、三浦の乱や蛇梁倭変の講和のような重要な交渉時にも、有利な交渉を目論み偽の日本国王使を派遣している。
- The So clan dispatched false royal envoys for purpose of trading, and additionally, they sent such envoys in order to gain more advantages in important negotiations such as the peace negotiations of the Sanpo War and the Saryang Incident.
- 「類聚雑要抄」には、盛菓子、交菓子の称呼があることから、盛屯食は一種を、荒屯食は種々の物をまぜて、盛ったものであろうという。
- According to 'Ruijuzoyosho' (a book explaining the furnishings in ceremonies and events in detail with sketches), Moritonjiki might be served with one ingredient while Aratonjiki might be served with various ingredients because of the presence of Morigashi and Mazegashi.
- 『紺紙金銀泥一切経(紺紙金銀字交書一切経)』は、紺紙に銀で罫線を引き、金泥と銀泥で一行ごとに交互に経文を書いた装飾経である。
- 'Konshi Kingindei Issaikyo' (紺紙金銀字交書一切経) is a decorative sutras; sutra sentences are written alternately in kindei (gold paint) and gindei (silver paint) between silver lines on navy papers.
- だが、源平合戦で交通の要所であった白河の地は荒廃し、窮民によって御所や寺院が荒らされていく様子が『玉葉』などに記されている。
- Documents including 'Gyokuyo' (Diary of Kanezane KUJO) described how the land of Shirakawa, which had been an important area for traffic, was devastated and how the imperial palace and temples were kept ransacked by the poor and needy during and after the Genpei War (1180-1185, a war between the Taira clan and the Minamoto clan in which the latter defeated the former and established the Kamakura shogunate government).
- クビーラはガンジス川を司る女神ガンガーのヴァーハナ(乗り物)でもあることから、日本では海上交通の守り神として信仰されてきた。
- Kubi-ra is the Va-hana (riding object) of the goddess Ganger who controls the Ganges River and has been worshiped in Japan as the protective god of sea transportation.
- 両統迭立(りょうとうてつりつ)とは、一国の君主の家系が2つに分裂し、それぞれの家系から交互に国王を即位させている状態をいう。
- 'Ryoto tetsuritsu' refers to the situation where the family line of a country's monarchy is split into two and the monarch is alternately selected from these two family lines.
- そして1904年2月6日、日本の外務大臣小村寿太郎は当時のロシアのロマン・ローゼン公使を外務省に呼び、国交断絶を言い渡した。
- Subsequently, on February 6th, 1904, Jutaro KOMURA, the Japanese Foreign Minister called Roman Rosen, the Russian Minister to Japan to the Foreign Ministry and notified him of the severance of diplomatic relations.
- しかし日本は国交が無いことなどを理由に補償を拒み、戦後40年以上経った1987年に、漸く一律200万円の弔慰金が支払われた。
- However, the Japanese government refused to pay compensation on the basis that there were no diplomatic relations between Japan and Taiwan, and finally paid uniform choikin (condolence money) of two million yen per person in 1987, more than forty years after the end of the war.
- 朱印状を携帯する日本船は当時日本と外交関係があったポルトガル、オランダ船や東南アジア諸国の支配者の保護を受けることができた。
- Japanese ships that carried Shuinjo (shogunate trade license) were protected by Portugal and Dutch ships and the rulers of Southeast Asian countries that had diplomatic relations with Japan at the time.
- 公営田制の主要な目的は、百姓らから直接、調・庸を徴収することを廃し、交易によって調・庸を調達することにあったと評価されている。
- It is evaluated that the major aim of Kueiden was to abolish collecting Cho or Yo directly from farmers and to gain Cho and Yo by commerce.
- 「武士交名」に登載されている武士たちは、承平天慶期に勲功を挙げた者もしくはその子孫であって、武芸を世襲している者たちであった。
- The samurai who were registered in 'bushi-komyo' were those who realized distinguished achievements in the Johei and Tengyo eras and their descendants, or the persons who inherited martial arts from generation to generation.
- しかし倭寇沈静化を図り、通交権をもって西日本諸勢力から倭寇禁圧の協力を取りつけ、また倭寇自体を平和的通交者へと懐柔していった。
- However, they attempted to bring the wako pirates under their control and also secured the cooperation from the forces in the western part of Japan in exchange for amicable relations; additionally, they even converted the wako pirates themselves into peace coordinators.
- 貨幣経済の浸透や庶民の成長による地方都市の発達、遠隔地の商品流通や年貢輸送のために街道が整備され、地方文化の交流も活発になる。
- Due to the dissemination of the money-based economy and (economic) growth among the commoners, provincial cities also began to develop, and the highways were maintained to boost circulation of goods and trade in remote areas and facilitate the collection of the annual taxes, which led to lively cultural exchanges in rural culture.
- 王朝政権の接収・大々的な外交の展開といった清盛の構想が実現したのは、平氏が滅亡してからおよそ200年後、足利義満の時代だった。
- Kiyomori's plan to create the court government and develop major trade and diplomacy was finally realized about 200 years after the Taira clan died out, during the period of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
- 5月24日、別働第1旅団と別働第3旅団は大挙攻勢に出、涙橋付近で交戦する一方、軍艦に分乗した兵が背後を衝き、薩軍を敗走させた。
- On May 24, the detached 1st brigade and the detached 3rd brigade made attacks in full strength: While they fought with the Satsuma army around the Namida-bashi Bridge, soldiers on the warships attacked the Satsuma army on the rear and routed it.
- 例えば、寺院では寺院の住持の交替の際に仏具・法具などの什器や文書などの一覧を記した資財帳や土地を記した水陸田目録が作成された。
- At temples, for example, books of materials were drawn up, in which Buddhist altar fittings, ritual implements and documents were listed as well as a list of paddy fields and farmland.
- これを見た煬帝は、立腹し、外交担当官である鴻臚卿(こうろけい)に「蕃夷の書に無礼あらば、また以て聞するなかれ」と命じたという。
- The letter angered Emperor Yodai and the Emperor said to Korokei, a diplomat, that 'if another rude letter comes from the barbarian, do not bring it to me'.
- 慶長2年(1597年)2月、和平交渉で無視された朝鮮南部割譲を実力で果たすという名目で、秀吉は14万人の軍を再び朝鮮に送った。
- In March 1597, Hideyoshi sent 140,000 troops to Korea with a pretext to achieve by force the cession of southern Korea which was ignored in the peace talks.
- 九州探題や守護・国人のような大勢力に対しては外交と公貿易を兼ねた通交が許可され、それら通交使節を派遣する船は使送船と呼ばれた。
- Such powers as Kyushu tandai (the Military Governor of Kyushu), shugo (provincial governor appointed by the shogun), and kokujin (native chieftains, certain local powers) were authorized to have traffic for both diplomatic and commercial purposes, and the ships which brought those envoys were called Shisosen (envoy sending ship).
- また、東海道新幹線や山陽新幹線、北陸自動車道などの交通網や、今後想定される東海地震や南海地震などの名称にもその名残が見られる。
- Names of transportation networks such as the Tokaido Shinkansen, the Sanyo Shinkansen, and the Hokuriku Expressway, and names of predicted earthquakes such as the Tokai Earthquake and the Nankai Earthquake have the vestiges of the gokishichido.
- 中世には葛西氏の家臣となって奥州に土着し、三つの家系が交互に興亡して近隣の諸勢力と抗争しつつ、多くの分家庶流を生んで繁茂した。
- In medieval times they were localized in Oshu as retainers of the KASAI clan; the three family lines rose and fell alternately, had conflicts with neighboring forces and spawned many branch families.
- 他の神饌と同様の神と同じものを飲食するという意味のほか、酒に酔うことで非日常の境地に至り、神との交流を深めるという意味もある。
- This is based on the concept of eating and drinking the same food and drink as offered to the deity, as well as the belief that getting drunk to achieve an extraordinary state deepens exchanges with the deity.
- 公式令(百官宿直条)によれば、大納言以上及び八省卿を除く全ての官人に対して、その所属する官司に対して交代で宿直する義務を負った。
- According to Kushiki-ryo (law on state documentary forms in the Yoro Code) (Hyakkan-tonoi no jo (百官宿直条, the article of Tonoi for all the officials)) all the Kanshi (government officials) except Dainagon (chief councilor of state) or higher officials and ministers of Hassho (eight ministries and agencies) were supposed to assume the obligation of Tonoi in alternate shifts for the section to which they belonged.
- 李氏朝鮮の都・漢城(現在のソウル)にも通交を求めてくる日本の大名や商人を接待するための施設「東平館」が存在し、倭館と通称された。
- In the Hanseong (present-day Seoul), the capital of Yi Dynasty Korea, there was also a facility named 'Dongpyoung-gwan,' or commonly called wakan, that was used to entertain Japanese Daimyo and merchants asking for commercial intercourse.
- 1596年(慶長元年)の通信使は日本と明の休戦交渉の締めくくりとして行われた明使(冊封使)の日本への派遣に同行したものであった。
- In 1596, Tsushinshi came together with the Ming envoy (Sakuho-shi ambassador) who came to Japan for closing the truce negotiation between Japan and the Ming.
- 絵画では、物語や説話を題材に、詞書(ことばがき)を織り交ぜながら場面を展開していく絵巻物という独自の手法があみだされて隆盛した。
- A new method of painting, emakimono that develops a story with Kotobagaki (captions) based on a story or setsuwa (anecdotes) was created and prospered.
- さらに、後白河法皇による『梁塵秘抄』の編纂や、芸能化され貴賤問わず大流行した田楽のように、貴族と庶民の文化交流も広汎にみられた。
- In addition, cultural interests including 'Ryojin hisho' (folk song collection) compiled by Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, or dengaku (a style of dancing and music performed in association with rice planting) that was very popular regardless of one's rank, were widely exchanged between court nobles and common people.
- また、丹後海陸交通が運営する遊覧船が湾内を巡回しており、伊根町の観光名所の一つである伊根の舟屋の見物を目的に観光客が多く訪れる。
- Also, there are pleasure boats operated by Tango Kairiku Kotsu Co., Ltd. that go around inside the bay, and there are many tourists who visit to see the Ine no Funaya Houses (houses built on the water's edge in Ine) which is one of the tourist (sightseeing) spots in Ine Town.
- 15世紀、朝鮮半島南部に三浦と呼ばれる日本人居留地が存在し、宗氏を始めとする西日本諸勢力は三浦を拠点に朝鮮王朝に通交をしていた。
- In the fifteenth century, there existed a Japanese settlement called Sanpo in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, and major forces in the western part of Japan such as the So clan maintained amicable relations with the Korean Dynasty using Sanpo as their base.
- 他にも度を過ぎて交流を絶ったために外交手段が分からず、黒船来航の際に対応を誤り、不平等条約を結ばされたとする批判的な意見もある。
- From another critical viewpoint, it is suggested that the Bakufu failed to take adequate measures upon the arrival of the Black Ships due to a lack of knowledge involving diplomatic procedures resulting from excessively severing exchanges with foreign countries, and this resulted in the Bakufu being forced to sign an unequal treaty.
- 世帯の兼業では子や孫に農業ノウハウが受け継がれないので、営農者の世代交代が進まず、営農の主体が高齢化し、最終的に営農放棄となる。
- In these cases farmers cannot pass on their agricultural know-how to their children or grandchildren, so no generation change in farming occurs, farmers grow older and at last they give up farming.
- しかし文化・経済の交流は続き、擦文時代には出羽地方の古墳の影響を受けた末期古墳が築造され、また恵庭市では和同開珎も出土している。
- Nevertheless, cultural and economic contacts continued and, in the Satsumon period, a Makki (Ezo-style) tomb was constructed inspired by tombs in the Dewa region and Wado Kaichin coins have been unearthed in Eniwa City.
- ヤマト王権が東北から南九州まで全国的に展開したことは、この朝鮮半島諸国との活発な関係・通交が密接に関係していると考えられている。
- It is thought that the Yamato Kingdom's development nationwide, from Tohoku to southern Kyushu, was strongly connected to its interaction with the Korean kingdoms.
- 幕府の各大名の支配方法として、参勤交代と御手伝いの義務のほか、将軍の娘をもらったり息子を養嗣子としたり、お金を貸し与えたりした。
- The shogunate government controlled feudal lords (daimyo) by various means, such as the alternate-year residence system in Edo (sankinkotai) and compulsory service in construction work, but in another occasion through the marriage with a daughter of the shogun or adoption of a son of the shogun and loaning.
- 流派や射法、射手の志向によって正しい位置・形は一定ではなく、その形状や位置によって、十文字、筋交い、浅ガケ、深ガケ等数種類ある。
- The right position and form vary according to the school, the ways of shooting and the intention of the shooters, and depending on the form and position, there are several kinds of gloves such as the glove whose shape is a cross, the oblique glove, the asagake shooting glove, the fukageke shooting glove and so on.
- その調達方法については諸説あるものの、租や正税・地子交易を用いた現地における調達や雑徭による製作によって入手したと考えられている。
- There are various theories regarding collection method; collection at the local area using So, Shozei (rice tax) and Jishi trade (trade between tax [rice] and specialty goods), and labor for production with Zoyo are considered possibilities.
- こうして明治維新直後の危機は過ぎ去ったが、やがて各流派はお互いに排他的姿勢を見せるようになり、流派間の交流や共演は消滅していった。
- Thus, the crisis right after Meiji Restoration was over, but each school became increasingly exclusive and the exchanges between schools or joint performances vanished.
- 大欽茂が唐との融和を図る時代になると軍事的な意味合いは薄れ、専ら文化交流と経済活動を中心とした使節へとその性格を変化させていった。
- When Kinmo DAI reconciled with the Tang Dynasty, envoys no longer implied military activities and were carried out for the sole purpose of cultural exchange and economic activities.
- 伊吹山は中京圏および京阪神地区からそれほど遠くない位置にあり、かつ麓を東海道本線や名神高速道路が通じているので交通の便の良がよい。
- Mt, Ibuki is not so far from Chukyo area and Keihanshin area and it is conveniently located with Tokaido Main Line and Meishin Expressway running through the foot of the mountain.
- 吉野川(和歌山県では紀の川)流域に位置し、大和国と紀伊国を結ぶ交通の要衝として、また吉野山地への入口として古来より重視されてきた。
- Gojo City is located in the area along the Yoshino-gawa River (called the Kino-kawa River in Wakayama Prefecture), and has been thought important as a strategic traffic point connecting Yamato Province with Kii Province, or as an entrance into Yoshino Mountains since ancient times.
- 日本国有鉄道五新線が通る予定で、途中の阪本まで建設が進められていたが中止され、用地の一部はバス (交通機関)専用道路に転用された。
- There was a plan according to which Goshin Line of Japan National Railways was to run through Ano, and the construction was underway up to a place called Sakamoto; however, the plan was cancelled and a part of the site was used for a bus lane instead.
- また、ヨーロッパとの交易(南蛮貿易)が開始し、火縄銃やキリスト教などが伝来し、それまでの戦術や日本の宗教観念に大きな影響を与えた。
- Trade with European countries (trade with Spain and Portugal) started, and matchlock guns and Christianity were brought to Japan, significantly affecting fighting techniques and religious concepts that Japanese had until then.
- 以上の記号は、地上実況気象通報式などの形式に変換され、国際的に気象情報を交換する気象通報式として各観測地点から世界中に送信される。
- The above symbols are converted to a format, such as surface synoptic observations, and are transmitted globally from observation points in the meteorological data format for exchanging such data internationally.
- また、日本に派遣された朝鮮の回礼使の宋希璟は「日本国王が喜ぶと思ってやったこと」と釈明しており、外交的にも失敗だったと考えられる。
- Furthermore, Hui Gyeong SONG, the special envoy dispatched to Japan from Korea, tried to vindicate Korea's invasion of Tsushima by saying 'We believed our actions would please the King of Japan,' which resulted in the incident being considered a diplomatic failure as well.
- 例えば、天保12年(1841年)の紀州徳川家11代藩主徳川斉順の参勤交代では、武士1639人、人足2337人、馬103頭を擁した。
- For example, the sankin-kotai carried out by Nariyuki TOKUGAWA, the eleventh lord of the Kishu Tokugawa Family in 1841 consisted of 1639 warriors, 2337 laborers, 103 horses.
- これは草梁倭館は、朝鮮政府が対馬藩の為に建て使用を認めた施設だったこと、対馬藩は日本と朝鮮の間の交渉窓口の立場にあったからである。
- This is because Choryang-dong Wakan was built by the Korean government as the facility for the Tsushima clan, the Tsushima clan was in a position of the window to negotiate between Japan and Korea, therefore Japan did the above acts.
- この時期、偽の王城大臣使が朝鮮に通交しており、義政の申し入れは偽使抑制を願う朝鮮王朝の思惑と一致し、牙符制が導入されることになる。
- Since the pseudo Ojo-daijin envoy had interaction with Korea during this period, the Yoshimasa's proposal matched the intention of the Yi Dynasty that wanted to subdue the pseudo envoys, Gafusei was to be introduced.
- 朱印船(しゅいんせん)は、16世紀末から17世紀初頭にかけて日本の支配者の朱印状(海外渡航許可証)を得て海外交易を行った船を言う。
- The Shuinsen was a ship that carried out foreign trade by receiving the Shuinjo (the permit to travel to foreign countries) of the Japanese ruler between the end of the sixteenth century to the early seventeenth century.
- そのため、軍艦数隻を朝鮮沿岸に派遣し海路を測量させて示威を行い交渉を有利に進めることとし、1875年軍艦雲揚、第二丁卯を派遣した。
- As a result the government dispatched the warships Unyo and Daini Teibo in 1875 and had them sound the sea to the coast of Korea aiming to gain an advantage by demonstrating its strength.
- 1592年に始まる文禄・慶長の役によって日朝の国交は断絶し、戦争直後対馬藩が送った貿易再開を求める使者が帰ってこないことが多かった。
- The Bunroku-Keicho War beginning in 1592 severed the diplomatic relations between Japan and Korea, and just after the war, there were many envoys who were dispatched to Korea by the Tsushima clan to ask for trade resumption but they never returned to Japan.
- 中世日朝交易は、通交使節による進上と回賜、朝鮮王朝による公貿易、日朝双方の商人による私貿易の三つの形態が組み合わさったものであった。
- The medieval trade between Japan and Korea consisted of three trading styles: shinjo (courtesy visits with gifts) by trading envoys and kaishi (luxurious return gifts), the public trade by the Korean Dynasty, and private trade by Japanese and Korean merchants.
- 883年(元慶7)に上総国で勃発した俘囚の武装蜂起(上総俘囚の乱)に際し、朝廷は発兵勅符ではなく、「追捕官符」を上総国司へ交付した。
- In the armed fushu's uprising that occurred in 883 in Kazusa Province (Kazusa Fushu War), the Imperial Court issued 'Tsuibu kanpu' (warrants of pursuit and capture) to the kokushi of Kazusa Province, instead of hatsuhei-chokufu.
- この原因を航海技術が未熟であったためとする見方が主流であるが、佐伯有清は遣唐使船の大型化、東野治之は遣唐使の外交的条件を挙げている。
- While a mainstream view for these disappearances is that they were due to poor sailing, Arikiyo SAEKI says that it was due to the fact the boats got larger and Haruyuki TONO argues that it was due to the diplomatic conditions of the missions to Tang China.
- 派内の交遊が壮んであることは、「五倫」(父子・君臣・夫婦・長幼・朋友)の中でも特に「朋友」という人間関係を重視する姿勢を生み出した。
- The close companionship within the faction led it to emphasize the 'associate' relationship of the 'Five Relationships' (father-child, superior-subordinate, husband-wife, young-old, and associates).
- ただし、水戸徳川家などの一部の親藩・譜代大名は、領地が江戸に近かったり領地が小さいことから、例外として交代を行わずに江戸に常駐した。
- But some Shinpan (Tokugawa's relatives) and fudai daimyo like the Mito Tokugawa family, exempted from sankin-kotai, resided in Edo permanently because their demesnes were located near Edo or small.
- また交渉が決裂した場合に備え、山縣有朋が山口県下関市に入り、広島市・熊本市両鎮台の兵力をいつでも投入できるよう準備していたのである。
- Also, in case of a breakdown in negotiations, Aritomo YAMAGATA went to Shimonoseki City in Yamaguchi Prefecture, and prepared the forces of both Hiroshima City and Kumamoto City for action.
- また民間企業による鉄道建設も進み、糖業鉄道、塩業鉄道、鉱業鉄道などが軽便鉄道として台湾各地を網羅し台湾における交通の要となっていた。
- The private railways were also constructed and the Taiwan Sugar Railways, Salt Railways, Mining Railways, as light railways, extended throughout Taiwan, playing the vital role for the transportation in Taiwan.
- こうなると外交交渉の経験が少なく、国際慣習を知らない明治政府はどうしようもなく、事件はその後3年間も放置されることとなってしまった。
- That floored the Meiji Government, which had little experience of diplomatic negotiations and no knowledge of international customs, and the case was left untouched for the subsequent three years.
- その後、日本と清国の間で領土問題(台湾出兵参照)が発生し、日本の強硬な態度に驚いた清国は朝鮮に国書の受け入れ交渉をするよう指示した。
- Afterward, the territorial problem occurred between Japan and Qing (see also The Taiwan Expedition), then Qing feared Japan's strong attitude and they directed the Joseon Dynasty to receive the letter.
- 日本もこれを「蕃国」高句麗の再来としてその朝貢を歓迎し、また新羅との対抗関係から、渤海との通交をきわめて重視し、遣渤海使を派遣した。
- Japan welcomed this tribute as the second coming of the 'barbarian country' Goguryeo and, highly valuing friendly relations with Balhae in relation to their struggle with Silla, they dispatched envoys.
- この際に条例反対の意見があったため当時の高山義三市長は今後同種の税を新設や延長することはないという覚書を反対する寺社と交わしている。
- At this time, due to the opposition against this ordinance, Yoshizo TAKAYAMA, the mayor at the time, exchanged memorandums with the opposing temples and shrines in which he stated that the same kind of taxation would be neither enforced nor extended thereafter.
- 有名な所では久保田藩と盛岡藩が干戈を交えるところまで発展した鹿角領争いであるが、これ以外にも仙台藩と相馬藩、萩藩と徳山藩などがある。
- A famous conflict was a dispute concerning the Kazuno territory which developed into a fight between the Kubota Domain and the Morioka Domain, and in addition to this, there were other disputes between the Sendai Domain and the Soma Domain, and between the Hagi Domain and the Tokuyama Domain.
- 宣長は「魏志倭人伝」の記述から邪馬台国は九州にあったと結論し、九州の熊襲の女酋長が勝手に神功皇后の使いを偽って魏へ通交したと考えた。
- Considering the description in the Record of Japan in the History of Wei, Norinaga concluded that the Yamatai Kingdom was located in the Kyushu District, and a female chief of Kumaso was cultivating friendly relations with Wei under the pretense of Empress Jingu's envoy.
- 大名行列とは異なり、朝鮮通信使は正使や副使などの外交官の他に随行員には美しく着飾った小童や楽隊、文化人、医師、通訳などが加わっていた。
- Unlike daimyo processions, Chosen Tsushinshi included, in addition to diplomatic officers, such as the head or deputy head of the envoy, children and a marching band wearing beautiful dresses, men of culture, doctors and interpreters.
- 地子交易(じしこうえき)とは、律令制において国司が公田から得た地子稲を中央に上供する際に運搬に便利なように軽貨に交換(売買)すること。
- Jishi Koeki refers to the exchange (buying and selling) of rice as a land tax that was collected from koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) by a provincial governor under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code); rice was exchanged for light commodities that were easier to carry and submit to the central government.
- 三重交通が、4月1日から11月30日までの土休日と9月25日から11月30日までの平日に、名張駅から曽爾高原行きのバスを運行している。
- Mie Kotsu Co., Ltd. provides bus service from Nabari Station to Soni Plateau, on Saturdays and holidays from April 1 to November 30 and on weekdays from September 25 to November 30.
- また、世間とは公(上位)と私(下位)が交錯する世界であり、そこに対しても(上位権力をも対象に含むことから)公儀と呼称する場合もあった。
- Seken (the world) was a place where Oyake (higher rank) and Watakushi (lower rank) mixed and in some cases it was also called Kogi (because it included the upper authorities).
- 鎌倉時代以後、朝廷財政の衰微と荘園の拡大、交通の発達によって、内裏や寺社の修繕のために一定の通行料を取る関所が設置されるようになった。
- After the Kamakura Period, due to the decline of the Imperial Court's finance, expansion of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and progress in transportation, checkpoints were set up to take certain tolls to help in the repair of the Imperial Palace, temples and shrines.
