事件: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• 堺事件
• The Sakai Incident

• 秀次事件
• Hidetsugu Incident
• The Hidetsugu Incident

• 阿衡事件
• The Ako Incident

• 沢柳事件
• Sawayanagi incident

• 幸徳事件
• Kotoku Incident
• High Treason Incident

• 朴烈事件
• Bokuretsu Incident

• 霧社事件
• Wushe Incident

• 小倉事件
• Ogura Incident

• 猪熊事件
• Inokuma Incident

• 二卿事件
• Nikyo Jiken (Dual incidents triggered by two court nobles)

• 滝川事件
• Takigawa Incident

• 白山事件
• The Hakusan Incident

• 牧氏事件
• The Makishi Incident occurs.

• 日野事件
• Hino Incident

• 真土事件
• The Shindo Incident

• 赤旗事件
• Aka-hata Jiken (Red Flag Incident)

• 相馬事件
• Soma Jiken (Soma Incident)

• 事件発覚
• Exposure of the Incident

• 辰丸事件
• Tatsumaru Incident

• 川俣事件
• The Kawamata Incident

• 北埔事件
• Beipu Incident

• 神戸事件
• Kobe Incident

• 事件経過
• Progression of incident

• 長沼事件
• Naganuma affair

• ９１１事件
• September 11th attacks

• 事件の概略
• Summary of the incident

• 荒神橋事件
• Kojin-bashi Incident

• 江華島事件
• Ganghwa Island incident

• 山城屋事件
• The Yamashiroya Incident

• 事件の背景
• Background of the Incident
• Background of Incident
• Background of the Crime
• The Background
• The background of the incident

• 事件の内容
• Details of the Incident

• 桜田門事件
• Sakuradamon Incident

• 油小路事件
• Aburanokoji Incident

• 寺田屋事件
• The Teradaya Incident

• 事件の影響
• Effects of the rebellion
• Consequences of the affair
• The influece of the event
• Effects of the Kawamata Incident
• The Impact of the Incident

• 池田屋事件
• The Ikedaya Incident

• 事件の推移
• Transitions concerning the incident
• Transition of the incident

• 事件の発端
• Beginning of the incident
• The outset of the incident
• The Origins of the Incident
• Onset of the incident

• 事件の意義
• Meaning of the incident
• Significance of the affair

• 事件の意味
• Meaning behind the Incident
• The meaning of the incident

• 近江屋事件
• Omiya Incident

• 事件の処理
• Action against the incident

• 事件の余波
• Aftereffect of the incident

• 万役山事件
• The Mannyaku-yama incident

• 奉答文事件
• Hotobun (formal response speech to imperial rescript) Incident

• 事件の発覚
• Disclosure of the Scandal

• 天満屋事件
• Tenmanya Incident

• 事件の経緯
• Circumstances behind the Incident
• Progress of the Incident
• Details of the incident

• 京都赤旗事件
• Kyoto Red Flag Incident

• 京都学連事件
• Kyoto Gakuren Jiken

• 元禄赤穂事件
• The Genroku Ako Incident.

• 京大天皇事件
• Kyodai-Tenno incident

• 足尾鉱毒事件
• Ashio Mining Pollution

• - 幸徳事件
• -Kotoku Incident

• 事件のその後
• After the incident
• After the turmoil

• 明保野亭事件
• Akebonotei Jiken (Akebonotei Incident)

• 三条制札事件
• Sanjo-ohashi Bridge Noticeboard Incident

• 足尾暴動事件
• Ashio Riot

• 類似する事件
• Similar Case

• サンシー事件
• Sanshi Incident

• 事件後と影響
• After the incident and the influence

• 錦旗革命事件
• Kinki Revolution Coup

• 三左衛門事件
• San-saemon Incident

• 暗殺未遂事件
• The assassination attempt incident

• 事件後の影響
• Aftermath of the incident

• 共和演説事件
• Republican Speech Affair

• 清涼殿落雷事件
• Seiryoden Thunderbolt Striking Incident

• 京都府学連事件
• The case of student union of Kyoto Prefecture

• - 万宝山事件
• Wanpaoshan Incident

• 四件の大逆事件
• Four high treason cases

• 方広寺鐘銘事件
• Hoko-ji Temple Bell Incident
• The incident of the Hoko-ji Temple bell
• The incident of Hoko-ji Temple bell

• 天皇機関説事件
• The incident of the Emperor Organ Theory

• 薩摩藩粛正事件
• The purging of the Satsuma domain

• 金閣寺放火事件
• The Arson Case of Kinkaku-ji Temple

• 事件に至る事情
• The background of the incident

• 仇教事件の発生
• Kyukyo Incident

• 草薙剣盗難事件
• The Case of Theft of Kusanagi no Tsurugi

• 普丹大沽口事件
• Dagukou Incident between Prussia and Denmark

• 天津教弾圧事件
• Oppression of Amatsukyo

• シドニー号事件
• Sydney incident

• 文化厚生会館事件
• Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall Affair

• 京都旭丘中学事件
• Kyoto Asahigaoka Junior High School Affair

• 代表的な仇討事件
• Major Cases of Adauchi

• 事件を扱った作品
• A literary work which dealt with the incident

• 坂本龍馬襲撃事件
• The attack on Ryoma SAKAMOTO

• 久米邦武筆禍事件
• The Incident of Kunitake KUME

• 三大事件建白運動
• Campaign of the three biggest petitions

• 電車焼き討ち事件
• Train Arson Attack

• 日本製糖汚職事件
• Nihon Seito Osyoku Jiken (Corruption Scandal of Dai-Nippon Sugar Co., Ltd.)

• ゴーストップ事件
• Go Stop incident

• 七条警察署襲撃事件
• The Case of an Attack on the Shichijo Police Station

• 道鏡事件と光仁天皇
• The Dokyo Incident and Emperor Konin

• - 朝鮮語学会事件
• Korean Language Society Incident

• - ハーグ密使事件
• Hague Secret Emissary Affair

• ノルマントン号事件
• The Normanton Incident

• いろは丸事件談判跡
• The Iroha-maru Sailboat Jiken Danpan Ato (literally, the site on which Ryoma SAKAMOTO and the others attended negotiation after the Iroha-maru sailboat had suffered ship collision)

• 「第2次滝川事件」
• Second Takigawa Incident'

• 尊号事件ともいう。
• It is also referred to as the Songo-jiken (Songo Incident).

• 寺田屋事件の舞台。
• It is the site of the Teradaya Incident

• 堅田本福寺破門事件
• Katata Honpuku-ji Temple excommunication incident

• 3.大逆事件の伏線
• 3. Build up to the High Treason Incident.

• 具志頭制縛致死事件
• The Gushikami restraint/murder case

• マリア・ルス号事件
• Maria Luz Incident

• 日糖事件ともいう。
• It is also called as the 'Nitto Jiken' (Nitto Case).

• - 間島5・30事件
• May 30th Jiandao Incident

• 池田屋事件・禁門の変
• Ikedaya Incident and Kinmon Incident

• 足利三代木像梟首事件
• The incident of Ashikaga-sandai mokuzo kyoshu

• 遭難事件後の日土関係
• Relations between Japan and Turkey after the disaster

• 第一次天津教弾圧事件
• First oppression of Amatsukyo

• 第二次天津教弾圧事件
• Second oppression of Amatsukyo

• 石鐵県死刑囚蘇生事件
• The case of a condemned, who resuscitated after hanging in Ishizuchi Prefecture.

• 主な電車焼き討ち事件
• Major examples of Train Arson Attack

• 光明寺村女工焼死事件
• Komyojimura joko shoshi jiken

• 七条警察署巡査殺害事件
• The Case of the Murder of a Shichijo Police Constable

• という大事件が起きた。
• It was a serious incident.

• 猪熊事件が描かれた作品
• Literary works taking themes from Inokuma Incident

• 事件をモデルとした作品
• Pieces of work that used this incident as a model

• 京大事件とも呼ばれる。
• Also called the Kyodai (Kyoto University) Incident.

• 事件は収まりを見せた。
• The incident settled down.

• 八甲田雪中行軍遭難事件
• Death March of Hakkoda Mountains Incident

• ガルトネル開墾条約事件
• Gaertner Cultivation Treaty Incident

• 開拓使官有物払下げ事件
• The scandal over the sale of the property owned by the Hokkaido Development Agency

• 江華島事件と日朝修好条規
• Ganghwa Island incident and the Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity

• いわゆる大津事件である。
• This attack was so-called the Otsu Incident.

• それが馬蹄銀事件である。
• This was the Bateigin Incident.

• エルトゥールル号遭難事件
• The distress of Frigate Ertuğrul Fırkateyni

• 以後、この種の事件止む。
• After that, incidents of this kind ceased to happen.

• 第4回押出し（川俣事件）
• The Fourth Demonstration (the Kawamata Incident)

• イルティッシュ号投降事件
• The Irtysh surrender incident

• 山陽鉄道列車強盗殺人事件
• Robbery and Murder on the Sanyo Railway Train

• 事件発生から利権回復まで
• From the beginning of the affair to recovery of concession

• ここに長沼事件が始まる。
• Naganuma affair began at this time.

• 以下は代表的な仇討ち事件：
• Major cases of Adauchi are as follows:

• 「京大事件」とも称される。
• It is also called the 'Kyodai incident.'

• 砲艦外交の展開：江華島事件
• Development of gunboat diplomacy: the Ganghwa Island incident

• この事件を承和の変と呼ぶ。
• This incident is the 'Jowa Incident.'

• この事件をテーマにした作品
• Literary works on the theme of this case

• 大逆事件（たいぎゃくじけん）
• Taigyaku Jiken

• 当然ながらすぐに事件は発覚。
• However, as a matter of course, the plot laid by the three came to light soon.

• 文厚事件と略される場合もある。
• It can be also referred to as the Bunko Affair.

• いわゆる天皇機関説事件である。
• This incident was so-called 'the emperor organ theory incident.'

• 江華島事件についての謝罪要求。
• Requirement of an apology for the Ganghwa Island incident.

• 事件後は浪士取締りが強化する。
• Control over the roshi became stricter after the incident.

• 遭難事件はその帰途に起こった。
• The disaster occurred on their way home.

• 当時は兇徒聚集事件と呼ばれた。
• At that time this incident was called the Collective Rioting Incident.

• ゴーストップ事件を参照のこと。
• Refer to Go Stop incident

• 最初の治安維持法適用事件である。
• This was the first affair to which the Maintenance of Public Order Law was applied.

• これが江華島事件の発端となった。
• This was the beginning of the Ganghwa Island incident.

• 幕末の明保野亭事件の舞台である。
• It is the scene of Akebonotei Jiken (the Akebonotei incident) occurred in the era toward the end of the Edo period.

• 油小路事件で伊東や藤堂らが死亡。
• Those including ITO and TODO were killed in the Abura-no-koji Incident.

• マリア・ルス号事件（1872年）
• María Luz Incident (1872)

• 翌年に憤死する事件が起きている。
• He died indignant the next year.

• その最大の事件が平将門の乱である。
• The greatest incident of that was TAIRA no Masakado's War.

• これは鹿ケ谷事件への伏線となった。
• This turned out to be a foreshadowing of the Shishigatani Incident.

• これが有名な『銀ブラ事件』である。
• This is the famous 'Ginbura accident' (an accident that the Crown Prince wandered about Ginza).

• 寧波争貢事件、明州の乱、宗設の乱。
• It is also known as the Ningbo Incident, the Mingzhou War and the Sosetsu War.

• 1884年（明治17年）：秩父事件
• 1884: Chichibu Incident

• 鷲塚騒動、菊間藩事件とも呼ばれる。
• It was also called Washizuka Riot, or Kikuma Domain Riot.

• 1928年3月15日：三・一五事件。
• March 15, 1928: Affair on March 15.

• 7月25日 豊島沖海戦（高陞号事件）
• July 25: Battle of Pungdo (Kowshing incident)

• 1945年（昭和20年）　浮島丸事件
• 1945: Ukishima-maru Incident occurs.

• 犯人は特定できず未解決事件となった。
• The criminal could not be identified and the case remained unsolved.

• 日本も事件処理のため軍隊を派遣した。
• Japan also sent its army there to deal with the incident.

• - 光州学生事件（- 1930年3月）
• Gwangju Student Movement (until March, 1930)

• 押出しについては川俣事件も参照のこと。
• As for Oshidashi, also refer to 'Kawamata Incident.'

• 交渉場所は事件のあった江華島とされた。
• The venue of the negotiation was Ganghwa Island, where the incident had occurred.

• 1862年（文久2年） - 寺田屋事件
• 1862: Terada-ya Incident occurred.

• 以下に挙げる諸事件はその代表例である。
• Incidents mentioned below were representative cases.

• 事件後鉱毒反対運動が下火になりました。
• The movement against the copper poisoning died down after the Kawamata Incident.

• この事件以降、日本の政党政治は弱体化。
• After this affair, the party government in Japan was weakening.

• 足尾銅山鉱毒事件と表記される場合も多い。
• Ashio Kodoku Jiken (Ashio Mining Pollution) is often referred to as Ashio Dozan Kodoku Jiken (Ashio copper mine Mining Pollution).

• 慶応3年12月7日 (旧暦) 天満屋事件
• December 7 1867, Tenman-ya Incident.

• （詳しくは「廷臣八十八卿列参事件」参照）
• (For more information, see 'Demo of eighty-eight retainers of Imperial Court.')

• O・J・シンプソン事件の裁判長を務めた。
• He presided over the O.J. Simpson murder trial.

• (詳しくは江華島事件また日朝修好条規参照)
• (See sections of Ganghwa Island incident and Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity for more details.)

• この事件は外交的に大きな影響をもたらした。
• This incident had a great diplomatic influence.

• 以下は「日本書紀」に拠る事件の概要である。
• The following is the summary of the incident recorded in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).

• 慶応元年1月8日 (旧暦) ぜんざい屋事件
• January 8 1865, Zenzai-ya Incident.

• 元治元年6月10日 (旧暦) 明保野亭事件
• June 10 1864, Akebono-tei Incident.

• 慶応2年9月12日 (旧暦) 三条制札事件
• September 12 1866, Sanjo Seisatsu Incident.

• この訪沖についてはいくつかの事件もあった。
• Some incidents also happened during this Okinawa visit.

• この事件により日朝の国交は断絶状態となる。
• This incident led to the rupture of diplomatic relations between Japan and Korea.

• 康和の乱、源義親追討事件などとも言われる。
• It is also called the rebellion in Kowa era, the incident of tracking down and killing MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, and so on.

• この事件により、得宗専制が完成したとされる。
• This incident completed the Tokuso autocracy.

• 蘭学、寛政異学の禁、シーボルト事件、蛮社の獄
• Western learning, the edict to prohibite studies other than Confucianism in the Kansei era, Siebold Incident, and the imprisonment of scholars of Western learning (bansha no goku)

• 事件は国宝「伴大納言絵詞」にも描かれている。
• This incident was also painted in the National Treasure 'Ban Dainagon Ekotoba' (The Tale of Great Minister Ban).

• 禁中並公家諸法度、外戚関係、紫衣事件、尊号一件
• Laws Governing the Imperial Households and Court Nobles (Kinchu narabini Kuge Shohatto), maternal relatives, Shie Incident, and Songo Incident (Title Incident)

• この事件以降、不平等条約撤廃の動きが高まった。
• Since then, the movement to abolish the unequal treaty had grown.

• 1891年（明治24年）5月11日 大津事件。
• May 11, 1891: The Otsu Incident occurred.

• 事件は外交問題となり、宋素卿は投獄されて獄死。
• The incident became a diplomatic issue, and Sokei SO was imprisoned and died in prison.

• 藤原氏による他氏排斥事件のひとつとされている。
• This is considered to be one of the affairs in which exclusionary practices were used against other clans by the Fujiwara clan.

• 明治期の大規模な集会・言論弾圧事件として有名。
• This incident is also known as a large scale rally and the event for suppression of speech in the Meiji period.

• 「赤坂喰違の変」「岩倉具視遭難事件」などとも。
• It's also called as 'Akasaka Kuichigai Incident' or 'Tomomi IWAKURA Sonan Jiken.'

• （以下は一世紀前の事件であり、実名表記とする）
• (The following is the description of the crime that was committed a century ago, and the real names are written)

• 時には撰銭が原因で殺傷事件が起こることもあった。
• Sometimes Erizeni caused bloodshed.

• - 愛宕山でのピクニックのさなかに事件が起こる。
• A happening occurs during a picnic to Mt. Atago.

• 熱田神宮の神体である草薙剣が盗まれた事件である。
• Kusanagi no tsurugi, an object of worship in Atsuta-jingu Shrine, was stolen in the case.

• 元禄赤穂事件で著名な赤穂藩浅野家の分家であった。
• This clan was a branch of the Asano family in the Ako clan famous for the Ako Incident in the Genroku era (1688 - 1704).

• 泉州堺事件（せんしゅうさかいじけん）とも呼ばれる。
• It is also called the Senshu Sakai Incident.

• また、元禄赤穂事件の関係者にも口分田姓の者がいた。
• In the past, a person with the name of 口分田 was included in the those related to the Genroku Ako Incident (an Ako province-related incident that occurred in the Genroku era (1688 - 1704)).

• 事件の発生は、列強への反感を次第に募らせていった。
• The outbreak of these incidents gradually build up antipathy toward the allied western powers.

• この事件の裏には土御門通親がいたと考えられている。
• It is thought that Michichika TSUCHIMIKADO was somewhere in the background of this incident.

• この事件の暗示として「伊勢物語」の名称が採られた。
• As an allusion to this event the title 'Ise Monogatari' was adopted.

• 鳥羽上皇は事件の下手人を捜すよう公卿会議に命じた。
• The retired Emperor Toba ordered the conference of kugyo (court nobles) to search for the murderer.

• 後年の本能寺の変と並ぶ事件であったといってもよい。
• It could be called as an incident comparable to the Honnoji Incident happened later.

• 非訟事件手続法（明治31年6月21日法律第14号）
• Non-Contentious Cases Procedures Act (Act No. 14: June 21, 1898)

• 明暦の大火、元禄、文治政治、側用人政治、元禄赤穂事件
• Great Fire in Meireki, Genroku, civilian government, sobayonin (lord chamberlain) government, and Genroku Ako Incident

• 日本内地では最初の治安維持法適用事件として知られる。
• It has been known as the first incident to apply the Maintenance of Public Order Law in Japanese mainland.

• 事件自体は小さなものだったが延暦寺の反応は早かった。
• Although it was a minor affair, Enryaku-ji Temple reacted quickly.

• 1613年（慶長18年）：大久保長安事件（大久保氏）
• 1613: Nagayasu OKUBO incident (Okubo clan)

• なお、この事件に関して大伴子虫は罪に問われていない。
• OTOMO no Komushi was not accused of this incident.

• 後期の抗日運動の中で大規模なものとして霧社事件がある。
• Wushe Incident was one of the biggest anti-Japanese movements in the late stage.

• 事件後、「ノルマントン号沈没の歌」という曲が作られた。
• A song titled `Song of the Sinking of the Normanton' was written after the incident.

• 諸々の事件への出動により報償金が下されることもあった。
• Rewards were also given when they were dispatched to various cases.

• 池田屋事件に参戦した新選組隊士は以下の通り（諸説有り）
• The following Shinsen-gumi soldiers fought in the Ikedaya Incident. (There are also other views.)

• この事件により、忠通と頼長の関係は修復不可能となった。
• Through this incident the relationship between Tadamichi and Yorinaga became unrecoverable.

• この事件は当時の多くの文化人にも衝撃的な影響を与えた。
• This incident also shocked many cultivated people at that time.

• ちなみに刑事事件の取扱い（検断沙汰）は侍所が所管した。
• Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) handled Kendan-sata (criminal cases).

• 足尾銅山暴動事件、あしおどうざんぼうどうじけん、とも。
• It is also called the Ashio Copper Mine Riot.

• 初期議会における薩長政府と民党の対立を示す事件である。
• It was an affair that showed the conflict between Satsuma-Choshu government and minto in the early Diet.

• この事件で襲撃側では中井庄五郎が死亡、負傷者2-3名。
• During this incident, Shogoro NAKAI died and a few others were injured on the attacker's side.

• この事件は、藤原氏による他氏排斥と理解されることが多い。
• the incident is often interpreted as the Fujiwara clan's exclusion of other clans.

• 事件後、嵯峨天皇は関係者に寛大な処置をとることを詔した。
• After the incident, Emperor Saga published an imperial edict stating that he would deal leniently with those involved.

• なお島津久光は帰国の最中、生麦事件を起こすこととなった。
• On the way back to his domain Hisamitsu SHIMAZU caused the Namamugi Incident.

• 別名を田中藤作蘇生事件もしくは生き返った死刑囚ともいう。
• The incident was known as resuscitation of Tosaku TANAKA or a condemned who came back to life.

• 3月24日に李鴻章が日本人暴漢に狙撃される事件が起こった。
• On March 24, an incident occurred in which Hung Chang LI was shot by a Japanese thug.

• また、この事件のあおりを受けて中納言藤原乙叡が解任された。
• Further, Chunagon (middle counselor) FUJIWARA no Takatoshi suffered the ripple effect of this incident and was removed from his position.

• 文久2年（1862年）に発生した薩摩藩尊皇派等の粛清事件。
• A purge of the royalist faction in the Satsuma domain carried out in 1862.

• 検非違使庁・諸衛府の形骸化、院北面の拡大を示す事件だった。
• This incident showed that the Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief) and various efu (Palace Guards) were losing substance while the In no hokumen (Imperial Palace Guards) were gaining more power.

• 『葵 徳川三代』 第23回宮中重大事件、第24回野望の輪郭
• 'Aoi Tokugawa Sandai' (Three Generations of Tokugawa Having Hollyhock as Family Crest), Episode 23 Kyuchu Judai Jiken (Some Serious Affair in the Imperial Court) and Episode 24 Yabo no Wa (A Circle of Ambitions)

• この事件以降、平氏政権と後白河法皇の関係は急速に悪化した。
• After this incident, the relationship between the Taira clan government and Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa cooled rapidly.

• この事件は源頼朝死去の翌月に発生し、鎌倉幕府を揺るがせた。
• The incident occurred in the month following the death of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and shook the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun).

• 全般に記述が簡潔で、事件の要点のみを記して詳細に及ばない。
• As a whole, it was written concisely, and only the gist of the incidents was described, so it does not contain the details.

• 台湾総督府はこの事件を踏まえてこれらの組織の整理を行った。
• Governor General of Taiwan reorganized these organizations due to this incident.

• 天元2年（1109年）2月、義忠が殺害される事件が起こる。
• In February 1109, an incident in which Yoshitada was killed occurred.

• 元禄赤穂事件、百姓一揆、打ちこわし、大塩平八郎の乱、剣術道場
• Genroku Ako Incident, peasant's revolt, destructive urban riot, Rebellion of Heihachiro OSHIO, and training halls of swordplay

• 現実の刑事事件でも復讐を目的として犯行に至った例は見られる。
• Even real criminal cases include those in which the crime developed with the aim of revenge.

• その後、9月20日に江華島事件が発生して永宗島の要塞を占領。
• Later, the Ganghwa Island incident occurred on September 20, and the Japanese occupied the fortress of Yeongjong Island.

• 更に藤原実頼の健康状態の悪化と事件との関連も指摘されている。
• Furthermore, some point out that there was a connection between the declining health of FUJIWARA no Saneyori and this incident.

• 頼朝死後に続く幕府内部における権力闘争の最初の事件であった。
• This was the first incident caused by a power struggle started inside the shogunate following the death of Yoritomo.

• 簡潔が過ぎて養老律令のような重要事件が脱落した例が見られる。
• It was sometimes written so briefly that important things such as the Yoro ritsuryo code (code promulgated in the Yoro period) were omitted.

• これを大阪酒屋会議事件（おおさかさかやかいぎじけん）と呼ぶ。
• This is called 'Osaka Sakaya Kaigi Incident.'

• 長沼事件解決の翌年、福澤諭吉は脳溢血で倒れ帰らぬ人となった。
• The year after settlement of Naganuma affair, Yukichi FUKUZAWA was struck down by cerebral hemorrhage and passed away.

• こうした尽力もあり、明治9年7月、長沼事件は一応解決を見る。
• Those effort resulted in a tentative settlement of the Naganuma affair in July 1876.

• 日比谷焼打事件でも示された民衆運動の力がついに政権を覆した。
• A popular movement, the power of which was once exercised in the Hibiya riots of 1905, eventually toppled the government in the Taisho Seihen.

• 源内の刃傷事件との関係を指摘する説もあるが、詳細は不明である。
• There is an additional theory indicating an incident of bloodshed involving Gennai but the details are unknown.

• 1759年（宝暦9年）：人吉藩竹鉄砲事件（相良氏 - 人吉藩）
• 1759: Hitoyoshi Domain Bamboo Gun incident (Sagara clan; Hitoyoshi Domain)

• だが785年、造長岡宮使 藤原種継暗殺事件に連座して廃された。
• However, in 785, he was uncrowned because he was alleged to have been implicated in the assassination of Zonagaokagushi (the administrator in charge of building the new capital called Nagaoka-kyo) FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu.

• 薬子の変（くすこのへん）は、平安時代初期に起こった事件である。
• The Kusuko Incident is an incident that occurred in the early Heian period.

• この事件は、日本とトルコの友好関係の起点として記憶されている。
• This disaster is remembered as a starting point of the friendship between Japan and Turkey.