- 朝鮮王朝は農本主義を国是としており、本来なら国内で産出することの無い必要最小限の物資の入手を除けば外国との交易を必要としていなかった。
- The Korean Dynasty maintained the government policy that the agriculture should be the base of the country's economy, and they basically had no need to trade with foreign countries except for some materials which were not produced within the country.
- 当時の大統領セオドア・ルーズベルトは、ポーツマス条約締結に至る日露の和平交渉への貢献が評価され、1906年のノーベル平和賞を受賞した。
- The then U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 in recognition of his contribution to the peace talks between Japan and Russia that led to the conclusion of the Treaty of Portsmouth.
- 2月24日、外国事務局総督山階宮晃親王は、大阪鎮台外国事務兼務伊達宗城を伴ってフランス艦に行き、謝意を表し、償金15万ドルを交付した。
- On March 17, Imperial Prince Yamashinanomiya Akira, governor-general of foreign affairs, together with Munenari DATE, an official of Osaka garrison and foreign affairs, visited the French warship to apologize for the incident and paid the compensation of 150 thousand dollars.
- 江南軍は、総司令官右丞相阿刺罕が病気のため阿塔海に交代したこともあり、東路軍より遅れてやってきたが、両軍は、平戸鷹島付近にて合流した。
- The Southern Yangtze Army arrived later than the Eastern Route Army, for reasons including the substitution of commander-in-chief Arakan, who was the minister of the right and suffering from a disease, by Atahai, and the both armies joined near Taka-shima Island, Hirado.
- また、御館の乱を契機に武田とは交戦状態となっていた北条氏政(妹は勝頼夫人)も相模・伊豆・上野国から甲斐・信濃へ進軍することに決定した。
- Ujimasa HOJO (Katsuyori's brother-in-law), who had been fighting with the Takeda clan since the Otate Rebellion, also decided to send troops into Kai and Shinano Provinces from Sagami, Izu and Kozuke Provinces.
- また、検断権の行使を巡って、惣と支配者とで対立が生じることもあったが、惣から支配者へ交渉し、惣の検断権が追認されることも少なくなかった。
- Sosons and rulers were sometimes in conflict with each other over exercising the right to judge criminal cases but sosons negotiated with rulers and their rights to judge criminals were often confirmed.
- 日本は1876年に江華島事件を起こし、砲艦外交によって朝鮮に開国を迫り、翌年日朝修好条規を締結して日本外交使節のソウル駐在を認めさせた。
- Causing the Ganghwa Island Incident in 1876, Japan demanded Korea to open the country by gunboat diplomacy, and compelled it to allow Japanese diplomatic envoys to stay in Seoul by concluding the Treaty of Ganghwa in the next year.
- このうち西海道には大宰府(だざいふ)が筑前の国に置かれ、国境の防衛や外交事務に当たるとともに、管内諸国島を国、郡、里の三段階で統轄した。
- Among these, Saikaido contained Dazai-fu (the local government office in Kyushu region) which was located in Chikuzen Province and, in addition to protecting national borders and conducting external affairs, served to govern all islands under its jurisdiction according to the koku-gun-ri system (province-district-village system).
- 市当局は掲示板の撤去を要求、組合との間で徹夜交渉がもたれ、11月12日の天皇の来訪1時間前に目につかない場所に移すことで妥協が成立した。
- The city authority requested it removed, and after a night-long negotiation with the union, a compromise was reached, only one hour before the Emperor's visit scheduled on November 12, that it would be moved to an out-of-sight place.
- バス 近畿日本鉄道大和八木駅、西日本旅客鉄道五条駅 (奈良県)、JR新宮駅より奈良交通(八木新宮線、十津川線) - 「十津川温泉」停留所
- By bus: Take Nara Kotsu Bus Lines (Yagi-Shingu Route, Totsukawa Route) from Yamato-Yagi Station of the Kinki Nippon Railway Company, Gojo Station of the West Japan Railway Company (Nara Prefecture), or JR Singu Station and get off the bus at the bus stop, `Totsukawa Onsen Hot Spring.'
- 2006年10月1日より、丹後海陸交通との協働により、実証実験として市内の一部地域にて「上限200円バス」を運行したところ好評であった。
- The '200-yen fare cap bus' in cooperation with Tango Kairiku Kotsu Co., Ltd started to run on a trial basis on October 1, 2006, and it was highly evaluated.
- 戦後、高速道路の整備やトラック流通の興隆に伴って滋賀県の交通利便のよさが再注目されるようになり、近畿地方の流通拠点や工場の進出が進んだ。
- After the second World War, because of the maintenance of expressways and the rise of cargo truck transportation, the traffic convenience in Shiga attracted attention again, a lot of transportation bases for the Kinki region and factories were established.
- 特に、この時に交替した上総国・相模国では有力在庁の上総広常・三浦義明は平氏の目代に圧迫を受け、源頼朝の挙兵に積極的に加わる要因となった。
- Tsunehiro KAZUSA and Yoshiaki MIURA of the powerful government officers of the alternated Kazusa and Sagami Provinces, were pressurized by Mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor) of Taira clan, and this became a trigger for them to greatly contribute to the mobilization of the army of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 第2条:日本国政府は韓国が他国と結んでいる条約を実行する立場となるため、韓国は今後日本の仲介無しに他国と条約や約束を交わしてはならない。
- ARTICLE II: The Government of Japan undertake to see to the execution of the treaties actually existing between Korea and other Powers, and the Government of Korea engage not to conclude hereafter any act or engagement except through the medium of the Government of Japan.
- また、慶長の役は1597年(慶長2年)講和交渉決裂によって始まり、1598年(慶長3年)の秀吉の死を受けた日本軍の撤退をもって終結した。
- The Keicho War began in 1597 because of the collapse of peace negotiations and ended in 1598 with the retreat of Japanese force because of Hideyoshi's death.
- 「天保(1830年~1844年)末年、江戸にて油揚げ豆腐の一方をさきて袋形にし、キノコかんぴょうを刻み交へたる飯を納て鮨として売巡る。」
- In the late Tenpo era (1830 - 1844), a kind of sushi was peddled in Edo (old Tokyo), aburaage opened from one side into the shape of a bag, and stuffed with rice mixed with minced mushrooms and kanpyo.
- 朝廷では、13世紀後半以降、後深草天皇の子孫(持明院統)と亀山天皇の子孫(大覚寺統)の両血統の天皇が交互に即位する両統迭立が行われていた。
- After the late thirteenth century, the Imperial Court adopted the ryoto tetsuritsu system, a system in which succession to the imperial throne alternated between the two ancestral lines of the imperial family: Emperor Gofukakusa (the Jimyoin line) and Emperor Kameyama (the Daikakuji line).
- 当時朝鮮貿易に大きな利権を持っていた対馬の早田左衛門太郎は1426年、慶尚左右道各地で任意に交易できるようにして欲しいと朝鮮政府に訴えた。
- In 1426, Saemontaro SODA from Tsushima, who had great interests in the foreign trade of Korea at that time, pleaded to the Korean Government for free trade at any place in left and right sided provinces of Gyeongsang.
- 竜頭山を取り込んだ広大な敷地には館主屋、開市大庁(交易場)、裁判庁、浜番所、弁天神社のような神社や東向寺、日本人(対馬人)の住居があった。
- In its large premises including Ryuto-zan mountain, there were the house of the manager, Kaiichi-daicho (trade hall) (also called Koekiba), a courthouse, Hama bandokoro (guard house for the coast), shrines such as Benten-jinja Shrine, Toko-ji Temple, and residences for Japanese (Tsushima people).
- 七道は京を中心にして四方にのびる幹線交通路(水路も含む)に沿った行政区分で、東海道・東山道・北陸道・山陰道・山陽道・南海道・西海道である。
- The shichido were administrative areas that followed the main roads (including water channels) which stretched away from the capital in all directions, and consisted of Tokaido, Tosando, Hokurikudo, Sanindo, Sanyodo, Nankaido and Saikaido.
- 法皇は、男装した女性が今様を歌いながら舞う白拍子や、歌に合わせて操り人形を躍らせる芸などを演ずる傀儡(傀儡子)などの芸人とも交流をもった。
- The Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa had interactions with entertainers such as shirabyoshi who were women dressed up in clothing of a man and danced while singing imayo, and kugutsu (kugutsushi [puppet player]) who manipulated puppets in time with a song.
- 従前、解由状を必要とするのは国司だけだったが、内官(京都の各官職)も交替の際には解由状の発給が必要となり、勘解由使の監査対象に加えられた。
- Although formerly a geyujo was necessitated for kokushi alone, naikan (government officials in Kyoto) as well became necessary to have a geyujo issued when they left their positions, and became audited by kageyushi as well.
- 1426年、対馬の有力者早田氏が慶尚道全域で任意に交易できるよう要求したのに対し、拒絶する代償として塩浦(蔚山広域市)を入港場に追加した。
- In 1426, when a local magnate in Tsushima called the Soda clan requested free trade everywhere in Gyeongsang Province, the Dynasty rejected their request but in return they granted the clan additional permission of entry to the Enbo, a port located in Ulsan Metropolitan City.
- これは、土地(下地)を折半(中分)するもので、両者の交渉(和与)で中分する和与中分と荘園領主の申し立てにより幕府が裁定する中分とがあった。
- The shitaji (lands) were divided into halves and there was wayo chubun (territorial division agreed to by compromise) where the lands were divided into halves by the compromise between the both sides and in some cases the bakufu divided the lands following the claim of the lords of shoens.
- 天王山にいた黒田・秀長・神子田の隊は、中川・高山両隊を側面から襲うべく接近してきた松田政近・並河易家両隊と交戦し、一進一退の攻防が続いた。
- Kuroda's, Hidenaga's and Mikoda's corps, positioned on Mt. Tennozan, fought against the corps of Masachika MATSUDA and of Yasuie NAMIKAWA having approached Nakagawa's and Takayama's on the flank, and a seesaw match ensued.
- さらに朝鮮政府の中央では大院君の支持者が交渉中止を求めたために議論が紛糾し、東莱政府も確実な回答を日本側に伝えることが不可能となっていた。
- In addition, because at the center of the Korean government, the supporters of Daewongun demanded halting the negotiation, the discussions became complicated, and it also became impossible for the Torai government to give a firm reply to the Japanese government.
- しかし、その後の台湾出兵の発生と大院君失脚の報によって征韓論の勢いが弱まったために、明治政府は政府間交渉をして相手の状況をみることとした。
- However, because Seikanron lost its momentum due to the occurrence of the Taiwan expedition and the downfall of Heungseon Daewongun in Korea, the Meiji Government decided to observe Korea's condition.
- なお、日本軍は高麗人とモンゴル人、および漢人は捕虜として捕らえず殺害したが、交流のあった南宋人は捕虜として命を助け、大切に庇護したという。
- The Japanese army is said to have killed people of Goryeo, Mongol, and Han, not trying to capture them, but saved people of the Southern Sung Dynasty, with which it had exchanges, and protected them with care.
- 以後戦線は膠着し、日本軍は兵糧不足に陥り、明軍は数万匹の馬が餓死するなど、双方が兵站に苦しむこととなると、講和交渉が開始され休戦に入った。
- Afterward, the battle drew to a stalemate as both sides suffered from logistical problems; the Japanese forces ran out of provisions while the Ming lost hundreds of thousands of horses due to starvation, which led to the discussion of a peace treaty and then to a truce agreement.
- 1987年3月24日、京都地方検察庁は市長が古都税の和解について交渉した過程において利益誘導にあたる事実はないとして不起訴の決定を下した。
- March 24, 1987: The Kyoto District Public Prosecutors Office decided not to prosecute the mayor because of no evidence of handing out benefits to his electoral district during his negotiation for the settlement of the Old Capital Tax.
- ただし、特に江戸時代後半となると、胡弓楽と地歌、箏曲は交流が著しくほとんど一体化してしまっているので、胡弓楽という言葉はあまり使われない。
- However, after entering the latter half of the Edo period in particular, Kokyu-gaku, Jiuta songs, and So music were intermingled considerably to the extent that they were almost integrated, and the term of Kokyu-gaku almost ceased to be used.
- 曲によっては『鶴の巣籠』のように尺八楽との交流によって生まれたものもあるし、先の『千鳥の曲』のように箏との二重奏曲的性格の強いものもある。
- Some pieces of music for Kokyu, for example, 'Tsuru-no-Sugomori' (a song depicting various aspects of the life cycle of the crane), were composed through playing for Shakuhachi bamboo flute music, and there are also pieces of music provided strongly with features of duets for Kokyu and So, for example, 'Chidori no kyoku' described above.
- しかし多くの曲ではこれらの要素が入り交じり、また部分的に描写的であったり、絶対音楽的であったりして変化が大きく、それが魅力ともなっている。
- However, many pieces have a mixture of these factors and thus consist of a wide variety of parts (for example, some parts are descriptive and some parts are absolute music), which is also a feature that makes these pieces attractive.
- このため、深刻な外交摩擦に発展し、将軍の名分をめぐって林信篤や対馬藩藩儒雨森芳洲も巻き込んで日朝双方を果てしない議論にまき起む結果となった。
- Therefore, this problem developed into a serious diplomatic conflict, plunging both Japan and Korea sides into endless arguments concerning the positioning of shogun, including Nobuatsu HAYASHI and Hoshu AMENOMORI, Hanju of the Tsushima Domain (a Confucian scholar who worked for the Tsushima Domain).
- 中世の倭館交易では日本側は銅、硫黄、金を輸出したが、南方物産である赤色染料のスオウ、コショウなどのスパイス類も琉球経由などで朝鮮に転売した。
- In the Medieval Period wakan trade, Japan exported copper, sulfur, and gold, and also resold the products of the south seas like sappanwood, a red dye, and spices like pepper to Korea via the Ryukyu Islands.
- 2年後再度訪れた使者は残余の買い取りを迫るが、朝鮮王朝は綿布の交換レートを引き上げた上での三分の一の買い取りを提示し、交渉は物別れに終わる。
- Two years later, the envoy visited Korea again and pressed the Korean Dynasty for the purchase of the remaining copper, but the Dynasty proposed they would purchase one third of the remaining copper after raising the exchange rate of cotton cloth against copper, and eventually, the negotiation ended in failure.
- バス 近畿日本鉄道大和八木駅、西日本旅客鉄道五条駅 (奈良県)、JR新宮駅より奈良交通(八木新宮線、十津川線) - 「十津川村役場前」停留所
- By bus: Take Nara Kotsu Bus Lines (Yagi-Shingu Route, Totsukawa Route) from Yamato-Yagi Station of the Kinki Nippon Railway Company, Gojo Station of the West Japan Railway Company, or JR Singu Station, and get off the bus at the bus stop, `Totsukawa-mura Office.'
- ローゼンは戦争が起きるとは想像していなかったらしく、この国交断絶通告を受け取った際、「この通告が戦争を意味するものか」と小村寿太郎に聞いた。
- Rosen did not expect a war to erupt between the two countries, and had to ask Jutaro KOMURA 'Does this notification mean we are going to war?'
- 経顕の活動は10年余りであるがこの時期に朝幕交渉の具体的な手続などが整備され、「武家執奏」の職制と名称が定まり、文書にも登場するようになる。
- Tsuneaki did his duties for about 10 years, and during the period the procedures in relation to negotiations between the Court and the bakufu were established, and the office organization and name of 'bukeshisso' were consolidated, and the word bukeshisso began to appear in documents.
- また、これとは別に職務の一環として兵衛・内舎人は宮中を、大舎人・東宮舎人・中宮舎人は、それぞれ天皇・東宮・中宮を警備するために交代で宿直した。
- Besides above, as a part of their duties, Hyoe (palace guard) and udoneri (Ministerial equerry) guarded the Imperial Palace, and Otoneri (Royal Attendant), Togu Toneri (Officer of the Crown Prince's palace) and Chugu Toneri (Officer of the Household of the Empress) guarded the Emperor, Togu (Crown Prince's Palace) and Chugu (Empress's Palace) respectively in alternate shifts.
- むしろ撰銭を「制限」する一方で、混入比率や交換比率など、一定の撰銭行為を「公認した」という面に注目すべきだという意見が、今日では強まっている。
- Rather, the following opinion has been gaining strength today: The erizeni act was restricted actually, but more attention should be paid to the aspect that certain erizeni acts were 'officially permitted,' for example, through the use of a mixing ratio or of an exchanging ratio.
- 2000年 京都駅前に大学のまち交流センター(通称キャンパスプラザ京都)完成、財団事務局を移転する 京都学生映画祭、芸術系大学作品展を開始する
- 2000: College-Town Exchange Center (Campus Plaza Kyoto) was built in front of Kyoto Station, and the head office of the foundation was moved there.
- 源高明は村上天皇からの信任篤く、また皇后安子の父で右大臣だった藤原師輔の娘を妻として親交があったが、両人とも既に亡く、宮中で孤立しつつあった。
- MINAMOTO no Takaakira was deeply trusted by Emperor Murakami, and he also had close relations with Udaijin FUJIWARA no Morosuke, the father of Empress Anshi whose daughter he married, both Emperor Murakami and FUJIWARA no Morosuke had already passed away and he was becoming isolated in the Imperial Court.
- 1903年8月からの日露交渉において、日本側は朝鮮半島を日本、満洲をロシアの支配下に置くという妥協案、いわゆる満韓交換論をロシア側へ提案した。
- In the negotiation with Russia from August 1903, Japan proposed that the Korean Peninsula under the Japanese control and Manchuria under the Russian control, in a compromise known as the Manchuria-Korea Trade-off.
- 第1条:日本国政府は今後外務省により韓国の外交を監理指揮するため、日本の外交代表者と領事は外国にいる韓国人とその利益を保護しなくてはならない。
- ARTICLE I: The Government of Japan, through the Department of Foreign Affairs, will hereafter have control and direction of the external relations and affairs of Korea, and the diplomatic and consular representatives of Japan will have the charge of the subjects and interests of Korea in foreign countries.
- そして、江戸藩邸(現在憲政記念館の地)から内堀通り沿いに登城途中の直弼を江戸城外桜田門外(現在の桜田門交差点)で襲撃した(関係者一覧は下記)。
- They attacked Naosuke on the way to the castle from his residence (now the Constitution Memorial Center or 'Kensei-Kinenkan') along Uchibori Street, outside the Sakuradamon Gate (now the Sakuradamon gate crossing); the persons concerned are listed below.
- 結局、日本の交渉担当者は「関白降表」という偽りの降伏文書を作成し、明側には秀吉の和平条件は「勘合貿易の再開」という条件のみであると伝えられた。
- At last, the person in charge of negotiations for Japan prepared a false instrument of surrender titled 'Kanpaku kohyo' (literally, letter of surrender by Kanpaku) and it was reported to Ming that Hideyoshi's only condition for peace was 'restart of the tally trade' (between Japan and the Ming Dynasty).
- また、ロシア帝国との間では1875年に、樺太・千島交換条約が締結され、それまで日露雑居地とされた樺太および千島列島における日露国境が確定した。
- Also in 1875, the government concluded the Treaty of Saint Petersburg with the Russian Empire to determine the border between Japan and the Russian Empire in Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, which was a mixed residential quarter of Japan and the Russian Empire until then.
- 徳川幕府は朝鮮王朝と対馬の宗氏の間に1609年己酉約条を結ばせ交易を再開、また朝鮮通信使と日本国王使の往来によりおおむね対等な関係を構築した。
- The Tokugawa shogunate started trading again with the Korean dynasty by concluding the Giyu treaty with the So clan of Tsushima Island in 1609 and established a relationship of almost equality through mutual visits of Korean messengers and Japanese envoys.
- 朝鮮では日本が犯した誤りを恨みながらも建国以来の交隣政策の原則に照らし、制限された範囲内での交渉を許した(1609年(光海君2年)、己酉約条)。
- Korea, while resenting Japanese crimes, permitted the negotiations, referring to its basic policy of being friendly to neighbors, within certain limitations (according to Kiyu yakujo (Treaty in 1609)).
- 上横手は、頼朝の対朝廷外交の主眼は、頼朝が源氏の嫡宗であること、そして唯一の武家棟梁であることの2点を朝廷に公認させることだったと指摘している。
- UWAYOKOTE points out that the main purpose of Yoritomo's diplomacy towards the Imperial Court was to have it approve that Yoritomo had the official family lineage to succeed the Minamoto clan and that he was the only head of the samurai (warrior) families.
- 古墳時代から飛鳥時代にかけて、二上山周辺は、海上の交通の要所、大阪湾・住吉津・難波津から、政治の中心の舞台である飛鳥地方への重要ルートとなった。
- There were important routes from hinges of marine traffic such as Osaka Bay, Suminoe no tsu (Suminoe Port) and Naniwa no tsu (Naniwa Port) to Asuka region, the center of politics, on the periphery of Mt. Nijo from the Kofun period (tumulus period) to the Asuka period.
- さらに、これらの山脈は、東西方向に走る地質構造に影響されて、果無山脈、大塔山地といった東西方向に走る山脈を多数派生・交差させながら発達している。
- These mountain ranges are influenced by the geological structure that extends east and west, and derives and crosses a lot of mountain ranges including the Hatenashi Mountain Range and the Oto mountains which run east and west.
- 蝦夷に統一アイデンティティーは無かったと解するか、日本との交渉の中で民族意識が形成されたであろうと想定するかは、研究者の間で意見が分かれている。
- Opinions are varied among researchers regarding the interpretation of whether the Emishi lacked a unified identity or if their ethnic consciousness was formed while they were negotiating with Japan.
- 良港の有無・鉱山の有無・江戸までの参勤交代の距離、商業の発達に伴う税の徴収などを総合的に判断しないと、諸藩の実際の実力は、把握できないと云える。
- It can be said that in order to understand the actual power of domains, comprehensive judgment is required based on whether there are good ports or mines, the distance of Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo), tax collection according to the development of commerce, and so on.
- 徳川方は豊臣方の買占めによる兵糧不足があり、また真冬の陣でもあったため、12月3日 (旧暦)より織田長益を通じて豊臣方との和平交渉を行っている。
- The Tokugawa side, lacking army provisions because of the cornering of goods by the Toyotomi side, and because of the battle in winter, started peace negotiations through Nagamasu ODA on December 3 (the old calendar).
- また、流通経済が発達しなかったため銀などの貨幣による売買が成立せず自給自足が基本の朝鮮民とは物々交換などで食料の調達を行わなければならなかった。
- In addition, as distribution economy had not developed, selling and buying using currency such as silver did not exist and procurement of food had to be conducted by barter exchange with Korean people who had been living by self-sufficient economy.
- 世襲化した守護の守護所としては当該武家の本拠地、あるいはかつての国衙所在地である府中、その他交通・商業の要所などに置かれるケースが多く見られた。
- Shogosho for hereditary Shugo were often placed in the home ground of the said samurai family, in Fuchu (provincial cities which consist of local governments as the core of the city), where the seat of the Kokuga was, or in other important spots for transportation or business.
- その後浅井氏は勢力を伸張して坂田郡から犬上郡まで勢力を広げるが、元亀元年(1570年)、織田信長と交戦状態になり、再び横山城の重要性が高まった。
- Subsequently, the Azai clan expanded its power from Sakata County to Inukami County, but in 1570 it started a war with Nobunaga ODA, by which the importance of Yokoyama-jo Castle emerged again.
- 足利義満は、応永8年(1401年)に僧の祖阿と博多商人の肥富を派遣し、明との交易を申し入れ、明の使者から「永楽の勘合符」を得て、勘合貿易が始まる。
- Kango trade started in 1401 when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA proposed to start the trade with Ming by dispatching a Buddhist monk Soa and a merchant in Hakata Koitomi and received 'Eiraku kangofu' from the envoy of Ming.
- 後に公田そのものが官務を世襲した小槻氏の事実上の所領と化して、そこから地子稲及び地子交易で得られた物資が太政官の経費として捻出されるようになった。
- Later on, Koden became territories of the Ozuki clan who took over the official position, and rice taxes from these territories, as well as commodities obtained through Jishi Koeki were spent as expenses for the Daijokan.
- 特に対馬は倭寇の一大拠点と目されており、対馬守護であった宗氏に対してもこうした協力が要請され、宗氏もそれに応え日朝交易に積極的に参加をしていった。
- Since Tsushima was considered one of the most important bases of the wako pirates, the So clan, who was the governor of Tsushima Province, was requested to cooperate with the Korean Dynasty, so the So clan responded to that request and eventually began to undertake active participation in the trade between Japan and Korea.