• 1907年5月18日、具志頭間切の某村落で盗難事件が発生した。
• On May 18 1907, theft occurred in the village of Gushichan Magiri.

• この事件で、日本人1人、朝鮮人数人が死亡、負傷者多数にのぼった。
• One Japanese and one Korean were killed and many injured in the incident.

• 崩壊期 - 源頼家時代の頼家将軍就任～源実朝時代の源実朝暗殺事件
• Collapse period: Yoriie's assumption of the shogun in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoriie ~ Assassination of MINAMOTO no Sanetomo in the period of MINAMOTO no Sanetomo.

• 没落期 - 源義忠時代の義忠暗殺事件～源義朝時代の平治の乱の敗北
• Fall period: Assassination of Yoshitada in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoshitada ~ Loss of the Heiji War in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo.

• この事件により基経は藤原氏の権力の強さを世に知らしめたのである。
• Taking advantage of this incident, Mototsune made people realize the strong power of the Fujiwara clan.

• 通説においては、承和の変は藤原氏による他氏排斥事件の初めである。
• It is a common view that the Jowa Incident was the first incident to expulse other clans from the Imperial Court plotted by the Fujiwara clan.

• 1665年（寛文5年）：伊達騒動（寛文事件、伊達氏 - 仙台藩）
• 1665: Date feud (Kanbun incident; Date clan; Sendai Domain)

• 贈位正三位高野隆古は宝暦事件に関与した勤皇21廷臣の一人だった。
• Posthumous Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) Takafuru TAKANO was one of the twenty-two court nobles band 'Kinno twenty-two teishin' who were involved in the Horeki Incident.

• 慶応2年（1866年）に発生した伏見奉行による坂本龍馬襲撃事件。
• An attack on Ryoma SAKAMOTO by the Fushimi magistrate carried out in 1866.

• 相馬事件（そうまじけん）とは、明治年間に起こった御家騒動の一つ。
• Some Jiken is one of the family troubles occurred in the Meiji period in Japan.

• 日本では一般に、この事件から明治維新までを「幕末」と呼んでいる。
• In Japan, the years between this incident and the Meiji Restoration are generally referred to as 'the last days of Tokugawa Shogunate.'

• 元禄赤穂事件と鍵屋の辻の決闘に並ぶ、日本三大仇討ちの一つである。
• This was one of three major incidents of revenge in Japan along with the Genroku Ako Incident and duel at Kagiya no Tsuji (the Key-Maker's Corner).

• 1113年（天永4年）、愛甲内記太郎の殺害事件により追討を受ける。
• In 1113, because of the murder of Naiki Taro AIKO, the members of the party were searched out and destroyed.

• 4月、山縣が山城屋事件に関する司法省の追及を受けて陸軍大輔を辞任。
• In April, YAMAGATA resigned as vice-minister of Army due to the ongoing internal investigation of the Yamashiroya Incident by Ministry of Justice.

• この訪問は「六四天安門事件の打消しのために企画された」と言われた。
• Some people blamed this visit by saying, 'It was planned to delete the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.'

• 結果家斉の機嫌を損ね、事件後に松平定信が失脚、辞職する遠因となる。
• As a result, Ienari was offended, and Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA was ousted after the incident and so became the remote cause of a resignation.

• 北京における駐兵権容認はやがて盧溝橋事件の引き金ともなるのである。
• Allowing foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing eventually triggered the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.

• シーボルト事件後は、同じ天文方の山路諧孝・山路彰常父子が引継いだ。
• After the Siebold Incident, it was taken over by Yukitaka YAMAJI and his son Akitsune who were also Tenmonkata.

• この事件で完全に北の方に愛想を尽かした髭黒は玉鬘の下に入り浸りる。
• Higekuro was totally disgusted with the way his wife behaved, and stayed on at Tamakazura's.

• が、少なくても平安時代以前にこうした事件があったとする記録はない。
• However, before the Heian period no record of such a matter was found.

• 小川は、本の内容に感銘を受け、福澤に事件の収拾を託そうと上京した。
• Ogawa was impressed by the book, and he went to Tokyo, trying to entrust Fukuzawa with handling the matter.

• 古都税の施行は古都税騒動と呼ばれる政治事件を起こした(経緯を参照)。
• The enforcement of the Old Capital Tax provoked an incident known as the Old Capital Tax Dispute (See the details below).

• この事件により大官が2人も罰せられた藤原南家の勢力が大幅に後退した。
• As two high officials of the clan were punished due to this incident, the power of the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan declined substantially.

• 1660年（万治3年）：伊達騒動（綱宗隠居事件、伊達氏 - 仙台藩）
• 1660: Date feud (Tsunamune retirement incident; Date clan; Sendai Domain)

• 倭国・百済連合軍は福信事件の影響により白村江への到着が10日遅れた。
• Due to the Fukushin Incident, the arrival of the allied forces of Wakoku and Kudara at Hakusonko was delayed by 10 days.

• 現存する建物自体は江戸時代のものではない（寺田屋事件の項目を参照）。
• The existing building itself was not created in the Edo period (see the section on the Teradaya Incident).

• 坂本龍馬や中岡慎太郎が暗殺された場所としても知られる（近江屋事件）。
• It is also known as a place where Ryoma SAKAMOTO and Shintaro NAKAOKA were assassinated (the Omiya incident).

• 事件発生から5日後の6月27日、西園寺は内務大臣原敬らに辞意を表明。
• On June 27, five days after the incident, SAIONJI announced his intention of resignation to the Minister of Home Affairs Takashi HARA and others.

• しかし、この事件は2月1日（2月27日）の記録を最後に途絶えている。
• However, all record of this incident ends after February 1 (February 27).

• こうした想定は、事件から2年後のに日露戦争として現実のものとなった。
• This assumption became a reality two years after the incident, as the Russo-Japanese War began.

• 6日にようやく、成親解官、時忠・信範召還の宣下があり、事件は終息する。
• On March 2, the imperial proclamation of Narichika's dismissal and recall of Tokitada and Nobunori was finally issued; the tumult came to an end.

• 日本側の軍艦の名を取って雲揚号事件（うんようごうじけん）とも呼ばれる。
• It is also known as Unyo Incident, which had its name from the Japanese warship 'Unyo.'

• 1697年（元禄10年）：伊達騒動（綱村隠居事件、伊達氏 - 仙台藩）
• 1697: Date feud (Tsunamura retirement incident; Date clan; Sendai Domain)

• 領事裁判の不当さを日本人に痛感させた事件として歴史に残るものになった。
• It went down in history as the incident which made the Japanese keenly realize the unjustness of consular jurisdiction.

• この事件を直接の契機として、大王家と葛城氏の関係は破綻したとみられる。
• It is thought that by this event, the relationship between the Okimi family and the Katsuraki clan fell apart.

• 聖武天皇は病弱で事件当時には非藤原氏系の安積親王しか男子がいなかった。
• Emperor Shomu was poor in health and had the only son Prince Asaka of the non-Fujiwara clan at the time of the incident.

• 錦織久隆（1820年 - 1882年）は廷臣八十八卿列参事件に関わる。
• Hisataka NISHIGORI (1820-1882) was involved in the teishin hachiju-hachi kyo ressan jiken (demonstration of 88 retainers of Imperial Court)

• この改易は、同年の内に起こった大久保長安事件の余波のひとつでもあった。
• This Kaieki (forfeit rank of Samurai and properties) was one of the purges in the aftermath of the Okubo Nagayasu Incident, which took place in the same year.

• 間もなく女帝が死去した為実現しなかったとされる（宇佐八幡宮神託事件）。
• The Empress died shortly afterward so it was unfulfilled (a plot of Usa Hachiman-gu oracle).

• なお、この事件の報が日本本土に伝わった際、元寇の再来との憶測が流れた。
• When news of the Korean attack on Tsushima reached mainland Japan, speculation ran rife that this was the second advent of the earlier Mongol invasions.

• 戦乱の終息後、都に戻ったが、秀次事件に連座し、豊臣秀吉の怒りを買った。
• After the end of the wars, the family returned to the capital, but faced the wrath of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, because it was implicated in the Hidetsugu incident.

• 川俣事件の事実に関しては、後の裁判での証言などがまったくかみ合わない。
• No consistent testimony was given at the trial of the Kawamata Incident.

• 後白河と平氏の政治路線の対立が、院政開始後に初めて表面化した事件である。
• It was the first incident where the confrontation of the political lines between Goshirakawa and the Taira clan became an issue.

• 恒貞親王は事件とは無関係としながらも責任を取らせるために皇太子を廃した。
• Furthermore, although saying that the Crown Prince Tsunesada had nothing to do with the incident, the emperor fired the crown prince so as to put the responsibility on him.

• 同事件における親書が、本協約の無効を主張したものとした正式な文書である。
• The personal letter in the affair is an official written document which insisted on invalidity of the treaty.

• 弘治2年（1556年）、越後国では景虎が出家隠遁を図る事件が起きている。
• In Echigo Province in 1556, Kagetora attempted to become a priest and to live a retired life

• 道康の母藤原順子の兄である良房の権力掌握のきっかけとなった事件でもある。
• This incident was also the opportunity for Michiyasu's mother, FUJIWARA no Junshi's older brother Yoshifusa to grab hold of power.

• 江戸時代中期の桜井氏福が竹内式部に師事していたために宝暦事件に連座した。
• During the mid-Edo period, Ujiyoshi SAKURAI studied under TAKENOUCHI Shikibu and was implicated in the Horeki Incident.

• この事件の後、浅野薫はその臆病な振る舞いを咎められて新選組を放逐された。
• After this incident, Kaoru ASANO was accused for his cowardly behavior and ejected from Shinsengumi.

• 冬の深夜であり寒さが身にしみ、この後派出所に行ったために事件が露見した。
• Being cold in the middle of a winter night, Nakajima went to a police box, and the murder was discovered.

• しかし江戸開城自体は、戊辰戦争史全体の中では序盤に位置する事件であった。
• However, in reality, the surrender of the Edo-jo Castle was the opening chapter phase into the entire history of the Boshin Civil War.

• 事件後、台湾総督府の警察は北埔の支援に向かい、100人あまりを逮捕した。
• The police officers of the Governor General of Taiwan headed to assist Beipu after the incident and arrested about 100 people.

• その甲斐あって事件の3日後の1月17日には、武市熊吉ら9人は逮捕された。
• As a result, the nine criminals, including Kumakichi TAKECHI, were arrested three days after the incident, on January 17.

• 相前後して堺事件が発生し、共に外国人に切腹を深く印象付けることとなった。
• Sakai Incident occurred right after this incident, so through these two incidents Seppuku (to commit suicide by disembowelment) gave a strong impression to foreigners.

• 熊野社領である甲斐国八代荘で発生した八代荘停廃事件を機にまとめられたもの。
• It was written when the Yatsushiro no sho teihai-jiken (incident of the abolishment of Yatsushiro no sho) occurred at Yatsushiro no sho in Kai Province, which was the estate of Kumano-sha Shrine.

• この事件における被害は、朝鮮側の死者35名、日本側の死傷者は2名であった。
• The victims of this incident included 35 dead on the Korean side and 2 dead or injured on the Japanese side.

• 規模としては最後の西来庵事件以外は小規模、または蜂起以前に逮捕されている。
• These uprisings were relatively small in scale except for the last Xilaian Incident and conspirators were arrested before the planned uprisings could even take place.

• 保元・平治両乱は政治抗争が武力で解決されることを示した歴史的な事件だった。
• Both the Hogen no ran (Hogen Rebellion) and Heiji no ran (Heiji Rebellion) were historical events that indicated that political conflict can be solved by military force.

• 事件は幕府内に憶測を招き、山名氏や細川氏の関与が疑われた記録も残っている。
• This incident intrigued the bakufu, and there are records remaining that held the Tamana clan and Hosokawa clan under suspicion of being associated with this incident.

• 11月15日、夕刻に中岡が近江屋を尋ね、三条大橋制札事件について話し合う。
• In the late afternoon of November 15, Nakaoka visited Omiya and they talked about the Sanjo-ohashi Seisatsu Incident.

• また山東の別の箇所でも在地の武術組織とキリスト教が対立する事件が発生した。
• In addition, a conflict between the local military organization and Christians occurred in other areas of Shandong.

• 遭難の翌朝、事件は樫野の区長から大島村長の沖周（おきしゅう）に伝えられた。
• The next day of the disaster, Shu OKI, the Oshima village mayor, was informed of the incident via the head of the Kashino ward.

• また泉鏡花はこの事件を素材とした『冠弥左衛門』を書いて文壇にテビューした。
• Kyoka IZUMI wrote a novel titled 'Kanmuri Yazaemon' on the theme of this incident and started his career as a novelist.

• 事件は4月23日に起こり、『保暦間記』では「仰ト号シテ夜討ニシタリケル」。
• The incident occurred on April 23, and according to 'Horyakukanki,' 'A night-time raid was conducted saying that an order to do so was issued.'

• 萩藩の代官･井上宇兵衛は事件の顛末を萩藩に報告し、徳山藩に詰問状を発した。
• Uhei INOUE, the daikan (the bakufu-representing officer at a clan) of the Hagi clan, reported the Hagi clan about the details of the incident, and sent an inquiry letter to the Tokuyama clan.

• 事件の背景には、日本陸軍が冬季訓練を緊急の課題としていたことが挙げられる。
• Japan's consideration that wintertime training was to be the most urgent task was the background of the incident.

• 平成10年10月「長沼下戻百周年記念碑」が建立され、事件を今に伝えている。
• In October 1998, 'centenary monument of Naganuma disposal' was erected, which passes down the history of the affair to us.

• 壬午軍乱（壬午事変）での日本在外公館焼き討ち事件の事後処理の為に結ばれた。
• The treaty was concluded to sort out the issues after the Imo (Jingo) Incident in which the Japanese diplomatic mission in Yi Dynasty Korea had been set fire.

• 後年、対ロシア戦を想定した訓練中に発生したのが八甲田雪中行軍遭難事件である。
• The Death March of the Hakkoda Mountains Incident occurred during such training as preparation for a possible attack by Russia.

• 4回目の押出しでは、農民側と警察側が衝突して大勢の逮捕者が出た（川俣事件）。
• In the fourth Oshidashi (petition), the peasants and the police clashed and many peasants were arrested (Kawamata Incident).

• 行政の干渉から司法の独立を確立し、三権分立の意識を広めた近代史上重要な事件。
• This incident was so significant in the modern history of Japan because it triggered independence of judiciary from government's interference and raised people's awareness of separation of powers.

• そもそも朝鮮側は、江華島事件に関する謝罪と賠償が交渉のテーマだと考えていた。
• Korea thought from the beginning that the theme of negotiations would be an apology and compensation for the Ganghwa Island incident.

• 装備に劣る長州はここでも敗れ、長州藩は窮地に陥った（四国艦隊下関砲撃事件）。
• The Choshu clan lost due to their inferior equipment, and got into trouble (the Battles of Shimonoseki).

• 斯波氏は1554年、ついに斯波義統が守護代の織田信友に殺される事件が起こる。
• An incident occurred for the Shiba clan in 1554, in which Yoshimune SHIBA was killed by Shugodai, Nobutomo ODA.

• むしろ、上記讒言事件は、外宮の設立と年代が近かったのではないかと推測される。
• It is more reasonable to suppose that the incident happened around the time of the construction of the Geku.

• 馬蹄銀事件とは、清国の馬蹄銀という銀塊を、派遣部隊が横領したとの嫌疑である。
• The Bateigin Incident refers to the suspicion that dispatched troops embezzled silver ingots of the Qing called bateijgin.

• 茶道宗偏流の跡取り、山田宗有もこの事件に衝撃を受けた日本人のひとりであった。
• Soyu YAMADA, the successor of the Sohen school of tea ceremony, was one of Japanese who was shocked by the accident.

• 以下、「万国公法」の威名が影響した事件・事象を一部列挙する（安岡1998）。
• In the following article, a part of incidents and events affected by 'Bankoku Koho' will be introduced (Yasuoka 1998).

• なお、治安警察法は、事件の起きた1900年2月13日にはまだ成立していない。
• By the way, the Security Police Law was not yet enacted when the Kawamata Incident occurred on February 13, 1900.

• 電車焼き討ち事件（でんしゃやきうちじけん）は、電車やその施設を放火すること。
• Densha Yakiuchi Jiken (literally Train Arson Attack) was to cause arson to trains and other facilities.

• この事件で宗成は流刑となり、伊予親王の伯父藤原雄友も連座して伊予国に流された。
• Munenari was banished due to this incident and Fujiwara no Otomo, an uncle of Imperial Prince Iyo, was also banished to Iyo Province as an accomplice.

• 7月、山縣が山城屋事件に関する陸軍内部の追及を受けて陸軍中将・近衛都督を辞任。
• In July, YAMAGATA resigned his posts as lieutenant general and commander of the imperial guard due to the ongoing internal investigation of the Yamashiroya Incident by army officers.

• 13世紀中頃以降は元冦という大事件があったものの、政治体制は一応安定していた。
• Its regime remained stable enough despite the Genko (Mongol Invasions of Japan) incidents in and after the middle of the 13th century.

• 7月2日の項に続けて書いており、この日の前後か当日に事件が起きたと考えられる。
• As this incident was reported in the section of July 2 (old calender), this may have happened around in or on this date.

• 866年4月28日（貞観8年閏3月10日）、応天門が放火炎上する事件が起こる。
• In April 28, 866, an incident occurred in which Otenmon gate was set alight and destroyed.

• 事件は江戸で公募された浪士組の上洛直前にあたり、挑発的行為とも考えられている。
• The incident occurred immediately before roshi-gumi (an organization of masterless samurai) publicly recruited in Edo went to Kyoto, and it was also considered an act of provocation.

• 事件後、銅山側は全従業員をいったん解雇し、身元の明らかなものだけを再雇用した。
• After the riot, the operator of the mine once fired every worker, and rehired only those who could be identified.

• 114年前のことであり、ほとんどのトルコの人々は事件を知らないのが実状でした。
• The disaster occurred 114 year ago, and in truth most Turks did not know the incident.

• 周辺の者が事件の詳細を尋ねてきたが、彼はただ泣くだけで何も答えなかったという。
• The neighbors came to ask him about the details of the incident, but they said that he did nothing but weep without any response.

• そして、実朝暗殺事件までは、朝廷と鎌倉幕府の関係は一応の安定期に入る事となる。
• Relationships between the Imperial court and the Kamakura bakufu remained stable until MINAMOTO no Sanetomo was assassinated.

• モリソン号事件を知った高野長英は「戊戌夢物語」で幕府の異国船打払令に反対した。
• Choei TAKANO, learning about the Morrison incident, opposed the edict to repel foreign vessels issued by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in his book 'Bojutsu yumemonogatari.'

• 放射線に関する新らたな情報若しくは予期していなかった事件に起因する関連特性の変更
• changes in the reference characterization arising from new radiological information or unanticipated events,

• 秀吉がキリスト教に対して態度を硬化させるのはサン＝フェリペ号事件以後の事である。
• It was after the San Felipe Ship incident that Hideyoshi calcified against the Christianity.

• 1871年の琉球島民殺害事件にたいして薩摩藩出身者を中心に台湾出兵が建言された。
• In response to the murders of some Ryukyu sailors in 1871, politicians mainly from the Satsuma Domain strongly suggested the dispatch of troops to Taiwan.

• 永保元年（1081年）以降は延暦寺の僧兵による園城寺焼き討ち事件が起こっている。
• After 1081, a fire attack against Onjo-ji Temple by monk-soldiers from Enryaku-ji Temple occurred.

• 明治政府は清国に対して事件の賠償などを求めるが、清国政府は管轄外として拒否した。
• Although the Meiji Government sought compensation from Qing for the incident, the Qing Government refused, saying it was beyond their jurisdiction.

• 事件後、藤原良房は大納言に昇進し、道康親王が皇太子に立てられた（後の文徳天皇）。
• After the incident, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa was promoted to the Dainagon, and the Imperial Prince Michiyasu became the crown prince (later, the Emperor Montoku).

• 同年7月、内裏守護の源頼茂（源頼政の孫）が西面の武士に攻め殺される事件が起きた。
• Then in the seventh month of the same year, Minamoto no Yorishige, grandson of Minamoto no Yorimasa and guardian of the imperial palace, was attacked and killed by the Western Guard Corps.

• その中で高師直が塩冶高貞を殺害する事件を起こし、各地の武士の間にも動揺が走った。
• Meanwhile, KO no Moronao killed Takasada ENYA, which shocked bushi nationwide.

• 折から発生した江華島事件の処理をめぐる意見対立も重なり、板垣はついに参議を辞任。
• Discord over how to handle the Ganghwa Island incident, which had just taken place, worsened the situation, and finally Itagaki resigned from the office of Sangi.

• 事件発生から一ヶ月の間に約1,800名による冠らの助命嘆願書が県庁に寄せられた。
• Within one month after the incident, about 1,800 people sent a petition for sparing lives of Kanmuri and others to the prefectural government.

• 事件の背景には、鵜野讃良皇后の意向があったとする見方が有力である（直木孝次郎）。
• The opinion that Empress Uno no Sarara pulled the wire is dominant (Kojiro NAOKI).

• この抗日事件で蜂起した者の多くは、隘勇線の漢人兵か隘勇線外に住む原住民であった。
• Many of the people who uprose in this anti-Japanese incident were the Han soldiers stationed at Ai-Yun Line (Guardsmen Line) or the indigenous people residing outside the line.

• 大石良雄（赤穂藩浅野家首席家老。元禄赤穂事件で名をあげ、忠臣蔵の主人公となった）
• Yoshio OISHI (the chief Karo officer of the Asano family in the Ako domain. He became famous due to the Ako Incident in the Genroku era, becoming the main character in the Chushingura story [a story of loyal retainers].)

• なおこの事件の直後、しばらくの間鎌倉では頼朝の消息を確認することが出来なかった。
• In addition, for a while right after this incident the Kamakura side could not keep track of Yoritomo.

• この蘇我氏本宗家滅亡事件をこの年の干支にちなんで乙巳の変（いっしのへん）という。
• This incident (the fall of the head family of the Soga clan) is referred to as Isshi-no-hen after the Oriental Zodiac, because this is the year that it happened.

• 同年に奇兵隊士が撰鋒隊と衝突した教法寺事件の責めを負い、高杉は総督を更迭された。
• TAKASUGI was replaced as the governor-general due to the responsibility for the Incident at Kyoho-ji Temple occurred in the same year in which the member of Kiheitai Army had clashed with a spearhead troop.

• 蛮社の獄（ばんしゃのごく）とは、1839年（天保10）5月に起きた言論弾圧事件。
• Bansha no goku was the suppression of free speech that occurred in May 1839.

• こうしたことが、滝川事件に見られる教授会自治への攻撃につながったとする見解もある。
• Some people say that the above led to the attack on the autonomy of faculty council, which was seen in the Takigawa incident.

• また、司法省の権限強化を目指した江藤新平の追及もこの事件に大きな影響を与えている。
• In addition, the pursuit by Shinpei ETO who aimed strengthening of authority for the Ministry of Justice also had a great influence on this incident.

• そのことに対する（桐野の）山縣への嫉妬と敵意がこの事件の追及を強めた原因とされる。
• KIRINO's jealousy and hostility against YAMAGATA was ascribed to the intensified pursuit of this incident.

• さらに自藩の船団を仕立てて東南アジアにまで派遣していた例もあった（「竹島事件」）。
• They even dispatched their own fleet to Southeast Asia (this was the so-called 'Takeshima incident.')

• 円福寺 (福山市)（大可島城跡に建てられている・いろは丸事件時の和歌山藩士の宿舎）
• Enpuku-ji Temple (Fukuyama City): Built over the ruins of Taigashima-jo Castle, and was an accommodation of feudal retainer of the Wakayama clan at the time of the Iroha-maru Sailboat incident)

• また、後述の事件から石川王が乱の勃発時に近江宮のある大津市にいたことが推測できる。
• Also, it is assumed that Ishikawa no Okimi was in Otsu City where Omi no miya was located when the war started, by considering the incident described below.

• これは緊急時における政治大権を武士に付与することを意味する画期的な事件でもあった。
• This was a breakthrough because it meant that bushi may be given political power during emergency.

• 1908年（明治41年）2月5日に、澳門沖に起きた日本船第二辰丸の拿捕事件である。
• It is an incident in which Dai-ni Tatsumaru, a Japanese ship, was captured off the coast of Macao on February 5, 1908.

• 『書紀』編纂において、壬申の乱が特別重要な事件とみなされていたことは明らかである。
• It is clear that the Jinshin War was regarded as a particularly important incidence in the compilation of 'Chronicles of Japan'.

• ところが、日比谷焼討事件に対する評価が対外硬派を分裂の方向に向かわせることになる。
• However, the opinions on Hibiya Incendiary Incident turned the Taigaiko group to split.

• 事件のリーダーである蔡清琳は、元々警官であったが理念の違いから辞めてしまっていた。
• Tsai Ching-Lin, who was the leader of the incident was originally a police officer but resigned due to a conflict with his ideology.

• このときに破壊された電車は54両に上り、100名以上の検挙者を出す事件に発展した。
• The number of the trains destructed during this incident amounted to 54, and more than 100 people were arrested.

• 事件翌日の5月12日早朝、明治天皇は新橋駅から汽車に乗車、同日夜には京都に到着した。
• In the early morning of May 12, Emperor Meiji boarded a train at Shinbashi Station, and arrived in Kyoto late in the day.