- また新道の江文バイパスは原動機付自転車および軽車両は通行不可なので、こちらの旧道へ迂回する必要があり、その点でも旧道としては交通量の多い峠である。
- Since the new Ebumi Bypass is banned for motorbikes and light vehicles, and those vehicles take detour to the old road, the pass has a lot of traffic for an old road.
- この中の、巻末の一章に「日本国において自国人の出国、外国人の入国を禁じ、又此国の世界諸国との交通を禁止するにきわめて当然なる理」という題名がある。
- A chapter at the end of the book has a title which means 'quite a convincing theory why the Japanese government prohibits its citizens from going abroad and foreigners from entering the country, as well as why Japan severs diplomatic relations with counties worldwide.'
- 一方、高宗や両班などの旧李朝支配者層は日本の影響力をあくまでも排除しようと試み、日露戦争中においてもロシアに密書を送るなどの外交を展開していった。
- On the other hand, Emperor Gojong and the yangban elite of the former Yi Dynasty insisted on the removal of Japanese influence, and carried out diplomatic maneuvers such as sending secret letters to Russia during the Russo-Japanese War.
- 交渉に当たった対馬の宗氏は、これを何とか穏便に済まそうとして、秀吉が求める「朝貢使」の派遣を秀吉の全国統一の「祝賀使」の派遣に置き換えて要請した。
- The So clan in Tsushima, who negotiated between Hideyoshi and the Joseon Dynasty, pursuing a peaceful settlement, required the Joseon Dynasty to send 'celebratory delegates' for the unification of Japan, instead of 'tributary delegates,' which Hideyoshi had required.
- しかし、1482年に牙符を所持した日本国王使が朝鮮に訪れることで牙符制が発効し、それを期に王城大臣使の通交は途絶え、偽使勢力は封じ込められている。
- Gafusei came into effect when the King of Japan carrying Gafu visited Korea in 1482; thereafter, the Ojo-daijin envoy stopped and the pseudo envoy powers had been contained.
- 城主・森可成は近江に居た野府城主・織田信治、青地茂綱らと共に交通の要所である坂本 (大津市)を先に占領して街道を封鎖して連合軍の進軍妨害を試みる。
- Yoshinari MORI, the lord of Usayama-jo Castle, attempted to intercept the advance of the allied forces by preemptively conquering Sakamoto (Otsu City), a strategic point of transportation, to help blockade roads along with Nobuharu ODA, the lord of Nobu-jo Castle, and Shigetsuna AOCHI.
- また、蘭学を奨励し、工藤平助らの提案によって最上徳内を蝦夷地に派遣し、新田開発や鉱山開発さらにアイヌを通じた対ロシア帝国交易の可能性を調査させた。
- He encouraged Western studies, and following the suggestion of Heisuke KUDO, dispatched Tokunai MOGAMI to Ezo to investigate the potential for development of new rice fields or mines and trade with the Russian Empire through the intermediation of the Ainu.
- 『続日本紀』によると725年に聖武天皇が朝賀を受ける礼や、785年の冬至に桓武天皇が河内郡交野郡で執り行った儀式などがこれに当たると言われている。
- According to 'Shoku-Nihongi' (the second in a series of chronicles about Japan), the ceremony in which Emperor Shomu received 'Choga' (greetings of the New Year) in 725 and the ritual which Emperor Kanmu held in Katano County, Kawachi Province on the winter solstice in 785 correspond to this.
- 具体的には、(2) 紀伊山地の文化的景観を形成する記念碑と遺跡は神道と仏教のたぐいまれな融合であり、東アジアにおける宗教文化の交流と発展を例証する。
- Specifically, (2) monuments and sites, which form cultural scenery in Kii Mountain Range, are unusual syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism, while it illustrates the interaction and development of religious culture in the east Asia.
- 大宰大弐を務めた時は日宋貿易に深く関与し、安芸守・播磨守を務めた時は瀬戸内海の海賊を伊勢平氏勢力下の水軍に編成して瀬戸内海交通の支配を強めていった。
- He was deeply involved in Japan-Song trade when he was Dazai no daini (the next seat position of Dazaifu), and he organized the pirates in the Seto Inland Sea as a naval force under the Ise Heishi (Taira clan) when he was governor of the Aki and Harima Provinces and strengthened his control over Seto Inland Sea transportation.
- 直江状(なおえじょう)は、上杉家の家老・直江兼続が、徳川家康の命を受けて上杉家との交渉に当たっていた西笑承兌に、慶長5年(1600年)に送った書簡。
- The Naoejo is a letter written in 1600, sent from Kanetsugu NAOE, a senior retainer of the Uesugi family, to Saisho Jotai who negotiated with the Uesugi family ordered by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- 抜け道もいくつか存在し、薩摩藩の支配下にあった琉球を通じた中国、東南アジアとの仲介貿易、松前藩を介したアイヌ・ロシアとの交易などがおこなわれていた。
- There were several loopholes, for example, intermediary trade with China and Southeast Asia through Ryukyu under the control of Satsuma Domain and trade with Ainu and Russia through the Matsumae Domain.
- 明治維新後も、東海道本線(琵琶湖線)や京阪京津線、国道1号、東海道新幹線、名神高速道路などの鉄道・道路交通が日本国内でも比較的早期に整備されている。
- After Meiji Restoration, railways and roads were built relatively in earlier days than other parts of Japan, including Tokaido Main Line (Biwako Line), Keihan Keishin Line, National Route 1, Tokaido Shinkansen and Meishin Expressway.
- 1798年に発行された絵本『四時交加』の序文では、山東京伝により「気の向くままに(絵を)描く」という意味の言葉として、用語「漫画」が使用されている。
- In the preface of a picture book 'Shiishikoka (四時交加) ' which was published in 1798, Kyoden SANTO uses a word 'manga' as the meaning of 'drawing (a picture) at will.'
- 「一列」は意味不明だが、「一月」(日露開戦直前の1904年1月に最後の交渉が決裂したことを指す)の転訛とも、「日列」(=日本対列強)の転訛ともいう。
- Although it is unclear what 'ichiretsu' refers to, some say that it is a corruption of the ichigatsu (January, when the last negotiation failed in January, 1904 immediately before the start of the Russo-Japanese War), or a corruption of 'nichiretsu' (referring to nichi (Japan) verses rekkyo (powerful countries).
- また、八橋検校と親交のあった藤本箕山が1678年に著した『色道大鑑』には、八橋検校によって胡弓の弓が改良され音色が著しく変わったことが書かれている。
- 'Shikido Okagami' written by Kizan FUJIMOTO in 1678, who had an intimate relationship with Kengyo YATSUHASHI, describes that Kengyo YATSUHASHI improved the bow of Kokyu, changing its tones drastically.
- 江戸期の日朝交流は豊臣秀吉による文禄・慶長の役の後、断絶していた李氏朝鮮との国交を回復すべく、日本側から朝鮮側に通信使の派遣を打診したことにはじまる。
- Diplomatic relations between Japan and Korea remained broken after the Bunroku-Keicho War, and entering the Edo period, the first action the Japan side took for restoring diplomatic relations with Yi Dynasty Korea was to sound the Korean side to send Tsushinshi.
- 臨時発兵とは、群盗海賊の発生に際し、国司からの奏上に応じて「発兵勅符」を国司へ交付し、国司は勅符に基づき国内の兵を発して群盗海賊を制圧する方式を指す。
- Rinji-hatsuhei indicated the following system: When an act of robbery or piracy occurred, the Imperial Court issued 'hatsuhei-chokufu' (an imperial order authorizing the mobilization of soldiers) corresponding to a request from a kokushi, and the kokushi sent soldiers in the province to combat the robbers or pirates.
- 江戸時代を通じて戦争がなかったことと、大半の藩主家が領主の交代を経験しており、(石高は別として)土地自体への執着が薄かったことが理由として挙げられる。
- Reasons for this were that there were no wars during the Edo period and that most clan families experienced the transfer of landownership, and other than Kokudaka (a system for determining land value for tribute purposes in the Edo period), there was little attachment to the land itself.
- 日本人が蝦夷地に出ることは禁じられたが、アイヌが和人地に出ることは禁止されず、江戸時代の前半には、交易船を仕立てて和人地に出るアイヌも珍しくなかった。
- Although Japanese were prohibited to go to Ezo area, but Ainu were not prohibited to go to Wajinchi, and in the first half of Edo era, it was not rare that Ainus went to Wajinchi by preparing trade ships.
- 桂は後にこの会談で日露開戦の覚悟が定まったと書いているが、実際の記録類ではむしろ伊藤の慎重論が優勢であったようで、後の日露交渉に反映されることになる。
- Although it was recorded afterward that Katsura was already prepared to declare war on Russia, actual records reveal that Ito's cooler head prevailed, as reflected afterwards in the negotiations with Russia.
- 日本側は外務省理事官森山茂と広津弘信、朝鮮側は東莱府の官僚が交渉のテーブルに着いたが、やはり書契に使用される文字について両者の認識に食い違いが生じた。
- Shigeru MORIYAMA and Hironobu HIROTSU, a councilor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, from Japan and bureaucrats from Dongrae-Bu (the administrative districts in Korea) sat down at the negotiating table, but the same as before, there were differences between them about the words used in the sovereign's messages.
- しかいながら、偽使(守護大名や国人が将軍の名前を詐称して勝手に交渉すること)の横行や日朝貿易の不振により、必要性が減殺したためだと説明されることもある。
- However, it was also explained that the envoys were not dispatched, because gishi actions (the actions in which shugo daimyo or kokujin negotiated with the Korean side using the name of shogun without getting permission) were rampant and because such a mission became unnecessary since trade between the two nations had became sluggish.
- 三浦の乱以前には、九州・中国地方の諸勢力も朝鮮王朝から図書を受け通交していたが、三浦の乱を境に通交権は宗氏に集中し、日朝貿易の独占が行われるようになる。
- Before the Sanpo War, other local powers in the Kyushu and the Chugoku regions received tosho (a bronze seal which was required for trading with Korea) and also practiced amicable relations with the Korean Dynasty, but after the Sanpo War, the trading rights placed only in the hands of the So clan, which allowed the clan to monopolize the Japan-Korea trade.
- なお、施行当時より慣例的に「交替式」と呼ばれてきているが、律令法における格式のおける考え方からすれば、これは「格」にあたるのではないかとする意見もある。
- By the way, although it was called 'kotaishiki' (indicating a kind of 'shiki') from the time it was enforced for the first time, there is also the following opinion: According to the concept of 'kyakushiki' (kyaku indicates supplementary laws or regulations, and shiki indicates detailed rules for enforcing them) in the Ritsuryo laws, use of 'kyaku' is more appropriate.
- その結果三浦居留地は廃止され、通交も大幅な制限を受けることになり、宗氏は偽使の派遣や通交権の対馬集中といった活路を模索することになる(乱の顛末節参照)。
- Consequently, the settlement in Sanpo was closed and the trade was largely restricted, which made the So clan have to seek other possibilities such as the dispatch of gishi (envoys under false names who were sent to Korea in order to evade trading restrictions imposed by Korea) and the concentration of trading rights in Tsushima in order to survive (see the section of the Aftermath of the war).
- 第一條 日本國政府ハ在東京外務省ニ由リ今後韓國ノ外國ニ對スル關係及事務ヲ監理指揮スヘク日本國ノ外交代表者及領事ハ外國ニ於ケル韓國ノ臣民及利益ヲ保護スヘシ
- ARTICLE I. The Government of Japan, through the Department of Foreign Affairs at Tokyo, will hereafter have control and direction of the external relations and affairs of Corea, and the diplomatic and consular representatives of Japan will have the charge of the subjects and interests of Corea in foreign countries.
- 1269年と1271年にもモンゴルから国書が届き、朝廷は返書送付を提案したが、幕府は当初の方針どおり黙殺を選んだ(外交権も幕府が握っていたことを表す)。
- Sovereign messages from Mongol arrived in 1269 and 1271 and Imperial Court suggested replying, but the bakufu chose to ignore them following the original policy (indicating that diplomatic powers were also held by the bakufu).
- 平安京以来、現在も用いられる「東西通+南北通」(例:四条烏丸)という地点の表記の方法にならい、町小路が東西の通りと交差する地点は、「○○+町」と呼ばれた。
- Following the notation method of 'East-West street and South-North street' (example: Shijo Karasuma) used even today that began with the establishment of Heian-kyo, the location where a Machi-koji Street bisects a East-West street was called 'XX-cho (town).'
- 殿原衆は堅田の水上交通に従事して堅田船と呼ばれる船団を保有して、時には海賊行為を行って他の琵琶湖沿岸都市を牽制しつつ、堅田衆の指導的な地位を確保していた。
- Tonobara-shu were engaged in water transportation: they owned their fleet called Katata-sen (a group of ships in Katata) and maintained Katata-shu's leading position by checking other areas surrounding the lake and sometimes even by pirating.
- その話を漏れ聞いた猪熊は、俄然興味を持ち、かねてから懇意の飛鳥井雅賢をはじめ、言葉巧みに他の公卿・女官をも誘い出し、様々な場所で乱交を重ねることとなった。
- Hearing a rumor of this affair, Inokuma was keenly interested and glibly tempted other court nobles and ladies including his close friend Masakata ASUKAI, and they repeated promiscuous sexual relations in various places.
- 敦明は、皇太子の地位と引き換えに、太上天皇に准じた待遇を得て、さらに道長の娘婿となることを交換条件として提示し、道長に承諾させたうえで皇太子を退いている。
- Atsuaki indicated the exchange conditions to obtain treatment equivalent to that of the Retired Emperor and also becoming Michinaga's son-in-law in exchange for the position of Crown Prince, and got Michinaga to agree before leaving the position of Crown Prince.
- また、武家社会でも、それまで当たり前だった全国に分散した所領の支配が難しくなり、分散した所領を売却・交換し、一箇所にまとめた所領の一円化傾向が顕著になる。
- Moreover, even within the samurai society, the system of dividing and distributing ownership and control of lands throughout the country, which until that point had been thought fair and natural, became problematic, and the tendency for owners to sell or exchange some of these distributed lands to concentrate their power and influence in one place became pronounced.
- 版籍奉還という日本国内の難問を無事に乗り越えた1870年、朝鮮との国交交渉を有利にするため、冊封体制の頂点にたつ清朝と対等の条約、日清修好条規を締結した。
- In 1870 when Japan finished the 'Hansekihokan' (returning of lands and people to the emperor), a challenge in the domestic policy, successfully, Japan concluded the equal treaty (Japanese-Qing Treaty of Amity) with the Qing dynasty, which was at the top of the tributary system, because it would be advantageous to diplomatic negotiations with Korea.
- さらにいえば、日本の砲艦外交的姿勢は無論朝鮮の屈服を促すものであったが、同時に日本国内の「征韓論」を唱える不平士族の溜飲を下げることも狙ったものであった。
- Moreover, the gunboat diplomatic attitude of Japan was of course an attempt at urging Korea to submit, but at the same time it aimed to appease the complaints of the former samurai class who advocated the policy of conquering Korea by military force.
- 10月には徳川・北条の間で和睦が成立するが、その和睦条件として徳川傘下となっていた真田氏の上野国沼田市領と北条氏が制圧した信濃佐久郡を交換することとした。
- In October, Tokugawa and Hojo made peace, and as a condition for the peace, they decided to exchange Numata City, Kozuke Province of the Sanada clan and Saku County, Shinano Province conquered by the Hojo clan.
- 「万機公論に決すべし」の語句は、由利と親交のあった坂本竜馬の船中八策(慶応三年六月)に「万機宜しく公議に決すへし」とあり、ここから採られたものとみられる。
- It seems that the phrase '万機公論に決すべし(all matters decided by open discussion)' was adopted from '万機宜しく公議に決すへし (all matters decided by open discussion)' of Senchu hassaku (the basic outline of the new regime) (in 1867) drawn up by Ryoma SAKAMOTO who was a friend of Yuri.
- 彼らの目的は、強硬な取締りを行った辺将を討取り、朝鮮王朝の行なった交易の制限、恒居倭に対する検断権・徴税権の行使といった倭人抑圧政策の変更を迫る事にあった。
- Their objectives were to defeat Hensho who abused their powers, and to persuade the Korean Dynasties to change their repressive policy over the kokyowa, such as trade restrictions, or the execution of the right to judge criminal cases and the power to levy taxes over the kokyowa.
- 算用状(さんようじょう・散用状)とは、中世の荘園において、荘園領主と現地の荘官との間で交わされた個々の荘園の年貢・公事などに関する年間の収支決算報告のこと。
- Sanyojo (算用状 or 散用状) was the annual settlement of accounts for nengu (annual land tax) and kuji (miscellaneous tax) in each shoen (estate) exchanged between shoen ryoshu (the estate proprietary lord) and shokan (the estate manager) in the medieval shoen system.
- 酒の名所である為に利用し遊びに来る人が多く、また、宇治川に近く、交通便の良い中書島は遊廓であると同時に花街でもあり、祇園甲部に凌ぐほどの名妓を輩出してきた。
- Since it was famous for sake, many people visited and made use of the yukaku there, and being close to the Uji-gawa River with good transportation facilities, Chushojima was both a yukaku and Hanamachi (geisha districts in Kyoto) and produced many famous geishas, almost exceeding Gion Kobu district.
- 市役所、警察署、消防署、郵便局(2002年7月1日から)、奈良交通(五條バスセンター、ほかバス停留所名)、町名の五條1~4丁目、小中高校名、インターチェンジ
- City Hall, police stations, fire stations, post offices (from July 1, 2002), Nara Kotsu Bus Lines (Gojo Bus Center and other bus stop names), town names of 1 to 4-chome, Gojo, names of elementary, junior high and high schools and interchanges.
- その後、羽柴軍は秀政を近江への交通路遮断と光秀捜索に派遣し、14日には光秀の後詰のために急遽出兵した明智秀満隊を堀隊が打出の浜(大津市)で迎え撃ち撃破した。
- After that, Hashiba's forces sent Hidemasa to intercept the traffic to Omi and search for Mitsuhide, and Hori's corps on June 14 met and defeated Hidemitsu AKECHI's corps, having been hurriedly dispatched to back up Mitsuhide, at Uchide no hama (Uchide Beach) (in Otsu City).
- 釜山の倭館は朝鮮側が日本、特に対馬藩の使節や商人を饗応するために設けた施設であったが、明治政府は対馬藩から外交権を取り上げ、朝鮮との交渉に乗り出そうとした。
- The Japanese consular office in Busan was established by Korea to entertain Japanese envoys and merchants especially from the Tsushima domain, but the Meiji government tried to deprive the Tsushima domain of the diplomatic rights and start direct negotiations with Korea.
- 結果的に、李氏朝鮮外交に翻弄された日本政府は、遂に痺れを切らし、小艦を釜山に派遣し東莱府館員を艦上に招待し発砲演習を見せつけることにより、局面打開を図った。
- The Japanese government was at the mercy of the Joseon Dynasty's diplomacy and they lost their patience at last, so they made a breakthrough; dispatched a small warship to Pusan and invited the members of Toraifu on board to show the shooting exercises.
- 1601年以降、安南、スペイン領マニラ、カンボジア、タイ王国、パタニなどの東南アジア諸国に使者を派遣して外交関係を樹立し、1604年に朱印船制度を実施した。
- He sent messengers to Annam, Manila in the Spanish Philippines, Cambodia, Thailand and Pattani to establish diplomatic relations and implemented the Shuinsen system in 1604.
- なお、交代寄合としての宗家(朽木宣綱の子孫)の領域を指して特に「朽木藩」と呼ぶ例や、稙綱の子孫が治めた土浦藩や福知山藩などを指して「朽木藩」と呼ぶ例もある。
- The word 'Kutsuki Domain' is sometimes used in the following cases: when people refer to the territory which was controlled by the soke (the head family or house), or to the Tosa Domain and Fukuchiyama Domain, which were governed by Tanetsuna's descendents.
- しかし、入港地は薺浦のみに制限され、歳遣船は半減、特送船の廃止、日本人の駐留の禁止、受職人・受図書人も再審査を受けるなど、通交は以前より制限されたものになる。
- However, the Dynasty imposed more restricted conditions such as the restriction on the entrance ports which designated Seiho as the only port where ships were allowed to enter, a 50% reduction in the number of saikensen, the abolishment of the tokusosen system, the prohibition of the settlement of Japanese nationals, and the recertification request for Jushokunin and Jutoshonin.
- 宗氏にとって三浦の喪失と通交の制限は大きな痛手であり、日本国王使の偽使の派遣、通交権の対馬集中といった方策を持って三浦の乱による損失の穴埋めを図ることになる。
- The loss of Sanpo and the restricted trading greatly affected the So clan.The clan had to cover their loss by sending gishi whose nominal status was an Imperial envoy and by concentrating the trading rights in Tsushima.
- 琵琶湖の重要港湾かつ東海道53番目の宿場だった大津宿を中心に、膳所藩の城下町だった膳所、比叡山の門前町坂本 (大津市)、湖上交易の拠点だった堅田などからなる。
- Centered around Otsu-juku, which is an important port of Lake Biwa and used to be the 53rd posting station of Tokai-do Road, it consists of Zeze, the castle town of the Zeze Domain, Sakamoto, a temple town of Mt. Hiei, and Katata, a hub of lake-borne trade.
- また朝鮮軍は戦線膠着のため撤退し、その後の交渉で合意・実現に至ったのも倭寇の取り締まりであり、この遠征を理由に対馬を朝鮮の属国と見做すことは非常に論拠が薄い。
- Moreover, the Korean army withdrew after their invasion ended in a stalemate, and the focus of the agreement reached in subsequent negotiations and its execution was once again the suppression of the Wako, making this expedition an extremely weak justification for asserting that Tsushima had been a vassal state of Korea.
- それまで世界とは限定的な国交しか持たなかった朝鮮が、開国する契機となった条約であるが、近代国際法に詳しい人材がいなかったため、朝鮮側に不利なものとなっている。
- Korea, which had engaged in only limited diplomatic relations up to this point, was able to open the country due to the treaty, however it was unequal to the Korean side as they did not have specialists in modern international law.
- 1872年9月対馬藩と交替するために来朝した花房義質が、春日丸に乗ってきたことから、日本を西欧勢同様、衛正斥邪の対象として、前述のように食糧の供給を停止した。
- In September of 1872, Yoshimoto HANABUSA came to Korea by the ship named Kasugamaru to interchange with the Tsushima clan, so Korea considered Japan a target under Eisei Sekija (Korea's foreign policy during this period to respect the justice and exclude the evil; in this case Japan was regarded as evil) as well as Western Europe.
- 真田氏はその後豊臣政権に臣従しており、上田合戦に至るまでの諸勢力との外交や数カ郡を支配する勢力拡大は、真田氏が小領主から大名化していく過程であると指摘される。
- The Sanada clan later served the Toyotomi government, and it is indicated that diplomatic relations with various influences and expansion of power to control several districts was the process of the Sanada clan growing from a small feudal lord to daimyo (major territorial lord).
- だが、戦争の絶えて久しい平和な時代にあっては領内の海上交通を管理したり、領内巡察や参勤交代などで大名が船旅するときに船を出したりする程度の役割でしかなかった。
- However, during peacetime when war did not exist for a long time, the roles of suigun navy were only to control the marine traffic in the domain or to offer the ship when their lord patrolled their domain and took a boat trip for sankin-kotai (daimyo's alternate residence in Edo).
- 平安時代初期には完全に変質したものとなり、824年には右大臣藤原緒嗣が「渤海使は商人であるので、今後は外交使節として扱わないように」と言うほどのものとなった。
- In the beginning of the Heian period, the Balhae envoys had completely transformed to the extent in 824, FUJIWARA no Otsugu, who was udaijin (minister of the right) commented 'These men are merchants, so do not treat them as diplomatic envoys.'
- これらが時代を経るにしたがい、道の形状の特徴的な峰や峠や坂や、時には橋や門や村境や町境などの集落の境界や、道の交差する辻なども、その神域との端境と考えられた。
- As the time passed, the following were also considered the border between the real world and the sacred land: ridges, mountain paths and slopes whose shapes of the roads were unique; and in some case, bridges, gates, borders of settlements such as villages and towns, and intersections of roads.
- オスは吸盤の大きさがメスに比べばらつきがあり、また、8本の足のうち1本の先端は生殖器になっていて、これがメスの体内に挿入されることで受精が成立する(交接腕)。
- The suckers on a male vary in size when compared to that of a female, and of the eight legs, the tip of one of the legs acts as a reproductive organ; fertilization can occur when this arm enters a female body (copulatory arm).