• そのため、日比谷焼打事件をはじめとして各地で暴動が起こり、戒厳令が敷かれるに至った。
• Popular uprisings broke out in various places beginning with the Hibiya Incendiary Incident, and martial law was declared.

• 江戸時代に入ると、義光の後継をめぐって争いが起き、長子の最上義康の暗殺事件が起こる。
• In the Edo period, a race for successor of Yoshiaki occurred and the first son Yoshiyasu MOGAMI was assassinated.

• そのためか、事件の直後に後鳥羽上皇が祈願に使っていた最勝四天王院が取り壊されている。
• Perhaps for the very same reason, right after this incident with Yorishige, the Saisho Shitenno-in (the Hall of the Four Conquering Deva Kings), which the retired Emperor Gotoba had been using for such prayers, was demolished.

• 将軍義教と鎌倉公方持氏の対立おいては、持氏が横領する事件も起こる（永享3年に和睦）。
• When shogun Yoshinori and Kamakura kubo (governor-general of Kanto region) Mochiuji were in conflict, Mochiuji once unlawfully seized it (settled in 1411).

• 同年6月には別子銅山でも暴動が起きているが、足尾暴動事件が飛び火したものといわれる。
• In June on the same year, a riot occurred in Besshi Copper Mine, and it is said to had been spilled over from Ashio Riot.

• このとき時章追討は誤殺であったと言われ、事件後、得宗被官の追手5名が処刑されている。
• It is said that Toshiaki was chased and killed by mistake, and after the incident, five retainers of the Tokuso family who chased him were killed for the punishment.

• この事件については伏見宮貞成親王の日記『看聞日記』に義教暗殺当日の事情が記されている。
• In 'Kanmon Nikki' (Diary of Imperial Prince Fushimi no miya Sadafusa), the incident and situation on the day of assasination of Yoshinori was recorded.

• 水戸藩の要請を受けた幕府軍の追撃により壊滅させられる事件も発生した（天狗党の乱参照）。
• Another incident involved the pursuit and destruction of the bakufu's army, as demanded by Mito domain (See the Tengu Party War).

• 幕府が鎖国に踏み切った決定的な事件は寛永14年（1637年）に起こった島原の乱である。
• The critical incident that urged the Bakufu to launch into seclusionism was the Shimabara War in 1637.

• 持明院統と大覚寺統は当時朝廷を二分して対立していたため、これは大事件だったようである。
• This might have been quite a scandal because the Imperial Court at the time was split into two groups of Jimyointo and Daikakujito and both groups bitterly conflicted with each other.

• ある事件に対する影響を考慮した時、『万国公法』のみの影響と断ずることが困難な時がある。
• When we consider influence to a certain case, it is difficult to determine whether the case was just affected by 'Bankoku Koho' or by other factors.

• 事件後、このことから乗客の多い三等客車に殺到し、上級客車ががら空きという状況が生じた。
• After this crime occurred, many passengers wanted to get on the 3rd grade cars which contained a lot of other passengers, and higher grade cars were completely empty.

• 内村鑑三の記した『内村鑑三日記』など、著名人の日記にも、この事件の衝撃が語られている。
• Many well-known people wrote about this incident in their journals as shocking news; such as 'The journal of Kanzo UCHIMURA' by Kanzo UCHIMURA.

• 御仕置例類集（おしおきるいれいしゅう）とは、江戸幕府が作成した刑事事件に関する判例集。
• Oshioki Ruireishu was a compilation of law reports dealing with criminal cases, which was created by the Edo bakufu.

• この事件のとばっちりを受ける形で、無関係であった平家一門の嫡流は断絶することとなった。
• As repercussions for this incident, the direct descendant family of the Taira clan, which had nothing to do with the incident, ended up breaking off.

• この事件は、当時の繊維工場の労働環境を調査した政府の報告書「職工事情」にも掲載された。
• This incident spurred the publication of the governmental report entitled 'Shokko jijo' (Conditions for Factory Workers), an investigation into the working environment of textile factories of the day.

• しかし、その土地で生活をする領民にとっては、永年の慣行をも無視される重大事件であった。
• But for the people making their living on that plot of land, kaechi was a major event that often rode roughshod over their time-honored traditions.

• 江戸市中の治安を担当した庄内藩や勘定奉行小栗忠順らは激昂し、江戸薩摩藩邸の焼討事件した。
• Angered by that action, the Shonai clan, in charge of keeping the peace of Edo city, and Tadamasa OGURI, kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance of the bakufu), burned the residence of the Satsuma clan.

• 江戸中期では、元禄赤穂事件によって三河吉良氏が断絶したことを契機に、「吉良」に復姓した。
• In the middle of the Edo period, the Mikawa-Kira clan ended their family line by the Genroku Ako Incident, and the Oshu Kira clan took this opportunity to retrieve their family name 'Kira.'

• なお、近年の日本史学界においては戦国時代_(日本)の始期をこの事件に求める有力説がある。
• In recent years, in the field of Japanese history there is an influential theory that regards this incident as the beginning of the Sengoku period (period of warring states).

• 1147年 平清盛は祇園闘乱事件がきっかけで、鳥羽法皇より30斤の贖銅を命ぜられている。
• In 1147, TAIRA no Kiyomori was ordered by the Cloistered Emperor Toba to pay 30 kin of copper due to the Gion Brawling Incident.

• さらに、宇佐八幡宮神託事件及び道鏡に関する記述に政治的意図が含まれているという説もある。
• Moreover, there is a view that articles about both a plot by the oracle of Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine and Dokyo, a Buddhist priest, contained political intent.

• それを、徳山藩の山回り足軽である伊沢里右衛門と久助が見つけて咎めたのが事件の発端である。
• Spotting the scene, Riuemon IZAWA and Kyusuke, both ashigaru (a common foot soldier) of the Tokuyama clan who were patrolling the mountain area, blamed the conduct, which led to the incident.

• ロス疑惑（三浦和義事件）を担当、日米合同捜査で寺尾正大（元警視庁捜査一課長）と指揮した。
• In the Kazuyoshi MIURA case, he shared command with Masahiro TERAO (former head of crime squad 1 of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department) in the U.S.-Japanese investigation.

• またこの事件で日本軍の軍事的劣勢もはっきりしたが、この時の経験が後の日清戦争に役立った。
• This event clarified that the Japanese military was on the backfoot, and the experience at that time was helpful in the future Sino-Japanese War.

• 大伴氏はこの政策に不満を持っており、指揮していた藤原種継を暗殺する事件を起こしてしまう。
• The Otomo clan, displeased by the relocation of the capital, assassinated FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu, who had led the project.

• 承久の乱後、急増した訴訟事件を公平に処理するため、泰時は明確な裁判基準を定めることとした。
• After the Jokyu War, Yasutoki established clear judicial criteria in order to fairly handle the rapidly increasing lawsuits.

• そして事件後、作家野間宏は同学会宛にメッセージを寄せ、学生たちの「行動の正しさ」を讃えた。
• After the incident, novelist Hiroshi NOMA sent a message to the Dogakukai and acclaimed the 'right actions' of the students.

• これには管領・細川持之も怒り、数日たってようやく持豊が陳謝するという事件がを起こっている。
• There was such an incident that Mochiyuki HOSOKAWA, kanrei, got angry at these conducts and several days later, Mochitoyo finally expressed an apology.

• 特に、日本統治時代最大規模の武力蜂起である霧社事件の際は、鎮圧への毒ガス使用が検討された。
• Especially at the time of Wushe Incident, the largest scale armed uprising under the Japanese rule, the use of poison gas was considered to put it down.

• 豊臣方では、4月9日 (旧暦)に交渉にあたっていた大野治長が城内で襲撃される事件が起こる。
• On the other hand, the Toyotomi side had an incident that Harunaga ONO, the negotiator was attacked in the castle on April 9 (the old calendar).

• 大正8年（1919年）には当主桑原孝長が人妻を射殺する事件を起こし、ついに爵位を返上した。
• In 1919, the head of the family, Takanaga KUWABARA, shot someone else's wife, and ultimately the peerage was given up.

• 小松原法難（こまつばらほうなん）とは、小松原（現千葉県鴨川市）日蓮が襲撃され負傷した事件。
• Komatsubara Honan is an incident that Nichiren was assaulted and injured in Komatsubara (present-day Kamogawa City, Chiba Prefecture).

• （この事件以来、清雪門は「不開門（あかずのもん）」と呼ばれ、閉ざされたままとなっている。）
• (The Seisetsu Gate has been closed since this case, and called 'Akazu no Mon' [a never-opened gate].)

• この事件により、執権北条時頼の権力が確立され、得宗（北条家嫡流）の専制権力への道を開いた。
• This incident helped to establish the regent Tokiyori HOJO's power, and paved the way for the dictatorship of Tokuso (the main branch of the HOJO clan).

• 後に藤原種継暗殺事件によって没官された故大伴家持の田地が大学寮に与えられて勧学田とされた。
• The rice fields, which belonged to the late OTOMO no Yakamochi and were confiscated as a result of the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu, were given to Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) and were turned into kangakuden (fields provided in order to cover expenses and provision of students).

• 居留地周辺は、幕末には攘夷浪人も出没して外国人殺傷事件がしばしば起こる物騒な地域であった。
• The area around foreign settlements had become quite dangerous due to the fact that ronin (masterless samurai) supporting the joi (expulsion of foreigners) doctrine began to congregate near the settlements at the end of Edo period, and as a result, incidents in which foreigners were stabbed to death became quite frequent.

• 京都では、征夷大将軍・足利義輝が三好長慶、松永久秀と対立し近江国朽木谷へ逃れる事件が起きた。
• In Kyoto, Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who was to subdue the barbarians') confronted Nagayoshi MIYOSHI and Hisahide MATSUNAGA, and fled to Kutsuki-dani, Omi Province.

• 事件後、皇極天皇のあとを受けて皇位に即く事を勧められたがそれを断り、出家して吉野へ隠退した。
• After the incident, despite Furuhito no Oe no Miko was strongly recommended to ascend to the throne, he refused and entered into the priesthood to retire.

• 1808年（文化 (元号)5年）：近思録崩れ（文化朋党事件 / 秩父崩れ、島津氏 - 薩摩藩）
• 1808: Kinshiroku-kuzure (Bunka group incident/Chichibu-kuzure; Shimazu clan; Satsuma Domain)

• 1960年代より「大逆事件の真実をあきらかにする会」を中心に、再審請求などの運動が推進された。
• After 1960s, 'the association to find a truth of Taigyaku Jiken' led the movement to demand retrial of the case.

• ノモンハン事件ソ連軍の8月攻勢時のソ連兵達の方が銃剣による伝統的白兵戦を挑んだ事で有名である。
• On the other hand, it is famous that the Soviet soldiers challenged the Japanese soldiers to traditional hand-to-hand fights in the August attack in the Nomonhan incident.

• 慶応3年11月18日 (旧暦) 油小路事件 伊東甲子太郎、藤堂平助、毛内有之助、服部武雄ら刺殺
• November 18 1867, Kinetaro ITO, Heisuke TODO, Arinosuke MONAI, Takeo HATTORI and others were stabbed to death in the Aburano-koji Incident.

• ちなみに幕末の舟橋在賢（あきかた）・舟橋康賢（みちかた）父子は廷臣八十八卿列参事件に加わった。
• Incidentally, the father-and-son pair from the end of the Edo period, Akikata FUNABASHI and Michikata FUNABASHI, joined the Teishin hachiju-hachi kyo ressan jiken (demonstration by the 88 retainers of the Imperial Court).

• 二・二六事件の際は昭和天皇が激怒し、「自ら鎮圧に行く」とまで主張したため、反乱軍は鎮圧された。
• When the February 26th Incident occurred, because the Emperor Showa got enraged and insisted on going there himself to settle the situation, the rebels were subdued.

• 三日平氏の乱（みっかへいしのらん）は、鎌倉時代初期、伊勢国と伊賀国で平家の残党が蜂起した事件。
• Mikka Heishi War (Three-days rebellion of the Taira clan) is a rebellion caused by the remnants of the Taira clan in Ise and Iga Provinces at the beginning of the Kamakura period.

• 時頼の兄の北条経時はこの事件で一応理のある三浦氏を助勢しようと配下の者を武装させて差し向けた。
• At this incident, Tokiyori's older brother, Tsunetoki HOJO, armed his followers and sent them to support the Miura clan, who he thought had a good reason to fight.

• 有力御家人の三浦氏と小山氏との間で、ささいなことから端を発してあわや一戦にという事件が起った。
• A conflict between the leading vassals of the Miura and Oyama clans arose because of a trivial problem, taking them right to the brink of war.

• しかし、この事件を契機としてヤマト王権による朝鮮半島南部への進出活動が急速に衰えることとなった。
• However, due to this incident, the Yamato Kingdom rapidly lost influence in the southern Korean Peninsula.

• 日本統治の初期段階は1895年5月から1915年の西来庵事件までを第1期と区分することができる。
• The period between May 1895 and the Silaian Incident in 1915 is classified as the first phase of Japanese rule.

• この事件をはじめとして、応仁の乱に至るまで、南朝の子孫は反幕勢力に担がれて断続的に活動を続けた。
• From the time of this incident onward, until the time of the Onin War, the descendants of the Southern Court and dynasty, taken in by various powerful anti-shogunate forces, continued acting intermittently against the Northern dynasty and the shogunate.

• しかしこの事件で皇女らしからぬ軽率な行動をとった娟子内親王は、その後狂斎院と呼ばれるようになる。
• However Imperial Princess Kenshi, who acted without much consideration of her position as Princess, was called Kyosaiin (mad Saiin).

• 通信使は柳川事件の翌年に、それまで柳川家主導で応対されていたものが対馬宗氏の手によって招かれた。
• In the year next to the year when the Yanagawa Incident occurred, the So clan in Tsushima invited Tsushinshi, instead of the Yanagawa family that had mainly handled such events until then.

• 事件はこれに留まらず、左大臣源高明が謀反に加担していたとされ、大宰権帥に左遷することが決定した。
• The incident did not end there, and Sadaijin MINAMOTO no Takaakira was considered to have been involved in the treason, and a decision was made to degrade him to Dazai-gonnosochi (deputy commander in dazaifu, a governmental office in Chikuzen Province).

• 安和の変（あんなのへん）は平安時代の969年（安和2年）に起きた藤原氏による他氏排斥事件である。
• The Anna Incident was a case of ostracism caused by the Fujiwara clan against other clans that occurred during the Heian period in 969.

• また、この事件を契機に、「工場寄宿舎規則」が改正され、労働者を監禁する形の寄宿舎は禁止となった。
• Moreover, the government used this incident as the impetus for revising the 'Kojo kishukusha kisoku' (Regulations for Factory Dormitories) in order to outlaw any dormitories that attempted to confine their workers.

• 島津久光は江戸から薩摩への帰路、生麦事件を引き起こし､翌年薩英戦争で攘夷の無謀さを悟ることになる。
• Hisamitsu SHIMAZU provoked the Namamugi Incident on the way back to Satsuma from Edo, and realized the rashnesness of exclusionist policy from the defeat of the Anglo-Satsuma War the follwing year.

• 1926年6月29日、岡田良平文部大臣はこの事件を受けて学生・生徒による社会科学研究の禁止を通達。
• In June 29, 1926, in light of this affair, Ryohei OKADA who was the Minister of Education issued prohibition against the study of Social Science by students.

• 撰銭はトラブルの原因となることが多く、時には撰銭が原因で殺傷事件が発生することさえあったのである。
• Erizeni acts often caused trouble, sometimes leading to homicide.

• 江華島事件後に調印されたため江華（島）条約（）とも、丙子の年に結ばれたために丙子修交条約ともいう。
• It is also called the Treaty of Ganghwa or the Bingzi Treaty of Amity, because it was signed after the Ganghwa Island incident on the year of Bingzi.

• そのため、戦時中に増税による耐乏生活を強いられてきた日本国民が日比谷焼打事件などの暴動を起こした。
• The failure led to riots, such as Hibiya Incendiary Incident, by some Japanese nationals who had endured severe suppression and poverty due to increasing taxes during the war time.

• また、生麦事件の賠償問題がこじれたことから7月2日薩摩藩と英国の間にも戦争が勃発（薩英戦争参照）。
• Also, war broke out between the Satsuma clan and Britain on July 2, after negotiations over compensation for damage caused by the Namamugi incident turned sour (Anglo-Satsuma War).

• 元治元年6月5日 (旧暦) 池田屋事件 安藤早太郎、新田革左衛門ら負傷し1ヵ月後死亡、奥沢栄助戦死
• June 5, 1864, in the Ikedaya Incident Sotaro ANDO, Kakuzaemon NITTA and others were injured and died 1month later, and Eisuke OKUSAWA died in action.

• 警備面でもひめゆりの塔事件を教訓として、本土から多数の警察官が応援のため増派、厳戒態勢が取られた。
• As for security, learning a lesson from the incident at Himeyuri-no-to Tower, the National Police Agency enforced tight security measures by mobilizing the increased number of police officers dispatched from the mainland.

• 「台湾事件ニ付全権弁理大臣大久保利通ヲ清国ヘ遣ハスノ勅語」1874年（明治7年）：「大日本国皇帝」
• Imperial ordinance on the dispatch of Toshimichi OKUBO as a minister with plenary powers for appropriate handling regarding Taiwan Expedition' in 1874, by 'Dainipponkoku Kotei'

• 12世紀中期の保元の乱・平治の乱は、朝廷内部の政争が軍事衝突によって解決された画期的な事件である。
• The Hogen War and the Heiji War in the middle of the 12th century were noteworthy incidents since political conflicts inside the Imperial Court were resolved by means of military confrontations.

• しかし謙道宗設により鸞岡端佐は殺され、紹興城へ逃れた宋素卿らを追い明の役人を殺害する事件が起こる。
• However, an incident occurred in which Sosetsu KENDO killed Zuisa RANKO, pursued Sokei SO who had escaped to Shaoxing City and killed Ming government officials.

• 閏4月18日深夜より3夜連続して、鎌倉市中に甲冑をつけた武士が群集し、流言が乱れ飛ぶ事件が起きる。
• An incident occurred in which for three nights in a row from the midnight of June 10, armored samurai assembled in groups in the city of Kamakura, and rumors were circulated.

• 事件とは全く無関係の一般の在留日本人にも死傷がでたとアジア資料センターの始末記には記載されている。
• According to a detailed record of the circumstances owned by the Japan Center for Asian Historical Records (in the National Archives of Japan), some Japanese civilian residents who had nothing to do with the incident were also killed or injured.

• その意味では新潟県側の一揆のみを「悌輔騒動」と呼ぶべきであろうが、事件の性質から合わせて記述する。
• In that respect, only an uprising in Niigata should be called 'Teisuke turmoil', but considering the characteristics of these two incidents, they will be described in this article together.

• この裁定と秀次事件における駒姫の死とが重なって、最上義光は秀吉や上杉氏に対して深い憎悪の念を抱いた。
• Yoshiaki MOGAMI had a deep hatred for Hideyoshi and the Uesugi clan, becauase he was infuriated by the decisions made by Hideyoshi and because he was grievously shocked by the death of his daughter Komahime, who was a concubine of Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI and, as instructed by Hideyoshi, executed in the Hidetsugu Incident.

• 5月22日に西郷の命令を受けて本格的な制圧を開始、6月には事件発生地域を制圧して現地の占領を続けた。
• On May 22, they launched a full-scale attack by order of Saigo and in June they gained control of the area where the incident took place, continuing to advance on their territory.

• 嘉元3年（1305年）、光定の子の蜂屋定親（蜂屋氏）は連署北条時村襲撃事件に関与して処刑されている。
• In 1305, Sadachika HACHIYA (the Hachiya clan), the son of Mitsusada was executed because he had been involved in the attack on Tokimura HOJO, who was Rensho (an assistant to the regent).

• 池田屋事件により、明治維新が一年遅れたとも、尊攘派を刺激してしまい維新を早めてしまったともいわれる。
• It has been said that the Ikedaya Incident delayed the Meiji Restoration by a year. There is also another opinion that it sped up the Restoration by stirring up the 'revere the emperor, expel foreigners' faction.

• 基房は摂関家領を奪われた上に、殿下乗合事件に巻き込まれたこともあり、反平氏勢力の急先鋒となっていた。
• Motofusa, whose Sekkan-ke estate was taken away in addition to being involved in the Denkanoriai Incident, became the foremost leader in the anti-Taira clan force.

• 岩見隆夫（1958年卒・法学） 毎日新聞社で、政治部記者としてロッキード事件や日韓癒着の取材で活躍。
• Takao IWAMI (class of 1958, law): He was a political reporter for Mainichi Newspaper Co., Ltd., and took an active part in the report on the Lockheed scandal and a collusive relationship between Japan and Korea.

• この事件、ひいては足利義輝の幕権強化を考えるに当たって問題となるのが、義輝の三好家との距離感である。
• A major factor to be considered in discussing this incident as the attempt by Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA to strengthen the Bakufu's authority is his perceived sense of distance from the Miyoshi family.

• 滝川事件に関連して京都帝大を辞職した教官のうち、18名が立命館大学に教授・助教授などの形で移籍した。
• Among the staff who quit Kyoto Imperial University over the Takigawa Incident, 18 of them transferred to Ritsumeikan University as professors, associate professors, etc.

• 19世紀末、山東省ではドイツ帝国の進出が目立つようになり、それに伴い仇教事件が頻発するようになった。
• The advancement of the German Empire became noticeable in Shandong Province at the end of the 19th century and the Kyukyo Incidents occurred alongside it.

• このため、事件となった第4回押出しも、農民側が先に警官に暴力をふるった例はないと考える研究者が多い。
• Thus, many researchers think that it was unlikely that peasants first did violence to the police on the fourth demonstration which developed into an incident.

• 上級身分の武士や事件そのものが重大である場合には寺社奉行・勘定奉行も加わった五手掛によって行われた。
• When a samurai with a high status was involved or the case itself was a serious one, jisha-bugyo (a government officer in charge of shrines and temple) and kanjo-bugyo (in charge of financial affairs) also attended the trial, making it Gote-gakari.

• 事件を察知した閔妃はいち早く王宮を脱出し、当時朝鮮に駐屯していた清国の袁世凱の力を借り窮地を脱した。
• Catching wind of the incident, Queen Min immediately escaped from the palace and got herself out of harm's way with the support of YUAN Shikai of Qing China who was stationed in Korea at the time.

• しかし、改易によって大量の浪人が生じて社会不安につながり、浪人による反乱未遂事件（慶安の変）が起きた。
• Meanwhile, however, there were many ronin because of kaieki, and this caused social unrest to grow and finally resulted in a rebellion (Keian Incident).

• 一連の事件の経過と克明な様子は、伝狩野芳崖作『桜田事変絵巻』（彦根城博物館蔵）に鮮やかに描かれている。
• The incident and the detailed sequence of events are skillfully depicted by Hogai KANO in a painted scroll, 'The Sakurada Incident Emaki' (owned by the Hikone Castle Museum).

• かくして小兵衛と辺見から西郷暗殺計画と弾薬掠奪事件を聞いた西郷は、これに対処するために鹿児島へ帰った。
• Consequently, having learned the assassination plan on himself and the munitions seizure incident from Kohei and HENMI, SAIGO returned to Kagoshima to take measures against the matters.

• 日本国外務省は7月13日に東京の韓国代表団に口頭で事件に抗議し、韓国人の岩礁からの即時退去を要求した。
• The Japanese Foreign Office verbally protested the incident to the ROK Mission in Tokyo on July 13, demanding the immediate withdrawal of Koreans from the Rocks.

• 新聞で事件を知った夕子は病院を抜け出して故郷の与謝へひとり戻り、正順を追って自ら生命を絶ったのだった。
• Reading of the incident in the newspaper, Yuko escaped from the hospital to go back to her hometown in Yosa Island where she killed herself following her lover Seijun.

• 義輝を近江に追放しては連れ戻すという事態が相次ぎ、またその間、長慶は何回か暗殺未遂事件に遭遇している。
• Nagayoshi kept expelling Yoshiteru to Omi and taking him back, meanwhile, Nagayoshi was attempted to be assassinated a few times.

• ある意味では、日本の方向性がある程度定まるに至るきっかけとなった事件のひとつだったとも評価されている。
• In a way, it is valued as one of the events which caused Japan to set a direction to some extent.

• 事件を煽動した大院君側は、閔妃を捕り逃がしたものの、高宗から政権を譲り受け、企みは成功したかに見えた。
• While Daewongun and his sympathizers who had incited the incident failed to catch Queen Min, they seized power from Gojong and it looked as if their plot had succeeded.

• 8月11日に神戸市で始まった騒動により、当時の会場だった鳴尾球場に程近い鈴木商店で焼き打ち事件が発生。
• Triggered by the riot which had started in Kobe City on August 11, a torching incident occurred at Suzuki & Co. which was very close to Naruo stadium which was the venue of the tournament at that time.

• 義家死後、義忠暗殺事件を経て、河内源氏を継いだ為義の時に保元の乱が起こり一族が敵味方に分かれて参加する。
• After the death of Yoshiie followed by the assassination of Yoshitada, Hogen War broke out in the period of Tameyoshi who succeeded Kawachi-Genji, and the clan was divided against itself.

• この事件により一時アメリカ上院には条約改正は時期尚早という声が大きくなり、重要な外交懸案が危殆に瀕した。
• After this incident, there were growing opinions that it was still too soon to revise the treaty in the US upper House for a while, bringing Japan to a crisis over important diplomatic issues.