- 「門松は冥途の旅の一里塚めでたくもありめでたくもなし」の歌は一休宗純の作とされているが、一休と親交のあった遊女、地獄太夫が一休のために詠んだものとの説もある。
- The waka 'the kadomatsu is a milestone for the trip to the world of the dead, so it may or may not be happy' is said to have been written by Ikkyu Sojun, but some people maintain that his close courtesan Jigoku Dayu wrote it for him.
- 被告人としては、交差点中央付近から左折して、予定通りの行進を行うつもりであったが、機動隊は、デモ隊がそのまま河原町通を南下するものと見てこれを阻止しようとした。
- The defendant was going to turn to the left around there and continue to march as planned, but the riot police thought that they were not going to turn and tried to stop them from going straight on Kawaramachi Street to the south.
- この頃、個別人身支配から土地課税への転換に伴って、従来からあった租庸調・正税・雑徭・交易物などの税目が消え、新たに官物・臨時雑役などといった税目が出現していた。
- In the wake of the transition from the principle of people-based governance to the principle of tax on land, former taxes, such as Soyocho, shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse), zoyo (irregular corvee) and trading goods, were abolished and new items of taxation, such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and rinji zoyaku (general term for odd-job tasks), were introduced.
- また、城砦としての防衛能力を重視した場所は必ずしも交通の便が良いところではなく、交易都市の色彩を強めるにつれ城が放棄され陣屋などに行政中心が移ったケースも多い。
- Additionally, places that placed an emphasis on defensive ability as a castle retreat were not in places with good transportation, and as they started to increasingly become trade cities, Jinya instead of castles became the center of government.
- 慶長3年(1598年)秀吉が死去すると、五大老の筆頭である徳川家康が頭角を現し朝鮮遠征軍撤退の和平交渉でも主導権を握り実質的な政権運営者へとのし上がっていった。
- When Hideyoshi died in 1598, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was the leader of the Council of Five Elders (五大老), started to distinguish himself and took the lead in negotiations for peace through the withdrawal of the army, which had advanced into Korea; subsequently, he became the person who virtually controlled the government.
- 江戸時代後期に開国し、明治新政府が成立した日本では1868年(慶応4年)12月19日に新政権樹立の通告と国交と通商を求める国書を持つ使者を李氏朝鮮政府に送った。
- In the second half of the Edo period, Japan opened its secluded economy to the world, and the New Meiji Government sent to the government of the Joseon Dynasty an envoy holding a letter with the sovereign's message which informed them of the founding of a new administration of Japan and requested to establish relations and start to trade on December 19, 1868.
- 泰時は、世代交代期の混乱を防ぐため、叔父の北条時房を執権の補佐役といえる連署に当てるとともに、政治意思決定の合議機関である評定衆を設置し、集団指導体制を布いた。
- In order to prevent confusion during the transition of power to the next generation, Yasutoki appointed his uncle, Tokifusa HOJO, as rensho (assistant to the shikken), established the hyojoshu - a consulting institution for making political decisions - and founded the collective leadership system.
- 各地の諸大名は、江戸藩邸や参勤交代の費用を捻出するために自藩産出の米や魚農産物を大坂に売ったため、大坂は諸大名の蔵屋敷が置かれ全国の特産品が並び、盛況を活した。
- In order to make money for maintenance of the domain residence in Edo and the cost of the alternate-year residence in Edo, feudal lords all over Japan sold their domestic products, such as rice, farm and aquatic products, in Osaka, where feudal lords built their warehouses and sales offices (kurayashiki), so local specialities were line up prosperously.
- 明治維新後、特に戦後は交通や通信の発展と多くの流派が衰退し同流多派が少なくなった事により、古武道の世界でも宗家制度が広まり、全国的な組織が作られる例も見られる。
- After the Meiji Restoration, especially after World War II, because traffic and communications developed, and a lot of schools declined and doryutaha (multi styles in the same school) decreased, Soke Seido (system of the head family or house) pervades also in the world of kobudo, and we can see cases where a nationwide organization has been established.
- 関東地方における串カツとは、豚肉を3~4cm角に切ったものと、タマネギもしくはネギを切ったものを交互に串に刺し、豚カツの要領でパン粉をまぶして揚げたものである。
- In the Kanto region, kushikatsu refers to a skewer of pork sliced in three to four centimeters cubes and onions or green onions arranged alternately one by one, breaded and deep fried like a pork cutlet.
- また、東京大学詩吟研究会は漢詩研究が盛んであったり、明治大学詩吟研究部は全吟連や関西の詩吟団体との交流が盛んであったりと、各大学のサークルによって特色が異なる。
- Also, the characteristics of shigin clubs vary from one university to another, for example, Tokyo University Shigin Kenkyu Kai actively researches Chinese poetry and Meiji University Shigin Kenkyu Club has frequent interactions with National Student Shigin League or shigin organizations in Kansai region and so on.
- こうした大量の銅は、宗氏が新たに入手したものではなく、朝鮮王朝が交易の制限を強化していく中、対馬・博多において大量に過剰在庫となって溜まっていたものと考えられる。
- This large amount of copper was not mined by the So clan, and it is thought that a large amount of copper had been accumulated as excess stock in Tsushima and Hakata due to the trade restrictions imposed by the Korean Dynasty.
- その一方で、格式編纂時には同時に交替式と「儀式」が編纂されたと信じられ、古くは「弘仁儀式」・「貞観儀式」・「延喜儀式」からなる三代儀式が存在したと信じられていた。
- On the other hand, it was believed that Kotaishiki (Administrative transition regulations) and 'Gishiki' were compiled at the same time as the compilation of the Kyakushiki, and it was formally believed that there had been the Sandai Gishiki, which was composed of 'Konin Gishiki,' 'Jogan Gishiki,' and 'Engi Gishiki.'
- さらにこの氷川神社群は秩父神社群(北斗七星(=アメノトリフネ、ウケフネ)の形に並んでいる)と比企郡ときがわ町の萩日吉神社において一点で交わり一対一で対応している。
- Furthermore, this Hikawa-jinja Shrine group is located on the other side of the Chichibu-jinja Shrine group (aligned in the shape of the Big Dipper = Amenotorifune, Ukefune) crossing the Hagihiyoshi-jinja Shrine in Tokigawa-cho, Hiki-gun.
- 即ち、明治元年(1868年)以後の債務については公債を交付しその元金を3年間据え置いた上で年4%の利息を付けて25年賦にて新政府が責任をもって返済する(新公債)。
- As for the debts made after 1868, the government issued bonds with an annual interest of four percent and promised to redeem them by annual installments of 25 years after a three year grace period (shin-kosai (new bond)).
- その後も二国間はまだ交戦していたが、天文 (元号)7年(1538年)に室町幕府第12代将軍・足利義晴の仲介を受けて和睦し、結果、大内義隆による九州平定は頓挫した。
- Thereafter, the two camps still fought against each other, but in 1538, they finally made peace through the mediation of the twelfth shogun of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA -- As a result, the subjugation of northern Kyushu by Yoshitaka OUCHI met with a hitch.
- また大久保達はこれ以降、政治の実権を握る事になったが、いわゆる「征韓論」に対しては大久保らも、交渉決裂に際して朝鮮半島での武力行使の方針自体には反対ではなかった。
- Okubo and other leaders, who held power after this event, also were not against Seikanron and the policy of executing military power in the Korean Peninsula after a breakdown in negotiations.
- 白村江の戦いの翌年(664年)に行政機能は内陸の大宰府(現在の太宰府市)に移転、那津のほとりには大宰府の機関のひとつとして海外交流および国防の拠点施設が残された。
- After the transfer of the administrative function to the inland office 'Dazaifu' (Government Headquarters in Kyushu located at the present Dazaifu City) in 664, one year after the Battle of Hakusukinoe, a facility functioning as a base for overseas exchanges as well as national defense was left near Nanotsu as one of the organizations belonging to the Dazaifu.
- また主家である少弐氏の敗勢により九州北部の所領を喪失し、家臣に代替えとして通交権益を宛がう必要もあり、通交の拡大を望みこそすれ制限は受け入れられるものではなかった。
- In addition, they lost their territory in the northern Kyushu because the influence of their master the Shoni clan became weak, so they had to grant their vassals the rights and interests of the trade instead of the land. Therefore they were eager for the expansion of the trade, and they could never accept the restrictions on the trade.
- しかし、新羅が朝鮮半島統一の勢いを駆って侵攻して来る事を恐れ、海岸の防備を固めるなどを怠らず、両国の関係は持統天皇即位後、交流はあるものの、次第に悪化する事になる。
- However, fearing that Silla would invade Wakoku due to the momentum gained in unifying the Korean Peninsula, Wakoku kept reinforcing their defensive measures along the sea coast, and although there was exchange between the two countries, their relations deteriorated after the enthronement of Emperor Jito.
- 7月23日、官軍が岩川に進出したとの報を受け、高野から雷撃隊八・七番隊・干城隊七番隊を率いてきた辺見と合流し、辺見・相良を指揮長として岩川へ進撃し、官軍と交戦した。
- On July 23, the retreated troops merged with the 7th and 8th companies of Raigeki-tai and the 7th company of Kanjotai, both led from Takano by HENMI who received the report that the government army had advanced to Iwakawa, and advanced to Iwakawa with HENMI and SAGARA as Commanders and fought with the government army.
- 大名屋敷が再建され、参勤交代のために多くの武士が滞在するようになると、彼らの生活を支えるため江戸の町は急速に復興するが、もはや外堀内の江戸の町は狭すぎる状態だった。
- The town of Edo recovered as daimyo reconstructed their residences and as an ever increasing number of samurai migrated to the city in accordance to the Sankinkotai system, the town of Edo rapidly recovered to support their needs; but in practical terms, the town of Edo could not longer be contained within its outer moat.
- これら行政機関以外に法院、刑務支所、少年教護院、警察官訓練所、交通局、港務局、専売局、台北帝国大学、各直属学校、農林業試験所などの司法、教育関係の部署を擁していた。
- Other governmental bodies included judicial and educational departments such as courts, corrections, orphanages, police academies, transportation, port authority, monopoly bureaus, Taihoku Imperial University, schools of all levels, agricultural and forestry research stations.
- 漢城に集結して和平交渉を始めていた日本軍だが、本土から釜山までの海路の補給は維持していたが、釜山から漢城までの陸路の治安が悪化して食糧などの補給が滞りがちであった。
- The Japanese army that had assembled in Hancheng and commenced peace talks, maintained the route for supplies by sea from Japan to Busan, but the security of the land route from Busan to Hancheng had deteriorated and, therefore, supplies of food etc. were stacking up.
- しかし、明治4年(1871年)旧11月、岩倉具視特命全権大使一行が欧米各国を歴訪した折、耶蘇教禁止令が各国の非難を浴びて、条約改正の交渉上障碍になるとの報告をした。
- However, because Japan were castigated by the world due to the Edict of the Prohibition of Christianity when they visited Europe and the United States in December, 1871, the members of the Iwakura Mission reported that the prohibition of Christianity could be an obstacle to negotiating the revision of the unequal treaty.
- 1404年(応永11年)以降は日本に対して交付される貿易許可証である勘合符を所持する事で倭寇と区別し、正式な遣明使船である事が確認できる勘合船に限られるようになった。
- After 1404, the Ming Dynasty distinguished the official traders from wako by issuing Kangofu to Japan, limiting the trade to the kangosen (trading vessels with Kangofu between Japan and the Ming in the Muromachi period) because it was easily confirmed as an official vessel of Kenminshi (Japanese envoys to Ming Dynasty China).
- この道を龍神街道果無越といい、龍神方面と吉野・熊野および高野山とを果無峠および本宮(田辺市本宮町)を経由して結び、修験者や大峯参りの人々が行き交ったと伝えられている。
- It is said that this part was particularly called 'Ryujin-kaido Hatenashi-goe' (Hatenashi Crossing of Ryujin Road) which ran from Ryujin to some sacred places including Yoshino, Kumano and Mt. Koya via Hatenashi Pass and Hongu (Hongu-cho, Tanabe City), and it was used by ascetic Buddhist monks and pilgrims for visiting Omine (Ominesan-ji Temple).
- 日本海が海上交易の中心だった明治以前には、若狭湾で陸揚げされた物資が琵琶湖を通じて京都、さらには淀川経由で大阪方面へと運ばれており、内水系の重要港湾が数多く存在した。
- When Japan Sea was the center of commerce at sea before the Meiji period, goods landed from Wakasa Bay were carried to Kyoto via Lake Biwa, and then to Osaka via the Yodo-gawa River, which meant that there were a lot of important inland water ports in Shiga.
- しかしながら、有力な支配下豪族や他国の領主との外交においては、有力家臣を「取り次ぎ役」することは当時としては一般的であり、単なる伝令とするのは事実誤認との指摘もある。
- However, at that time, it was ordinary to have a powerful retainer play the role of the 'messenger,' in negotiations with powerful local clans under control or with lords of other provinces, and therefore, it is pointed out as well that it would not be correct to consider him simply as an orderly officer.
- また、史学的な研究の進展によって、日本への鉄砲伝来は東南アジア交易に従事した倭寇勢力によって、短い間に西日本各地へ同時多発的に起こったとする説が有力視されてきている。
- With the advance of historical study, the most likely theory is now that the introduction of guns into Japan simultaneously took place at various places in southwestern Japan during a short period by wako (Japanese pirates) involved in trade with Southeast Asia.
- 農業生産の向上や商工業及び交通の発達によって貨幣流通が盛んになるにつれて広く行われるようになり、室町時代には最初から銭納を想定した公事に対してもこの名称が用いられた。
- It was widespread, as money became circulating more rapidly due to agricultural production increase, and development of commerce, industry, and transportation; and in the Muromachi period, this name was also applied to kuji which was decided to be paid by money from the beginning.
- また、秀吉のもとに徳川家康・上杉景勝・毛利輝元・大友義統など各地の戦国大名が相次いで使者を派遣し、戦勝を慶賀し親交を求めたことも秀吉の畿内における権力掌握を象徴した。
- In addition, warlords across the country, including Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Kagekatsu UESUGI, Terumoto MORI and Yoshimune OTOMO, dispatched envoys to Hideyoshi one after another to celebrate his victory and to establish friendly relations with him, all of which also symbolized Hideyoshi's assumption of power in the Kinai Region.
- 世界巡遊中の前合衆国大統領ユリシーズ・グラントが明治天皇との会見で西欧列強の介入を防ぐための日清両国の譲歩を助言したこともあり、1880年北京で日清の交渉が行われた。
- In 1880, negotiations were held in Beijing through the arbitration of ex-US President Ulysses Grant, who had a meeting with Emperor Meiji during his world tour and advised that both Japan and Qing compromise to prevent the intervention of western powers.
- ただこの縦列交替法が大きな効果を発揮したらしい記録はなく、またこの運動方式には鈍重さが宿命的に付きまとったため、マウリッツ自身の戦死の原因をそこに求める考え方もある。
- However, there is no record that the exchange method in a column line exerted a great effect; also, the sluggishness was not avoided fatefully for this method of movement, which some people think caused Maurice's death in war.
- また当時出没し始めた倭寇による海賊的私貿易を防ぐ意味からも、沿岸部の広州・泉州・慶元(寧波)などに市舶司を置き、日本との平和的な交易を望むようになっていた(日元貿易)。
- In addition, with an aim to prevent piratical private trades by wako (Japanese pirates), the dynasty came to desire peaceful trades with Japan (trade between Japan and Yuan Dynasty) by establishing Shihakushi (the public office that operated on trade on the sea in China from T'ang-Dynasty period to the Ming Dynasty period) in Quanzhou, Qingyuan, and Ningbo.
- 90年代後半ぐらいまで旅行ガイドから雄琴の名は意図的に退けられていたり、「琵琶湖の雄琴近隣で女性が泳ぐと妊娠する」といった荒唐無稽ともいえる風評まで飛び交うほどあった。
- Publishers of travel guidebooks intentionally avoided Ogoto from their books and an absurd rumor, said any women swim in Lake Biwa near Ogoto gets pregnant, was running rampant up until the late '90s.
- 翌年にも大雨による水害と旱魃が交互に訪れ、更に虫害と疫病も加わって飢饉が全国で拡大、畠山氏の家督争い、斯波氏の長禄合戦などによって、両氏の領国では更に事態が深刻化した。
- The following year, a seemingly endless cycle of rain-induced floods and droughts that was followed by insect damage and plague led to a nation-wide famine; a succession battle within the HATAKEYAMA clan and the battle of Choroku that the SHIBA clan fought made the situation in their respective territories even worse.
- 俘囚という地位は、辺境の人を下位に置こうとする朝廷の態度が作ったものであるが、俘囚たちは無税の条件を基盤に、前記の事実上の交易をも利用して、大きな力を得るようになった。
- Although Fushu was a position created by the Imperial Court who intended to set frontiersmen at the lower rank, they gradually gained power based on their tax-free condition and through the trading system, as mentioned earlier.
- 外交用語では、「局外中立」の場合だけ「厳正中立」と言い、「国内問題」の場合は「内政不干渉」と言う(つまり、「国内問題」に対して「厳正中立」などと言う事自体がおかしい)。
- In the diplomatic terms, 'strict neutrarity' can be used only in case of 'outside neutrarity', and in case of 'domestic issue', it means 'nonintervention of domestic affairs' (that means, it is strange to say 'strict neutrarity' for 'domestic affairs').
- さらに巨大な帝国だった中国諸王朝が中華思想、華夷秩序に基づいて周辺諸国を冊封して朝貢関係を築き、それが経済交流と外交秩序の一定の安定を東アジアにもたらしたことにもよる。
- Another reason is the sovereign-vassal relationship with tributes between Chinese dynasties, great empires, and surrounding countries based on Sinocentrism and Suzerainty, that brought economic exchanges and a certain stability of diplomatic orders to East Asia.
- 下級武士や知識人階級を中心に、「鎖国は日本開闢以来の祖法」であるという説に反したとされた、その外交政策に猛烈に反発する世論が沸き起こり、「攘夷」運動として朝野を圧した。
- The public opinion of foreign exclusionism among low-ranking samurai and intellectuals in particular overwhelmed all over Japan, insisting furiously that the national seclusion had been the fundamental law since the dawn of Japanese history and the opening up of the country was against it.
- 受職人(李氏朝鮮から官職を授かった日本人)及び受図書人(「図書」と呼ばれる通交許可証を持つ日本人)に対する再審査を行い、実態の伴わない者の資格を剥奪してその人数を減らす。
- Reducing the number of Jushokunin (Japanese given Korean government post by the Yi Dynasty Korea) and Jutoshonin (Japanese given Korean government evidence called 'Tosho' to be granted special privileges in trading) by re-examining them and disqualifying those who were in name, but not in deed.
- つまり国歌の必要性は、まずなによりも、外交儀礼の場において軍楽隊が演奏するために生じるのであり、現在でも例えばスペイン国歌・国王行進曲のように、歌詞のない国歌も存在する。
- In other words, the necessity of a national anthem is generated by a military band on the occasion of extending diplomatic courtesy and, even today, there are national anthems that have no words like Spanish National Anthem, Marcha Real.
- なお、戦力に自信のあった日本軍は上陸後も戦国の常識に従って何度も李氏朝鮮を交渉により服属させようと試みており、朝鮮の武力制圧が既定路線であるかのような認識は間違いである。
- The Japanese army, confident of their war potential, tried, even after their landing, to subjugate Yi Dynasty Korea by negotiation in accordance with common sense in the Warring States period and, therefore, it is wrong to conclude that subjugation of Korea by military power was the predetermined policy.
- ヤマト王権と朝鮮半島諸国との交易が活発化した背景には、北方の高句麗から圧迫を受けつつあった百済が対抗のために近隣諸国(新羅・加羅諸国)と連携を強めていたことが挙げられる。
- It is thought that trade between Wakoku and the Korean kingdoms increased as Baekje, under pressure from Goguryeo to the north, began strengthening alliances with neighboring kingdoms such as Silla and Gaya.
- 7月16日条約改正交渉の結果、領事裁判権を廃止する日英通商航海条約調印を経て、20日大鳥公使は朝鮮政府に清軍の撤退と朝清間の条約廃棄を3日間の期限で回答するよう通告した。
- After the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation was signed on July 16 as the result of negotiation over treaty revisions to do away with consular jurisdiction right, Minister Oshima gave notice to the Korean government requesting the withdrawal of Qing troops and the denunciation of Sino-Korean treaties with a response demanded within three days.
- 政府の要人の場合は、洋服を着ることにより、日本が西欧の進んだ科学技術を学び近代化をめざす意欲を西洋の外国人にアピールし、交渉などを有利に進める目的があったといわれている。
- It is considered that leading political figures wore Western clothes to show that Japan was committed to absorb advanced science and technology from the Western countries and modernize the country as a gesture in order to be advantageous in talks with the Western countries.
- 彼らは、貢納物の原料採取・作業・交易をする場を求めて移動・遍歴することを必要としていたため、関銭・津料などの交通税を免除され、自由に諸国を往来できる権利を得ることとなった。
- Because Kugonin were wanderers seeking places to collect raw materials for their products, to work on their products, and trade them, they were exempted from traffic taxes such as sekisen (tolls) and tsuryo and, therefore, they had the right to freely travel around the various provinces.
- 伏見は引き続き政務を執ったが政権は安定せず、正安3年(1301年)、幕府は治天・天皇の交替を要求し、皇太子邦治(17歳、後二条天皇)が践祚して後宇多による院政が開始された。
- Fushimi continued to attend to government affairs, but the government did not stabilize and the bakufu ordered a change in Chiten and Emperor in 1301, with the Crown Prince Kuniharu (aged 17, Emperor Gonijo) ascending the throne and Gouda starting a cloistered government.
- もともと従来の説の根拠とされた雲揚の公式報告書(10月)は、日朝間の交戦期間をたった1日の間に起きたことのように記し(実際には3日間)、史料の信頼性に疑義が提出されていた。
- There was a doubt about the reliability of the traditional theory, because the official report (October) of Unyo, on which the traditional theory was based, originally describes that Japan and Korea battled for only one day (three days in reality).
- この事件が朝鮮政府に与えた衝撃は大きく、変革を拒否する鎖国攘夷勢力の反対をおさえて日本との国交回復を検討することになり、翌1876年に日朝修好条規(江華条約)が締結された。
- This incident brought such a terrible shock to the Korean government that they had to consider the recovery of the diplomatic relations with Japan by surmounting all objections by the supporters of expulsion of foreigners, and concluded the Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity (the Treaty of Ganghwa) in 1876.
- 特に憲法制定過程における枢密院審議においては、そのすべてに臨御し、また国会開設前後の立憲政治未成熟期に首相が頻繁に辞任・交代した際も、政局の調停者として重要な役割を担った。
- For example, he attended all the Privy Councils, and he also played an important role as an arbitrator of political situations during the regular prime ministers' resignations and change, as the constitutional politic was immature soon after the Diet was established.
- なお「自主の邦」と規定したとはいえ、清は冊封関係において従来から「属国自主」として内政・外交については関与しない立場をとっており、清の宗主権を否定しつくすものでもなかった。
- In addition, the treaty provided for an 'independent state,' but did not completely deny suzerainty of China, because Qing had the conventional stance of 'independence as a subject state'and was not involved in domestic and diplomatic affairs.
- この後幕府は、17世紀中葉までに、武家諸法度の発布や参勤交代の義務化、有力大名の改易などを通して、諸大名との主従制を確固たるものとし、朝廷統制を強め、幕府官僚機構を整備した。
- After this, the bakufu solidified the master-servant relationship with each daimyo by around the middle of 17th century, through enacting Buke shohatto (laws for the military households), making Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo) obligatory, and conducting Kaieki operations (forfeiting the rank of samurai and properties) for powerful daimyo, strengthened control of the Imperial Court, and established its government officer system.
- 同じころ幕府でも安達泰盛が主導する徳政が行われており、亀山と泰盛とのあいだには文化交流など個人的なつながりもあることから、公武両徳政には密接な連関があるものと考えられている。
- At the same time, the bakufu had political reforms led by Yasumori ADACHI, it is thought that there was a close relationship between virtuous governments in both Imperial and Military courts due to the fact that there were cultural exchanges at the individual level between Kameyama and Yasumori.
- このような情勢下の1月20日、範頼軍と義経軍は、それぞれ京都近郊の勢多と宇治で待ち受ける義仲軍と交戦して勝利し(宇治川の戦い)、義経軍はそのまま入洛して法皇の身柄を確保した。
- In this situation, on January 20, the troops of Noriyori and Yoshitsune battled against Yoshinaka's troops that were waiting at the suburbs of Kyoto, Seta and Uji, respectively (the Battle of Uji River), and Yoshitsune's troop entered Kyoto and captured the Cloistered Emperor.
- (司馬遼太郎『坂の上の雲』より)この返答は、国際法上の解釈から言えば違法と言えるものではないが、この状態ではどの外交ルートもあるわけではなく、実質的には戦争開始の通告である。
- (From 'Saka no ue no Kumo' [Clouds Above the Hill] by Ryotaro SHIBA) While this reply is not unlawful from the perspective of international law, in this particular situation where there were no other diplomatic routes available, it was in effect, a declaration of war.
- 幕臣勝海舟は早期停戦を唱えて薩長軍を率いる西郷隆盛と交渉、最後の将軍徳川慶喜は江戸城の無血開城し降伏、交戦派と官軍の間の上野戦争を例外として、江戸は戦火を免れた(江戸開城)。
- Kaishu KATSU, a retainer of the Shogun, advocated an early cease-fire with Takamori SAIGO--commander of combined Satsuma and Choshu forces; Consequently, the last Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA surrendered Edo Castle without any bloodshed and spared Edo from the ravages of war with the exception of the Battle of Ueno fought between domain and government forces.
- また、明軍と李氏朝鮮との交渉により鴨緑江より朝鮮側の兵糧供給は李氏朝鮮側の調達及び輸送と取り決められたため、自軍と政府の維持も含めて李氏朝鮮は民衆から過酷な食料調達を行った。
- As it was decided in negotiations between the armies of Ming and Yi Dynasty Korea thet, with respect to supply of provisions to the area on the Korea side from the Yalu River, Yi Dynasty Korea was responsible for procurement and transportation, Yi Dynasty Korea cruelly conducted confiscation of goods and services from common people including maintenance of both their own army and the government.
- しかし、明治以降の日本とスペインは、スペイン内戦~第二次世界大戦にかけての一時期を除き、政治・外交上の懸案も少ない代わりに関係や関心も希薄という状況が続き、現在に至っている。
- Since then, there have been few political or diplomatic concerns between Japan and Spain and the two countries have had little interest in each other (except during the period of the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War) to date.
- 清国船は年間30艘、交易額は銀6000貫にまで、オランダ船は年間2隻、貿易額は3000貫に制限され、従来は輸入品であった綿布、生糸、砂糖、鹿皮、絹織物などの国産化を奨励した。
- By limiting the annual number of ships from Qing to 30 and the value of trade to 6,000 kan (a unit) of silver, while from the Netherlands the anual number of ships, 2 and the value of trade to 3,000, these regulations encouraged domestic production of hitherto imported goods, such as cotton cloth, raw silk, sugar, buckskin, silk fabric and so on.
- 壬申約条において通交に制限を加えられたのは、宗氏のように朝鮮王朝にとって陪臣に当たる者達であり、朝鮮王朝と同格である日本国王(室町幕府)の使節の通交を制限するものではなかった。
- The Jinshin Yakujo imposed trading restrictions on parties who were considered equivalent to vassals of the Korean Dynasty such as the So clan, and this treaty did not intend to restrict relations with the king of Japan (the Muromachi bakufu), who had the same rank as the Korean Dynasty.
- 朝鮮王朝にとって交易品の輸送は特に負担となっていた様であり、朝鮮王朝実録にその様子は「沿路各官、人吏竝出、夜以繼晝、輸運之物、絡繹於道、至於妻子、徧受其苦、重載之牛、多斃路中。
- For the Korean Dynasty, the transportation of products was especially a heavy burden, and the 'Korean Dynasty's Fact Record' described that situation and said as follows:
- たとえば、「稲荷町」という町は、繁華街の四条河原町交差点近く(河原町通四条下る)にあるほか、そこから数百メートル南方、七条大橋の近く「七条通木屋町東入る」にも同じ名の町がある。
- For example, while there is a town named 'Inari-cho' near the Shijo-Kawaramachi crossing (Kawaramachi-dori, Shijo-sagaru), another 'Inari-cho' exists several hundred meters south, near Shichijo-ohashi Bridge, at 'Shichijo-dori, Kiyamachi-higashi-iru.'
- 他方、外交が重視される時期や、奈良盆地の既存勢力と距離を置きたい場合には、日本海-若狭湾-琵琶湖-淀川-大阪湾-瀬戸内海の内陸水系物流ルート沿いの琵琶湖南岸以南に都が置かれた。
- On the other hand, in time periods focusing on diplomacy, or if an emperor wanted to establish themselves at a distance from the existing powers in the Nara Basin, their capitals were placed to the south of the southern coast of Lake Biwa along the inland water system logistics route from the Japan Sea, via Wakasa Bay, Lake Biwa, the Yodo River, Osaka Bay and to the Seto Inland Sea.
- 李・朴は対馬藩のもたらす国書に「皇」や「勅」とあるのは単に自尊を意味するに過ぎず、朝鮮に対して唱えているのではない、受理しないというのは「交隣講好の道」に反していると主張した。
- YU and PARK insisted that the words 'imperial' and 'imperial order' written in the sovereign's message delivered by the Tsushima clan was not a statement to Korea but simply showed Japan's pride, and that to reject the acceptance of the message would be to oppose 'the way to peace and amity.'
- また、大規模な集落については、長期間継続し、人口も集住し、周辺に小集落が存在し、首長の居宅や祭祀用の大型掘っ立て柱建物があり、金属器生産が行われ、遠隔地との交流物品が出土する。
- Larger settlements were surrounded by neighboring smaller settlements, were used over a longer time with a larger number of population, contained the chief's residence and a large pit facility where rituals were held, produced metal ware in the village, and various materials received from remote regions in trade are excavated from remaining sites.
- 関ヶ原の戦いに勝利して覇権を確立した徳川家康は海外交易に熱心な人物で、1600年豊後の海岸に漂着したオランダ船の航海士ウィリアム・アダムスらを外交顧問として採用したほどである。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who won the Battle of Sekigahara and established hegemony, had great passion for foreign trade and even employed William Adams, who was the navigator of the Dutch ship that drifted ashore to Bungo in 1600, as his foreign advisor.
- 1873年6月の閣議(いわゆる留守政府)において参議板垣退助が交渉の行きづまりを打開するため陸軍一大隊の朝鮮への派遣を主張、西郷隆盛は使節の派遣と自らその職への任命を主張した。
- In a cabinet meeting (of the so-called rusu seifu - government while heads were away) in June 1873, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Sangi (the Councilor), claimed to dispatch a battalion of Army to Korea to resolve the deadlock in negotiations, and Takamori SAIGO demanded that an envoy be dispathced and he be appointed as the envoy.
- やがて時代が下って北宋・高麗・遼の商人とも交易を行ったが、11世紀には、聖福寺 (福岡市)・承天寺・筥崎宮・住吉神社 (福岡市)ら有力寺社や有力貴族による私貿易が盛んになった。
- Trade had been realized with the merchants from the Northern Sung dynasty, the Goryeo dynasty and the Liao dynasty as well, however, private trade developed by influential temples including Shofukuji Temple (in Fukuoka City), Jotenji Temple, Hakozakigu Shrine and Sumiyoshijinja Shrine (in Fukuoka City), and powerful nobles was prosperous in the 11th century.
- 1391年(元中8年/明徳2年)の明徳の乱で有力守護の山名氏を弱体化させ、武家勢力を統率した義満は、和泉国・紀伊国の守護で南朝と領地を接する大内義弘の仲介で本格的交渉を開始する。
- The Meitoku Rebellion in 1391 weakened the prominent provincial constable Yamana's clan, and with the samurai families united under Yoshimitsu, he had Yoshihiro OUCHI, who was the provincial constable of Isumi and Kii Provinces and whose property lay next to the Southern Court, to intervene and start serious negotiations.
- なお、明帝国は日本船の来航を禁止していたので、中国は(ポルトガル居留地マカオを除けば)朱印船渡航先とはならず、朝鮮との交易も対馬藩に一任されていたので、朱印状は発行されなかった。
- Since the Ming Empire forbade Japanese ships from visiting China, Chinese ports (except for Macao inhabited by Portuguese) were not included among the destinations of Shuinsen ships, and shuinsen licenses were not issued to ships that traded with Korea, either, since trading with Korea was entrusted entirely to Tsushima Domain.
- その範囲は、中央官制・法制・宮廷・身分制・地方行政・金融・流通・産業・経済・教育・外交・宗教政策など多岐に及び、日本をアジアで最初の西洋的国家体制を有する近代国家へと変貌させた。
- The restoration affected all areas of life, such as the organization of the central government, legislation, the Imperial court, the class system, the local administration, the distribution system, industry, education, diplomacy, and religious policy, and effectively converted Japan into the first Western-style modern state in Asia.
- いっぽう、庶民の社会的地位が高まり、商工業の発展にともなって町衆や農民が文化の担い手として登場したことから、文化の面でも幅広い交流がすすみ、庶民性や地方的特色がいっそう強まった。
- Meanwhile, as the social status of the common people rose with the development of commerce and industry, the merchant class and peasants emerged as supporters of culture; the broad cultural interaction was encouraged, and local or plebeian characteristics of culture were enhanced.
- また海外との交易によって禅宗をはじめとする大陸文化が伝えられると、武家はその影響を受けながらも、みずからの力強さ、簡潔さと公家文化の伝統美を融合させ、新しい武家文化を開化させた。
- As the culture of the continent including Zen Buddhism was introduced by the trade with foreign nations, the warrior class, even after being influenced by it, blended the strength and simplicity of its own culture with the traditional beauty of court noble's, and created a new culture of the warrior class.
- ほかにも、箸を持っていない方の手で茶碗や皿などの食器を持つ、主食と副菜(ごはんとおかず)を明確に分け交互に食べる(いわゆる三角食べ)など、日本以外では見られないようなことが多い。
- In addition, it is often seen only in Japan that dishes such as bowls and plates are held with the hand not holding chopsticks, meals are clearly divided into a main dish and side dishes (rice and accompanying dishes) and eaten alternately (so-called Sankaku tabe (triangular eating)).
- なお、本来の意味で用いる漢文の読み下し及び日本の古代の用例には漢音と呉音の混交した 'ひゃくせい'、日本の中世以降の用例には呉音の 'ひゃくしょう' の読みを当てるのが慣例である。
- Note that it is common to pronounce the term as 'hyakusei,' which is a mixture of the Han reading of Chinese characters and the Wu reading, in the case of a Japanese reading of a Chinese passage or a use in ancient Japanese that is used in the original meaning, or 'hyakusho,' which is the Wu reading, in a case of a use in Japanese in or after the medieval period.
- 日本二百名山に数えられる伯母子岳が単独で、または護摩壇山の関連ルートとして歩かれているのを一例外として、他は交通至難であることも手伝って歩く人も少なく、静謐な雰囲気が保たれている。
- Among many parts of the route, Mt. Obakodake is relatively busy because it is one of the 200 top mountains of Japan and one of routes to climb Mt. Gomadan, however, since the whole route is difficult to access, other parts of the route keep tranquil atmosphere.
- また、政務の交替とともに朝廷の高官・要職が一斉に入れ換えられ、一方の皇統の治天が下した訴訟の判決が他方の皇統の治天によって安易に覆されるなどの混乱も生じ、朝廷の権威の低下を招いた。
- Since the high officials and important positions were all changed when the heads were changed, confusion such as the judgment of a court cases during a Chiten in one line being easily upturned by the other line's Chiten occurred and this led to a decline in the Imperial Court's authority.
- これを後援するために5月4日に三田井方面に派遣された池上指揮部隊約1000名は、薩軍の本拠地人吉と延岡の交通路にあたる三田井の警備に部隊の一部を当て、主力は東進して延岡に進出した。
- Approximately 1,000 soldiers of the troop led by IKEGAMI were dispatched to the Mitai area on May 4 to support the NOMURA's troop, then part of the force was assigned to the role of guarding Mitai, located in a transportation route between Hitoyoshi, the stronghold of the Satsuma army, and Nobeoka, while the main force was advanced eastward to Nobeoka.
- 18世紀末から19世紀初めには、上方にかわる文化的な中心地ともなり、経済活動や参勤交代を通じた江戸を中心とする人の往来は江戸から地方へ、地方から江戸へ盛んな文化の伝播をもたらした。
- From the end of the 18th century through the beginning of the 19th century, Edo surpassed Kamigata (This is a commonly used term referring to Kyoto and the Kansai region) as a cultural center, and the active traffic of people between Edo and the provinces due to economic activities and the sankinkotai (a system that required feudal lords to reside in Edo every other year) facilitated the active transmission of culture between Edo and the provinces.
- また、出兵に参加した大名たちによって連れてこられた朝鮮人儒学者との学問や書画文芸での交流、そして陶工が大陸式の磁器の製法、瓦の装飾などを伝えたことで日本の文化に新たな一面を加えた。
- New aspects were added to Japanese culture by intercommunion in scholarship and calligraphy and painting as well as creative writing with Korean Confucians who were brought to Japan by daimyo who took part in dispatch to Korea and transmission by potters of manufacturing process of continental ceramics and the decoration of roof tiles.
- しかし義政の死後、明応の政変により将軍家が二つに割れて争う中、牙符は有力守護を味方に付ける道具として切り売りされて流出し、1501年には大内氏の手による偽日本国王使が通交している。
- After Yoshimasa died, the family in line to inherit the shogunate divided into two in the Meio no seihen (Meio disturbance), Gafu flew out as they were sold by the piece for winning the influential shugo to their own side, and in 1501, the pseudo envoys schemed by the Ouchi clan, were dispatched.
- しかしそれだけではなく、藤原京は唐との交流が途絶えた時期に造られたため、古い書物(『周礼』)に基づいた設計を行ったと考えられ、当時の中国の都城と比しても類例のないものとなっていた。
- However in addition, because Fujiwarakyo was constructed in a period when interaction with Tang was disrupted, it seemed to have been designed in accordance with the old book ('Shurei (Rites of Zhou)') and it has no comparable example among capitals of China of the era.
- 極東地域、日本近海にも欧米の船が出没する回数が多くなったが、幕府は日本との外交ルートを模索する外国使節や外国船の接触に対し、には外国船打払令を実行するなど、鎖国政策の継続を行った。
- In spite of the frequent visits of western vessels in the far east area, or the sea of Japan, the shogunate government continued the seclusion policy by strong measures such as the enforcement of the edict to repel foreign vessels in 1825 to prevent contacts with foreign envoys and vessels asking for a diplomatic channel with Japan.
- 元来、熨斗鮑とはアワビの肉を薄く削ぎ、干して琥珀色の生乾きになったところで、竹筒で押して伸ばし、更に水洗いと乾燥、押し伸ばしを交互に何度も繰り返すことによって調製したものを指した。
- The expression noshi awabi originally referred to thinly sliced pieces of abalone, which were half-dried until they took on an amber tint, then flattened with a bamboo stick to be washed in water and dried, and treated by repeating these processes many times.
- こうした結果、三浦の乱後の1511~1581年までの間、日本国王使は二十二回通交することになるがその中で本物の日本国王使は二回に過ぎず、残りの二十回は宗氏の仕立て上げた偽使であった。
- As a result of this, royal envoys visited Korea 22 times between 1511 and 1581 after the Sanpo War, but only 2 visits were by real royal envoys and the other 20 visits were by gishi which were prepared by the So clan.
- 大宝律令には都の東西両市における估価をはじめ、貿易や口分田などの公田からの納税(地子)を代物で納める(あるいは、地子を中央へ送るために地子交易を行う)ときの估価などが規定されている。
- Taiho Code defined the koka in the cities on both east and west of the capital, and the koka for in-kind payment of taxes on trade or taxes on fields administered directly by a ruler (jishi), such as kubunden (the farm land given to each farm in the Ritsuryo system) (or when conducting jishi trade in order to send jishi (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system to the central govenment)).
- しかし、これ以上の戦争の継続は不可能である日本が譲歩し、この調停を成功させたい米国がロシアを説得するという形で事態を収拾し、戦争賠償金には一切応じないという最低条件で交渉は締結した。
- However, the process finally saw progress when Japan, which could not carry on with the war any more, made a concession and the U.S.A., which was keen to conclude the negotiation successfully, persuaded Russia into settlement by the minimum requirements of not answering a war reparation at all.
- クビライは予め「風濤の険阻を以って辞となすなかれ」と日本側への国書の手交を厳命していたが、その「風濤の険阻」を理由に使者の両名は渡海もせず引き返してきたことに憤慨してこれを却下した。
- Kublai had ordered them strictly to deliver the imperial letter to Japan and 'not to give up for a reason attributable to bad weather,' and thus, when both envoys returned without crossing the sea due to the reason of 'bad weather,' he got upset and did not accept it.
- 万一、便器の内側で詰まりが発生して簡単に取れなくなっても給水管と床面に取り付けられているネジをはずすことで便器そのものを取り外せるため、便器を交換するほどの作業になることは稀である。
- Should the inside of lavatory basin be clogged and should the clog not be cleared easily, the basin itself can be removed by loosening the screws fixed on the water-supply pipe and floor, so it is rare that the basin must be replaced.
- しかしながら、交易で生計を立てている対馬と、胡椒・丹木・銅などの輸入を対馬に全面的に依存している朝鮮王朝の双方は折り合いを付ける必要に迫られ、1512年、壬申約条により和解が成立した。
- However, people in Tsushima who made their living from trade and the Korean Dynasty, who was totally dependent on imports from Tsushima for pepper, tanboku and copper, were obliged to get along with each other, and in 1512 they agreed on a settlement under the Jinshin Yakujo (visitor regulations which were established by the Korean Dynasty).
- しかし度重なる夢窓の懇請を受け、暦応4年12月23日 (旧暦)(1342年1月30日)直義は夢窓に対し、翌年秋に宋船2艘を渡航させ、交易で得られた利益を天龍寺造営にあてるよう提案する。
- On February 7, 1342, Tadayoshi complied with Muso's repeated earnest request and proposed that two vessels would make a voyage in fall in the following year, and that the profit gained from the trade would cover the expense for constructing Tenryu-ji Temple.
- しかし、延暦17年(798年)の太政官符によれば、令制国が地元特産物を朝廷に納めるために買い上げを行う(交易雑物)時には、和市の価(今日で言う市場価格)で購入するように命じられている。
- But the Daijokanpu issued in 798 (official docments issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) ordered ryoseikoku (province) to buy at Washi price (present-day market price) when purchasing local specialties (trading miscellaneous things) to deliver to the Court.
- だが、皇朝十二銭の廃絶などで貨幣流通が衰退する一方で代納品による租税の物納やそれに伴う交易による中央への上供品の購入が一般化すると、交換の価値基準としての估価が求められるようになった。
- However, with the elimination of Kocho-Junisen (twelve coins casted in Japan), circulation of currency fell, and on the other hand, with the wide-spread use of in-kind tax payments and purchasing goods from the trade related to the in-kind tax payments to deliver to the central government, koka was called for as the standards for prices.
- 約1,600m離れた位置からは、湖西線と琵琶湖線の線路が交差し、湖西線下り線は下り11、湖西線上り線は上り1となり、約1,750m離れた位置に湖西線下り線・上り線のトンネル入口がある。
- From a point of about 1,600 m, the tracks of the Kosei Line intersects the tracks of the Biwako Line, and Kosei Line tracks (westbound and eastbound) proceed toward portals for westbound and eastbound located about 1,750 m from this point, with a gradient of -11 for eastbound, and a gradient of 1 for westbound.
- 寛永12年(1635年)の「武家諸法度」の参勤交代を規定する条文には「大名小名在江戸交替所相定也毎歳夏四月中可致参勤従者之員数……」と書かれており、「参勤」と「交替」が用いられている。
- As the provision mentioning Sankin-kotai in the 1635 edition of Buke Shohatto (code for the warrior households) said, '大名小名在江戸交替所相定也毎歳夏四月中可致参勤従者之員数…'(we announce the establishment of daimyo's sankin-kotai. Daimyo are required to arrive at Edo in every April. Too many retainers are employed recently...), '参勤' and '交替'were used.
- 1879年明治政府のいわゆる琉球処分に際しても、それに反対する清との1880年北京での交渉において日本は沖縄本島を日本領とし八重山諸島と宮古島を中国領とする案(分島改約案)を提示した。
- Japan made a proposal that the main island of Okinawa be a part of Japanese territory and that both the Yaeyama Islands and Miyako Island be a part of Chinese territory (Bunto revision plan, which literally means a plan to divide islands for a treaty revision) in the negotiation held in Beijing in 1880 with Qing, which had been opposing to what is known as the Ryukyu Annexation by the Meiji Government in 1879.
- 特にクーデターで国司が交代した上総・相模では、頼朝の下に武士たちが瞬く間に集結して一大勢力を形成しており、清盛は孫の平維盛に追討軍を率いさせたが、富士川の戦いであえなく敗走してしまった。
- Especially in Kazusa and Sagami, where the governor had just been changed after a coup d'etat, many bushi gathered under Yoritomo very quickly and created one big force, which Kiyomori sent under his grandson, TAIRA no Koremori to lead the attack, but they lost at the Battle of Fuji-gawa River.
- ただし、幕府としても本来の趣旨は軍役奉仕であったため、藩財政が破綻して軍役が不可能となることは、参勤交代の趣旨を根底的に否定する事になるため、大名行列の制限を行うなどの措置を採っている。
- But because the bakufu introduced the system for military service, clans' failure to do military service owing to their financial difficulty was detrimental to the foundation of the system, which led the bakufu to take measures such as restricting daimyo-gyoretsu (daimyo's procession).
- それに対し、対馬は山がちで耕地が少なく土地を通じた領国支配は困難であった。そのため、宗氏は通交権益の知行化を通じて有力庶家の掌握や地侍の被官化を行い、領国支配を推し進めていた(宗氏領国)。
- On the other side, Tsushima was a mountainous country with small arable land, so it was difficult to govern the territory only with taxes imposed on the land.
- 」(輸送品は道に連なり、倭人上京道路沿線住民は官吏・人民の区別なく、夜昼を問わず交易品の運搬に駆り出され、妻子に至るもその苦役を受け、荷物の重さに耐えかね牛は道に斃れる)と描写されている。
- Products to be exported are piled up on the streets, and all residents who live along the streets which Japanese people use for the travel to the capital city, both government officials and ordinary people, have to help the transportation of the products day and night; and furthermore, even women and children also have to do that duty, and cows which sink under a heavy burden just fall down on the street.'
- 十津川河岸から集落までの急傾斜地にはコジイ、サカキ、カシ、アセビ、ウバメガシが生育し、果無集落周辺からはアカマツ、コナラなどに、モミ、ツガ、ヒメシャラ、ホオノキなどを交えた二次林が広がる。
- On the steep slope from the bank of Totsu-kawa River to the village, kojii (Castanopsis cuspidate), sakaki, oak, asebi (Japanese Andromeda) and ubamegashi (quercus phillyraeoides) grow; and from near Hatenashi Village, there extends a secondary forest of Japanese red pine, konara (quercus serrata), fir tree, southern Japanese hemlock, himeshara (tall stewartia) and honoki (magnolia hypoleuca).
- また古くから交易のあった中国の単位と、日本国内のものとは密接な関係があったわけであるが、呉承洛の『中国度量衡史』による隋代の1銭は4.1762グラム、唐代の1銭は3.7301グラムである。
- And in China, whose weight units influenced Japanese counterparts through commerce from ancient times, 1 sen was set at 4.1762 grams in Sui dynasty, and at 3.7301 grams in the Tang dynasty, says 'History of Chinese Weights and Measures' written by Wu Chengluo.
- 参勤交代は軍役であるから、大名は保有兵力である配下の武士を随員として大量に引き連れて江戸に出仕し、領地に引き上げねばならないため、移動の際に大名行列という大掛かりな行進を行う必要があった。
- Because sankin-kotai was a military service, daimyo had to move with a great number of their subordinate warriors, which traveling took the form of a large-scale march called daimyo-gyoretsu.
- 当時、国司交替の際に、後任の国司が、適正な事務引継を受けたことを証明する解由状という文書を前任の国司へ発給する定めとなっており、実際に現地で解由状を受領する国司を「受領」と呼ぶようになった。
- There was a provision at the time that, when the kokushi changes, the successor issues a document called geyujo (discharge certificates) to his predecessor; the kokushi who received the geyujo in the province was then called 'zuryo'.