• これらのことから、この事件の背後には、仁明天皇あるいは橘嘉智子による廃太子の企てがあったとする説もある。
• These matters support the theory that this incident was triggered by a scheme plotted by the Emperor Ninmyo or TACHIBANA no Kachiko to expel the then crown prince.

• 幕末の8代武者小路実建は日米修好通商条約に反対して廷臣八十八卿の列参に加わった（廷臣八十八卿列参事件）。
• Around the end of the Edo period, Sanetake MUSHANOKOJI the eighth joined the Teishin hachiju-hachi kyo (eighty-eight retainers of Imperial Court) to oppose the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan (Demo of eighty-eight retainers of Imperial Court).

• 作家の司馬遼太郎は、この事件がなかったら薩長土肥主力の明治維新は永遠にこなかったであろうと解釈している。
• Author Ryotaro SHIBA's interpretation is that the Meiji Restoration led by the four major clans of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, and Bizen would never have happened without this incident.

• 正応3年（1290年）に浅原為頼による伏見暗殺未遂事件が起こると、黒幕と疑われた亀山の地位は急速に低下。
• When an assassination attempt on Fushimi by Tameyori ASAHARA occurred in 1290, Kameyama, who was a suspected mastermind, rapidly lost his position.

• また、応仁の乱直前には都に集結した兵士によって土倉などが荒らされて「私徳政」と称した事件も発生している。
• Immediately before the Onin War, samurai warriors who were assembled in the capital broke into and robbed financial institutions called doso, calling their robberies 'shi-tokusei,' which literally means 'privately declared tokusei.'

• 真土事件（しんどじけん）は1878年（明治11年）、神奈川県大住郡真土村（現平塚市）に起こった農民暴動。
• The Shindo incident is a peasants' revolt that took place in Shindo Village (present-day Hiratsuka City), Osumi County, Kanagawa Prefecture in 1878.

• 「私は殺していない。殺したのは元吉だ」と口を滑らしたことから、列車内で殺人事件が発生したことが判明した。
• The man accidently said 'I did not kill him, Motoyoshi did,' and this led to discovery of the in-car murder.

• 内容に信憑性が薄かったにもかかわらず事件化したことから、この告発そのものが鳥居による謀略と言われている。
• In spite of the low credibility of the leak, it became an incident; hence, it is said that this accusation itself was a plot developed by Torii.

• この事件に隣国下野国の住人藤原秀郷も荷担していたのか、朝廷は下野国衙に秀郷とその党18人の配流を命令する。
• The imperial court ordered the kokuga of Shimonotsuke Province to exile FUJIWARA no Hidesato and eighteen of his party since FUJIWARA no Hidesato, who was the junin (cultivation manor lord) of neighboring province of Shimonotsuke Province may have participated in the assassination.

• 足尾鉱毒事件に関しては、主に被害者側の視点での記述が多いが、中立性を確保するため、古河側の主張も併記する。
• Regarding Ashio Mining Pollution, many articles have been written from the view of the victims, however, in order to gain impartiality, arguments that Furukawa made should be introduced.

• 1937年に盧溝橋事件が発生すると日本の戦争推進のための資源供給基地として台湾が重要視されることとなった。
• When the Marco Polo Bridge Incident occurred in 1937, Taiwan was regarded as an important resource supply base for Japan to develop the war.

• 事件は禅僧夢窓疎石の仲介もあり、重能・直宗の配流、直義が出家し幕政から退くことを条件に、師直は包囲を解く。
• This incident was intervened into by the Zen priest Muso Soseki, under the condition that Shigeyoshi and Naomune were to be exiled, Tadayoshi became a monk and retired from the bakufu administration, Moronao removed his barricade.

• 重盛は鹿ケ谷事件で清盛に藤原成親の助命を頼んで聞き入れられず、政治への意欲を失い表舞台に出なくなっていた。
• Shigemori asked for the life of FUJIWARA no Narichika to be spared but was not heard, and he lost interest in politics consequently dissapearing from the center stage of politics.

• 応天門の変（おうてんもんのへん）は、平安時代前期の貞観_(日本)8年（866年）に起こった政治事件である。
• The 'Otenmon no Hen' (the Otenmon gate incident) was a political incident which happened in 866, in the early Heian period.

• 三条制札事件（さんじょうせいさつじけん）は、幕末の慶応2年9月12日 (旧暦)（1866年10月20日）。
• Sanjo-ohashi Bridge Noticeboard Incident occurred on October 20, 1866 during the the end of the Edo Period.

• なお、事件後は大山巌が血染めになったそれを所持したとされている（『東京日日新聞』明治11年5月27日付）。
• Additionally, after the incident, Iwao OYAMA seemed to possess those bloody letters ('Tokyo Nichinichi Newspaper' dated on May 27, 1878).

• 事件は嘉永7年1月23日（1854年2月21日）丑の下刻、洲崎を警護する備前国岡山藩陣地への砲撃であった。
• The incident is said to have occurred at 2:30 a.m. on February 21, 1854, with the bombardment of an encampment in the Okayama Domain, Bizen Province that guarded Susaki.

• 事件直後に駆けつけて遺体を見た前島密は、「肉飛び骨砕け、又頭蓋裂けて脳の猶微動するを見る」と表現している。
• Hisoka MAEJIMA, who came straight right after the incident and saw Okubo's corpse, expressed it 'the flesh was scattered and the bones were smashed. Additionally, the skull was cracked, so I could see the brain still shaking.'

• 裁判の結果、事件の首謀者9人が台湾総督府によって死刑に処され、有期刑や行政処分にあった者も97人を数えた。
• The outcome of the trial resulted in the execution of nine ringleaders of the affair by the Governor General of Taiwan, and more than 97 people were sentenced to imprisonment for a definite term or an administrative punishment.

• 訓練への参加者210名中199名が死亡する、日本の冬山登山史上もっとも多くの遭難者が発生した事件となった。
• It had the greatest number of missing people in Japanese winter mountain-climbing history, with 199 of 210 who had joined the training died.

• なお、松下村塾の塾頭玉木文之進（吉田松陰の叔父）は塾生であった前原らが事件に関与した責任を感じ、切腹した。
• Bunnoshin TAMAKI (the uncle of Shoin YOSHIDA), the school master of Shokason Juku, committed suicide by disembowelment feeling guilty about his private school student, MEBARA's involvement in the conspiracy.

• この事件には家持は関与していなかったが、後に藤原仲麻呂の暗殺計画に関わっていたとされ、左遷の憂き目を見る。
• OTOMO no Yakamochi was not involved in either incident, although he was allegedly involved in the assassination plot of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro and was transferred as punishment.

• 訳：江戸やその他の所で何か事件などが起こったとしても、国元にいる者はそこを守り、幕府からの命令を待つこと。
• Translation: Even in the case of an incident in Edo or elsewhere, those who are in their Domains must stay there and wait for the bakufu's command.

• しかし支配への抵抗も強く、特に720年には7年前に新設された大隅国の国守陽侯麻呂が殺害される事件が起こった。
• However, resistance against such control was also strong and in 720, YAKO no Maro, the Governor of Osumi Province established seven years previously, was killed.

• また、偽史料のなかにはヒトラーの日記(Hitler_Diaries)のように詐欺事件の種になったものもある。
• Among gisho, 'Hitler Diaries' was used in a case relating to fraud.

• 元治元年（1864年）6月5日の池田屋事件では尊王攘夷派の蜂起の計画を未然に防ぎ、また、禁門の変でも戦った。
• In the Ikedaya Incident of June 5, 1864, they prevented a planned uprising by the Sonno-joi Party, and also fought in the Forbidden Gates Incident.

• しかし、松本藩主時代の享保10年（1725年）に6代隼人正忠恒が江戸城中で刃傷事件を起こしたため改易となる。
• However in 1725, Hayato no kami Tadatsune, the sixth generation of this family, had a sword fight in the Edo-jo Castle, and was given the 'kaieki' sanction (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties).

• 義弥の孫義央が、儀典の指導に関して浅野長矩との間に確執を生じ、元禄赤穂事件に発展したことはよく知られている。
• It is well known that, Yoshinaka, a grandson of Yoshimitsu, caused a discord with Naganori ASANO regarding the guidance of the protocol, and it developed into the Genroku Ako Incident.

• 一連の事件は山部親王の立太子を支持していた藤原式家による他戸親王追い落としの陰謀であるとの見方が有力である。
• It is generally understood that the series of incidents was a conspiracy implemented by Fujiwara Shikike (a sub branch of Fujiwara family) who supported Imperial Prince Yamanobe assuming Crown Prince.

• 事件を聞いた大御所徳川家康の命を受け、京都所司代の板倉勝重およびその三男板倉重昌が調査に当たることとなった。
• Hearing of the scandal, retired Shogun Ieyasu TOKUGAWA ordered Kyoto Shoshidai Katsushige ITAKURA and his third son Shigemasa ITAKURA to investigate into the matter.

• 明応の政変（めいおうのせいへん）は、室町時代の1493年（明応2年）に起こった足利征夷大将軍廃立事件である。
• The Meio Incident involved the enthronement and dethronement of the Ashikaga seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and occurred in the Muromachi period in 1493.

• 当時京都の治安維持を行っていた新選組が、三条大橋西詰の制札を引き抜こうとした土佐藩8名を襲撃、捕縛した事件。
• The incident involved the Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate), that maintained public order in Kyoto, attacking and capturing eight retainers of the Tosa clan who tried to pull out a noticeboard at Sanjo-ohashi Nishizume (the west foot of the Sanjo-ohashi bridge).

• そのような状況下、赤坂 (東京都港区)喰違坂で岩倉が不平士族の武市熊吉らに襲撃される事件（喰違の変）が発生。
• In such a situation Iwakura was attacked by Kumakichi TAKECHI and other discontent warriors from the former regime at Kuichigaizaka, Akasaka (Minato Ward, Tokyo Prefecture) (which is called the Kuichigai Incident).

• この時点では川俣事件の時効は完成しておらず、検察側は再び1審から起訴をやり直すこともできたが、行わなかった。
• Since the statute of limitation in the Kawamata Incident was not completed at this point, the prosecution could have brought up the case but they did not.

• そして1932年5月、海軍青年将校らによる犬養毅首相の暗殺（五・一五事件）をもって政党内閣は終わりをつげた。
• In May 1932, young Naval officers assassinated Prime Minister Tsuyoshi INUKAI (the May 15th Incident), which put to an end to party cabinets.

• 同年から翌年にかけて行われた一連の戊辰戦争の中で、新政府側が大きく優勢となる画期となった象徴的な事件である。
• Over this time, then through to the next year (1868-1869), the Surrender of Edo-jo Castle turned out to be the essential ground-breaking point in a series of following actions taken during the Boshin Civil War; therefore providing greater advantage to the new government's forces, and effectively establishing the castles fall as a highly significant event in Japanese history.

• それを皮切りに、玉造勢騒動、英国仮公使館襲撃事件、坂下門外の変などを起こし、ここ完全に過激派と化すに至った。
• Following this incident, they brought on Tamatsukuri-sei disturbance, attack on the British provisional legation, and Sakashita mongai Incident

• この事件が起こった時点では日本共産党は再建されていない（1926年12月の五色温泉での第3回大会により再建）。
• When this affair occurred, the Japanese Communist Party, which reconstituted as a result of the third meeting at Goshiki Onsen Hot Spring in December, 1926, had not yet been reconstituted.

• 1900年にロシアは清で発生した義和団事変（義和団事件）の混乱収拾を名目に満州へ侵攻し、全土を占領下に置いた。
• In 1900, Russia invaded Manchuria under the pretext of settling the chaos of the Boxer Uprising (the Boxer Incident), which occurred in the Qing Dynasty, and placed all of Manchuria under its authority.

• 小野妹子の返書紛失事件は『日本書紀』にはあるが『隋書』にはない（『隋書』には小野妹子の名前自体が出てこない）。
• Nishonshoki mentions the story that ONO no Imoko lost the sovereign's reply, but 'Suishu' does not ('Suishu' does not even mention ONO no Imoko).

• 軍部の一部では特に朱子学に心酔する者が多く、二・二六事件や満州事変にも多少なりとも影響を与えたといわれている。
• There are many keen devotees of Neo-Confucianism in parts of the military, and it is said that they affected the February 26th Incident and the Manchurian Incident to some degree.

• この事件は、豊臣家攻撃の口実とするため、家康が崇伝らと画策して問題化させたものであるとの考え方が一般的である。
• This incident has been generally regarded as an incident that Ieyasu, Suden and others plotted and made an issue to find an excuse for attacking the Toyotomi family.

• しかし、1596年10月のサン＝フェリペ号事件をきっかけに、秀吉は1596年12月8日に再び禁教令を公布した。
• However, when the San Felipe Incident occurred in October, 1596, Hideyoshi issued the Ban on Christianity on December 8, 1596 again.

• ところが安康天皇3年（456年）8月、天皇が暗殺され、円大臣がその下手人である眉輪王を自宅に匿う事件が起きた。
• However, in August 456, an incident occurred where Tsubura no Okimi sheltered Prince Mayowa when Emperor Anko was assassinated.

• 現在の金閣は国や京都府の支援、地元経済界などからの浄財により、事件の5年後の1955年に再建されたものである。
• The existing Kinkaku-ji Temple was rebuilt in 1955, 5 years following the case, with assistance extended by the nation and Kyoto Prefecture and donations from local businesses

• 日本でもエルトゥールル号遭難事件は衝撃的なニュースとして伝わり、政府を通じて多くの義捐金・弔慰金が寄せられた。
• In Japan, the distress of the Ertuğrul was also reported as shocking news, and a great amount of contributions and condolence money was collected via the government.

• なお、本稿では「義和団の乱」で統一するが、義和団事件・義和団事変・北清事変（ほくしんじへん）との呼び方もある。
• This document will use the unified term, 'Boxer Rebellion,' but there are different ways of referring to it such as Giwadan Jiken (the Boxer Uprising [the Righteous Harmony Society Movement]), Giwadan Jihen (Boxer Incident), and Hokushin Jihen (The North China Incident).

• なお事件発覚の際に、文覚が保証人となることで一命を救われていた平六代（平維盛の子）も文覚に連座して処刑された。
• TAIRA no Rokudai (a son of TAIRA no Koremori), who escaped death due to Mongaku's guarantee when the incident was exposed, was killed together with Mongaku.

• この事件では雪中行軍した兵士だけではなく、道案内で駆り出された地元の一般人も凍傷などの被害を受けたと言われる。
• It is said that not only soldiers who marched in the snow but local people who gathered as guides also suffered from frostbite and other ailments.

• しかし、二・二六事件による岡田内閣総辞職の際には重臣会議は開催されず、阿部内閣成立時までその形式が続いている。
• However, a conference was not held, when the entire OKADA Cabinet resigned because of the February 26th Incident, and had remained so until the inauguration of the ABE Cabinet.

• このほか、天文密奏の際に行われた天文勘文や刑事事件などの際に行われた明法家による明法勘文などが良く知られている。
• Other than the above, Tenmon Kanmon submitted at the time of Tenmon misso (reporting unusual astronomical phenomena to the emperor) and Myobo Kanmon submitted by scholars of law on the occasion of criminal cases are well-known.

• この事件をきっかけに、長州藩は強硬派に引きずられる形で挙兵・上洛し、7月19日 (旧暦)の禁門の変を引き起こす。
• Beginning with this incident, the Choshu clan fell under the influence of zealots and later came to Kyoto and raised the Kinmon rebellion on July 19 (in the old calendar).

• 当主がたった一人の従者と揉め事を起こし、口論の挙句屋敷内で殺害してしまう事件を起こすなど、家運は振るわなかった。
• The family was ill-fated because, for example, the head of the family had trouble with the only servant of his, and after having a quarrel he killed the servant in his residence.

• 同年閏正月、川継の資人の大和乙人が武器を持って宮中に闖入して捕らえられる事件が起き、乙人は川継の謀反を自白した。
• On February 21, 782, YAMATO no Otohito, who was Kawatsugu's shijin (lower-rank officers provided to the Imperial or noble families and used as a guard or miscellaneous services), armed and intruded into the Imperial Place then arrested, and Otohiko confessed the Kawatsugu's rebellion.

• なお、正式な関白の地位を手に入れる過程で阿衡の紛議という事件が起こり、基経は天皇に謝罪させることに成功している。
• In addition, in the process of obtaining the official post of chancellor, an incident called the Ako Controversy occurred, and Mototsune succeeded in getting an apology from an emperor.

• 『中山東下記』『中山伝記』といった小説(共に事件よりあまり隔たらない時期の成立と見られる)が密かに書かれている。
• Novels such as 'Nakayama Togeki' and 'Nakayama Denki' (Nakayama biography) were written in secret - both not long after the actual incident.

• この事件では御家人達の影に隠れた形となっているが、景時追放はその後続く北条氏による有力御家人排除の嚆矢とされる。
• Being behind the gokenin in this incident, it is said that the Hojo clan started eliminating senior vassals with the expulsion of Kagetoki.

• なお、廃藩置県直前に福岡藩の黒田長知が偽札事件を理由に藩知事を更迭されて代わりに有栖川宮熾仁親王が任命されている。
• Note that, immediately before Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) occurred, Nagatomo KURODA of the Fukuoka Domain was forced to resign as the governor of the domain due to the fake bill incident and Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito was appointed to take over the position.

• しかしその荘園寄進も、それだけで確実なものではないことは、この相馬御厨、そして大庭御厨の事件の中からも見てとれる。
• However, it is obvious from these affairs of Soma-mikuriya, and also affairs of Oba no mikuriya (private estate of Oba ranch), such domination of shoen was not sufficient to ensure the guarantee.

• 明治政府と日本軍が行った最初の海外派兵で、牡丹社事件（ぼたんしゃじけん）、征台の役（せいたいのえき）とも呼ばれる。
• It was the first overseas development of troops by the Meiji government and the Japanese army, which also refers to as botansha jiken (Mudan incident) or seitai no eki (Seitai Campaign).

• いずれにしても日露戦争における日本の勝利が及ぼした世界的影響は計り知れず、歴史的大事件であったことには変わりない。
• There is no doubt that the Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese War was a major historic event that changed the course of history.

• 官軍との戦闘は5月9日に始まったが、5月15日には、破竹隊の赤塚源太郎以下1個中隊が官軍に下るという事件が起きた。
• On May 9, battles with the government army started, and on May 15, the incident occurred in which a company of the Hachiku-tai troop, including Gentaro AKAZUKA, surrendered to the government army.

• さらに宣教師や商人によって日本人が奴隷として奴隷貿易事件が発生し、ここに至って豊臣秀吉はバテレン追放令を発布した。
• In addition to that, a slave-trade incident occurred in which missionaries and merchants sold Japanese people into slavery, which finally made Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI decide to issue the order expelling Jesuit missionaries.

• 戦国時代 (日本)には数多くの謀反が起こって家臣が主君を追って自ら大名になる事件、「下克上」が起こるようになった。
• During the Warring States Period, many muhon incidents called 'gekokujo' (revolt by vassals against their lords to take over daimyo [Japanese territorial lord]) happened.

• 宇多上皇は阿衡事件の教訓から藤原北家嫡流を外祖父とする皇子の出生を望まず、為子所生の男子を立太子する方針であった。
• The Retired Emperor Uda who learned from the Ako Incident did not desire the birth of a prince whose maternal grandfather was from the main branch of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, and intended to install a son of Tameko as a Crown Prince.

• 禁闕の変（きんけつのへん）は、室町時代の1443年（嘉吉3年）9月に京都で起こった後花園天皇内裏の襲撃事件である。
• The Kinketsu Incident was an attack on Emperor Gohanazono's Inner Court in Kyoto that occurred in September 1443 (Muromachi period).

• 後水尾天皇はこの事件をきっかけに退位を決意したとも考えられており、朝幕関係に深刻な打撃を与える大きな対立であった。
• It is said that this incident was the trigger that led to Emperor Gomizunoo deciding to abdicate, and was a serious blow to the relationship between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court.

• 『万国公法』では個別の事件については特に触れておらず、その名の下に裁かれること自体、実は非常におかしいことである。
• 'Bankoku Koho' does not refer to individual cases and it is very inexplicable that the above cases were tried under the name of 'Bankoku Koho.'

• 上述のように道行が赦免されたのだとすると、この事件はそもそも天智天皇の自作自演だった可能性がある、という説もある。
• According to a theory, if it was true that Dogyo was discharged as previously described, there was a possibility that Emperor Tenmu performed his own work in this case.

• 深夜、足立大尉が一人でいたことが不運であったが、事件の背景に乗車していた二軸客車の構造的欠陥があったと指摘された。
• It was unfortunate of Senior Lieutenant Adachi that he was alone in the middle of the night, but at the same time, it was pointed out that a structural flaw of the 2-axle passenger car was a contributing factor to the background of the crime.

• 江戸開城は戊辰戦争中の一大画期として象徴的な事件であるとともに、勝・西郷その他多くの人物が関わる劇的な要素に富む。
• The surrender of Edo-jo Castle was a significant development to the commencement of the Boshin Civil War; there was also an abundance of dramatic contributions from several individuals involved in these incidents, such as, Katsu and Saigo.

• 韓国併合直前の1909年頃には、通信事業の職員や設備が暴徒に襲撃され死傷者を出す事件が多発したこともあったという。
• Just before the annexation of Korea in 1909, the staffs and facilities of communication services were frequently attacked by insurgents, which caused causalities.

• 10年後の1623年（元和 (日本)9年）、紫衣事件の勅許を得た後、塔頭竹林院に隠居し、茶室安楽庵で余生を送った。
• Ten years later, in 1623, after receiving Imperial sanction for his involvement in the Shie Incident, he retired to the Chikurinin sub-temple, spending his remaining years at the Anrakuan tea-house.

• この事件で西国随一の戦国大名とまで称されていた大内氏が実質的に滅亡し、西国の支配構造は大きく変化することとなった。
• This incident resulted in virtual fall of the Ouchi clan, which was called as the greatest Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) in Saigoku (western part of Japan) and great change in ruling structure of Saigoku.

• 「兵(つわもの)」は、律令制には規定されていない軍事力で、地方で頻発する騒擾事件の鎮圧の為に用いられた一種の傭兵団。
• 'Tsuwamono' were military force not specified in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), and they were a kind of mercenary troops that were utilized to suppress civil disorder incidents which frequently occurred in the provinces.

• 禁門の変（きんもんのへん）は、江戸時代後期の元治元年7月19日 (旧暦)（1864年8月20日）に起きた事件である。
• The Hamaguri Rebellion (kinmon no hen) occurred on August 20, 1864 (the first year of the Genji era, July 19th in the old calendar) in the final days of the Edo period.

• 1932年（昭和7年）に起きた五・一五事件で犬養毅首相が暗殺され、憲政の常道が崩壊すると、この傾向も強まっていった。
• When Prime Minister Tsuyoshi INUKAI was assassinated in the May 15th Incident in 1932 and the way of constitutional politics was collapsed, the trend was strengthened.

• 一旦閉鎖されたが、1512年の対馬と朝鮮の条約によって再開され、1544年の倭寇事件で再び閉鎖され、復活しなかった。
• After being closed once, Naijiho Wakan was reopened by the treaty between Tsushima and Korea in 1512, but again closed due to the Wako Incident in 1544 and was never reopened.

• これに対し、第5回、第6回押出しが行われており、鉱毒反対運動の弱体化は、事件や裁判とは関係ないと考える研究者もいる。
• However, some researchers say the Kawamata Incident or the trials of the Kawamata Incident had nothing to do with weakening of the opposition movement because two demonstrations, the fifth and the sixth, were staged after that.

• 事件によって有力な活動家が拘束され、また、活動を行うと逮捕されるかもしれないという不安からったと考える研究者がいる。
• Some researchers say it was because leading activists were arrested at the Incident and because peasants were afraid that they might also be arrested.

• これには、この内戦が大化改新とともに編纂当時の「現代」を作り出した重要な事件であるという認識が働いていたと思われる。
• It is considered that, like the Taika Reforms, this war was recognized as an important incidence that characterized the 'new era' at the time of compilation of the Chronicles.

• また当時の大阪朝日新聞の報道によれば日本に鉄道が開業して以来初めて列車内で発生した殺人事件として大々的に報じられた。
• The Osaka Asahi Newspaper extensively reported it as the first in-car murder case after trains started to run in Japan.

• しかし同じ事件について当時書かれた公家の日記、例えば『玉葉』1181年（養和元年）8月6日条には木曽義仲の名は無い。
• However, the diaries of court nobles, for example, the entry 'Gyokuyo,' dated August 6, 1181, doesn't have the name of Yoshinaka KISO.

• ところが、協会内の一部過激派が外国人襲撃事件を起こしたために、日英通商航海条約締結を目前とした政府の態度は硬化する。
• However, some radical members of the society attacked foreigners in Japan, causing the government to crack down on the society as the signing of the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation drew near.

• 長沼事件（ながぬまじけん）とは印旛県長沼村（現・千葉県成田市長沼）で起きた、長沼の利権を巡る長沼下戻係争の事である。
• Naganuma affair is a case of Naganuma disposal over concession of Naganuma which occurred in Naganuma village, Inba Prefecture (present-day Naganuma, Narita City, Chiba Prefecture).

• 日本政府が示威で江華島沖に送った軍艦雲揚 (軍艦)から出た小船に江華島の砲台から発砲、雲揚が「応戦」した事件である。
• The incident occurred when a Japanese battleship, the Unyo, sent a small boat to Ganghwa Island as a demonstration of strength by the Japanese government and was attacked by cannon from Ganghwa Island whereupon the battleship 'returned' fire.