- 1834年『庭訓往来具注鈔』という本では、一通の手紙文を数段にわけ、段ごとに割注(漢字かな交じり文・総ふりがな付き)を挿入、最後に必ず「文意」の項を設け、この段全般に及ぶ意味を要約している。
- In 1834, the book 'Teikin Orai Guchusho' (Commentary of Teikin Orai), each letter was broken down into several paragraphs and each paragraph had a let-in note that contained both kanji and kana with all kanji accompanied by furigana, always closing with a section on 'sentence meaning' that summarized the whole paragraph.
- 後期倭寇はそれまでの倭寇と違い通交権を盾にした統制の効かない相手であり、朝鮮王朝は有効な対策を打ち出せないまま、1588年の豊臣秀吉の海賊停止令により倭寇が終息するまで苦しめられることになる。
- Unlike the cases of early wako pirates, the Korean Dynasty could not take advantage of the benefit of trading rights in order to control the late wako, and they had suffered troubles caused by the late wako without any effective countermeasures until Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI issued the Kaizoku Teishirei (act to ban the piracy) in 1588.
- すなわち、元日は時の管領が、2日は土岐氏、3日は佐々木氏、7日は赤松氏、15日は山名氏が行うこととされた(なお、佐々木氏が京極氏と六角氏に分裂すると、両氏が毎年交代で椀飯を奉ることとなった)。
- In other words, Oban was to be served on New Year's day by the kanrei (shogunal deputy) of that time, Toki clan on the second, Sasaki clan on the third, Akamatsu clan on the seventh, and Yamanaka clan on the fifteenth (However, when the Sasaki clan split into the Kyogoku and Rokkaku clans, the two clans took turns serving oban).
- 寛永12年(1635年)の参勤交代制度のもとでは、諸大名は1年毎に江戸と自領を行き来し、妻子は人質として江戸に常住しなければならないと同時に、その旅費や江戸の滞在費を全て大名に負担させていた。
- Under the sankin-kotai system established in 1635, daimyo, in addition to residing in Edo and their own feudal domains each for one year, leaving their own families in Edo permanently as hostages, had to pay their own travel costs and living costs in Edo.
- こうした問題点を是正するため、日本の農林水産省は2006年秋、「海外日本食レストラン認証制度」案を発表し、本来の日本食を提供する店を認証(後に「推奨」と変更)して推奨マークを交付しようとした。
- With the announcement of a draft titled 'A certification system for Japanese restaurants overseas' in the autumn of 2006, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Japan, aiming to improve these situations, tried to issue a recommendation mark to the restaurants which were certified (later, the ministry changed its stance from certified to recommended) by the ministry for serving original Japanese foods.
- 成年に達した男児は、布1反と米か、或いは、餅か酒を女性宅に持参し、その1反の布を女性が褌(六尺褌)に仕立てて、男児を裸にし、褌の締め方や使い方を教え伝えて、祝の杯を交わす儀式であると言われる。
- It is said that celebrations were held when adolescents reached the age of puberty where a bolt of cloth, rice or sake (rice wine) was presented to a girls household whereupon, the cloth was used to make loincloths and a naked adolescent was instructed how to tie traditional undergarments and toasts were exchanged.
- 明治維新以降の近代に入ってからは熊野詣の風習も殆どなくなってしまったため、参詣道としての利用はほとんど絶えたものの、周囲の住人が交易・物資移送を行う生活道路として昭和初期までは使用されつづけた。
- Since in modern times after the Meiji Restoration, the custom of the pilgrimage to Kumano became obsolete, Kohechi was no longer used as a pilgrimage route, however it continued to be used as a community road for trade and transportation of goods by local residents until the early Showa era.
- 「天下の台所」と呼ばれた経済都市の大阪は健在であったが、江戸期以来参勤交代で富裕層の集住に成功して大消費地となった江戸が、東京となって中央集権体制を確立し、税と外貿で富を更に集めるようになった。
- As Osaka, an economic city called the 'kitchen of Japan,' was in good health, Edo succeeded in attracting many wealthy people by Sankinkotai system (a daimyo's alternate-year residence in Edo) and became a major consumer area in Edo period, and after changing its name to Tokyo, established a centralized administrative framework, and came to collect more wealth by taxes and foreign trade.
- 日露戦争において終始優勢を保っていた日本は、これ以上の戦争継続が国力の面で限界であったことから、当時英仏列強に肩を並べるまでに成長し国際的権威を高めようとしていた米国に仲介を依頼し交渉を行った。
- Realizing that its national resources had reached the limit and, hence, it could not continue with the war any longer, Japan, which had been keeping the advantageous position all through the Russo-Japanese War, requested the U.S.A., which had at that time comparable power to the great world powers, the U.K. and France, and was eager to enhance its international status, to mediate the negotiation between them.
- 交渉中特に問題となったのは、公使がソウルに官舎を構えるか否か(公使派出問題)、日本の役人が朝鮮内地を移動できるか否か、開港地における一般日本人の移動範囲、米や雑穀の輸出入といったテーマであった。
- They had long arguments about those topics in particular, such as whether the ministers would establish the official residence (a problem of dispatch of ministers), whether Japanese government officials could move inland in Korea, the range of traveling for general Japanese in the places where ports were opened, and import and export of rice and grain.
- また銃剣の登場もこれに大きく寄与していると考えられるが、同時にこの時代は大砲の運用が飛躍的に改良されており、銃兵の交替射撃のみが戦線の状況を変革させたと論じるのは未だ大きな検討を要するであろう。
- Also, the appearance of bayonet drill is considered to have contributed much to this, but at the same time, during this period the operation of the cannon was dramatically improved and it still needs much revision to argue that only the exchange shooting of fusiliers transformed the battle line situation.
- 諸国の受領の大幅な交替も行われ、平氏の知行国はクーデター前の17ヶ国から32ヶ国になり、「日本秋津島は僅かに66ヶ国、平家知行の国三十余ヶ国、既に半国に及べり」(『平家物語』)という状態となった。
- There was a wide shift in the zuryo of each province, and chigyokoku of Taira clan increased to thirty-two from seventeen provinces prior to the coup d'état; 'Japan Akitsu-shima (literally, 'Land of Dragonflies') has only sixty-six provinces, and Heike (Taira family) chigyokoku became thirty-something provinces, already half the size of a country' ('The Tale of the Heike').
- 当時の日本列島は縄文時代晩期ないし弥生時代初期であり、この時期から日本列島と中国との通交が始まったとする見解もあるが、『論衡』の成立が1世紀であるため、同書に依拠することに慎重な見解が有力である。
- The Japanese Archipelago was then in the late Jomon period or early Yayoi period, and some believe that trade between China and Japan began around that time, but since 'Ronko' was written in the first century, it is generally considered that the book should be taken with caution.
- 天下統一を達成した豊臣秀吉は日本人の海外交易を統制し、倭寇を禁圧する必要から、1592年に初めて朱印状を発行してマニラ、アユタヤ、パタニになどに派遣したとされるが、この時のことはあまり資料がない。
- Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who achieved the unification of the whole country, regulated Japanese foreign trading by printing Shuinjo in 1592 in order to suppress wako and dispatched people to Manila, Ayutthaya, and Pattani but few documents exist concerning this period.
- これは祀りが、祈りに通じることから神職やそれに順ずる者(福男・福娘や弓矢の矢取り)などが行う「祈祷」や「神との交信の結果としての占い」などどであり、いわゆる「神社神道」の本質としての祀りでもある。
- This is because a worship leads to a prayer, and a worship refers to 'a prayer' or 'fortune-telling as a result of communication with a god' which is conducted by Shinto priesthood or a person subject to it (such as fukuotoko [the luckiest man], fukumusume [Good fortune girls], or arrow picker of Yumiya [bow and arrow]), and is so called a worship as an essence of 'Shrine Shinto.'
- ただし、起伏のある地形や京都・大阪・神戸それぞれが都市としての核であることから、首都圏のように東京を中心として環状に交通網が延びているわけではないが、それぞれの核都市を中心に同心円状に拡がっている。
- However, because of the undulating landscape, and because Kyoto, as well as Osaka and Kobe, is its own city center in itself, the traffic networks do not extend out in a circular fashion like the Tokyo metropolitan area with the center in Tokyo, but instead, the traffic networks expand in a concentric fashion with the center in each city.
- 神仏分離令の主旨は仏教の排斥ではなく、江戸時代までの神仏習合による仏教と神道の混交から両者を分離することであったが、当時の復古的機運は仏教でさえも外来の宗教として激しく排斥する廃仏毀釈へと向かった。
- The gist of this Edict was not to reject Buddhism but to separate Shinto and Buddhism from the syncretism that existed until the Edo period, but this reactionary movement was strongly rejected by the anti-Buddhist movement, who regarded Buddhism as the imported religion.
- 直武の絵画における弟子としては、蘭癖大名として知られる熊本藩主細川重賢とも交流のあった藩主佐竹曙山、北家当主(角館城代)佐竹義躬、藩士田代忠国・荻津勝孝・菅原寅吉、久保田藩御用絵師菅原虎三などがいる。
- Shozan SATAKE, a feudal lord known for his association with the lord of the Kumamoto clan Shigekata HOSOKAWA who was known for his hot temper, Yoshimi SATAKE, the family head of the Northern House of the Satake clan (the Keeper of Kakunodate-jo Castle), as well as statesmen including Tadakuni TASHIRO, Katsutaka OGITSU, Torakichi SUGAWARA and Torazo SUGAWARA, a painter of the Kubota clan, were all among Naotake's painting disciples.
- バス:西日本旅客鉄道和歌山線五条駅 (奈良県)から奈良交通西吉野温泉(専用道城戸経由)ゆきバスで約30分、もしくは十津川方面ゆき(城戸行き、新宮駅行きなど)バスで約30分、城戸停留所下車徒歩約20分。
- By bus: Take a bus of the Nara Kotsu Bus Lines bound for Nishiyoshino Onsen Hot Spring (via Jodo on the bus-dedicated road) from Wakayama Line Gojo Station of the West Japan Railway Company (Nara Prefecture) for approximately 30 minutes, or take the bus bound for Totsu-kawa River (for Jodo, Shingu Station, etc.) for approximately 30 minutes and a 20-minute walk after getting off at the Kido bus stop.
- 亀山が倒幕を考えている、という噂が立つなどの政情不安のなか、結局、弘安10年(1287年)になって幕府は治天・天皇の交替を要求し、皇太子煕仁(23歳、伏見天皇)が践祚して後深草による院政が開始された。
- In the midst of political unrest, when Kameyama was rumored to be thinking of overthrowing the Shogunate, the bakufu ordered a change in Chiten and Emperor in 1287, with the Crown Prince Hirohito (aged 23, Emperor Fushimi) ascending the throne and Gofukakusa starting a cloistered government.
- なお、当初は暦博士は暦本作成のみを担当し、御暦所や御暦奏には関与しなかったが、9世紀後期より陰陽頭・助と交じって御暦奏に加わる例が見られるようになった(『日本三代実録』仁和2年11月丙子朔(1日)条)。
- At the beginning, rekihakase participated only in making calendar books and were not involved in the onkoyomidokoro and goryakuso, but from the late ninth century, he began to participate in goryakuso together with Onmyo no kami and suke (according to 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' dated on December 4, 886).
- 大和絵の手法によって描かれた絵と詞書とを交互につらね、異時同図法によってあたかも映画を見るようにつぎつぎに展開する画面の連続は、世界の絵画史においても他にほとんど類例をみないきわめて日本的な形態である。
- Illustrations drawn in the method of Yamato-e painting (a traditional Japanese style painting of the late Heian and Kamakura periods dealing with Japanese themes) and Kotobagaki are alternately placed and each frame is advanced as if it was a movie, using the compositional method; a method to show successive events within a unified background, which is a typical Japanese style with hardly no real precedent in international painting history.
- しかし、小辺路の起源は、もともと紀伊山地山中の住人の生活道路として大和国・高野・熊野を結ぶ山岳交通路が開かれていたものが畿内近国と高野山・熊野を結ぶ参詣道として利用され始めたことにあると考えられている。
- However, it is considered that Kohechi was originally a local road connecting Yamato Province, Koya and Kumano for residents in the Kii Mountain Range, and it gradually became a pilgrimage route connecting the provinces in the Kinai region and Koyasan or Kumano.
- 慶應2年(1866年)、幕府が改税約書によりイギリス、フランス、アメリカ合衆国、オランダ四ヵ国と交わした自由造幣局設立の確約を受け、慶應4年(1868年)4月17日、明治維新は金座および銀座を接収した。
- With a pledge to establish a free currency minting bureau in the amended tariff treaty that the Edo shogunate concluded with Britain, France, the United States and Holland in 1866, the ginza and the kinza were closed with the Meiji Restoration on April 17, 1868.
- 平仮名の使用は長い間女性に限定されていたと言われてきたが、実際には和歌を中心として男性が非公式の場において平仮名を用いる事もあり、日本最初の勅撰和歌集『古今和歌集』も平仮名交じりの文体が採用されている。
- Although hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) had been believed for long to be used only by female, male also used hiragana in writing informal sentences like waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables), which are shown in 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), the first Chokusenshu (anthology of poems compiled by Imperial command) in Japan, written in hiragana-mingled style.
- しかし、ほどなくして、行政の不徹底を防止・監督するため、官人交替のときに前任者と後任者が事務引継ぎを行い、前任の実績に問題がなければ、後任から前任へ事務引継ぎ完了を証明する文書を発給する制度が導入された。
- However, shortly after that, the following system was introduced to supervise administration more thoroughly: When an officer was replaced with another person, the former officer made a document describing matters necessary for continuing office duties and handed it over to the new officer, and the new officer issued a certificate showing that he or she accepted the proper document.
- なお、残っている建物こそ少なくても、多くの旧城下町では道の区割りなどに城下町時代の痕跡を残しており、上記のように敵の侵攻を妨ぐように道が区画されていた場合、現在では自動車交通に支障を来していることが多い。
- Although there are few remaining buildings, many previous jokamachi still retain the mark of their jokamachi period in their road division and the like, and since the roads were made to prevent enemy invasion, in many cases, they are limiting automobile transportation.
- 参勤交代などの江戸幕府の公用のために行う大名行列は幕府によって人数が定められており、1万石の小大名でも50人から100人を引き連れることを義務付けられ、102万石の加賀藩では最盛期に4,000人に及んだ。
- Daimyo-gyoretsu which was carried on for public purpose of Edo bakufu such as Sankinkotai had a fixed number of attendants, so even small feudal lords with only ten thousands Goku crop yields were obligated to take fifty to one hundred attendants, and the number of Kaga domain with one million twenty thousands Goku crop yields reached four thousands attendants at its peak.
- 当時の朝廷は、隋との交渉の中で、律令制とその基本理念を知る機会はあった(622年に帰国した遣隋使の恵日らが推古天皇に唐の律令制について報告している)が、それを実行に移す能力は未だ朝廷に備わっていなかった。
- The Imperial Court of the time had the opportunity to learn about the Ritsuryo system and its basic concepts through talks with the Sui Dynasty (envoys to the Sui Dynasty, including Einichi, returned Japan in 622 and reported to Empress Suiko on the Tang Dynasty's Ritsuryo system) but they were not capable enough to put this knowledge into practice.
- 交渉は18日より徳川方の京極忠高の陣において、家康側近の本多正純、阿茶局と、豊臣方の使者として派遣された淀殿の妹である常高院との間で行われ、19日には講和条件が合意、20日に誓書が交換され和平が成立した。
- The negotiations took place in Tadataka KYOGOKU's camp on Tokugawa side between Masazumi HONDA and Acha-no-tsubone from Tokugawa side and Joko-in, who was Yodo-dono's sister and had been dispatched as a messenger of the Toyotomi side; on 19th peace terms were agreed and pacification was made with an exchange of written vows (the old calendar).
- バス 近畿日本鉄道大和八木駅、西日本旅客鉄道五条駅 (奈良県)、JR新宮駅より奈良交通(八木新宮線、十津川線) - 「十津川温泉」停留所で十津川村営バス(上湯川線、寺垣内線)に乗換 - 「小原口」停留所下車
- By bus: Take Nara Kotsu Bus Lines (Yagi-Shingu Route, Totsukawa Route) from Yamato-Yagi Station of the Kinki Nippon Railway Company, Gojo Station of the West Japan Railway Company (Nara Prefecture), or JR Shingu Station, and transfer to Totsukawa Village Bus (Kamiyukawa Route, Teragaito Route) at the bus stop of `Totsukawa Onsen Hot Spring' and get off the bus at the bus stop of `Ohara entrance.'
- 川・堀の水路網と蔵は江戸を象徴する町並の特徴であり、蔵造りの町並が残された川越市、栃木市、佐原市などの関東地方の河港都市は、江戸に似た構造という点や江戸と交流が深かったという点から「小江戸」と呼ばれている。
- Channel networks of rivers and moats and kura (the earthen-walled storehouses) characterized the Edo cityscape, and those river port cities in the Kanto area where the kura cityscape have survived such as Kawagoe, Tochigi, and Sawara are called 'small Edo' for their architectural resemblance to Edo and the fact that these cities were actively traded with Edo.
- 1544年に発生した蛇梁倭変により、1512年に宗氏と朝鮮王朝の間で締結された壬申約条は破棄され、日本国王使(室町幕府使節)および大内氏・少弐氏の使節を除き、日本からの通交(外交を兼ねた貿易)は禁じられた。
- In the saryan wahen (Coup of Shinryo IWAYA) which occurred in 1544, the Jinshin Yakujo concluded between the So clan and the Yi-Dynasty in 1512 was denounced; thereafter, trading (trade concurrent with a diplomacy visit) from Japan was inhibited except for the King of Japan envoy (the Muromachi bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] envoy) and the envoys from the Ouchi clan and the Shoni clan.
- 江戸時代初期、正座の広まった要因としては、江戸幕府が小笠原流礼法を採用した際に参勤交代の制定より、全国から集められた大名達が全員将軍に向かって正座をする事が決められ、それが各大名の領土へと広まった事が一つ。
- One factor why sitting in the seiza style became popular in the early Edo period was that when the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) adopted the Ogasawara school of etiquette, the Daimyo (feudal lords) were required to use seiza style when they all gathered to meet the Shogun under the Sankinkotai system, which required them to spend every other year in Edo, and the custom then spread to their domains.
- 2005年に北海道十勝支庁管内の上士幌町が避花粉地として名乗りをあげたほか、続いて2006年には鹿児島県の奄美諸島も療養や保養目的の観光客(花粉症患者)誘致を始め、これは国交省がモニターツアーの募集を行った。
- In 2005 the Hokkaido town of Kamishihoro-cho under the jurisdiction of the Tokachi subprefectural claimed to be area unaffected by pollen and in 2006 the Amami Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture began to attract tourists (pollinosis patients) for the purpose of recuperation with the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism taking applications and operating the trips on a trial basis.
- 河内祥輔は東国独立論の存在を否定(平広常の個人的意見でしかないと)する立場から、頼朝の立場を平家政権の支配からの独立とそれに代わる朝廷との関係構築を求めて、一貫して後白河法皇との直接交渉を望んだ点を重視する。
- From the standpoint that denies the existence of the argument about the independence of the Togoku region (and regards it as only a personal opinion of TAIRA no Hirotsune), Shosuke KOUCHI focuses on the fact that Yoritomo consistently desired to negotiate directly with the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa seeking independence from the ruling of the Heike government and the relationship building with the Imperial Court in lieu thereof.
- この方式では、まず、家屋、ビルなどが直接面している通りの名を先に言い、その後に直近で交差する通りの名を付記し、「上る」(あがる)、「下る」(さがる)、「東入」(ひがしいる)、「西入」(にしいる)等と表記する。
- According to this method, the street name which a house or a building directly faces is being mentioned first, and then a name of an intersecting street in the nearest area is added, followed by the expressions such as 'Agaru' (to the north of), 'Sagaru' (to the south of), 'Higashiiru' (to the east of) and 'Nishiiru' (to the west of).
- 江戸幕府はスペイン・ポルトガル勢力をアジアから追放しようとするイギリスとオランダの商人によってこの情報を得て、家康の積極外交から鎖国に方針転換したと考えられている(家光が単に外国嫌いであったという説もある)。
- It is believed that the Edo Bakufu changed its policy to seclusionism after obtaining this information from merchants of Britain and the Netherlands who were aiming to oust Spanish and Portuguese power from Asia, even though the Edo Bakufu during the era of the Ieyasu TOKUGAWA shogunate had positive relations with foreign countries (another theory suggests that Iemitsu was simply a xenophobia.)
- 日本側は従来の冊封体制的な交隣関係から、条約に基礎づけられた関係へと、日朝関係を変化させることを企図したのであるが、一方朝鮮側はこれまでどおり冊封関係にとどまり、その中で日本との関係を位置づけようとしていた。
- Japan attempted to change the style of the relationship with Korea from that of peace and amity based on the conventional tributary system to that based on a treaty, whereas Korea intended to maintain the conventional tributary system and establish a relationship with Japan under its framework.
- 租・調 (律令制)・庸および雑徭、出挙、交易などからなる律令租税体系は10世紀から11世紀中期にかけて、米納を中心とする官物(かんもつ)と、夫役・雑物からなる雑役(ぞうえき)といった2つの体系に移行していった。
- Around the tenth to mid-eleventh century, the Ritsuryo Taxation System of So (rice tax), Cho (tributes [Ritsuryo system]), Yo (labor) and zoyo (irregular corvee), suiko (government loans), kyoyaku (trading tributes) changed into Kanmotsu, which was basically paid in rice, and Zoeki, consisting of Buyaku (labor service) and Zatsumotsu (tributes).
- 日本軍は、漆川梁海戦で朝鮮水軍を壊滅させると進撃を開始し、たちまち全羅道の道都全州を占領、忠清道の稷山で明軍と交戦(稷山の戦い:双方とも自軍の勝利と記録)した後、京畿道 (朝鮮八道)の安城市・竹山まで進撃した。
- Having wiped out the Korean navy at The naval Battle of Chilcheollyang, the Japanese forces attacked and conquered the cities of Chonju of Jeolla Province, fought against the Ming force at Shokusan (the Battle of Shokusan: both forces recorded they had won.), and also attacked Chikusan, Anjo-city of Gyeonggi Province (Eight Provinces of Korea).
- 1443年(世宗 (朝鮮王)25年)朝鮮通信使書状官として日本に赴いた後、成宗の命を受けて作成したもので、日本の天皇家や国王(各時代の権力者)、地名、国情、交聘往来の沿革、使臣館待遇接待の節目などを記録している。
- After being dispatched to Japan as the recorder of travel logs for the Joseon envoy, Shin wrote the book in 1443 under the order of King Seongjong and it records details including those of Japan's Imperial Family, lords (influential people throughout the ages), place names, the state of national affairs, the movements of the diplomatic mission, and rules of the reception met by the envoy, and so on.
- このことから王権の基盤がヤマトから河内国へ移動したとする説、王権の基盤はヤマトだが海外通交の窓口となる河内を開発したとする説、それまでの王統が断絶して新王統が成立したとする説(王朝交替説)、などが提出されている。
- Theories to explain this include the Kingdom's base moving from Yamato to the Kawachi Plain; the base remaining in Yamato, but the Kawachi Plain being developed as a port to trade with foreign countries; or the original royal line ending and a new one being established (the Dynastic Change Theory).
- 甲陽軍鑑には「その日の(事前にあった別の)戦いに勝ったと思った今川軍が略奪に散る中、織田軍が味方のように入り交じり、義元の首を取った」とあり、又別の史料で徳川家康が「今川軍が略奪し、油断していた」と証言したのも確認。
- Koyo Gunkan states that 'just when the Imagawa army thought they had won the battle (another previous battle) that day and went off for looting, the Oda army was mixed up in them and took Yoshimoto's head,' while another historical source confirms that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was quoted as saying 'the Imagawa army was looting, and caught off guard.'
- 朝鮮王朝建国当初においては対馬以外の地域からも興利倭船が派遣されていたが、入港場の制限・行状所持の義務化・文引制の施行等、通交統制が進み通交経費の増加に伴い、対馬以外の地域から派遣される興利倭船は姿を消すことになる。
- Although Koriwasen were dispatched from regions other than Tsushima at the beginning of the Korea kingdom, as the regulation on the traffic progressed and traffic expenses increased such as restriction on the ports for Koriwasen to enter, requirement for Koriwa to bear gyojo, enforcement of bunin system (require all the passenger to bear passage permission issued by the So clan), Koriwasen dispatched from the region other than Tsushima gradually disappeared.