• 元暦元年（1184年）7月から8月にかけて、前年の平氏都落ち後に、伊賀国・伊勢国に潜伏していた平氏残党が蜂起した事件。
• The incident was an uprising from August to September of 1184 by the remnants of the Taira clan, who had been hiding in Iga Province or Ise Province since the Taira clan's flight from Kyoto in the previous year.

• 桜田門外の変で敵対した水戸市と彦根市が和解して親善都市提携を結んだ時期は、事件発生から110年後の1970年であった。
• In 1970, 110 years after the incident, Mito City and Hikone City, which were kept apart by the Sakuradamongai Incident, reconciled and concluded a friendship city agreement.

• 尊号一件（そんごういっけん）とは、日本の江戸時代後期に起きた京都の朝廷と江戸の江戸幕府との間に発生した紛議事件である。
• Songo-ikken was a case of dissension between the Imperial Court in Kyoto and the Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government, headed by a shogun) in the later Edo period of Japan.

• これより前にも「天草崩れ」「大村崩れ」など、江戸時代中期には各地でキリシタンが発見され、処刑される事件が起こっている。
• Prior to these incidents, the mid-Edo period saw 'Amakusa kuzure,' 'Omura kuzure,' and other incidents in which Christians were found and executed around the country.

• 一般に名君と評価される上杉鷹山も、一時は改革に反対する老臣から押込を受ける寸前まで追い込まれた事件もある（七家騒動）。
• Yozan UESUGI, who is generally seen as a wise ruler, was once being driven to the brink of oshikome by his vassals who opposed to his reform (Shichike Disturbance).

• ペリーは米国へ帰国後、これらの航海記『日本遠征記』（現在でもこの事件の一級資料となっている）をまとめて議会に提出した。
• After his return, Perry submitted his 'Narratives of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan' to Congress, which remains a first-class, detailed account of the voyage of the squadron.

• 諸外国側の要求は日本在留外国人の身柄の安全保証と当該事件の日本側責任者の厳重処罰、すなわち滝の処刑というものであった。
• The requirements from the foreign countries were the guarantee of safety of the foreigners living in Japan and the severe punishment of the Japanese who was in charge of the incident, which meant the execution of TAKI.

• また、朝廷がこのときまで唱えていた「攘夷」（外国を討ち払う）政策を「開国和親」へと一気に方針転換させた事件でもあった。
• Also it was the incident that forced the Imperial Court to change its policy drastically from 'Joi' (expulsion of foreigners) to 'Opening of a country to the world and amity.'

• 讃岐守菅原道真がこれ以上は藤原氏の為にならない旨の書を基経に送り、基経が怒りをといたことにより、ようやく事件は収まった。
• The incident was finally resolved when Sanuki no kami (the governor of Sanuki Province) SUGAWARA no Michizane persuaded Mototsune by sending a letter saying it was not beneficial for the Fujiwara clan to persist further and Motsune allayed his anger.

• 協約締結後の1907年に、協約の無効を主張する高宗 (朝鮮王)の親書をたずさえた密使の派遣が露見する（ハーグ密使事件）。
• In 1907, after the conclusion of the treaty, the dispatch of the secret agent who carried a personal letter of Gao Zong (King of Korea) that insisted on invalidity of the treaty was exposed (the Hague Secret Emissary Affair).

• そのころロシアのウラジオストク艦隊は、6月15日に輸送船常陸丸を撃沈するなど（常陸丸事件）活発な通商破壊戦を続けていた。
• At that time, the Vladivostok Fleet of Russia continued to attack shipping, sinking the transport ship, Hitachi-maru on June 15th (Hitachi-maru Incident).

• これに怒った道鏡は清麻呂を因幡員外介として左遷し、さらに称徳天皇は清麻呂を除名し大隅国へ配流した（宇佐八幡宮神託事件）。
• Dokyo got angry about his report and relegated Kiyomaro as Inaba no ingainoge and Emperor Shotoku expulsed him to Osumi Province (plot of Usa Hachiman-gu oracle).

• しかし翌年の寛和2年に野宮で滝口武者平致光との密通が露見して退下した（この事件は後に絵巻『小柴垣草紙』の題材となった）。
• In the following year, 986, adultery with Takiguchi no musha (samurai guard of the Imperial Residence), TAIRA no Munemitsu at the Nonomiya was found out; and she resigned (this incident was later used in the picture scroll, 'Koshibagaki soshi').

• この事件により対馬や北九州の諸大名の取り締まりが厳しくなり、倭寇の帰化などの懐柔策を行ったため、前期倭寇は衰退していく。
• Due to this incident, the various daimyo of Tsushima and northern Kyushu became even more repressive, and as a result of conciliatory measures intended to win the allegiance of the pirates (such as the offer to naturalize them as Japanese citizens), the power of the early Wako faded away.

• こうした中、恒居倭に対し厳重な取り締まりを行っていた辺将により（次のような）といった事件が起こり日本人の不満は爆発する。
• Under this situation, several incidents occurred as a result of strict control of the hensho over kokyowa, and the dissatisfaction of kokyowa finally exploded.

• 鹿ケ谷の陰謀（ししがたにのいんぼう）は、平安時代の安元3年（1177年）6月に京都で起こった、平家打倒の陰謀事件である。
• The Shishigatani Conspiracy was a plot to overthrow the Taira clan and occurred in Kyoto in July, 1177, during the Heian period.

• 事件から16日後の5月27日、一般人に対する謀殺未遂罪（旧刑法292条）を適用して無期徒刑（無期懲役）の判決が下された。
• On May 27, 16 days after the incident, Kojima applied the article 292 of the former penal code, which stated about premeditated murder attempt against ordinary people, and sentenced Tsuda to life imprisonment.

• 事件そのものはすぐ鎮圧されたが、これ以後日本の影響力は減少し朝鮮の近代化は清朝の指導を仰ぎながら推進されることとなった。
• The incidents were suppressed soon but the influence of Japan decreased as the result, and the modernization of Korean was promoted under the instructions by the Qing dynasty.

• 『万国公法』の伝播という事件は、西欧法思想に留まるものではなく、以下に見るように幕末・明治初期に大きな影響を与えている。
• Arrival of 'Bankoku Koho' was not an encounter with Western Europe origin thought of law and it gave big impact on Japan in the late Edo and the early Meiji periods.

• さらに1921年（大正10年）、弟である下地利及は、移送して宮古島の一族の墓に再葬し、生家脇に事件を記した墓碑を立てた。
• In 1921, his brother, 下地利及, transferred his body and reburied it in his family grave in Miyakojima, and then built a gravestone by his birthplace.

• この事件を機に、政府高官の移動の際は、数人の近衛兵らによる護衛が付くようになった（イザベラ・バード『日本旅行記』より）。
• After this incident, the Meiji government ordered that imperial guards would escort and guard governmental high officials when the high officials were on the move ('Unbeaten Tracks in Japan' by Isabella BIRD).

• 特に、萬朝報、横浜毎日新聞（現在の毎日新聞とは無関係）、読売新聞などは、鉱毒や、田中正造の直訴事件を連日のように伝えた。
• Particularly Yorozu Choho, Yokohama Mainichi Shimbun (It is unrelated to the present Mainichi Shimbun), Yomiuri Shimbun reported daily on the copper-mining problem and also about Shozo TANAKA's direct appeal to the emperor.

• 翌年の元久2年（1205年）閏7月、朝雅と畠山重保との口論に端を発した牧氏事件が起こり、舅の北条時政が幕府を追放された。
• In August of the next year, 1205, Makishi Incident occurred from the quarrel between Tomomasa and Shigeyasu HATAKEYAMA, and Tokimasa HOJO, Tomomasa's father-in-law, was expelled from the bakufu.

• 治承元年(1177年) 鹿ケ谷事件の際、藤原成経の助命を求めて平教盛が平清盛に会いに来た際に、教盛の出家の意思を伝える。
• In 1177, when the Shishigatani Incident occurred, TAIRA no Norimori visited TAIRA no Kiyomori in order to spare FUJIWARA no Naritsune's life, saying that Norimori wanted to become a priest.

• しかしながら、元禄赤穂事件に伴う赤穂藩浅野氏の改易後、幕府に公収され、のちに穂積を含む村々が旗本八木氏の知行地となった。
• However, after the Asano clan in the Ako clan was abolished due to the Ako Incident in the Genroku era, the site was officially confiscated by the bakufu, and villages including Hozumi became the territory of the Yagi clan, a Hatamoto.

• 金玉均ら開化派を支え続けてきた福澤諭吉らであったが、この事件で朝鮮・中国に対していわば完全に匙を投げてしまうこととなる。
• Yukichi FUKUZAWA and his colleagues, who had kept supporting Ok-gyun KIM and the Progressive Party, came to give up Korea and China completely as hopeless due to this affair.

• これは山背大兄王を疎んじていた蘇我入鹿と、皇位継承における優位を画策する諸皇族の思惑が一致したからこそ出来た事件であろう。
• Further incidents could have occurred because of the tensions between SOGA no Iruka who disfavored Prince Yamashiro no oe and the imperial families who wanted to have an advantage in the succession to the throne.

• この事件によって朝廷の久光に対する信望は大いに高まり、久光は公武合体政策の実現（文久の改革）のため江戸へと向かっていった。
• As a result of this incident, Hisamitsu gained more trust from the Imperial Court, and he left for Edo to realize the policy of Kobu-gattai (Reformation in the Bunkyu period, or 文久の改革).

• この事件が事実がどうかはともかく、平氏一門の専横と源氏への日頃の軽侮に対する長年の不満が爆発は、理由として挙げられている。
• Regardless of whether this particular incident in fact occurred, the despotism of the Taira clan coupled with long years of simmering resentment among the Minamoto clan for the contempt they were forced to endure eventually led to an eruption of anger, which became the motive to raise troops in revolt.

• 4月20日、師高の尾張国への配流、神輿に矢を射た重盛の家人の拘禁が決定、大衆の要求を全面的に受諾することで事件は決着する。
• On May 26, the incident came to a finish due to agreement to all of the demands of the monks, with Morotaka exiled to Owari Province (present western Aichi Prefecture) and Shigemori's soldier who fired the arrow into the mikoshi detained.

• このような中で、後白河は突如として先の事件を蒸し返し、天台座主・明雲を解任、所領を没官すると5月22日に伊豆国へ配流した。
• In this situation, Goshirakawa suddenly brought up the former incident and dismissed Myoun of Tendai-zasu (head priest of the Tendai sect), took away his property, and exiled him to Izu Province on June 27.

• またエルトゥールル号事件がトルコの学校で広く教えられているという事実も無く、教科書も見つかっていません。」と回答している。
• Also, there is no evidence that Turkish schools generally teach the Ertuğrul incident, and neither have such textbooks been found.'

• 事件発生時にはまだ『万国公法』が刊行されていなかったが、その内容について清朝側はすでに把握していたのである（田2001）。
• At the time of the incident, 'Bankoku Koho' was not published yet, however the Qing dynasty had studied the contents previously (田 2001).

• 岡山県出身の作家内田百間の『汽笛一声』で、この事件を元に「鴨方の大尉殺し」という芝居が仕組まれていたとの記載があるという。
• 'Kiteki Issei' by the writer Hyakken UCHIDA from Okayama Prefecture included a content that a play, 'Kamogata no Taii Goroshi' (Murder of a Senior Lieutenant in Kamogata) had created based on the case.

• それとともに、前年の薩摩藩焼き討ち事件の際に捕らわれた後、勝家に保護されていた薩摩藩士益満休之助を護衛につけて送り出した。
• Moreover, Katsu sent Yamaoka out from his residence with an escort guard, Kyunosuke MASUMITSU; he was the feudal retainer of Satsuma but was in protective custody under Katsu's supervision, this was the result of his capture in the incident of the fire attack on the residence of the Satsuma Domain.

• 初代将軍源頼朝の死後に腹心であった梶原景時が御家人66名による連判状によって幕府から追放され、一族が滅ぼされた事件である。
• After the death of the first shogun, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, his right hand, Kagetoki KAJIWARA, was expelled from the bakufu due to the letter of covenant prepared by 66 gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) with common interests, and his clan was ruined.

• ただし、尚歯会自体への弾圧ではなく、尚歯会の関係者の一部が処罰された事件である（尚歯会主宰の遠藤勝助は処罰されていない）。
• However, this was not the suppression of Shoshikai, but was the oppression of some relevant people in Shoshikai (the leader of Shoshikai, Katsusuke ENDO, was not punished).

• 1874年には台湾における宮古島民殺害事件をきっかけに台湾出兵が行われ、両国の間で台湾・沖縄の帰属が決定されることになった。
• In 1874, the government dispatched the army to Taiwan after a Japanese person from Miyakojima Island was murdered in Taiwan, and then Japan and Qing decided the ownership of Taiwan and Okinawa.

• 同事件においては隠居していた前当主義央が殺害されたばかりか、騒動の責任を問われてた、嫡孫の当主義周は、改易の憂き目にあった。
• In this incidence, not only the former head of the household of Yoshinaka who had been retired was killed, but also Yoshimasa, the family head, had a hard time receiving the punishment of Kaieki (forfeit to rank of Samurai and properties), as asked to take responsibility for the disturbance.

• この事件は、直義の排除のため師直・尊氏の間で了解があったとする噂が存在し、現在でも積極的に意図されていたという考え方もある。
• This incident sparked rumors that said there was an understanding between Moronao and Takauji to eliminate Tadayoshi, and even to this day, there are theories that propose the incident was caused with intention.

• 不破内親王は淡路国へ流され、またこの事件に連座して舅の参議・藤原浜成、参議・大伴家持、右衛士督・坂上苅田麻呂らも処罰された。
• The Imperial Princess Fuwa was exiled to Awaji Province, and also those who involved in this incident such as, his father-in-low, councilor FUJIWARA no Hamanari and OTOMO no Yakamochi, Guard chief SAKANOUE no Karitamaro were punished.

• 浪人が徒党を組んで幕府転覆を図ったこの事件は、幕府の大名統制策が新たな不安定要因を生み出していたことをはっきりと示していた。
• The incident involved ronins who banded together in an attempt to overthrow the bakufu, and was a sign of the growing political unrest as a result of strict controls which the shogunate enforced on daimyos.

• 翌年、加賀一向一揆の激化によって幕府軍が頼みとしていた富樫政親は国許に帰還、しかも、その一揆に討たれるという事件が発生する。
• The following year, Masachika TOGASHI, on whom the army of bakufu was depending returned to his hometown due to the Kaga Ikko ikki (an uprising of Ikko sect followers in Kaga Province) intensified, and in addition, an incident occurred in which he was killed in the ikki.

• ところが事件発生地である広東の紳民はこれに憤激し、辰丸が釈放される19日に国恥記念大会を結集し、日貨排斥を決議したのである。
• But the residents of Guangdong, where the incident had happened, got indignant, held a meeting for commemorating the national shame on March 19, when Tatsumaru was to be released, and decided on expulsion of Japanese products.

• 道鏡事件で和気清麻呂が宇佐神宮の神託を訊きに行く等、古代において国家の大事や天皇の即位時には宇佐神宮へ勅使が必ず遣わされた。
• In ancient times, when an important incident such as Dokyo Incident in which Wake no Kiyomaro went to receive an oracle of Usa-jingu Shrine, or the enthronement of an emperor, Imperial envoys were always dispatched to Usa-jingu Shrine.

• 義親の首は京都で梟されたが、生存の噂が絶えず、その後、次々に「義親」を名乗る者が現れ、事件の余波は20年以上に渡って続いた。
• The head of Yoshichika was exposed to public scorn or ridicule in Kyoto, but the rumor of his living continued and a person calling himself 'Yoshichika' appeared one after another and the aftermath of this incident lasted more than 20 years.

• またこの事件をきっかけに電車の公営化を望む声が強まり、1911年（明治44年）の東京市による買収へとつながっていくのである。
• These incidents also left the growing demand for the public operation of railroad companies, and resulted in the acquisition by Tokyo City in 1911.

• 事件発生から半年ほど経過しても、なお解決の糸口さえ見つからないのを憂慮した清末藩主･毛利元平は吉元と共に江戸に参勤していた。
• Motohira MORI, the lord of the Kiyosue domain, who had worried about the situation that even a clue to a solution was not found in almost half a year after the incident occurred, stayed in Edo together with Yoshimoto in the Sankinkotai system (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo).

• この八甲田山雪中行軍遭難事件を聴いた、ノルウェー王国のホーコン7世国王が、、お見舞いとして明治天皇宛にスキー二台を進呈した。
• Haakon VII of Kingdom of Norway, sent two skis to Emperor Meiji as a get-well present, having heard about Death March of Hakkoda Mountains Incident.

• 明治新政府に不満を持つ旧会津藩藩士渡辺悌輔らが、大河津分水掘削工事の負担に苦しむ農民等を糾合し、新潟県庁の襲撃を図った事件。
• It was the incident in which Teisuke WATANABE, a former feudal retainer of Aizu Domain, and others, being dissatisfied with the Meiji government, rallied peasants who were suffering from the burdens of excavation work of Ookozu-Bunsui Canal, and attempted to attack Niigata Prefectural Office.

• 平安末期における地方官人と荘園との対立に端を発する事件は、荘園を国衙の支配下に置こうと企てた官人が配流となることで幕を閉じた。
• The incident stemmed from the confrontation between local officials and shoen in the late Heian period ended with banishment of official who attempted to place shoen under the rule of kokuga.

• その後、1876年に起きた江華島事件を契機として日朝修好条規（江華島条約）を締結し、朝鮮を自主国として認め、開国させるに至る。
• After that, the Ganghwa Island incident of 1876 led to the conclusion of the Japanese-Korean Treaty of Amity (Treaty of Ganghwa), and in this treaty, Japan recognized the Joseon Dynasty as an independent country and made the Joseon Dynasty open its country to the world.

• 寧波市の市舶司と日本商人との間のトラブルにより街が放火・掠奪される事件があり、間諜（スパイ）の容疑で雪村友梅が捕えられている。
• When trouble between Shihakushi and Japanese merchants triggered arson and looting on a street in Neiha City, Sesson Yubai was arrested and charged with being a spy.

• 江華島事件の問罪を前面に押し出しながら、実質的には条約を締結し、両国の懸案で長年解決しなかった近代的な国際関係を樹立すること。
• While emphasizing the reproof of the Ganghwa Island incident, they practically tried to conclude a treaty and establish modern international relationship with Korea, which had been left unsettled for many years.

• その後六氏先生事件なども発生したが、総督府は教育政策を推進し、翌年台湾全域に国語伝習所を設置するなどの教育機関の拡充に努めた。
• Though the Zhishanyan Incident happened, in which six teachers were killed by guerrillas, the Sotoku-fu promoted the education policy to improve the educational institution by establishing the Japanese language study school throughout Taiwan the next year.

• 信州明科爆裂弾事件後、数百人の社会主義者・無政府主義者の逮捕・検挙が始まり、検察は26人を明治天皇暗殺計画容疑として起訴した。
• Since the Shinshu Akashina Bomb Incident, several hundred socialists and anarchists were arrested, and prosecutors indicted 26 people for plotting to kill the Emperor Meiji.

• これらの事件は倒幕を目的とした最初の軍事的行動として、後世から見た歴史的な意味は大きいものの、この時点では無残な結末となった。
• From the current point of view, those incidents are significant because they were the first military actions attempting to overthrow the bakufu, but all of them failed miserably.

• しかし同月末に外国船に反撃され、砲台を占拠されるなど、実際には攘夷の困難さを身をもって知ることとなる（四国艦隊下関砲撃事件）。
• However, the foreign vessels fought back at the end of the same month and occupied the gun battery in Choshu (the Battles of Shimonoseki); actually, this incident provided a good opportunity for the Choshu clan to reconsider how difficult it would be to expel foreigners.

• しかし、高宗 (朝鮮王)はこの第二次日韓協約の裏をかく形で再びハーグ密使事件を引き起こし、結果として退位させられることとなる。
• However, Gao Zong (Korean King) caused the Hague Secret Emissary Affair by outsmarting the Eulsa Treaty, which resulted in him being replaced.

• そもそも、事件後に草薙剣を宮中で預かったのが正当な処置であるのなら、天武天皇が草薙剣の祟りに見舞われるはずなどないとも言える。
• It may be said that in the first place Emperor Tenmu should not be met with the curse of the Kusanagi no tsurugi if it was proper treatment that the Imperial Court took the Kusanagi no tsurugi in charge after the case.

• 日本社会において高度経済成長が達成された1970年代以降は、直接的な社会詠として事件等を取り上げることが大変困難となっている。
• Since the 1970s in which Japanese society achieved rapid economic growth, it became very difficult to raise incidents directly through shakaiei.

• 建久4年（1193年）5月28日 (旧暦)に富士の巻狩りの際に起きたこの事件について公式に書かれた文書は「吾妻鏡」以外にない。
• Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East) is the only document that officially describes this incident that occurred at Fuji no Makigari (Hunting session at Mt. Fuji) on July 5, 1193.

• 同年8月に事件が発覚して林をはじめとする首謀者や片岡健吉ら高知在住の幹部が逮捕され、翌年8月に大審院において有罪判決が下った。
• The plot came to light and the ringleaders led by Yuzo HAYASHI and other prominent individuals, who lived in Kochi Prefecture, including Kenichi KATAOKA, were arrested in August of that year and found guilty by the Predecessor of the Supreme Court of Japan in August of the following year.

• 1310年（延慶 (日本)3）からは鎌倉幕府によって検断沙汰（刑事事件）として扱われ、侍所および六波羅探題検断方の所管となった。
• In 1310, such disputes were for the first time dealt with as kendan-sata (criminal cases) by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and were under the control of Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) and Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) Kendangata (criminal justice).

• 日本史の教科書によく描かれている、事件の真相解明のきっかけとなった子供の喧嘩の場面では「異時同図法」という手法が用いられている。
• The scene of the children fighting, which led to the revelation of the truth of the incident, uses the 'Iji-dozu-ho technique' (showing scenes of incidents that happened at different times in one picture) and is often introduced in the textbooks of Japanese history.

• この事件は、当時における在庁官人＝開発領主の変貌と、国司＝目代との対立の激しさ、とくに在地領主層の弱体と限界を如実に示している。
• These affairs provide evidence of changes of zaichokanjin to kaihatsu-ryoshu and fierce conflicts between kokushi and mokudai, especially the local lord class's destabilization and limitations.

• 留学や海外軍事視察の経験から国際関係に精通していた威仁親王は、即座にこの事件を自分のレベルでは解決できない重大な外交問題と判断。
• Imperial Prince Takehito, who was well-versed in foreign affairs because of his experiences of studying abroad and military inspections, judged that this incident was such a serious diplomatic issue that he could not handle by himself.

• しかし日本はさきに書いたように、江華島事件はあくまで条約締結のための呼び水に過ぎず、「和約を結ぶこと」こそが主たる目的であった。
• However, as described before, Japan regarded the Ganghwa Island incident as just a stimulus towards conclusion of the treaty, and for them 'to conclude a peace treaty' was the main purpose.

• 近年では朝鮮民主主義人民共和国の工作船事件などで軍事上の重要度が高まり、舞鶴飛行場が建設され舞鶴航空隊や特別警備隊が配備された。
• In recent years, its military importance is increasing due to incidences involving North Korean covert-operation boats; therefore the Maizuru Air Port was built to deploy the Maizuru Fleet Air Force and the Special Boarding Unit

• しかし、に生じた天皇機関説事件で、美濃部の一部著書が出版法の発売禁止処分を受け、政府が国体明徴声明で学説の事実上の公定を行った。
• However, due to the incident of the Emperor Organ Theory, some of Minobe's books were banned under the publishing law, and the government effectively made an official evaluation of the theory in the government announcement.

• 文久3年5月20日（1863年7月5日）、猿ヶ辻（禁裏の北東）にあった有栖川宮邸前で、姉小路公知が殺害される事件が発生している。
• On July 5, 1863, there was an incident in which Kintomo ANEGAKOJI was killed in front of the Arisugawanomiya residence which was located near the Saru-ga-tsuji Crossroads (in the northeast of the Imperial Palace).

• 後にこの事件を題材に三島由紀夫の小説『金閣寺 (小説)』や、水上勉の小説『五番町夕霧楼』、『金閣炎上』などの文学作品が作られた。
• Later, some literary works on the theme of this case, including 'Kinkaku-ji Temple' by Yukio MISHIMA and 'Gobancho-yugiriro (Evening mist Tower of the Fifth Town)' and 'Kinkakuji enjo' (Flare of Kinkaku) by Tsutomu MIZUKAMI, were produced.

• 慶応2年1月23日_(旧暦)（1866年3月8日）、宿泊していた坂本龍馬を伏見奉行配下の捕り方が捕縛ないし暗殺しようとした事件。
• It was an incident in which the torikata (policemen capturing criminals) under the Fushimi magistrate attempted to apprehend or assassinate Ryoma SAKAMOTO while he was staying at the Teradaya on March 8, 1866.

• だが、パークスや能勢らの尽力にも関わらず、家茂死去の混乱によって話が進まないうちにヴァン・ヴォールクンバーグ公使の事件が起きた。
• In spite of the efforts of Parkes as well as Magistrate Nose and other officials, their recommendation was set aside amid the confusions after Iemochi's death, and it was not long before the assault against the U.S. envoy Van Valkenburg occurred.

• 江戸市中警備の任にあった庄内藩がこれに怒り、12月25日、薩摩藩および佐土原藩（薩摩支藩）邸を焼き討ちするという事件が発生した。
• The retainers of the Shonai Domain reaction to these disturbances by Saigo, since it was their assignment to guard the city of Edo, was one of anger, resulting in their setting fire to the residency of the Satsuma Domain and the residency of the Sadowara Domain (branch domain of the Satsuma Domain) on December 25th.

• 1893年 サンフランシスコ教育委員会、日系人子弟の公立学校への入学を拒否する決議を採択（サンフランシスコ日本人学童隔離事件）。
• In 1893, the San Francisco Board of Education adopted a resolution to allow public schools to refuse admission to Japanese children (San Francisco Japanese Children Segregation).

• しかし、の天皇機関説事件で美濃部ら立憲学派が排撃され、同年に政府が発表した国体明徴声明では天皇主権を中心とした解釈が公定された。
• However, in the emperor-as-organ theory incident, constitutional school sect, led by Minobe, was driven out and interpretation focusing on imperial sovereignty was set in the statement of the fundamental character of the nation which was announced by the government in the same year.

• すなわち、この事件により、国司の権限が荘園に及ばなくなっていることだけでなく、天皇の宣旨よりも院庁下文が優先することが確認された。
• In other words, not only the fact that the provincial governor could no more wield his authority over shoen, but also the fact that innocho kudashibumi had superiority over the Emperor's decree were confirmed by this incident.

• 『日本書紀』巻十四雄略紀には、456年（安康天皇3年）に起きた『眉輪王の変』の記事があり、これが史料に残る最古の敵討事件とされる。
• The 'Nihon Shoki' (Chronicles of Japan), Vol. 14, 'Yuryakuki' (period of Emperor Yuryaku), contains an article on the 'Conspiracy of Prince Mayowa,' which occurred in 456, and this is regarded as the oldest case of Katakiuchi remaining in historical materials.

• 成親が召還され、事件処理に当たった時忠・信範が「奏事不実（奏上に事実でない点があった）」（『百錬抄』）の罪により解官・配流される。
• Narichika was recalled and, TAIRA no Tokitada and TAIRA no Nobunori, who were in charge of the case, were dismissed and exiled for 'reporting untrue to the Emperor' ('Hyakuren sho - History book from the Kamakura period).

• 12月、尾張守・藤原家教（藤原成親の同母弟）の目代である右衛門尉・藤原政友が、延暦寺領・美濃国平野荘の神人を凌礫する事件を起こす。
• In December, Uemon no jo (the third ranked official of the Right Division of Outer Palace Guards) FUJIWARA no Masatomo, who was a mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor) of Owari no kami (the governor of Owari Province) FUJIWARA no Ienori (younger brother of jinin of FUJIWARA no Narichika) insulted Hiranosho, territories of Enryaku-ji Temple in Mino Province.

• 成績不振と黒い霧事件 (日本プロ野球)の余波で観客数が伸び悩んでいた東映フライヤーズを東急と共に1972年オフに日拓ホームに売却。
• During the off season in 1972 Toei and Tokyu sold the Toei Flyers to Nittaku Home Corporation because of the poor performance of the baseball team and the fact that the 'Kuroi Kiri Incident,' a game-fixing scandal in professional baseball at that time, made it difficult for the team to attract large audiences.

• また、弾薬掠奪事件を聞き、吉田村から鹿児島へ帰ってきた桐野利秋は篠原国幹らと談合し、2月2日に辺見十郎太ら3名を小根占へ派遣した。
• Toshiaki KIRINO, who learned of the munitions seizure incident and came back to Kagoshima from Yoshida Village, discussed with Kunimoto SHINOHARA and sent three persons including Jurota HENMI to Konejime on February 2.

• しかし、元禄2年(1689年)2月2日_(旧暦)に突然改易され、大名である喜多見氏は滅びた（分家の刃傷事件に連座したともされる）。
• Yet, on March 22, 1689, Shigemasa suffered kaieki (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties), which incident resulted in the downfall of the Kitami clan (one theory holds that he was held responsible for one branch family's involvement in a sword fight).

• この事件に関しては不可解なことが多く、上の今井信郎説のほかにも、薩摩藩士説や、浅田次郎の『壬生義士伝』のような解釈も行われている。
• There are many unanswered questions to this incident, with theories other than Imai assassinating Ryoma, including a theory holding that the assassination was by feudal retainers or warriors of Satsuma and another interpretation by Jiro ASADA in his 'Mibu Gishin Den'

• 8月24日には正式な抗議を申し入れたフランス公使レオン・ロッシュと将軍徳川慶喜が大阪城で面会し、事件についての話し合いが行われた。
• A French minister, Léon ROCHES, lodged an official protest and met with Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA to discuss the affair in Osaka-jo Castle on August 24.

• 奉行や代官には、自己で専決できる事例・刑罰に制限が儲けられており、それを超えるような事件については老中に伺いを立てて判断を仰いだ。
• There were limitations on cases or punishment that bugyo or daikan (local governor) could handle on their own authority, and they asked for the roju's judgment for cases that they were unable to handle.

• 『五番町夕霧楼』（ごばんちょうゆうぎりろう）は、水上勉の代表作であり1950年におきた金閣寺放火事件と著者の実体験を基にしている。
• 'Gobancho Yugiriro' (A House in the Quarter) is a representative work of Tsutomu MIZUKAMI, based on arson of Kinkaku-ji Temple in 1950 and the author's experience.

• この事件は後に『曽我物語』としてまとめられ、江戸時代になると能・浄瑠璃・歌舞伎・浮世絵などの題材に取り上げられ、民衆の人気を得た。
• This incident was later compiled as 'Soga monogatari' (the tale of Soga), and in the Edo period, 'Soga monotagari' was picked up as subject matter for Noh, Joruri (Ballad drama), Kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors), Ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) and so on, and gained popularity among the people.

• こうなると外交交渉の経験が少なく、国際慣習を知らない明治政府はどうしようもなく、事件はその後3年間も放置されることとなってしまった。
• That floored the Meiji Government, which had little experience of diplomatic negotiations and no knowledge of international customs, and the case was left untouched for the subsequent three years.

• 両家ともに信長の末裔ということで、小藩でありながら江戸時代中期の宇陀崩れや明和事件に巻き込まれるまでは幕府から国主並の優遇を受けた。
• Because both families were descendents of Nobunaga, they received preferential treatment like landed daimyo though they had small domains, until they were involved in Uda Disturbance and the Meiwa Incident in the middle of Edo period.

• 文久2年4月23日_(旧暦)（1862年5月29日）に薩摩藩尊皇派が薩摩藩藩主の父で事実上の指導者・島津久光によって粛清された事件。
• In this incident the royalist faction in the Satsuma domain was purged by Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, the father of the lord in the Satsuma domain, and the de facto ruler, on May 29, 1862.

• 但し、この事件の背景には恭仁京遷都や義弟・安積親王への皇位継承などを巡っての義父・聖武天皇との政治的な対立の可能性も指摘されている。
• As a background of this incident, the possibility of political confrontation with his father-in-law, Emperor Shomu has been pointed out in relation to the transfer of the capital to Kuni-kyo and giving the right of succession to the Imperial Throne to his younger brother-in-law, Prince Asaka.

• 奥富敬之の『鎌倉北条氏の基礎的研究』でも『鎌倉北条氏の興亡』でも真偽のほどは保留しながらも、事件は『保暦間記』に沿って説明している。
• In his 'A basic research on the Hojo clan in the Kamakura period' as well as 'The rise and fall of the Hojo clan in the Kamakura period,' Takayuki OKUDOMI explains the incident based on descriptions in 'Horyakukanki,' although he withholds the judgment of whether the descriptions were true or not.

• 相馬事件がきっかけとなり、精神病者の監護（監禁および保護）の手続きについて問題意識が高まり、1900年に精神病者監護法が制定された。
• On the back of the incident, general concerns on how to treat people with mental illness, particularly on custody and protection, increased only to establish the Mental Patient Custody Act in 1900.

• 伊賀氏の変（いがしのへん）とは、鎌倉時代前期の貞応3年（1224年）6月から閏月7月にかけて起こった鎌倉幕府の政変事件のことである。
• Igashi no Hen is a political turmoil that happened in the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which lasted about a month from June 1224 in the early Kamakura period.

• そこで、兄弟の後援者であった北条時政が黒幕となって頼朝を亡き者にしようとした暗殺未遂事件でもあったのだという説が言い伝えられている。
• Then, a theory has been passed down that this incident was also an attempted assassination of Yoritomo by the brothers' supporter Tokimasa HOJO as a power broker.

• 『日本三代実録』において恒貞親王の生母で橘嘉智子の実の娘でもある正子内親王（淳和天皇皇后）がこの事件で激しく母を恨んだと記されている。
• In addition, according to 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (Veritable Records of Three Reigns of Japan), the Imperial Princess Masako (the Empress of the Emperor Junna), a real mother of the Imperial Prince Tsunesada as well as a real daughter of TACHIBANA no Kachiko, had a furious grudge against her mother after this incident.

• 長徳2年1月16日 (旧暦)（996年2月7日）、藤原隆家が花山天皇に弓を射かけるという事件を引き起こし、4月に出雲権守に左遷された。
• On February 12, 996, FUJIWARA no Takaie caused an incident in which he shot an arrow at the Emperor Kazan and was relegated to the position of Izumo gon no kami (provisional governor of Izu Province)

• 大津市が作成した2005年版職員手帳が六曜を載せていたために、人権団体の抗議を受けて回収され、全て廃棄処分されるという事件も発生した。
• There was an incident in which Otsu city made personal day planners for the year 2005 with rokuyo, but they were recalled because of the protest from human-rights group and were totally discarded.

• しかし現在では、近代的な用語としてクーデターや反乱などの言葉が使われ、明治以降の武力反抗事件に謀反という言葉は用いられなくなっている。
• Today people use more modern terms such as 'coup d'etat' or 'hanran' instead of 'muhon' for armed rebellions after Meiji.

• この事件をきっかけに寧波に近い双嶼や、船山諸島など沿岸部で日本人商人との私貿易、密貿易が活発化し、倭寇（後期倭寇）の活動となって行く。
• This incident led to increased private trade and smuggling with Japanese merchants at coastal areas such as Shuangyu near Ningbo and the Zhoushan Islands, as well as activities of wako (koki wako [the 16th-century wako pirate-traders]).

• 満義・満貞父子が本拠地の吉良荘を留守にしている間に、満義の四男尊義が吉良荘の東条を押領し、東条吉良氏として自立するという事件が起きる。
• While Mitsuyoshi and Mitsusada, father and son, were away from the home ground in Kiranosho in Mikawa Province, an incident happened; Takayoshi who was the fourth son of Mitsuyoshi embezzled the Tojo of Kiranosho, then became independent as the Tojokira clan.

• 江戸幕府のもとでも天皇の権威は温存されたが、紫衣事件などにみられるように、年号の勅定などを僅かな例外として政治権力はほとんどなかった。
• The authority of the Emperor was preserved under the Edo Bakufu (from 1603); but as seen in the Shie Incident Emperors had almost no political power except few occasions such as deciding the name of an era; (Shie Incident refers to the incident in which Emperor Gomizuno gave purple robes, symbolizing the highest order of priesthood, to Daitoku-ji Temple and Myoshin-ji Temple in 1627 without the approval of Bakufu and caused Bakufu to take back the purple robes to deny the authority of Emperor Gomizuno.)

• 治承三年の政変（じしょうさんねんのせいへん）は治承3年（1179年）11月、平清盛が軍勢を率いて京都を制圧、後白河院政を停止した事件。
• The Jisho Sannen no Seihen was an incident where TAIRA no Kiyomori led an army to conquer Kyoto and stalled the government by Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa in December (November in old lunar calendar) 1179.

• 治承元年（1177年）には鹿ヶ谷の陰謀が起き、藤原成親、平康頼、西光、俊寛ら院近臣多数が処罰され、後白河法皇も事件への関与を疑われた。
• In 1177 the Shishigatani Conspiracy was launched, as a result of which several of the group of close retainers to the cloistered emperor, including FUJIWARA no Narichika, TAIRA no Yasuyori, and the monks Saiko and Shunkan were executed, and suspicions about cloistered emperor Goshirakawa's possible involvement in the plot were raised as well.

• この事件以降、12世紀中葉の平治の乱まで中央の政治抗争は武力を伴わず、死刑も執行されない非武力的な政治の時代が永らく続くこととなった。
• After this incident, until the Heiji War in the middle of 12th century, the non-violent political age continued, during which central political conflicts did not lead to military confrontations or the execution of the death penalty.

• 七卿落ち（しちきょうおち）とは、江戸時代の幕末期、1863年（文久3年）八月十八日の政変において、7人の公卿が京都より追放された事件。
• 'Shichikyo-ochi' was an incident where seven nobles were banished from Kyoto in the political turmoil of August 18, 1863, at the end of Edo period.

• 「せんいの町一宮」の負の歴史を語る上で欠かせない事件として、一宮市教育委員会発行の中学校社会科副読本『のびゆく一宮』に掲載されている。
• In telling the negative history of 'Ichinomiya the Textile Town,' this incident represents the absolute nadir, a fact that led the Board of Education for the city of Ichinomiya to publish a supplementary reader for Middle School-level Social Studies entitled 'Nobiyuku Ichinomiya' (Ichinomiya: the growing city).

• しかし、995年（長徳元年）に天皇の面前で藤原行成と歌について口論になり、怒った実方が行成の冠を奪って投げ捨てるという事件が発生する。
• But in 995, while in the Emperor's presence, an incident occurred in which he had an argument with FUJIWARA no Yukinari about poetry; the incensed Sanekata is said to have seized Yukinari's official court cap and hurled it to the ground.

• 事件後、その動機を追究された眉輪王は「臣元不求天位、唯報父仇而已」（私は皇位を狙ったのではない、ただ父の仇に報いただけだ）と答えている。
• When Prince Mayowa was pressed for his motive after the affair, he replied: 'I wasn't seeking the Imperial Throne, I was only avenging my father.'

• 保元の乱（ほうげんのらん）は、平安時代の保元元年（1156年）に崇徳天皇と後白河天皇が対立し、上皇側に天皇側が奇襲を仕掛けた事件である。
• The Hogen Disturbance occurred during the first year (1156) of the Hogen era in the Heian period, when Emperor Sutoku and Emperor Goshirakawa had a dispute, and the Emperor's side made a surprise attack on the retired emperor's side.

• 日本は1876年に江華島事件を起こし、砲艦外交によって朝鮮に開国を迫り、翌年日朝修好条規を締結して日本外交使節のソウル駐在を認めさせた。
• Causing the Ganghwa Island Incident in 1876, Japan demanded Korea to open the country by gunboat diplomacy, and compelled it to allow Japanese diplomatic envoys to stay in Seoul by concluding the Treaty of Ganghwa in the next year.

• ところが、後白河が帰京した3月22日、山門（比叡山延暦寺）の大衆 (仏教)が加賀国守・藤原師高の配流を求めて強訴を起こした（白山事件）。
• However, when Goshirakawa returned to Kyoto on April 29, the daishu (Buddhist monks) at the Sanmon (Enryaku-ji Temple, Hieizan Mountain) demanded the removal of the Kaga (presently Ishikawa Pref.) governor, FUJIWARA no Morotaka (Hakusan Incident).

• 具体的には信者と一般民衆との土地境界線争いに宣教師が介入したり、教会建設への反感からくる確執といった民事事件などから発展したものが多い。
• Specifically, many incidents developed from the missionaries entering conflicts over land boundaries between believers and common people, and antipathy towards the construction of churches.

• 東京控訴院での2審は、9月20日に第1回公判が開かれたが、裁判の場所が東京に移ったことで、事件は東京のマスコミに注目されることとなった。
• The first public trial of the appellate court was held at the Tokyo Court of Appeal on September 20 and through this the Kawamata Incident received a greater attention from the mass media in Tokyo.

• 後に父の未亡人藤原登子（中宮安子の妹）が村上天皇に召されるという事件が起こったことも、徽子女王が後宮に落ち着かなかった一因であったろう。
• And later, her father's widow FUJIWARA no Nariko (the younger sister of Empress Anshi) was summoned to court by Emperor Murakami may have contributed to Kishi's unease at the inner palace.

• 戊午の密勅（ぼごのみっちょく）は1858年9月14日（安政5年8月8日 (旧暦)）に孝明天皇が水戸藩に勅書（勅諚）を下賜した事件である。
• Bogo no mitchoku is an incident that Emperor Komei gave a chokusho (imperial decree) to the Mito Domain on September 14, 1858.

• しかし、西郷が5月2日征討軍を長崎から出航させると大久保もこれを追認し、7月1日には日本軍が台湾南部の事件発生地域を占領することとなった。
• Meanwhile, on May 2, Saigo allowed the expeditionary force to set sail from Nagasaki with additional authorization of Okubo, and, on July 1, the Japanese army occupied the southern region of Taiwan where the murder incident had occurred.

• 鉄砲伝来（てっぽうでんらい）とは、15世紀にヨーロッパから東アジアへ火縄銃型の銃が伝わったこと、狭義には日本の種子島に伝来した事件を指す。
• The term 'Teppo Denrai' (introduction of firearms) generally refers to the introduction of matchlock guns from Europe into East Asia in the 15th century, and in a more limited sense it means the introduction of matchlock guns into Tanegashima Island, Japan.

• 禁門の変を理由に幕府は、第一次長州征伐を決行、同時期に、英米仏蘭4ヶ国艦隊の反撃に遭い、上陸され砲台を占拠された（四国艦隊下関砲撃事件）。
• On the pretext of the Kinmon Incident, the shogunate government carried out the First Choshu Expeditions, but at the same the combined fleet of Great Britain, United States, France and the Netherlands made a counterattack and got to land to occupy the gun battery (the Shimonoseki Bombardment).

• しかしこの事件に関して京大生や同学会に対する好意的反応は少数派であり、「京大を廃校にせよ」「貴方たちは狂人ですか」といった非難が集中した。
• However, the number of people who were in favor of the students of Kyoto University and the Dogakukai concerning this incident were relatively small, and many people condemned them by saying 'Abolish Kyoto University' or 'Are you madmen?'

• 1910年(明治43年)5月25日、信州の社会主義者宮下太吉ら4名による明治天皇暗殺計画が発覚し逮捕された「信州明科爆裂弾事件」が起こる。
• On May 25, 1910, 'Shinshu Akashina Bomb Incident' occurred, in which a socialist in the Shinshu region, Takichi MIYASHITA, and other three socialists were arrested for plotting to kill the Meiji Emperor.

• ロシアでは、相次ぐ敗北と、それを含めた帝政に対する民衆の不満が増大し、1905年1月9日には血の日曜日事件 (1905年)が発生していた。
• In Russia, the successive defeats exacerbated popular dissatisfaction towards the Czarist regime, leading to the Bloody Sunday Incident on January 9th, 1905.

• 桓武はこれを延暦4年（785年）藤原種継藤原種継暗殺事件により廃太子され憤死した早良親王の祟りであるとし、その霊をなだめる祀りを行わせた。
• Kanmu regarded the incidents as due to the curse of Prince Sawara who died in 785 of resentment after being deprived of his title of Crown Prince, being involved in the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu and held memorial rites to calm his soul.

• 古人大兄皇子は皇極天皇の側に侍していたが、その儀式の最中、異母弟・中大兄皇子（後の天智天皇）、藤原鎌足らが蘇我入鹿を暗殺する事件が起きた。
• Furuhito no Oe no Miko was next to Empress Kogyoku during that ceremony, during which time younger paternal brother, Naka no Oe no Oji (later Emperor Tenchi) and FUJIWARA no Kamatari killed SOGA no Iruka.

• 科罰手続の一般法としては、非訟事件手続法の規定と、地方自治法s地方自治法 第二編 普通地方公共団体 第十四章 補則255の3の規定がある。
• The general laws to impose punishment procedures of Karyo are the regulations of Non-Contentious Cases Procedures Act and the regulations of the Local Autonomy Law II, Ordinary local public entities, Chapter 14, supplementary rules, Article 255-3.

• 家門の創設に当たっては王位や官職、あるいは一定の支配権の獲得、領地の取得、城塞や館の建設など歴史的な事件となりうる行為をもっておこなわれる。
• In establishing a kamon (family), a deed that can be considered a historical incident is necessary: ascension to the throne, obtaining a government post or a certain mastermanship, or a territorial land or building such as a castle or a manor.

• その際、関係する帳簿と長州系軍人の借金証文類も焼き払われた為、事件の真相は解明されることなく、陸軍省会計監督長船越衛の処分をもって収束する。
• Because all the relevant account books and debt bonds issued by military men from Choshu were burned away then, the truth of the incident was not clarified and the investigation ended with punishment of the accounting manager of the Ministry of Army Mamoru FUNAKOSHI.

• 1974年5月11日、群馬県公害審査会から事件の処理を引継いだ公害等調整委員会において調停が成立し、古河鉱業は15億5000万円を支払った。
• On May 11, 1974, the Pollutions Investigation Committee, which had took over the arbitration from the Gunma Prefecture Pollutions Committee, settled the issue and ordered Furukawa Mining to pay 1.55 billion yen.

• 一方で、橘氏傍系の橘逸勢（奈良麻呂孫）が承和の変により排斥される事件も発生したが、嘉智子が健在の時期に橘氏は総じて勢力を大きく伸長している。
• On the other hand, TACHIBANA no Hayanari (Naramaro's grandson) of a Tachibana clan's branch line was cast aside after the Jowa Incident, but during the period in which Kachiko maintained her position, the Tachibana clan widely extended its influence as a whole.

• なお、この訪問については同事件の犯人の所属するもの以外にも各種政治団体が「訪沖阻止」などを叫んで全国で集会、千人単位のデモ行進などを行った。
• In addition to the radical groups to which the criminals caused 'The incident at Himeyuri-no-to Tower' belonged, various political organizations held meetings nationwide, as well as demonstration parades with 1,000 participants, raising the rallying cry of 'Let's oppose the Imperial couple's visit to Okinawa Prefecture' and so on.

• 「三浦の平太為次」の子、で、三浦義明の父・三浦庄司吉次（義継）の名は、「大庭御厨の濫妨」事件で源義朝側で攻めた方（訴えられた方）に出てくる。
• The name of MIURA Shoji Yoshitsugu who was a son of 'MIURA no Heita Tametsugu' and the father of Yoshiaki MIURA appeared as an attacking force (the side who was accused) of MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo in 'the disturbance in Oba no mikuriya estate.'

• 江戸時代、大名家が改易されると、何らかの重い罪を受けての場合は大名は斬首（島原の乱の松倉勝家）または切腹（元禄赤穂事件の浅野長矩など）となる。
• In the Edo period, when a Daimyo family became subject to kaieki, they were beheaded (Katsuike MATSUKURA in the Shimabara War, for example) or were forced to carry out Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) (Naganori ASANO in the Genroku Ako Incident, for example) if they committed a serious crime.

• 『吾妻鏡』では信兼の息子たちが事件の張本であったとするが、彼らは義経の屋敷に出向いている事から、反乱と深い関わりは持っていなかったと見られる。
• According to 'Azuma Kagami,' Nobukane's sons were responsible for the incident, but from the fact that they went to Yoshitsune's residence, they seem not to have been deeply involved in the rebellion.

• 内容は、藤原基経の示威事件である阿衡の紛議の顛末といった政治的なことや、父光孝天皇より譲られた黒猫のことなど、天皇の日常や感情の一端が窺える。
• It described a part of the Emperor's daily life and feelings such as political things like how the Ako Controversy, a demonstration of FUJIWARA no Mototsune happened, a black cat which was given by his father, the Emperor Koko and so on.

• 長州藩内でも四国艦隊下関砲撃事件での敗戦以降、松下村塾系の下級藩士を中心とした攘夷派勢力が後退し、椋梨藤太ら譜代家臣を中心とする俗論派が擡頭。
• Even in Choshu domain, the Joi movement, in which lower ranked samurai gathered at Shokason-juku played a central role, gradually lost its support after the defeat of the battles of Shimonoseki, and saw the emergence of Zokuron-ha (a kind of conservatism that allows acknowledgement of fealty to the bakufu), supported by the hereditary vassals including Tota MUKUNASHI.

• 逆に尊攘派の代表と見られた姉小路公知が暗殺される事件（朔平門外の変）も起き、犯行に関与したとみられた薩摩藩など公武合体派の勢力が一時低下した。
• In the meantime, Kintomo ANEGAKOJI, who was regarded as a leader of sonjo party, was assassinated (the Sakuheimon incident); some groups that had worked for kobu-gattai, including the Satsuma clan, were suspected to be responsible for the incident and for a while their authority fell.

• 663年、豊璋王は福信と対立しこれを斬る事件を起こしたものの、倭国の援軍を得た百済復興軍は、百済南部に侵入した新羅軍を駆逐することに成功した。
• Although there was an incident where King Hosho killed Fukushin in 663, by gaining the assistance of the Wakoku army, the allied forces of Wakoku and Kudara successfully drove out the Silla forces that invaded southern Kudara.

• そして、門徒の指導権も所領・財産も悉く蓮淳傘下の称徳寺（後の慈敬寺）に奪われてしまう事になった（享禄・天文の乱堅田本福寺破門事件参照のこと）。
• Honpuku-ji Temple was robbed of the leadership of believers, territory and fortune by Shotoku-ji Temple (later Jikei-ji Temple), which was under the control of Shonyo (refer to the Kyoroku-Tenbun War and Katata Honpuku-ji Temple Excommunication Incident).