- (訳;秀吉が死に(明と日本は停戦したため)、我が軍(明の軍隊)が全て撤退すると、朝鮮は日本を甚だしく恐れ、日本と友好関係を結びたいと考えたが、その一方で(日本と国交を結ぶことで)明の機嫌を損ねるのではないかと恐れた)。
- A translation: Hideyoshi died (and the war between the Ming and Japan stopped), and all of our troops (Ming troops) had been pulled out, and then Korea came to fear Japan exceedingly and came to consider establishing a good relationship with Japan, but on the other hand, Korea feared that the establishment of diplomatic relations might anger the Ming.
- 桂は、「満州問題に対しては、我に於て露國の優越権を認め、之を機として朝鮮問題を根本的に解決すること」、「此の目的を貫徹せんと欲せば、戦争をも辞せざる覚悟無かる可からず」という対露交渉方針について伊藤と山縣の同意を得た。
- Katsura received approval from Ito and Yamagata on the following policies to be negotiated with Russia 'We will recognize the rights of Russia concerning the issue of Manchuria, and we would like to use this opportunity to decisively settle the issue of Korea,' 'If we want to achieve this, we must be prepared to go to war.'
- 瀬戸内航路の確保、大宰府の対外交渉権の接収、摂津国大輪田泊の修築・宋船入港許可などによって日宋貿易を拡大した平清盛は、治承3年(1179年)に太平御覧を購入して書写させ、写本は手元において、摺本を高倉天皇に献上している。
- TAIRA no Kiyomori expanded trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China through securing a route through the Inland Sea, acquiring the right to publicly negotiate with Sung from Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), restoring Owada no tomari (Owada port) in Settsu Province as well as acquiring port entry permission for vessels from Sung at Owada no tomari; in 1179, he purchased Taihei Gyoran and had it copied, dedicating surihon (printed book) to Emperor Takakura with the copied version at hand.
- 武士の人口は、参勤交代に伴う地方からの単身赴任者など、流動的な部分が非常に多く、その推定は20万人程度から100万人程度までとかなりの幅があり、最盛期の江戸の総人口も68万人から150万人まで様々な推定値が出されている。
- Estimates for the samurai residing in Edo vastly ranges between two-hundred thousand and one million due to many fluctuating factors such as the unaccompanied assignments of regional samura in accordance to the requirements of the Sankinkotai system, and the total population for Edo during its apex has ranged from 680,000 to 1.5 million.
- 釜山における国交交渉が数年間継続しても挫折しつづけてきたことに焦れた日本はマシュー・カルブレース・ペリーの江戸湾来航の前例に倣い、ソウル特別市に近い江華島で威迫交渉することで一挙に積年の懸案を解決しようと図ったのである。
- As Japan grew anxious that the negotiation of diplomatic relations at Busan repeatedly failed over the course of several years, it tried to solve the long-standing problem at a stroke by exercising a menacing negotiation at Ganghwa Island near Seoul special city, following the precedent of Matthew Calbraith PERRY's arrival at Edo Bay.
- これらの事から、鉄道交通関連の店舗において関ヶ原より東京側の名古屋駅、岐阜駅、大垣駅の各駅付近以東では関東風の醤油醤油の種類と特徴など、関ヶ原を越えた米原駅より大阪側は醤油醤油の種類と特徴などを使用していると考えられる。
- Based on these reports, as for Udon noodles shops relating to the railway, it is conceivable that those ranging from Tokyo to Sekigahara, namely shops in Nagoya Station, Gifu Station, Ogaki Station and other stations spreading to the east, use Kanto-type, dark-colored soy sauce, while those ranging west from Maibara Station, namely shops in the Osaka side, use Kansai-type, light-colored soy sauce.
- 1904年2月23日、開戦前に「局外中立宣言」をした大韓帝国における軍事行動を可能にするために日韓議定書を締結し、開戦後8月には第一次日韓協約を締結、大韓帝国の財政、外交に顧問を置き条約締結に日本政府との協議をすることとした。
- On February 23rd, 1904, Japan concluded the Japan-Korean Protocol enabling Japan to take military action in the Korea in spite of the fact that the Korean Empire had announced a 'Declaration of neutrality' prior to the outbreak of the war; This made the way for the conclusion of the Japan-Korea Treaty in August 1904 in which Japan assigned advisers to Korean financial and foreign affairs departments to ensure that they consulted the Japanese government prior to concluding treaties with foreign powers.
- 3世紀中葉-後期に成立したとされるヤマト王権の王たちも対外的には倭王・倭国王を称したと考えられており、実際に4世紀後期から5世紀末にかけて中国王朝と活発な通交を重ねた諸王も中国に対して倭王または倭国王を称している(倭の五王)。
- It is considered that kings of the Yamato Dynasty, which was supposedly established in mid or later third century, externally called themselves the King of Wa or the King of Wakoku, and in fact, Shoo (princes without imperial proclamation) who were actively involved in friendly relations with Chinese Dynasties from the late fourth to late fifth century called themselves the King of Wakoku (The five kings of Wa).
- 自営業でなくても、親と同じ職種につくことは人脈や職務上必要とされる知識といった無形の財産をひきつぐ上で有利であるため、政治家、外交官、大学教員、芸能人など、社会的に突出した職業や地位の多くに、事実上の世襲が多くなる傾向がある。
- Even though it is not an independent enterprise, to take the same occupation as the parent is advantageous in terms of the succession of intangible assets such as goodwill, personal networks and the knowledge required in the course of their work; therefore, many of those occupations or positions that are regarded as socially outstanding such as politicians, diplomatic officials, academics, and entertainers tend to be passed on through the generations.
- こうした入港場の制限は興利倭の生活を困窮させるものであり、1427年に倭寇出身の対馬の実力者早田左衛門太郎が慶尚道全域において任意に交易出来るよう朝鮮王朝に請願するが拒絶され、代わりに塩浦(蔚山広域市)のみ入港場に追加された。
- That entry restriction would drive Koriwa into a corner -- In 1427, Saemontaro SODA, who was originally wako and influential figure in Tsushima, made a petition to the Korea kingdom to allow them free trade all over Gyengsangnam-do: In response, the Korea kingdom rejected the petition but added Yeompo, Ulsan-Gwangyeoksi (Ulsan Metropolitan City 蔚山広域市) instead.
- 牙符制が導入されるまで日本国王使・王城大臣使に対する査証の手段は存在せず、1450年代から貿易利権を目当てに王城大臣使を名乗る偽使が出現し、1470年代には偽使により「朝鮮遣使ブーム」と呼ばれる偽王城大臣使の大量通交が発生する。
- No endorsement for the King of Japan envoy nor the Ojo-daijin envoy existed until Gafusei was introduced, and from the 1450s, pseudo envoys representing the Ojo-daijin envoy appeared with the intention of acquiring the rights and interests of trading, and in the 1470s, diplomatic boom by pseudo envoys called 'sending of diplomatic missions to Korea boom' occurred.
- 例えば、『記紀』の記述によると、広開土王碑が伝える朝鮮半島奥深くに侵入しての高句麗との戦闘は一切伝えられていないし、倭の五王の遣使も伝わらない(倭王武の上表文によると5世紀の最も重大な外交問題は対高句麗問題であるにも関わらず)。
- For example, the Kiki does not say anything about the battle against Koguryo in the depths of the Korean Peninsula (mentioned in the Gwanggaeto Stele), or about envoys of the Five Kings of Wa (despite the most important diplomatic issue in the fifth century being a relationship with Koguryo as Waobu's johyobun).
- 更に淀付近から淀川水運を利用して東は草津宿・南は奈良・西は難波方面に出る交通路として用いられたと考えられているが、その後の戦乱で荒廃し、現在では一部が旧大坂街道として残されているものの、多くの地域において経路の跡すら失われている。
- Furthermore, water transport in the Yodo-gawa River was utilized in the Yodo area, making it a road that led to the Kusatsu-juku Post Station in the east, to Nara in the south, and to Nanba in the west; however, it became desolate from the disturbances of the later wars, and although parts of the road exist today as Old Osaka-kaido Road, even the tracks of the course are lost in many of the areas.
- このことは特に陳献章の弟子湛若水(甘泉)と王守仁とに交流があること、また王守仁と陳献章との学問的関係も絶無とされないことなどが注目され、明初期の江南地方の儒学者と、明中期以後の陽明学者との関係を意味づけるものと考えられる場合もある。
- One important aspect of this is that Zhan Ruoshui (Ganquan), a disciple of Chen Xianzhang, had exchanges with Wang Shouren (Wang Yangming) and, also, that the existence of a scholarly relationship between Wang Shouren and Chen Xianzhang cannot be denied; thus, some believe that all those indicate a relationship between the Confucians in the Jian Nang area in the early Ming period and the scholars of Yomei-gaku after the middle of the Ming period.
- 江戸時代を通じて朝鮮通信使一行のための迎賓館として使用された備後国鞆の浦(現在の広島県福山市鞆町)の福禅寺境内の現在の本堂と隣接する客殿(対潮楼)は江戸時代の1690年(元禄3年)に建立され、日本の漢学者や書家らとの交流の場となった。
- The guest hall (called Taichoro) adjacent to the present main hall in the premises of Fukuzen-ji Temple in the Tomonouwa of the Bingo Province was built in 1690 in the Edo period and was used as a state guest hall for Chosen Tsushinshi throughout the Edo period, also becoming a place where Japanese scholars of the Chinese classics and Japanese calligraphers interacted with Tsushinshi.
- 承久の乱後、佐々木信綱が現地の地頭に任じられたが、延暦寺・下鴨社ともに対抗するために延暦寺は堅田に湖上関を設置して他所の船を排斥し、下鴨社は堅田の漁民・船主に漁業権・航行権(水上通行権)を保障する事で堅田の経済的・交通的特権を保証した。
- After the Jokyu War, although Nobutsuna SASAKI was appointed as Jito (estate steward) there, both Enryaku-ji Temple and Shimogamo-sha Shrine decided to rebel against him: Enryaku-ji Temple established Kojo-seki (a checkpoint on the lake) at Katata to keep non-Enryaku-ji-temple ships away and Shimogamo-sha Shrine guaranteed economic and traffic privileges of Katata by protecting fishery and navigation rights for fishermen and shipowners of Katata.
- しかし、当初検討された、京都市横大路運動公園の敷地利用計画は、交通アクセスや建設予算他の問題から、2006年6月26日、「サッカースタジアム検討委員会」(委員長=松山靖史・京商京都スポーツ振興特別委員長)が「整備は困難」と最終報告書を公表。
- But while the plan to utilize the premises of Kyoto City Yokooji Sports Park was considered at first, on June 26, 2006 'Committee for consideration on a football stadium' (the chairman was Yasushi MATSUYAMA, Kyosho Kyoto Sports Promotion Special Committee Chairman) made public the final report that said 'carrying out that plan will be difficult' because of the problems with traffic access and the construction budget.
- そのため、小辺路や大峯奥駈道のような例外はあるものの、古人の拓いた道と現在の主要な交通路が、並行(中辺路と国道311号線、JR紀勢本線・国道42号線の紀伊半島部分と大辺路・伊勢路)していることや、重複(前述)していることが少なくないのである。
- With the exception of roads including Kohechi and Omine Okugake-michi (paths), roads developed by ancient people and current major traffic routes are often paralleled (examples: Nakahechi and National Route 311; portion of National Route 42 and the JR Kisei Main Line included in Kii Peninsula and Ohechi and Ise-ji Routes) or often overlapped (as prescribed earlier).
- 太平洋戦争勃発後、無尽会社は戦時統合の対象とされ、都道府県別に1社に「強制的に合併させられた」と第二地方銀行協会は記念誌で主張しているが、これは、陸上交通事業調整法のような直接的法律に基づき行なわれた明確な処分ではないので、実態は未詳である。
- After the Pacific War broke out, Mujin companies became the target of wartime integration and a Second Association of Regional Banks asserted in an anniversary magazine that they were 'forced to merge' into one company per prefecture, but this was not a clear disposition performed based on direct law like the Land Transportation Business Coordination Act, therefore, actual conditions are not known.
- 江戸時代末期・明治時代の開国による外交関係の樹立から大陸情勢への関係が不回避となると、当時の武将達が三韓征伐を想起したように、秀吉の朝鮮出兵もクローズ・アップされるようになり、大陸への進出は豊臣秀吉公の遺志を継ぐ行いだと考えるものも多くなった。
- When involvement in situations in the continent became inevitable as a result of the establishment of diplomatic relationships by opening Japan in the last days of the Edo and the Meiji periods, same as commanders at the time of war were reminded of sankan-seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea), dispatch of troops by Hideyoshi came to be closed up and many came to consider advancing into the continent was conduct following Hideyoshi's wishes.
- その後、イギリス公使トーマス・ウェードの斡旋で和議が行われ、全権弁理大臣として大久保利通が北京に赴いて清国政府と交渉した結果、清が日本軍の出兵を義挙と認め賠償金50万両(テール)を日本に支払うことと引き換えに、征討軍の撤兵が行われることとなった。
- Afterwards, peace talks were held through the mediation of British envoy Thomas Wade and Toshimichi OKUBO went to Beijing as a minister extraordinary and plenipotentiary to negotiate with the Qing Government, as a result of which Japan committed to the withdrawal of the expeditionary force in exchange for Qing interpreting the dispatch of Japanese troops as an act of righteousness as well as paying 500 thousand liang (tael, which was a monetary unit formerly used in China) in compensation to Japan.
- 米国は国内世論の高まりなどを受けて協議に復帰したが、現在の枠組みに反発し条約改正を視野に交渉に臨む日本・米国・ロシア・オーストラリアなどと、既存の枠組みを進め先進国主導の削減を訴える EU などとの間の対立構造が形成されつつあると指摘されている。
- America has come back to the conference because of the upsurge of domestic public opinion, however, the following issue of conflict between America and other developed countries is pointed out: America, while objecting to the present framework, opposes to Japan, Russia, Australia and so on, which negotiate for the treaty revision, and also opposes to EU, which aims to promote the present framework and to reduce the emissions led by developed countries.
- 墳丘の築造にあたっては、盛り土部分を堅固にするため砂質土や粘性土を交互につき固める版築工法で築成されるものも多いこと、こうした工法は飛鳥時代や奈良時代に大規模な建物の基礎を固める工法として広く使用されていることが、修繕時の調査などで判明している。
- For construction of most tumulus, sandy soil and cohesive soil were alternately tamped down using method called the hanchiku method (a method of making the core of a podium), which was used to make the banking part harder, and according to surveys which were conducted during the repair of buildings of the Asuka and Nara periods, the method was generally used to develop a solid base of large buildings in ancient times.
- 戦国時代_(日本)には、湖上水運によってルイス・フロイスによって「甚だ富裕なる町」と評された堅田であったが、織田信長の上洛後に起きたいわゆる「信長包囲網」の蜂起に際しては、本願寺や延暦寺及び交易相手であった朝倉氏との関係から反信長陣営に立っていた。
- Katata, which was described as 'a remarkably rich town' by Luis FROIS owing to its water transportation in the Sengoku period, joined anti-Nobunaga camp when 'anti-Nobunaga network' was formed after Nobunaga's going to Kyoto, because of the relationships between Hongan-ji and Enryaku-ji Temples and the Asakura clans, with whom Katata people bartered.
- 15世紀から16世紀にかけて、渡党を統一することで渡島半島南部の領主に成長していった蠣崎氏は豊臣秀吉・徳川家康から蝦夷地の支配権、交易権を公認され、名実共に安東氏から独立し、江戸時代になると蠣崎氏は松前氏と改名して大名に列し渡党は明確に和人とされた。
- From the fifteenth century to the sixteenth century, the Kakizaki clan, who was growing to become the feudal lord of the southern Oshima Peninsula by unifying Watari-to, was recognized as to the right of dominion and trade in the Ezo territory by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and thus became independent from the Ando clan in both name and reality; and the Kakizaki clan changed its name to Matsumae and was elevated to Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), by which Watari-to became Japanese in Edo period.
- 主に屋外の物品に砂ぼこりが付着して汚したり、周囲の見通し(視程)や日照を悪化させたり、交通に障害を与えたり、人間や家畜などが砂ぼこりを吸い込んで健康に悪影響を与えたりするなど、多数の被害が発生し、経済的損失は毎年7000億円を超えると推定されている。
- Kosa causes lots of damage described as in the following and the economical loss due to it is estimated to exceed 700 billion yen yearly: Dust from kosa adheres to things placed outdoors, making them dirty, degrades outdoor visibility, makes the sunlight reaching the ground weaker, obstructs traffic, and adversely affects the health of human beings and animals from inhaling the dust.
- この乱により、足利尊氏・直義に分割されていた将軍の権力は尊氏のもとに一本化され、将軍の親裁権は強化されるが、高師直によって吉野を陥落させられ滅亡寸前にまで追い込まれた南朝に、直義・尊氏が交互に降るなど息を吹き返し延命したため、南北朝の動乱が長引いた。
- Because of this disturbance, the authority of the shogun that was divided between Takauji and Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA was unified under Takauji and the power of the shogun was strengthened but the Southern Court that was forced to the brink of elimination when KO no Moronao attacked Yoshino, was prolonged when Tadayoshi and Takauji surrendered in turn, and led to the prolongation of the upheaval of the period of Northern and Southern Courts.
- こうした動きは、院と深く連携して院政の軍事警察部門を担当することを平氏政権の基盤に置くものであり、その中心には重盛がいたが、その一方で清盛は、西国に築いた強固な経済・軍事・交通基盤によって院政とは独自の路線を志向するようになっていたと考えられている。
- Such actions required a close relationship with the Retired Emperor and left the Taira clan administration, with Shigemori at its center, in charge of the military guard division of the cloister government, while on the other hand, Kiyomori is thought to have pursued a route independent of the Retired Emperor and established strong financial, military and transportation foundations in the west.
- 摂海防禦指揮徳川慶喜は、いまだに条約への勅許が得られていないのが原因と考え、老中らに勅許工作と外国艦隊との交渉をおこなわせるが、独断で兵庫開港を決めた阿部正外・松前崇広らに対し朝廷から老中罷免の令が出される異常事態となり、幕府は慶喜への疑念を強める。
- Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who was in charge of protecting the sea around the Osaka region, had senior councilors negotiate with the foreign squadron, while promoting activities to get permission from the emperor, but things became complicated with the order to dismiss the two senior councilors, Masato ABE and Takahiro MATSUMAE, who had decided to open Hyogo port on their own authority, making the bakufu side suspicious of Yoshinobu.
- そもそも「国王」称号や「干支」の使用は中華秩序における冊封体制の残滓であり、中華帝国を頂点として周辺諸国を従属国視する、伝統的東アジア外交秩序そのものであり、いまこそ、その体制から離脱を図り、かつ朝鮮側にもそれを認知させようとしたのだ、という論である。
- One opinion is as follows: Use of the title of 'King' and the 'Oriental zodiac' was a residue of the China-centered sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) system, indicating the traditional eastern Asian diplomatic order with China placed at the top and nations around it considered dependent on China, and it was time to try separating from such a system and to make such a situation acknowledged by the Korean side as well.
- 尊氏は義詮を京に残して南朝との交渉を任せて直義追討のために出陣し、翌1352年(正平7年/観応3年)には直義を駿河国薩埵山(埵は漢字では土へんに「垂」、静岡県静岡市)、相模国早川尻(神奈川県小田原市)などの戦いで破って鎌倉に追い込み、直義を降伏させる。
- Takauji left Yoshiakira in Kyoto to be in charge of the negotiations with the Southern Court, and took forces to attack Tadayoshi, and in 1352, he defeated Tadayoshi at battles in Mt. Satta, Suruga Province (Shizuoka City, Shizuoka Prefecture) and Hayakawariji, Sagami Province (Odawara City, Kanagawa Prefecture) and chased him into Kamakura, where Tadayoshi surrendered.
- こうした形態は結城氏や佐竹氏、宇都宮氏、小田氏などに見られ、これらの大名間の外交交渉の文書・書簡を見ても「当洞」・「○○洞中」などの表現が見られる(なお、西国でも似たような構造を有した毛利氏の文書中にも「洞」の語が登場するが、特異な例と考えられている)。
- This sort of organization was established by such clans as the Satake clan, Utsunomiya clan and Oda clan, and the words '当洞' (todo) or 'OO 洞中' (OO dochu) were used in the documents and letters of diplomatic negotiations exchanged between daimyo (Although the daimyo of the Mori clan, who was the daimyo of the western region of Japan, had a similar organization and also used the character '洞' in their documents, it is considered to be an exceptional case).
- 頼之は義詮の子で幼少の足利義満を補佐し、半済令の試行や南朝との交渉などの政策を実施するが、旧仏教勢力の比叡山と新興禅宗の南禅寺との対立においては南禅寺派を支持していたため叡山派と対立し、南禅寺の住職春屋妙葩が隠棲して抗議するなど宗教勢力とも対立していた。
- Yoriyuki acted as advisor and regent to Yoshiakira's son Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, who was still a child, and carried out policies like experimenting with a new hansei (half-tax) law, which was designed to protect existing land holdings, and he attempted to negotiate with the Southern Court, but he also became embroiled in a religious conflict between Mt. Hiei, the powerful old Buddhist sect, and Nanzen-ji temple, a center of the rising new Zen sect; he opposed the Mt. Hiei faction because he was supporting the Nanzen-ji faction, yet he also clashed with Nanzen-ji's own powerful religious leaders, for example, when he opposed chief priest Myoha Shunnoku's seclusion from public life.
- この介入は、執権北条時宗が後深草の立場に同情したためという説明が当時からなされている(『増鏡』)ほか、得宗と治天の交渉を仲介する立場にある関東申次西園寺実兼が亀山父子よりも後深草父子と親しかったため、後深草にとって有利な解決をはかったことも指摘されている。
- Other than the explanation for this intervention that has been given since it happened that the Regent Tokimune HOJO sympathized with Gofukakusa's situation ('Masukagami' (The Clear Mirror)), it has been pointed out that the Kanto Moshitsugi, Sanekane SAIONJI, who was in the position to mediate between Tokimune and the Chiten, was more intimate with the Gofukakusa father and son than the Kameyama father and son and could have worked for a more advantageous solution for Gofukakusa.
- その一方で、朝廷では大覚寺統と持明院統が対立しており、相互に皇位を交代する両統迭立が行われており、1318年(文保2年)に大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇が即位し、平安時代の醍醐天皇、村上天皇の治世である延喜・天暦の治を理想とし、鎌倉幕府の打倒をひそかに目指していた。
- In the Imperial Court, on the other hand, conflict had arisen between the Kameyama (Daikakuji) and the Gofukakusa (Jimyoin) branches of the Imperial line; a system of alternating Emperors from each lineage was in place, and in 1318 Emperor Godaigo of the Daikakuji lineage became Emperor, taking the Engi and Tenryaku eras, the reigns of Emperors Daigo and Murakami in the Heian period, as his ideal, he aimed in secret to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.
- その成果のひとつは、戦争中の1904年8月にアムステルダムで開催された第二インターナショナルの第6回大会で、片山潜とロシア代表のゲオルギー・プレハーノフがともに副議長に選出されて会議場で握手を交わし、社会主義者の国境を越えた連帯と協力を確認したことである。
- One of the results was that Sen KATAYAMA and the Russian representative, Georgii PLEKHANOV, were elected as vice-chairmen and shook their hands in the 6th convention of the Second International held in Amsterdam during the war in August, 1904 and then they confirmed socialist's solidarity and cooperation across the border.
- 慶長19年(1614年)(設立時期は諸説あり確定的でない)に長崎市芊(すすき)原、後に大村町、島原町北入込に設立された銀座は、主に銀の海外への不正持ち出しの監視、良質灰吹銀輸出の防止の役割を果たし、京の銀座より銀見役および銀座手代が一年毎に交代派遣された。
- Nagasaki-ginza reportedly established in 1614 (exact date unknown) in Susukihara in Nagasaki City and later in Omuracho, Shimabaracho and Kitairikomi operated chiefly to prevent illegal export of silver and prevent outflow of quality cupellated silver and was staffed by a silver inspector or ginza assistant manager dispatched alternately for one-year assignments.
- 幕末には攘夷論が台頭するがそれを克服し、戊辰戦争の後明治政府は西洋文明の積極的な受容による近代国家の建設、幕府が結んだ西欧諸国との不平等条約の改正と南下政策を進めるロシア帝国との国境確定および東アジア諸国との外交関係の再構築と版図の確定という課題に取り組んだ。
- Japan conquered principle of excluding foreigners that emerged at the end of Edo period, and the Meiji Government had tackled the following issues since the Bushing War: the construction of a modern state through the introduction of western civilization; the revision of the unequal treaties that the bakufu signed, with western countries; the definition of the border with Russia that had been promoting southward expansion; and the restructing of diplomatic relations and definition of the territory with East Asian countries.