• 摂関家を嗣いだ藤原基房は伊勢平氏による押領だと非難したが、この事件は摂関家の威信の低下を如実に表しており、清盛一族は大きな経済基盤を獲得した。
• FUJIWARA no Motofusa, who succeeded FUJIWARA no Motozane as family head of the line of regents, criticized this as an usurping by the Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) but this incident clearly shows the decrease in authority of the line of regents and the Kiyomori family gained a substantial financial foundation.

• 翌日、事件を聞いたプロシア公使とフランス領事、さらにポルトガル公使、アメリカ公使も長崎奉行に対し、人道に外れる行いであると即座に抗議を行った。
• As soon as knowing of this affair on the following day, Prussian, Portuguese and American ministers and French consul protested against the Nagasaki magistrate, saying his behavior was inhuman.

• 仇教事件の頻発は、一般民衆の中に、西欧及びキリスト教への反感を醸成し、外国人に平身低頭せざるを得ない官僚・郷紳への失望感を拡大させたといえる。
• These frequent Kyukyo Incidents built antipathy toward Western Europe and Christianity and spread the loss of trust toward the bureaucracy and Kyoshin (those who worked under government officials), who were obliged to bow to the foreigners demands.

• 畠山の乱に端を発した牧氏事件で時政を追放したことにより、幕府は時政の専制政治から義時・政子姉弟主導による寡頭体制によって専制政治が継続された。
• As Tokimasa was exiled in the Makishi Incident which arose from the HATAKEYAMA Rebellion, the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was switched from Tokimasa's autocracy to Yoshitoki and Masako's oligarchic autocracy.

• 一方、仙台藩主伊達政宗など、宗義成を支持する大名もおり、彼らは、戦国時代が完全に終ったことを印象付けるために、この事件を利用する方向で動いた。
• On the other hand, Masamune DATE, who was the lord of the Sendai Domain, and some other daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) supported Yoshinari SO, and they attempted to take advantage of this incident to convey the impression that the Sengoku Period came to the end completely.

• 幕府保守層や儒学者たちによる蘭学者に対する一大弾圧事件などではなく、尚歯会を敵視する鳥居が他の幕閣の容認のもと、単独で決行したのが真相である。
• This was not a suppression of Dutch scholars by the Bakufu conservatives or Confucian scholars, but the truth was that Torii, who perceived Shoshikai as an enemy, acted solely with other cabinet officials with the Shogunate's approval.

• 1180年には平重衡による南都焼き討ちで奈良（南都）の2大仏教勢力であった東大寺と興福寺が炎上したが、このことは美術史上、象徴的な事件であった。
• In A.D. 1180, Todai-ji Temple and Kofuku-ji Temple (the two Buddhist powerhouses in Nanto (the southern capital, which refers to Nara)), were burned down in Nanto Yakiuchi (Burning of Nanto) by TAIRA no Shigehira, and this was a symbolic incident in Japanese art history.

• さきに1871年琉球船が難破し台湾南部へ漂着した際、先住民による琉球島民殺害事件が発生していたが明治政府はそれを解決できないまま数年が経過した。
• Before that, the Meiji government did not resolve the incident of suicide of Ryukyu sailors whose ship had been wrecked and cast up on the coast of southern Taiwan in 1871, and several years had passed.

• その後の三・一五事件の影響で公判は紆余曲折の経緯をたどり、1929年12月の大阪控訴院判決では18名に対し懲役7年以下とより厳しい量刑となった。
• Under the influence of the Affair on March 15, the public trial underwent a complicated processes, and in the decision by Osaka koso-in (Osaka court of appeal) of December 1929, 18 criminals were sentenced to severe assessment of a case of imprisonment with hard labor less than seven years.

• 永正の錯乱（えいしょうのさくらん）は、戦国時代 (日本)の初期にあたる永正4年（1507年）、室町幕府管領・細川政元が殺害された事件を指し示す。
• Eisho Disturbance refers to an incident during the early Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan) where the kanrei (shogunal deputy) for the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) named Masamoto HOSOKAWA was assassinated in 1507.

• そのうち11件は1911年の辛亥革命の後に発生し、そのうち辛亥革命の影響を強く受けた抗日運動もあり、4件の事件では中国に帰属すると宣言している。
• Of them, eleven uprisings occurred after the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, and some anti-Japanese movements were strongly influenced by the Revolution and four of them declared that Taiwan would belong to China.

• その他、合戦では目覚しい働きを示していたが、驕慢な振る舞いが限度を超えて、康永元年（1342年）光厳天皇への狼藉事件を起こして処刑されてしまう。
• Although Yorito distinguished himself in battles, his excessive arrogance made himself cause a violence against Emperor Kogon in 1342, so he was executed.

• たとえば、江戸時代の後水尾天皇は、紫衣事件など、天皇の権威を失墜させる江戸幕府の行いに耐えかね、幼少の興子内親王（後の明正天皇）へ譲位を行った。
• For example, Emperor Gomizunoo in the Edo period was unable to endure the deeds of the Edo bakufu which eroded the authority of the emperor, like the Shie Incident (the great conflict between the shogunate and the Imperial Court), and abdicated the throne to an infant Princess Okiko (later Emperor Meisho).

• ところが、中川宮を取り込もうとしたところで折りしも発生した広沢真臣暗殺事件の捜査中であった政府側に情報が漏れ、山縣有朋を中心に摘発に乗り出した。
• However, trying to count Nakagawa no miya in, information was leaked to the government that was investigating the assassination of Saneomi HIROSAWA, Aritomo YAMAGATA and others started to investigate what was happenening.

• 後鳥羽上皇らが幕府討伐のため起こした承久の乱は、結果としては幕府が朝廷に勝利し、朝廷に対する幕府の政治的優位性の確立という画期的な事件となった。
• The end result of the Jokyu Rebellion, in which Retired Emperor Gotoba and others tried to overthrow the bakufu, was the triumph of the bakufu over the court--this rebellion ushered in a new era, one of the political ascendancy of the bakufu over the court.

• 承元の法難（じょうげんのほうなん）とは、法然が率いる専修念仏の衆徒が弾圧され、法然以下、親鸞ら中心的な僧徒が各地に流罪となった事件のことである。
• Jogen no Honan was an incident where monks following Senju-Nenbutsu (intently praying to Buddha) led by Honen were suppressed and Honen, Shinran and other monks with central roles were exiled throughout the country.

• こうしたトルコ人の言説に対して、エルトゥールル号遭難事件の顛末は日本ではあまり記憶されておらず、長らく公的な場で語られることすらもまれであった。
• Contrary to Turks' discourse, the story of the Ertuğrul's distress was not well remembered in Japan and had been rarely mentioned in public for a long time.

• これらの情報から、岡野はこの事件を平賀朝雅と平光盛ら池家一族が自己の勢力拡大のために平氏残党を唆して仕組んだ「自作自演」の可能性を指摘している。
• Based on these information, Okano points out the possibility that Tomomasa HIRAGA and the Ike family including TAIRA no Mitsumori attempted to get the remnants of the Taira clan to raise the rebellion for expanding their powers.

• 喰違の変（くいちがいのへん）は、明治7年（1874年）1月14日に東京の赤坂 (東京都港区)喰違坂で起きた、右大臣岩倉具視に対する暗殺未遂事件。
• Kuichigai Incident was an assassination attempt on Tomomi IWAKURA, the Minister of Right, which occurred in Kuichigaizaka, Akasaka, Tokyo (now Minato Ward, Tokyo) on January 14, 1874.

• この事件の後、幕府は国書に記す将軍の称号を「日本国王」から「日本国大君」に改め、京都五山の僧に外交文書作成や使節の応接、貿易の監視などを命じた。
• After this incident, the Edo bakufu changed the shogun's title which should be stated in any diplomatic letters from 'King of Japan' to 'Tycoon of Japan,' and told Buddhist priests in Five Great Zen Temples of Kyoto to prepare diplomatic papers and receptions for envoys, and to observe trades.

• 永禄8年（1565年）に虎昌が義信事件に連座し切腹すると、虎昌の部隊は彼の実弟（甥とも）とされる山県昌景が引継ぎ、同時に赤備えも継承したという。
• It is told that after Toramasa commit suicide by disembowelment (Seppuku) being implicated in the Yoshinobu Incident in 1565, Toramasa's troop was taken over by Masakage YAMAGATA who is considered his own younger brother (or nephew according to another resource), and so was his Akazonea at the same time.

• フランス公使は20名の切腹を要求し、事件に関わった29名の者が現在の大阪府大阪市西区 (大阪市)にある土佐稲荷神社で籤を引いて切腹する者を決めた。
• For the request from the French foreign minister asking seppuku of twenty Japanese retainers, people involved in the case drew a lot in Inari-jinja Shrine of Tosa, (present-day, Nishi Ward, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture) to decide who would commit seppuku.

• 1764年（宝暦14年）の宝暦度の来日の際、対馬藩の家臣で通詞を担当していた鈴木伝蔵が朝鮮通信使の通詞・中官崔天宗を大坂で殺害する事件が起こった。
• When Tsushinshi came to Japan in 1764 in the Horeki era (1751 - 1764), the incident in which Denzo SUZUKI, a retainer of the Tsushima Domain and an interpreter, killed Cheon-Jong CHOI, an interpreter and a middle-class officer, in Osaka.

• トルコ人が公的な場で日本人に対して日土友好の歴史について語るとき、必ずといっていいほど第一に持ち出されるのがエルトゥールル号遭難事件の顛末である。
• When Turks talk to Japanese people about the history of friendly relations between Turkey and Japan in public, they almost always mention the story of the Ertuğrul and her disaster above all things.

• また、京都における主導権争いから薩摩藩らと衝突、8月、三条実美らの七卿落ち、翌の池田屋事件を契機に薩摩藩・会津藩・桑名藩と武力衝突した（禁門の変）。
• Leadership struggle in Kyoto developed into conflicts with Satsuma Domain and others, and caused the seven court nobles to escape from Kyoto in August1863 as well as the Ikedaya Incident the next year, which led to armed conflicts with Satsuma Domain, Aizu Domain and Kuwana Domain (the Kinmon Incident).

• その頃、サラエヴォ事件をきっかけとして第一次世界大戦が勃発すると第二次大隈重信内閣は日英同盟に基づいてドイツに宣戦布告し、第一次世界大戦に参戦する。
• When World WarⅠ broke out following the Sarajevo Incident, the second Shigenobu OKUMA administration declared war on Germany under the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and entered the war.

• しかし、翌785年造長岡京使藤原種継が何者かによって暗殺され、その容疑が桓武天皇の皇太弟早良親王にかけられたため、早良親王が配流される事件が起きる。
• In 785, a 'zo-nagaoka-kyo-shi' (造長岡京使) (one of the extra statutory officers who was in charge of building Nagaoka-kyo), FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu was murdered, and Emperor Kanmu's kotaitei (brother and the first heir to the throne), Imperial Prince Sawara became a suspect and was banished.

• 寧波の乱（にんぽーのらん・ねいはのらん）とは、1523年（日本では室町時代の大永3年、明では嘉靖2年）に、明の寧波において日本人が起した事件である。
• The Ningbo War (also referred as Neiha War) was an incident caused by Japanese nationals in Ningbo in Ming Dynasty China in 1523.

• 小西総長は辞職に追い込まれ、7月に後任の松井元興総長（博士 (理学)、のちに立命館大学学長）が就任したことから事件は急速に終息に向かうこととなった。
• Dean Konishi was forced to resign and with the appointment of Motooki MATSUI as dean (D.Sc., later Ritsumeikan University dean), the incident quickly headed towards a conclusion.

• ところが1933年3月になり日本共産党員およびその同調者とされた裁判官・裁判所職員が検挙される「司法官赤化事件」が起こり状況は一変することになった。
• However, in March 1933, the situation changed drastically when the 'Communist Judiciary Incident' occurred and Japanese Communist Party members and judges and court staff who were sympathetic to the party were arrested.

• ところが、1910年（同43年）の教師用教科書改訂にあたって問題化し始め、同年に幸徳秋水ら社会主義者が起こしたとされた幸徳事件がこれに拍車をかけた。
• However, this became problematic around 1910 when the textbooks for teachers was revised, and this movement was further fueled by the 'Kotoku Incident,' which is said to have been caused by socialists such as Shusui KOTOKU and others.

• 土岐康行の乱（ときやすゆきのらん）は、室町時代の康応元年（1389年）－明徳元年（1390年）に守護大名の土岐康行が室町幕府に討伐された事件である。
• Toki Yasuyori Rebellion was an incident that occurred from 1389 to 1390, during the Muromachi period of Japan, in which Yasuyuki TOKI, a shugo daimyo (shugo is a governor of a province during the middle ages of Japan, and a shugo daimyo is a regional lord who has an official title of shugo from the government of the time) was defeated by the Muromachi bakufu.

• 「朝野新聞」は要旨を短く紹介したが即日発行停止を命じられた）、さらに事件を聞いて喝采を叫んだ手紙を国許に送っただけの石川県人など30名が逮捕された。
• Asano Shinbun' [Asano Newspaper] published its outline, but police ordered its suspension on the same day), and those from Ishikawa prefectures who cheered the incident and sent letters to their home.

• 宝永の大和川改修工事、寛保の関東水損地域の河川・堤防改修工事、薩摩藩による宝暦期の木曾川・長良川・揖斐川の治水工事（宝暦治水事件）などが有名である。
• Among the most famous Fushin of rivers were the repair work of Yamato-gawa River in the Hoei era, the repair works of rivers and embankments in the flood-damaged areas in the Kanto region in the Kanpo era, and the embankment works of Kiso-gawa River, Nagara-gawa River, and Ibi-gawa River by Satsuma Domain in the Houreki era (Horeki Chisui Incident).

• この項の趣旨とは方向が違うが、鎌倉幕府は将軍の膝元で起きた衝撃的なこの事件を意図的に隠そうとした痕跡のあることが分かり、現在様々な憶測を呼んでいる。
• Although this is off the intention of this section, it has been revealed that there is an evidence that Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) intentionally tried to hide this shocking incident that occurred under shogun's nose, and it is spurring a torrent of speculation now.

• 事件は新田次郎により『八甲田山死の彷徨』としてに小説化され、さらにこの小説を原作としたの映画『八甲田山 (映画)』で一般に広く知られることになった。
• The incident became known to the public by a novel, 'Death march on Mount Hakkoda' written by Jiro NITTA and a movie which was based on that novel 'Hakkoda-san Mountain.'

• 5世紀後半の475年、高句麗の南下によって百済は南方へ移動したが、この事件は百済と友好関係にあったヤマト王権（倭国）にも経済的・政治的な影響を与えた。
• During the late fifth century, in 475, Baekje moved further south as Goguryeo advanced southward, and this economically and politically affected the Yamato Kingdom, that had a friendly relationship with Baekje.

• しかし、純長の実父であり勘定奉行を務めるなど幕府の要職にあった旗本・伊丹勝長を通じ、幕府に対し即座に事件の実情報告を行い恭順したため咎を受けなかった。
• However, the domain escaped censure by following procedure and reporting the particulars of the incident immediately through Katsunaga ITAMI, a hatamoto, or shogun's vassal, who was also Suminaga's father and served as commissioner of shogunate demesne and in other key posts.

• 竜芳の子の武田信道が大久保長安事件に巻き込まれて伊豆大島へ流される不幸もあったが、その子武田信正の代で許されて1700年に幕臣となり高家として仕えた。
• Ryuho's son Nobumichi TAKEDA was banished to Izu-oshima Island because of his involvement in the Okubo Nagayasu Incident, but the clan was pardoned in the era of his son Nobumasa TAKEDA and became a vassal of the bakufu in 1700 as koke (privileged family under Tokugawa shogunate).

• これには朝廷内部でも不満を持つものが多く、嘉応2年（1170年）には摂政・松殿基房と平重盛との間で暴力沙汰に発展した紛争が起きている（殿下乗合事件）。
• This state of affairs had aroused resentment among many within the imperial court, until in 1170, the conflict between the Regent Motofusa MATSUDONO and TAIRA no Shigemori escalated into violence (the 'Riding together in His Highness's Carriage' incident).

• 更に比喜多は弾正台で横井小楠暗殺事件の捜査を担当しながら逆に横井を糾弾しようとしたことで知られる古賀十郎とその友人である秋田藩の中村恕助を招き入れた。
• Hikita further invited Juro KOGA, known accusing Shonan YOKOI during an investigation into assassination of Yokoi in danjodai (Board of Censors), and his friend, Josuke NAKAMURA from the Akita clan.

• 紀尾井坂の変（きおいざかのへん、1878年（明治11年）5月14日）は、明治の元勲・大久保利通が東京の紀尾井町清水坂で士族6名によって暗殺された事件。
• The 'Kioizaka Incident' (Kioizaka no Hen: May 14, 1878) was the incident when Genkun (oligarch with merits) of Meiji, Toshimichi OKUBO, was assassinated by six shizoku (family or person with samurai ancestors) on the Kiyomizu-zaka Slope at Kioi-cho, Tokyo.

• 前年に唐軍の捕虜から解放され帰国した九州王朝の天皇である「筑紫君薩夜麻」を巡る九州王朝内の内紛に畿内大和の豪族が介入し日本列島の覇権を得た事件である。
• It is an incident that occurred when the local ruling family in Yamato Province, Kinai region, interfered with the dispute in Kyushu dynasty over `Tsukushi no kimi sachiyama,' an emperor of the Kyushu dynasty, who was taken prisoner and then returned home after being released from the Tang army during the previous year, and took control of the Japan islands.

• しかし、この事件にふれた諸本は残されておらず、「旅宿問答」の言う「保元平治」が、本当に『保元』『平治』の物語のことであるのかどうかは、かなり疑わしい。
• Because no variant texts mentioning this incident exists, it is quite doubtful whether the 'Hogen and Heiji' in 'Ryoshuku mondo' really refers to the tales of 'Hogen' and 'Heiji.'

• これらの条項は辛亥革命以後も北洋政府・奉天軍閥などに継承されたが、満洲某重大事件後に奉天軍閥を継いだ張学良が同条約を否認して併行鉄道の建設を推進した。
• Although these protocols had remained in force even after the Xinhai Revolution, with the Beiyang government and the Mukden military clique in power, Chang Hsueh-liang, who succeeded in the Mukden military clique after 'the Manchuria incident' (assassination of Zhang Zuolin, the Manchurian warlord, by the Japanese Army), ignored the treaty obligations and promoted the construction of railroads parallel to the South Manchuria Railway.

• シーメンス事件によって第1次山本内閣が倒れたのち、民衆に人気のある大隈重信が立憲同志会、大隈伯後援会および中正会を与党として2回目の組閣をおこなった。
• After the Siemens Incident (1914) blew off the first Yamamoto Cabinet, a popular politician Shigenobu OKUMA formed his second Cabinet counting on a coalition of such parties as the Rikken Doshikai, the Supporters' Association of Count Okuma, and the Chuseikai.

• 秀次は将来に不安を抱き、京都などで辻斬り（一般人を殺傷する事件、盲目の人間を故なく殺害したとされる）などを起こし「殺生関白」という悪名を広めたとされる。
• Hidetsugu, who was frightened for his own future, caused incidents of tsujikiri (killing ordinary people in the street to test a new sword; it is said that he killed a blind person without a reason) in Kyoto and other places, and the incidents labeled him as 'Sessho Kanpaku' (Killer-Kanpaku).

• 松室致検事総長、平沼騏一郎大審院次席検事、小山松吉神戸地裁検事局検事正らによって事件のフレームアップ化がはかられ、異例の速さで公判、刑執行がはかられた。
• By Attorney General Itaru MATSUMURO, Deputy Chief Prosecutor of Daishin-in Kiichiro HIRANUMA, and Chief Public Prosecutor of Kobe district court attorney's office Matsukichi KOYAMA, the case was made up and trials and executions were carried out at an unprecedented speed.

• 応永の乱（おうえいのらん）は、室町時代の応永6年（1399年）に、守護大名の大内義弘が室町幕府に対して反乱を起こして堺市に篭城して滅ぼされた事件である。
• The Oei rebellion, which broke out in the sixth year of the Oei era (1399) during the Muromachi period, was a revolt against the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) led by the shugo daimyo (feudal lord) Yoshihiro OUCHI, in which he occupied the city of Sakai (modern-day Osaka) which was eventually brought to ruin.

• しかし、『日本書紀』のこの事件に関する記事に皇子の名がみえないこと、また皇子に賞与などが与えられた形跡がみえないことから、史実ではないとする見方もある。
• Nevertheless, since his name could not be found in the article about this affair in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), and since there was no evidence that an award was granted to him, some say this is not a historical fact.

• しかし、中央公論社は嶋中事件の後遺症で「皇位簒奪」の用語を用いることを恐れ、今谷の反対を押し切って、「王権簒奪」という不正確な表題にしてしまったという。
• However, afraid of using the term, 'usurpation of the imperial throne' following the aftermath of Shimanaka incident, Chuo Koronsha used an inaccurate title 'usurpation of sovereignty,' overriding Imatani's opposition.

• なお、この事件が発生する前の4月16日 (旧暦)（5月14日）に、久光は近衛忠房らに公武合体を説いた意見書を提出し、朝廷から浪士鎮撫の勅命を受けていた。
• Incidentally, Hisamitsu submitted a written statement concerning Kobu-gattai to Tadafusa KONOE on May 14, prior to the Teradaya incident, and received an Imperial order to pacify masterless samurai.

• 「嘉吉の変」とも呼ばれるが、嘉吉元年（1441年）に起こった6代将軍足利義教の謀殺事件（嘉吉の乱）と混同されることから、「禁闕の変」の名称が用いられる。
• It is also referred to as the 'Kakitsu Incident,' but to avoid confusion with the assassination of the 6th shogun, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA in 1441 (Kakitsu Rebellion), the term, 'Kinketsu Incident' is used.

• ただしニコライを殺害する意図は薄かったらしく、事件後の取り調べにおいても「殺すつもりはなく、一本（一太刀）献上したまで」と供述していたと言う記録もある。
• But, TSUDA did not intend to kill Nicholas, and after the attack, he answered to police questions as 'I did not intend to kill him, I just wanted to give him one slash'.

• 衆議院議員であり、農民運動の先導者であった田中正造は、1900年2月15日、事件に関する質問演説を行っている途中で、当時所属していた憲政本党を離党した。
• Shozo TANAKA, a member of the House of Representatives and a leader of the peasant movement, announced his departure from the Kenseihon Party which he was then affiliated when he was questioning the Kawamata Incident at the Diet meeting on February 15, 1900.

• なお、「牢帳」自体は町奉行の管理下にあったが、牢獄には勘定奉行や寺社奉行の吟味で入獄した者も含まれており、それらが管轄した事件についても記載されている。
• Although 'Rocho' itself was under the Machi bugyo's control, inmates who were judged in the prison by Kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance) or Jisha bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines) and cases under the jurisdiction of them were included in the Oshioki Saikyo-cho.

• この事件については立志社の指導者である板垣退助・後藤象二郎らは無関係で片岡も林ら過激な首謀者の巻き添えとなったとする見解が『自由党史』以来の通説である。
• Ever since the 'History of the Liberal Party' was compiled, the consensus has been that Taisuke ITAGAKI and Shojiro GOTO, leaders of the Rishisha, had nothing to do with the plot and that KATAOKA and HAYASHI were just associated with the radical ringleaders.

• また京都地方検察庁は公安条例違反による関係者の起訴を考えていたが、関係者を取り調べた結果、条例に違反するような事件は発生していないとみなし立件を断念した。
• The Kyoto District Public Prosecutors Office studied the possibility of prosecuting them for the violation of Public Safety Regulations, but after investigating relevant personnel, it found no violation and gave up prosecution.

• そこで政府は事件を所轄する裁判官に対して旧刑法116条に規定する天皇や皇族に対して危害を与えたものに適用すべき大逆罪によって死刑を適用するよう働きかけた。
• Therefore, the Japanese government applied pressure to the Court to try Tsuda under Article 116 of the Criminal Code, which demanded death penalty for acts against the Emperor, or members of the Imperial family.

• 本来ならば桂小五郎（後の木戸孝允）もその場にいたはずだったが、到着が早すぎたので一度本拠地にもどり時間を待っている間に事件が起こってしまい難を逃れている。
• Kogoro KATSURA (later Takayoshi KIDO) should have been there too, but he arrived earlier and then went back to the base to wait a while. His life had been spared because the incident occurred before he came back.

• 明治44年（1911年）には大逆事件が生じ、時の政権から社会主義者弾圧の口実に使用され、明治天皇を暗殺しようとしたとして幸徳秋水ら12人が死刑に処された。
• In 1911, the Taigyaku Jiken (a case of high treason) was developed and was used as an excuse to oppress socialists by the government at that time, and 12 people, including Shusui KOTOKU, were executed for attempting to assassinate Emperor Meiji.

• 9月23日 (旧暦)（新暦10月20日）、駿府から戻った所司代・板倉勝重より、事件に関わった公卿8人、女官5人、地下1人に対して以下の処分案が発表された。
• On October 20, Shoshidai Katsushige ITAKURA back from Sunpu announced the following proposal for the punishment of eight court nobles, five court ladies and one jige (lower class noble) involved in the scandal.

• さらに室町幕府では嘉吉の乱による混乱もあり、43年7月に将軍足利義勝が死去、足利義政が8代将軍となるが、就任までは間があり、事件はその最中に起こっている。
• Additionally, the Muromachi bakufu was in disorder because of the Kakitsu Rebellion and this incident occurred between the time after Yoshinori ASHIKAGA died in in July 1443, and Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA became the 8th shogun.