- 万葉集巻九の「〈……率(あども)ひて 未通女壮士(おとめおとこ)の 行き集(つど)ひ かがふ刊歌(かがい)に 人妻に 吾(あ)も交はらむ 吾が妻に 人も言問(ことと)へ……」は、筑波山の歌垣で高橋虫麻呂が詠んだ歌であり、当時の歌垣の様子を伺い知ることが出来る。
- In volume nine of the Manyoshu Anthology, there was a poem composed by TAKAHASHI no Mushimaro at an utagaki festival held in Mt. Tsukuba, which reads, 'Let's go to kagai (dialect of 'utagaki') where men and women gather to exchange poems, and I would interact with a married woman while my wife might be pursued by any other man・・・,' from which we can see how things were going on at an utagaki gathering at that time.
- この争乱が以仁王の「平氏追討」の令旨に始まること、平氏政権から頼朝政権(鎌倉幕府)に交代したこと、民間レベルでは『平家物語』や『源平盛衰記』などの影響から清盛・宗盛ら平氏一門と頼朝・義経・義仲ら源氏一門の争いと受け取られてきたことなどが、この呼称を生んだといえる。
- This term started because the war was considered as a fight between Kiyomori and Munemori of the Taira family and Yoritomo, Yoshitsune, Yoshinaka of the Minamoto clan due to the fact that the war started with Prince Mochihito's call for 'destroying the Taira clan,' the transition from the Taira clan government to Yoritomo government (Kamkura bakufu), and the effect of stories such as 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tales of the Heike) and 'Genpei Seisuiki' (The Rise and Fall of the Genji and the Heike) had on the people.
- そのころ倭国では、671年に天智天皇が急死(『扶桑略記』では病死説の後一説として「一云 天皇駕馬 幸山階鄕 更無還御 永交山林 不知崩所 只以履沓落處爲其山陵 以往諸皇不知因果 恒事殺害」とあり山中での狩の途中に行方不明になったという記事を根拠にする暗殺説あり)。
- During that time in Wakoku (671), Emperor Tenchi met an untimely death (although he may have died of illness, in 'Fuso Ryakki' [A Brief History of Japan] it is said that he may have been assassinated based on the account that he went missing during a hunting trip in the mountains).
- 、長崎の出島への折衝のみを前提としてきた幕府のこれまでの方針に反して、江戸湾の目と鼻の先である浦賀に強行上陸したアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリーとやむなく交渉した幕府は、翌年の来航時には江戸湾への強行突入の構えをみせたペリー艦隊の威力に屈し日米和親条約を締結した。
- In 1853 the shogunate government was forced to change the conventional foreign policy that foreign negotiation should be conducted only in Dejima island in Nagasaki and have talks with Matthew Perry of the United State who landed defiantly at Uraga, in the backyard of Edo, and next year concluded the Japan-U.S. Treaty of Peace and Amity, yielding to the pressure from the Perry squadron in readiness to enter the Edo Bay.
- 検断とは、統治すること・裁判することを意味する用語であり、中世日本では治安行政と刑事司法、さらに軍事までもが未分化だったため、領地・村落内の内政、外交を行い、統治することが裁判を行うことと密接につながっていた(日葡辞書によると、検断は統治・裁判を行う役職、とある)。
- The kendan is the term to mean to rule and to hold a trial, and addressing domestic policies, diplomacies, and governing territories and rural communities were closely connected to holding a trial because security, government, and criminal justice, even the military, were not separated in medieval Japan (according to 'Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam:' Japanese-Portuguese dictionary, published 1603 - 1604), kendan was described as a post to rule and hold a trial).
- その成立時期は上記「えぞ」の初見と近い13世紀と見られており、また擦文文化とアイヌ文化の生活体系の最も大きな違いは、日本からの移入品(特に鉄製品)の量的増大にあり、アイヌ文化は交易に大きく依存していたことから、アイヌ文化を生んだ契機に日本との交渉の増大があると考えられている。
- It was probably established in the thirteenth century, when the word 'Ezo' can be seen for the first time as mentioned above; however, the greatest difference between the Satsumon culture and the Ainu culture was the increase in imported items (especially ironware), meaning that it should be seen that Ainu had increased negotiations with Japan when the Ainu culture was born, because the Ainu culture was very reliant on trade with Japan.
- 「そもそも西洋諸国に行わるる国会の起源またはその沿革を尋ぬるに、政府と人民相対し、人民の知力ようやく増進して君上の圧制を厭い、またこれに抵抗すべき実力を生じ、いやしくも政府をして民心を得さる限りは内治外交ともに意のごとくならざるより、やむを得ずして次第次第に政権を分与したる.
- In western countries, people confronted their government, and were enlightened, and rebelled against oppression, and built up arms, and a government which loses public favor could not control domestic and diplomatic affairs, and was gradually compelled to distribute ruling powers, and finally a national diet was established.
- 14世紀には、「渡党」(北海道渡島半島。近世の松前藩の前身)、「日の本」(北海道 (地方公共団体)太平洋側と千島。近世の東蝦夷)、「唐子」(北海道日本海側と樺太。近世の西蝦夷)に分かれ、渡党は和人と言葉が通じ、本州との交易に従事したという文献(『諏訪大明神絵詞』)が残っている。
- In the fourteenth century the Ezo group was divided into Watari-to (Oshima Peninsula in Hokkaido, the predecessor of the Matsumae domain in modern history), Hinomoto (the Pacific Ocean side of Hokkaido (local public entity) and Chishima (Kurile Islands), or Higashi-Ezo in modern history), Karako (the Sea of Japan side of Hokkaido and Sakhalin, or Nishi-Ezo in modern history); and a record stating that Watari-to could communicate with Japanese and conducted trade with people in Honshu is seen in one document (Suwa Daimyojin Ekotoba).
- 三木合戦もそうであったが、毛利氏は援軍の約束しながら、花隈城や尼崎城を通じて兵糧は補給していたが、1年経っても援兵はこず、このままでは城を持ちこたえるのは不可能と判断し、家臣を使者としても効果は無く、城主自ら安芸国に出向き毛利氏と直接交渉しようとしたのではないかと説明している。
- It is explained that the castellan might have judged that, because, same as in the case of Miki-jo Castle, the Mori clan promised to send reinforcement troops and supplied provisions through Hanakuma-jo Castle and Amagasaki-jo Castle, but no reinforcement troops did come even after one year, it was impossible to maintain if the situation remained as it was and, because sending subordinates as emissaries did not bring any result, the castellan decided to visit Aki Province by himself and directly negotiate with the Mori clan.
- これによって辞官納地も有名無実化される寸前になり、16日には慶喜がアメリカ合衆国・イギリス・フランス・オランダ・イタリア・プロシアの6ヶ国公使と大坂城で会談を行ない、内政不干渉と外交権の幕府の保持を承認させ、更に19日には朝廷に対して王政復古の大号令の撤回を公然と要求するまでになった。
- Through this Jikan-nochi became merely nominal, and Yoshimune met minister-counselors of six countries - USA, UK, France, the Netherlands, Italy and Prussia - at the Osaka Castle on the 16th and talked them into admitting noninterference in internal affairs and approving the Shogunate's rights to diplomacy, going so far as to publicly request the Imperial Court to withdraw the Decree of the Restoration of Imperial Rule on the 19th.
- 明治六年政変で征韓論派を一掃して主導権を握った大久保利通ではあったが、この時の明治天皇の勅裁はロシアとの国境を巡る紛争を理由とした「延期」(「中止」ではない)とされたため、ロシアとの国境が確定(1875年5月7日に樺太・千島交換条約締結)した際には征韓論派の要求が再燃する可能性が高かった。
- Although Toshimichi OKUBO gained the initiative, rooting out pro-Seikanron members during Meiji roku-nen no Seihen (Coups of 1873), Emperor Meiji's pronouncement of that time was that Japan postponed (not abandoned) dispatching troops to Korea due to a border dispute with Russia, which left a strong possibility for reigniting demand from pro-Seikanron once the border with Russia was determined (The Treaty of Saint Petersburg was signed on May 7, 1875.)
- 信濃国の大名がこぞって東軍に与するなか、あえて昌幸と信繁が西軍に与した理由は諸説あるが、昌幸の五女が石田三成の妻の実家である宇田氏に嫁いでおり、しかも昌幸二男信繁も三成と親交があり西軍に与した大谷吉継の娘を妻にしているという姻戚関係が、昌幸・信繁父子の選択に重要な影響を及ぼしたと言われている。
- There are several theories why Masayuki and Nobushige dared to side with the Western Camp while the daimyo in Shinano Province all sided with the Eastern Camp, and it is said that the matrimonial relation Masayuki and his son Nobushige had (Masayuki's fifth daughter married into the Uda clan, which is the family home of the wife of Mitsunari ISHIDA, Masayuki's second son Nobushige, being associated with Mitsunari, married with a daughter of Yoshitsugu OTANI who sided with the Western Camp) had a significant influence on their choices.
- またそれ以外に、50年以前の受図書人(朝鮮王朝により通交許可を受けた者)・受職人(朝鮮王朝より官位を受けた者)の通交権の停止、入港場を釜山浦・薺浦(慶尚南道鎮海市)の二港から釜山浦一港に削減、加徳島以西に来泊する者は倭寇とみなす等、壬申約条よりもさらに通交の抑制を進める厳しい内容となっていた。
- In addition to this, the Teibi Yakujo was greater in severity than the Jinshin Yakujo in that it stopped the right to trade for Jutoshonin (Japanese given Korean government evidence to be granted special privileges in trading) and Jushokunin (Japanese given Korean government post who has special technique such as healing art) before 1550, reduced the entry ports from both Busan Inlet and Jepo (Jinhae City, Gyeongsang-namdo Prefecture) to one of only Busan Inlet, and took those who stayed on Gadokdo Island or further west places as wako.
- 律令制が解体すると、貴族や寺社に給付する封戸物(ふこもつ、位・官・勲功などによって位封・職封・功封があり、貴族・寺社の収入の大部分を占める)や、寺社への正税物(しょうぜいもつ、国衙が徴収した田租・官稲を合わせた正税を交易により他の必要物資に変えて給付するもの)といった国家的給付が滞るようになった。
- After the break up of the Ritsuryo system, benefits from the government such as Fukomotsu (depending upon the class, position, awards, there were Ifu, Shokufu and Kofu and this made up a large part of the income for the aristocracy and temples/shrines), which were given to the aristocrats and temples/shrines, and Shozeimotsu (shozei, a combination of rice tax and government rice collected by kokuga that were exchanged with other necessities by trade and given) to temples/shrines started to fall into arrears.
- 『うつほ物語』に「万葉仮名にもあらず、日本の書道史女手にもあらず」と記された草仮名が、極めて自然な形で女手と巧みに交用され、また、「悪(あ)」・「盈(え)」・「祈(き)」・「倶(く)」・「致(ち)」・「帝(て)」・「廬(ろ)」など、後世の上代様古筆には余り見慣れない珍しい文字字母が使用されている。
- In 'Utsuho Monogatari' (The Tale of the Cavern), sogana, which is described as 'neither manyo-gana (the use of Chinese characters for their phonetic value), nor onnade,' is skillfully mixed with onnade in an extremely natural way and also uses unusual characters, which are not seen in the later jodaiyo kohitsu.
- 貴族や官人の官職及び官位を改廃する権限、令外官(りょうげのかん)の設置権、官人の叙位および任用権限、五衛府(ごえふ)や軍団兵士に対するすべての指揮命令権、罪刑法定主義を原則とする律の刑罰に対して勅断権と大赦権、外国の使者や外国へ派遣する使者に対する詔勅の使用などの外交権、皇位継承の決定権などである。
- The authority to establish and abolish government posts and official court ranks for nobles and officials, the right to appoint Ryoge no kan (a new governmental post), the authority to bestow court rank and to appoint officials, all rights of leadership and command towards army corps, soldiers and goefu (Palace guards), the right to make imperial judgment and right to grant general amnesty with respect to punishments under ritsu codes - these were based on the principle of legality, diplomatic rights such as right to use shochoku (the Imperial edict) on envoys to and from foreign countries and right to decide on succession to the Imperial Throne.
- もう一つは、交流を禁止してしまったことで、ヨーロッパ(後にアメリカ合衆国も)で発達した産業革命による技術や文化を積極的に受け入れられなくなり、世界の潮流からとりのこされて科学文化が浸透せず(理系軽視)、ひいては太平洋戦争の敗戦の遠因ともなってしまった、とする和辻哲郎にみられるように否定的なものである。
- Another evaluation, typified by Tetsuro WATSUJI, argues that Japan fell behind the global current because of its inability to introduce technology and culture similar to what was being developed during the Industrial Revolution in Europe (later in the United States as well) due to its prohibition on exchanging with other countries; this not only resulted in the failure of Japan to make a scientific culture permeate throughout the nation (science courses were disregarded), but also became an underlying cause of defeat in the Pacific War.
- 地子稲収入は畿内・伊賀国では正税の補充に、大宰府管内諸国では対馬国・多禰国(後に廃止)の公廨の補充に、陸奥国・出羽国では兵士の兵糧や蝦夷への狄禄の補充に充てられ、他の令制国では中央に近い諸国や沿岸諸国では舂米の形で、それ以外の国々では地子交易を行って軽貨の形で太政官厨家に納入されることが定められていた。
- Jishito revenue was used for replenishment of shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse) in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and Iga Province, and for maintaining public offices for Tsushima Province and Tane Province (abolished later) in provinces within Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), and for replenishment of army provisions for soldiers and for stipends to Ezo (northerners) in Mutsu Province and Dewa Province, and in other provinces under ryoseikoku (province), jishito was paid to Daijokan (Grand Council of State) in the form of shomai (rice made by pounding it in a mortar) in provinces near the central government or sea and in the form of keika (fabrics such as silk or cotton or other local specialties) after doing jishi trade in provinces other than those.
- 南北朝合一時の約束「明徳の和約」では天皇は北朝 (日本)系(持明院統)と南朝系(大覚寺統)から交代で出す(迭立)ことになっていたが、1412年(応永19年)に北朝系の後小松天皇の次代として後小松上皇の皇子称光天皇が即位したことをきっかけに、北朝系によって天皇位が独占されるようになったのに反抗して起こった。
- Under the 'Meitoku Compromise,' an agreement reached when the Northern and Southern Courts were unified, the Imperial throne would alternate between candidates from the (Japanese) Northern dynasty (of the Gofukakusa lineage) and the Southern dynasty (of the Kameyama lineage), but in 1412 Emperor Gokomatsu of the Northern lineage broke precedent by enthroning his son Prince (Emperor) Shoko as his successor, in a bid to monopolize the Imperial throne for the Northern dynasty lineage, which provoked hostility among former Southern Court supporters.
- このため、日本の大名、商人らが朝鮮に通交する者が急増したが、彼らの中には交易に不都合があると倭寇に変貌するような者もいたので、朝鮮政府は1407年頃国防上の見地から興利倭船の入港地を慶尚左道都万戸所在地の東莱県富山浦(現在の釜山広域市)と慶尚右道都万戸所在地の金海府乃而浦(現在の慶尚南道鎮海市)に限定した。
- Therefore, the number of Japanese daimyo (feudal lord) and merchants trading with Korea rapidly increased, but because some of them turned into wako (Japanese pirates) once they found unfavorable terms of trade, the Korean government eventually restricted the port of entry for koriwasen (ship for trading with Korea) only to Busanpo, Tongne Prefecture (present Busan Metropolitan City), the location where Local naval officer of Gyeongsang left-sided Prefecture was, and, Naijiho, Jinhae Prefecture (present, Jinhae City, Gyeongsang-namdo Prefecture), the location where Local naval officer of Gyeongsang right-sided Prefecture was, around 1407.
- 藩は気候風土・政治文化・食文化などの関係によって多種多様の領土面積によって成り立っていた為、藩一つ全体が鹿児島県となった鹿児島藩などは別に、山形県・岩手県など複数の藩が一つにまとまった都府県では地方ごとに食文化が異なる状況が生じている(県交通機関の発達していない時代、国境の多くは山脈等の自然地形によって分かれている為)。
- Since a domain was formed by a wide variety of number of territories in accordance with climate and natural features, political culture, food culture, etc., a different food culture was born in each region in prefectures which were formed as a result of merging two or more domains such as Yamagata Prefecture, Iwate Prefecture, etc., except for Kagoshima Prefecture which was formed by one domain, Kagoshima Domain (this was because in a period when prefectural transportation facilities did not develop, many borders were set out according to natural landscape such as mountain ranges).
- 時代劇等では、大名行列が往来を通り過ぎるときには必ず先導の旗持ちの「下にー、下にー」との声にあわせ百姓、商人などは脇により平伏しているシーンが登場するが、実際にはこの掛け声を使えるのは徳川御三家(なお水戸藩は例外で参勤交代はなかった)だけで、ほかの大名家は「よけろ~、よけろ~」という掛け声を用い、脇に避けるだけでよかった。
- In jidaigeki (historical play), there sometimes is a scene that a standard-bearer calls out 'Shitani, Shitani (Down on your knees, down on your knees) ' when daimyo-gyoretsu goes through a street, letting peasants and merchants prostrate at the side of the street, but actually this call-out could have been used by only Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family) (Mito domain was exceptionally having no Sankinkotai), and other daimyo families instead used 'Yokero, Yokero (Step aside, step aside) ', just letting people step aside.
- このため、安政5年(1858年)の日米修好通商条約締結の際、約8.6グラムの質量を持つ一分銀は偶然にも質量としての一両の約1/4であることから額面通り銀1/4両であり、中国の銀一両の約3/4の質量である1ドル銀貨=一分銀3枚という日本側に不利な交換比率を主張する口実をタウンゼント・ハリスに与えることになり、小判流出の一因となった。
- When the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan was concluded in 1858, the fact that about 8.6-gram ichibu-gin was coincidentally equivalent to around one fourth ryo in weight, which was worth of one fourth ryo of silver at face value, provided Townsend Harris with the excuse of insisting unfavorable exchange rate for Japan that three ichibu-gin coins changed one-dollar silver coin which was about three fourth weight of Chinese one ryo of silver and led koban flow out.
- 1260年にモンゴル帝国の第5代皇帝(ハーン、ハーン)に即位した後のいわゆる「元 (王朝)」(大元ウルス、大元朝、元朝)の皇帝クビライは、1268年(日本の文永5年・大元朝の至元 (元世祖)5年)に第2代皇帝オゴデイ以来の懸案であった南宋攻略を開始する一方、既に服属していた朝鮮半島の高麗を通じて、1266年に日本に初めて通交を求める使者を送ろうとしていた。
- Kublai, who in 1260 became the fifth emperor (Khan) of the Mongol Empire that was later called 'Yuan' (the Great Yuan Ulus, Great Yuan Dynasty or Yuan Dynasty), in 1266 planned to send the first envoys to establish diplomatic relations with Japan, through Goryeo in the Korean peninsula, which had already become its subject, while starting to conquer the Southern Sung Dynasty in 1268, which had been its long-standing aim since the reign of the second emperor Ogodei.
- 政治面においては選挙や言論・集会・結社の自由に関しての運動、外交面においては生活に困窮した国民への負担が大きい海外派兵の停止を求めた運動、社会面においては男女平等、部落差別解放運動、団結権、ストライキ権などの獲得運動、文化面においては自由教育の獲得、大学の自治権獲得運動、美術団体の文部省支配からの独立など、様々な方面から様々な自主的集団による運動が展開された。
- There was a wide range of movements organized by a variety of groups organized voluntarily in various areas of society, such as political movements calling for elections and for freedom of speech, assembly and association, the drive in the area of foreign policy opposing dispatch of troops to other countries that imposed a huge burden on citizens in poverty, movement in society demanding gender equality, liberation and non-discrimination of 'buraku' people, and winning rights of association and labor strikes, and in the cultural sphere movements calling for free education, self-autonomy of universities and independence of art associations from the rule of the Ministry of Education.
- しかし薩英戦争や下関戦争において外国艦隊との力の差に直面したことにより、単純な攘夷論に対する批判が生じて、津和野藩の国学者大国隆正らによって唱えられた国内統一を優先して、外国との交易によって富国強兵を図ってでも、諸外国と対等に対峙する力をつけるべきだとする「大攘夷」論が登場した事によって、これを受け入れた攘夷運動の主力であった長州藩・薩摩藩の主張も事実上開国へと転向していくのである。
- However, as Japan faced the power difference from the foreign fleets during the Anglo-Satsuma War and Shimonoseki War, criticisms to the simple Joi ron arose and was replaced with Dai joi ron started by Takamasa OKUNI, a scholar of Japanese classical literature in the Tsuwano Domain; Takamasa claimed that unification of the whole nation should be the first priority and should gain power that the country can confront other nations equally even by aiming fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) through trades with foreign countries; The Choshu Domain and Satsuma Domain, the major drive of the joi movement, accepted this view and started directing themselves for the opening of the country to the world.
- 1420年の回礼使である宋希景は乞食が食物ではなく銭を欲しがるような貨幣経済の発達に対して驚きの声を上げた(その時の李氏朝鮮では、都市部で楮貨という紙幣が流通していた程度で、貨幣経済と呼ぶに足るものが成立しておらず、布・米を媒体とした物々交換が主であったため)といった記録が残っており、また、朝鮮で後に飢饉を救ったサツマイモ(宝暦度 1764年(宝暦14年))や揚水式水車など、日本から相応の文物を持ち帰っていたようである。
- A document records that Kiei SO (宋希景), a kaireishi (an officer sent to Japan responding to an envoy sent by Japan) sent to Japan in 1420, gave an exclamation of surprise about the highly progressed monetary economy that even a beggar wanted money instead of food (this was because, in Korea at that time, paper money called Choka was circulated only in urban areas, with no system that could be called a monetary economy established yet, and the economy was centered on barter trade based on the media of rice and cloth), and in addition, it is likely that the envoy from Korea brought back products of culture necessary for them, such as sweet potato that rescued Korean people from a famine in Korea in later years (1764) and water-pumping wheels.
- 第三條 日本國政府ハ其代表者トシテ韓國皇帝陛下ノ闕下ニ一名ノ韓国統監府(レヂデントゼネラル)ヲ置ク統監ハ專ラ外交ニ關スル事項ヲ管理スル爲京城ニ駐在シ親シク韓國皇帝陛下ニ内謁スルノ權利ヲ有ス日本國政府ハ又韓國ノ各開港場及其他日本國政府ノ必要ト認ムル地ニ理事官(レヂデント)ヲ置クノ權利ヲ有ス理事官ハ統監ノ指揮ノ下ニ從來在韓國日本領事ニ屬シタル一切ノ職權ヲ執行シ並ニ本協約ノ條款ヲ完全ニ實行スル爲必要トスヘキ一切ノ事務ヲ掌理スヘシ
- ARTICLE III. The government of Japan shall be represented at the Court of His Majesty the Emperor of Corea by a Resident General, who shall reside at Seoul, primarily for the purpose of taking charge of and directing matters relating to diplomatic affairs; He shall have the right of private and personal audience of His Majesty the Emperor of Corea; The Japanese Government shall also have the right to station Residents at the several open ports and such other places in Corea as they may deem necessary; Such Residents shall, under the direction of the Resident General, exercise the powers and functions hitherto appertaining to Japanese Consuls in Corea and shall perform such duties as may be necessary in order to carry into full effect the provisions of this Agreement.
- 日本は日露戦争中である1904年の第一次日韓協約締結により韓国の財政・外交に対し関与する立場となっていたが、日露戦争の講和条約であるポーツマス条約(1905年9月5日)により韓国に対する優越権をロシアから承認され、また高宗 (朝鮮王)が他の国に第一次日韓協約への不満を表す密使を送っていたことが問題となったこともあり、日本からの信頼を無くしていた大韓帝国に対し、より信頼できる行動をとることを求めるため、この協約を結ぶこととなった。
- Although Japan was in the position to take part in Korean finance and diplomacy due to the conclusion of the First Japan-Korea Treaty in 1904 during the Russo-Japanese War, she decided to conclude this treaty in order to required the Korean Empire, who had lost trust from Japan, to take more reliable actions, because Japan had been approved of the priority rights over Korea by Russia due to the Treaty of Portsmouth (September 5, 1905), the peace treaty of the Russo-Japanese War, and also because it became a problem that Gao Zong (King of Korea) had sent a secret agent to other countries to show his discontent with the First Japan-Korea Treaty.