• 現在の寺田屋の建物には事件当時の「弾痕」「刀傷」と称するものや「お龍が入っていた風呂」なるものがあり、当時そのままの建物であるかのような説明がされている。
• The Teradaya explains that 'the bathroom Ryo used' as well as 'bullet marks' and 'sword marks' from the incident still remain in the current building of the Teradaya, as if the current building remained as it was at the time of the incident.

• なお、社会的に影響が小さい事件については短期でも恩赦が認められ（11年必要なケースでは6年など）、また逆に影響が大きいケースでは認められない場合があった。
• A pardon was approved after a short time in cases which had little effect on society (for example, after six years where the requirement was eleven years); conversely, a pardon might not be approved in cases which had a big effect on society.

• 久光の真意は、あくまで幕政の改革・公武一和であったため、これら志士たちとの間に摩擦を生じ、自藩の急進派有馬新七らの粛清を命じた（寺田屋事件、4月23日）。
• Hisamitsu's true intent was the political reform of the bakufu and Kobu Ichiwa (union of the shogunate and the imperial court, another way of calling Kobu Gattai) from the beginning, so he ordered the purge of the extremists of the domain such as Shinshichi ARIMA (Teradaya Incident on April 23).

• この裁判にあたり、皇祖皇太神宮から「神宮神祠不敬被告事件上告趣意書」が、神宝を含む竹内文書約4,000点と史跡の現地調査の報告書などとともに、提出された。
• In this trial, Koso Kotai Jingu Shrine submitted the 'Statement on grounds of the final criminal appeal for Jingu Shinshi defamation case', along with approximately 4,000 pieces of Takeuchi monjo, including sacred treasures and reports on field surveys of historic sites.

• 本文のあらゆるところで「按ずるに」として重要事件や人物に批評を加え、将軍家宣の施政への参考として提供し、政治的な戒めとしているところもこの書の特徴である。
• One characteristic feature of this book is the evaluation of important affairs and people everywhere in the text using the phrase 'thinking that...,' in order to offer the Shogun Ienobu some guidance for his government and to make them into political lessons.

• この事件により、山本権兵衛内閣は総辞職、警視総監・湯浅倉平、警視庁警務部長・正力松太郎らが懲戒免職、難波の出身地である山口県の知事が2ヶ月間の減給となった。
• Due to the Incident, the Gonbei YAMAMOTO cabinet resigned en masse, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Commissioner Kurahei YUASA and Director of Police Administration of Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Matsutaro SHORIKI were given a dishonorable discharge, and the governor of Yamaguchi Prefecture, where Nanba was born, was reprimanded with a pay cut for two months.

• 折から京都治安維持に当たっていた会津藩預かりの新撰組が、池田屋事件で長州藩など尊攘派の志士数人を殺害したため、火に油を注ぐこととなり、ついに長州藩兵は上京。
• In the meantime, Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate), under the control of the Aizu clan and in charge of protecting Kyoto at the time, killed several supporters of sonjo party, including members of the Choshu clan in the Ikedaya incident; this added fuel to the debate in Choshu domain and the Choshu troops finally moved to Kyoto.

• 当時は、キリシタン大名やキリシタンによって、寺社が焼かれたり僧侶が迫害されたり、逆に仏教を厚く信仰する大名の元ではキリシタンが迫害される事件が相次いでいた。
• In those days, a succession of the following incidents occurred: Christian feudal lords and Christians set fire to temples and shrines and also persecuted Buddhist monks; or conversely, Christians were persecuted in the place where religious Buddhist feudal lords dominated.

• 当時、足尾銅山は、足尾鉱毒事件で命令された鉱毒防止費用などが負担となり、鉱山労働者の賃金は安く、しかも、労働条件は過酷なもので、労働者の不満は高まっていた。
• At that time in the Ashio Copper Mine, mine workers' complaints were mounting because of their low wages due to the cost for prevention of mineral pollution which was ordered in Ashio Mineral Pollution Incident and their poor working conditions.

• 御所千度参り（ごしょせんどまいり）は、天明7年6月7日 (旧暦) （1787年7月21日）に発生した、京都御所の周囲を多数の人々が廻り、千度参りをした事件。
• Gosho Sendo-mairi is an incident occurred on July 21, 1787, in which many people circled around the Gosho (Imperial Palace) to make sendo-mairi (literally a visit to shrine a thousand times for prayer).

• 高橋慎一朗は、この事件における時村の立場を、霜月騒動と同様の「得宗政権を支える二者の対立に起因する」も、「嘉元の乱は霜月騒動の縮小再生産だった」としている。
• Shinichiro TAKAHASHI says that Tokimura's position in this incident was forced to take 'due to confrontation between two persons supporting the Tokuso family-based government' as in the Shimotsuki incident (November disturbance), and that 'Kagen War was reproduction on a diminished scale of the Shimotsuki incident.'

• 宮騒動（みやそうどう）は、鎌倉時代の寛元4年（1246年）に起きた、北条光時の反乱未遂、および前征夷大将軍・藤原頼経が鎌倉から追放され、京都へ戻された事件。
• Miya sodo (palace disturbance) is the incident in which Mitsutoki HOJO attempted a rebellion, and the former Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), FUJIWARA no Yoritsune, was banished from Kamakura, and returned to Kyoto in 1246 in the Kamakura period.

• 江戸警備の任にあった庄内藩がこれに怒り、12月25日勘定奉行小栗忠順ら幕閣の了承の下、薩摩藩および佐土原藩（薩摩支藩）邸を焼き討ちするという事件が発生した。
• Shonai Domain, which was responsible for the security of Edo, took offense at this incident and put the residences of Satsuma Domain and Sadowara Domain (Satsuma Domain's branch domain) on fire on January 19, 1868, with the consent of cabinet officials of the Shogunate including Tadamasa OGURI who was kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance).

• 大和朝廷以来親しまれてきた大和国・山城国の地名のほか、特に崇敬される神仏にゆかりの場所、歴史的な事件のあった場所、語呂合わせにより連想を誘う場所などがある。
• As well as place names in Yamato and Yamashiro Provinces, which have been familiar since the period of Yamato Imperial court, there are also place names which are related to the especially venerated gods and Buddha, the names of places where historical incidents occurred, or place names which are associated by word play, etc.

• また「吾妻鏡」に記載されたのも事件後100年近く経ってからといわれているのでリアルタイムな記録ではなく、真名本曽我物語の記述に似通った所があるとされている。
• Description in 'Azuma Kagami' is considered to have been made nearly 100 years after the incident, so it not a real time record and they say there are similarities with description of the tale of Soga mana-bon.

• しかし、日清戦争後は高山らの国体論が徐々に浸透してゆき、天皇機関説事件以後は「君民一体の一大家族国家」（文部省「国体の本義」）として、ほぼ国定の解釈となった。
• But, after the Sino-Japanese War, the national polity theory of Takayama gradually became popular, and after the Emperor Organ Theory Incident, 'Japan was one large family where all the Imperial members and subjects belonged' ('Cardinal principles of the National Entity of Japan' by the Ministry of Education) became an official doctrine.

• この事件を契機として、以後、追捕官符を根拠として、国司は追捕のため国内の人夫を動員する権限を獲得することとなり、積極的に群盗海賊の鎮圧に乗り出すようになった。
• After this incident, based on Tsuibu-kanpu, kokushi acquired the right to mobilize laborers to capture criminals who had fled, coming to combat robbers and pirates actively.

• 沢柳事件の経緯と結末により「大学自治の本山」とみなされた京大は、1930年代以降、戦時体制のもとで大学への統制を進めようとする勢力からは敵視されるようになる。
• Kyoto Imperial University, which was regarded as 'the center of university autonomy' thanks to the development and conclusion of the Sawayanagi incident, came to be regarded as an enemy by people who intended to place universities under the government's control under the wartime regime in 1930's.

• しかし細川高国は逆に大内義興らと気脈を通じ、永正5年（1508年）3月17日伊勢参宮と称して京都を脱出、伊賀国守護の仁木高長に身を寄せるという大事件がおきた。
• But, a serious incident occurred -- In collusion with Yoshioki OUCHI, Takakuni HOSOKAWA fled from Kyoto on April 27, 1508 on the pretext of visiting Ise Shrine and took refuge with Iga no kuni Shugo (Provincial Constable of Iga Province) Takanaga NIKI.

• 小国であった日本が大国ロシアの皇太子を負傷させたとして、「事件の報復にロシアが日本に攻めてくる」、と日本国中に大激震が走り、さながら「恐露病」の様相を呈した。
• Due to the fact that the Russian Prince was injured in a lesser nation, Japan, Japanese people thought that 'Russia would attack Japan in revenge for the incident' and 'Fear for Russia' spread in Japan.

• 昭和43年（1968年）被差別部落民かどうかを探り出すためにこの戸籍が用いられようとした事件が発覚し、閲覧が禁止され、同年、公開さえも禁じられ封印保管された。
• An incident happened in 1968 where this family register was to be used to find out whether or not a person was from Burakumin, which caused reading it prohibited and in the same year even the public viewing itself came to be prohibited, resulting in the sealed storage.

• 大河内の教え子でのちに幸枝と結婚する人物として尾崎秀実をモデルにした野毛隆吉（藤田進が演じている）が登場するが、もちろん実在の尾崎はこの事件とは無関係である。
• Takakichi NOGE (played by Susumu FUJITA), who was Okochi's student and later marries Sachie was based on Hotsumi OZAKI, but of course the real Ozaki is unrelated to this incident.

• さらに薩摩藩が江戸市街で挑発的な破壊工作を行う（庄内藩の江戸薩摩藩邸焼き討ち事件）と、慶喜の周囲では「討薩」を望む声が高まり、慶喜は軍事的な京の封鎖を試みた。
• When the Satsuma domain was engaged provocatively in subversive activities (the Incident of setting fire to the residence in Edo of domain of Satsuma, inflicted by the Shonai domain) in the urban area of Edo, the surroundings of Yoshinobu increasingly voiced the desire to defeat the Satsuma domain and accordingly, Yoshinobu attempted to establish a military blockade of Kyoto.

• 『万国公法』の普及と、上記のような様々な事件・問題の際の近代国際法の強制的な適用と受容が、東アジア国際社会に大きな影響を与えたことは改めて強調するまでもない。
• It is obvious that diffusion of 'Bankoku Koho'and forcible application and acceptance of modern international law on the above mentioned incidents and issues had major impact on international society in East Asia.

• こうして今では、日本でもエルトゥールル号遭難事件は「親日親日的とされる国と地域の一覧トルコ」のイメージを語るエピソードとしてなくてはならないものになっている。
• Thus, also in Japan today, the distress of the Ertuğrul is regarded as an essential episode to talk about 'a pro-Japanese country, Turkey.'

• シーパワー論の提唱者として後年名を知られることになるアルフレッド・セイヤー・マハン少佐は、神戸事件の最中、兵庫港に停泊する米国艦イロコイ号の副長を務めていた。
• Major Alfred Thayer MAHAN, who later became famous as an advocator of the theory of sea power, was the vice chief of the U.S. warship Ikoroi, which was anchoring at Hyogo port during the Kobe Incident.

• 天智天皇（後の天智天皇）らが蘇我入鹿を暗殺し蘇我氏本宗家を滅ぼした乙巳の変（いっしのへん）の後に行われたとされる（この暗殺事件を大化の改新と呼ぶこともある）。
• It is said they have been carried out after Isshi-no-hen (the Murder in the Year of Issi (one of the 60 Oriental Zodiacs)) where Emperor Tenchi (latter-day Emperor Tenchi) assassinated SOGA no Iruka and destroyed the head family of Soga clan (this assassination case is sometimes referred to as the Taika Reforms).

• 翌1864年（元治元年）、新選組が長州藩の攘夷激派を襲撃した池田屋事件の後に長州藩は京都の軍事的奪回を図り、禁裏を侵して会津藩・桑名藩などの幕府側と衝突した。
• The following year, 1864, Choshu Domain, after the Ikedaya-Incident which was a bloody raid by Shinsengumi against the patriots of Joi (principle of excluding foreigners) group of Choshu Domain, clashed with the supporters of bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) including Aizu Domain and Kuwana Domain trying to recapture Kyoto by using the military force and attacking Kinri (the Imperial Palace).

• 奈良時代和気広虫（出家して法均尼と号する）と弟の和気清麻呂が僧道鏡に対する宇佐八幡宮神託事件で功があって朝廷に進出し、藤野別真人から和気朝臣の氏姓が与えられた。
• In the Nara period, WAKE no Hiromushi (who adopted the name Hokin-ni after entering the priesthood) and his younger brother WAKE no Kiyomaro, who had made achievements in a plot by the Usa Hachiman-gu oracle against the Buddhist monk Dokyo, advanced to the Imperial court and were given the surname Wake Ason by Fujinowake no Mahito.

• 江華島事件後の朝鮮では、急進的欧米化を進めようとする親日的な開化派（独立党）と、漸進的改革を進めようとする親清的な守旧派（事大党）との対立が激しくなっていった。
• In Korea after the Ganghwa Island incident, confrontation escalated between the Enlightenment Party (Independence Party), the pro-Japanese group seeking radial westernization, and the Conservative Party (Serving the Great' Party), the pro-Qing group seeking gradual reforms.

• 前光の後を嗣いで伯爵となった柳原義光は野心家であったが、妹・柳原白蓮（あきこ）の離婚騒動や娘・吉井徳子の不良華族事件、最後には自分自身にも同性愛疑惑が発覚した。
• Yoshimitsu YANAGIWARA, who became a count by succeeding Sakimitsu, was an ambitious man, but his ambitions were thwarted by a series of scandals: the divorce of his younger sister, Akiko YANAGIWARA; an incident in which his daughter, Tokuko YOSHII, engaged in conduct that was unbecoming for someone of her station; and the emergence of suspicions that he was homosexual.

• その象徴的な出来事がハーグ密使事件であり、朝鮮に対する日本の支配を排除するため、その不合理を国際社会に訴えたが、これが頓挫した上、日本との関係をより悪化させた。
• One symbolic episode is the Hague Secret Emissary Affair, in which Korea tried to exclude Japanese rule by demonstrating its illegitimacy to the international community, but the trial failed and the Korea-Japan relationship deteriorated.

• （事件とは、）朝鮮人か恒居倭か正体不明な海賊を恒居倭だと決め付け、見せしめに倭館の前に首を晒す、あるいは無実の日本人が海賊と間違われて斬られる、（などである。）
• The incidents which triggered this outburst of anger were, for example, the incident that the hensho insisted that some pirates who might or might not be kokyowa were definitely kokyowa and displayed their heads in front of the wakan as a warning, and the incident that ordinary Japanese people were killed on a false charge of pirates.

• 文安の麹騒動（ぶんあんのこうじそうどう）とは、室町時代、京都において酒造工程の一つである麹造りを支配していた座（北野麹座）が室町幕府の攻撃を受けて没落した事件。
• Bunan no Koji Sodo was an incident in which Kitano koji za (a guild in Kitano for producers of koji malt, a kind of mold grown on produce such as boiled rice), who controlled production of koji malt (which is part of the sake brewing process) in Kyoto, was attacked by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) causing its decline during the Muromachi Period.

• 重盛は、白山事件で家人が矢を神輿に当てる失態を犯したのに加え、妻の兄が配流されて助命を求めたにも関わらず殺害されたことで面目を失い、6月5日に左大将を辞任した。
• Shigemori quit the position of Sadaisho (head of the left palace guards) on July 9 because he had lost face when his soldier hit the mikoshi with an arrow during the Hakusan Incident and his wife's elder brother was killed during exile even after Shigemori asked for his life to be spared.

• 老中が各奉行から伺いが立てられた刑事事件に関する事案を評定所に諮問し、その答申である評議書を犯罪の事例、犯罪者の身分・年齢・性別などのよって分類・整理したもの。
• It was the documents by classifying and sorting Hyogisho, the reports of the criminal cases which each bugyo (magistrate) had asked the roju (senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate) to consult Hyojosho (conference chamber), by the case of crime, and the status, age, and gender of criminal, and so on.

• この事件はかつて白河法皇が追討させた大罪人の義親を名乗る人物を、鳥羽上皇が藤原忠実に保護させ、更にこの罪人を殺した者を賞するどころか罰したなど、不審な点が多い。
• This incident has many suspicious points: the retired Emperor Toba had FUJIWARA no Tadazane protect a person calling himself Yoshichika, who was a serious criminal whom the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa had tracked down and killed; and furthermore the retired Emperor punished the person who killed this criminal instead of giving him a reward.

• この雲揚が同年9月20日首都漢城に近い要塞地帯であった江華島に接近し、発砲されたとの理由で3日間にわたり戦闘し22日には永宗島の砲台を攻撃、占領する事件が起きた。
• On September 20 of the same year, an incident occurred: this Unyo approached Ganghwa Island, which was the stronghold base near the capital Hanseong, and fought for three days insisting that she had been fiired, then on 22nd, she attacked the gun batteries and seized Yeongjong Island.

• その特種な存在であった千葉氏や、鎌倉権五郎景正の一族ら、辺境軍事貴族の子孫達が絡む、例えば大庭御厨の事件にしても、武士同士の戦乱とはほど遠い小競り合いにすぎない。
• It was just a small fight, far from a quarrel, between samurai in the case of the Chiba clan of a special existence, the clan of Gongoro kagemasa KAMAKURA, descendants of frontier military aristocracy, and even in the incident of Oba no mikuriya (private estate of Oba ranch).

• 切れ者とはいえ当時中納言で太政官での序列が第6位でしかなかった良房ひとりが中心となってこのような事件を起こす（しかも上位者2人の排斥を含む）ことは不可能であった。
• Furthermore, considering Yoshifusa's post as Chunagon at the time; the sixth highest rank in the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), it is impossible for him to cause such an incident alone (notably, Yoshifusa expulsed two senior people) by taking a leading role, even if he was famous as an able person.

• また当時、元側でも1335年から1336年にかけての倭寇事件を契機に、寧波市（明州、のちの寧波）に入港する日本船を海賊船と見なして、港の出入を厳しく制限していた。
• Moreover, in those days, Yuan officials rigorously restricted entry or departure of the port, regarding any Japanese ship, which entered Neiha city (Mingzhou, later Ningbo), as a pirate ship after the Wako Incident from 1335 to 1336.

• 俗に蘇我入鹿が殺された事件のことを指して「大化の改新」と言うこともあるが、厳密にはクーデターである「乙巳の変」の後に行われた一連の政治改革が「大化の改新」である。
• Although the assassination of SOGA no Iruka is sometimes referred to as the 'Taika Reforms,' the series of political reforms carried out after the 'Isshi Incident,' which was a coup d'etat, are the 'Taika Reforms' in a narrow sense.

• 明治政府のお雇い外国人ギュスターヴ・エミール・ボアソナードは、事件を処理するために派遣される使節への訓令について、以下を決して朝鮮に譲歩すべきではないと具申した。
• Gustave Emile BOISSONADE, a foreign specialist in the Meiji government, gave an instruction to the envoy who would be dispatched to dispose the incident that they should not concede Korea the following points.

• その中で力を持ちすぎた者が中央政府である朝廷に謀反人と見なされ、中央から派遣された軍隊（実際には、これも武士たちである）によって討たれる事件が起こるようになった。
• Some of these samurai had so much power that they got killed by the army dispatched by the central government, the Imperial Court (but actually the army consisted of other samurai) for the charge of muhon.

• また、江戸開城は一連の戊辰戦争の流れの中で、それまで日本の支配者であった徳川家が、新時代の支配者たるべき明治新政府に対して完全降伏するという象徴的な事件であった。
• Additionally, the surrender of Edo-jo Castle was a historically symbolic incident during the continuous lines of the Boshin Civil War; the Tokugawa family completely surrendered to the New Meiji government which would assert the political control into the new age.

• また、それらの「物語」の中には、いわゆる「作り物語」といわれるような架空の登場人物を想定できるもの以外にも、当時の実在の事件や人物を取り上げたものが相当数あった。
• These 'monogatari' also contained a great number of works concerning real incidents and people from that time as well as what is called 'tsukuri monogatari' (fanciful tale) featuring fictitious characters.

• 基本的には上記の1.から3.がベースとなるが、部分的には 4.の京の貴族の日記、代表的には藤原定家の『明月記』などから、京での事件などか丸写しされたりもしている。
• The book is basically based on No. 1 to No. 3 mentioned above, but it partly referred to No. 4, diaries of court nobles in Kyo represented by FUJIWARA no Teika's 'Meigetsuki,' and accounts of incidents occurred in Kyo were sometimes copied word for word into the book.

• 皇后の兄である狭穂彦の反乱事件の際、兄とともに死を迎えたが、その後天皇は新たに日葉酢姫を皇后に迎え、第一子に五十瓊敷入彦命、第二子に大足彦命（景行天皇）をもうける。
• After the Empress died together with her older brother Sahohiko in the rebellion provoked by himself, the Emperor took Hibasuhime as the second Empress, and the first son Inishikiiribiko no mikoto, and the second son Otarashihiko no mikoto (Emperor Keiko) were born.

• 安倍氏の一族としては500年以上絶えてなかった事であり、その職掌柄から時には恐れ忌み嫌われる立場にあった陰陽師が公卿になったことは当時としては衝撃的な事件であった。
• This never happened to the Abe clan in the past 500 years, and it was a startling event at that time because a person of Onmyoji, which was a position that was sometimes hated or feared by others, became a Kugyo.

• 1764年（宝暦14年）には大阪の客館で、対馬藩の通詞・鈴木伝蔵が杖で打ち据えられ、通信使一行の都訓導・崔天崇を夜中に槍を使って刺殺するという事件まで起こっている。
• In 1764, even the following incident occurred in a guest hall in Osaka: Denzo SUZUKI, an interpreter at the Tsushima Domain, was hit by a stick seriously, and for this, a Tushinshi interpreter (都訓導) Cheon-Jong CHOI was stabbed to death with a spear in at night.

• それまでの天誅は、開国派や公武合体派であった個人を狙ってのものが大半であったが、この事件では足利将軍の木像を梟首することで暗に倒幕の意味を持つものとして重視された。
• Heaven's punishment used to be given to those individuals that were a part of groups which were for opening Japan to the world, integrating the imperial court and the shogunate, but this incident was counted because destroying the heads of wooden images of the Ashikaga Shoguns implied that they wished to overthrow the Shogunate.

• 表向きは健康上の問題によるとされたが、山縣有朋が「事件は社会主義者に対する融和の結果発生した。これは西園寺内閣の失策である」と奏上したのが直接の原因といわれている。
• The official reason of the resignation was Saionji's failing health, but it is said that the direct cause of the resignation was Arimoto YAMAGATA's report to the Emperor that said 'The incident occurred as a result of a move to reconcile with socialists by the Saionji's cabinet, so it was a blunder by the cabinet.'

• もっともこの区別は幕府法によるもので、藩によって公事銘の区分や呼称に違いがあったし、幕府法においても時代とともに公事銘（事件類型）の移動（本公事⇔金公事）が生じた。
• However, this distinction was complying with Bakufu Law, so there was difference in classification of case or way to call depending on han, and even in Bakufu Law, classification of case was changeable between honkuji and kanekuji according to times.

• 聖武天皇（神亀元年（724年）～）の即位から、醍醐天皇（寛平9年（897年）～）の治世までを一事件ごとの物語を一条とし、その集大成として146条にて成り立っている。
• Zen-zen Taiheiki is a collection of 146 sections, each section describing one event which occurred during the period from the enthronement of Emperor Shomu (724) to the reign of Emperor Daigo (enthroned in 897).

• この事件により、一時、外国軍が神戸中心部を占拠するに至るなどの動きにまで発展したが、その際に問題を起こした隊の責任者であった滝善三郎が切腹する事で一応の解決を見た。
• This incident expanded to the temporal occupation of the center of Kobe by the foreign military, but the person in charge of the troop that caused the incident, Zenzaburo TAKI, committed suicide by disembowelment, which led to a tentative solution.

• だが、去ること長元4年（1031年）、当時の伊勢斎宮であった具平親王三女・せん子女王が酒乱に乗じて「ご託宣」と称し「斎宮の冷遇は天皇の失政」として非難した事件があった。
• However, there was an incident whereby Imperial Prince Tomohira's third daughter, Princess Senshi, who was Ise Saigu (vestal virgin princess serving at Ise-jingu Shrine) at that time, had too much to drink on one occasion and she criticized 'it was Emperor's mistake when he treated Saigu coldly.' as in her oracle in 1031.

• たとえば教案というキリスト教が原因で発生する事件が、各地で頻発して中国側の地方官を苦悩させるようになり、それは海岸線から遠く離れた任地の地方官といえど例外ではなかった。
• For instance, incidents against Christianity called kyoan (教案) which put local officials in troubles frequently occurred in many places and even officials in remote place from coastline were troubled.

• 黒船来航（くろふねらいこう）とは、嘉永6年（1853年）にアメリカ合衆国のアメリカ海軍所属の東インド艦隊艦船が、日本の東京湾浦賀（神奈川県横須賀市浦賀）に来航した事件。
• In 1853, the East India Squadron of the United States Navy arrived in Japan at Uraga, near the entrance of Tokyo Bay (Uraga, Yokosuka City, Kanagawa Prefecture)--an incident that came to be known as the 'Arrival of the Black Ships.'

• 本書の対象とした仁明朝は、嵯峨・淳和両朝の後を受けた太平の世であり、「承和の変」以外大きな事件は無かったために、宮中行事などは詳しいが、政治関係の記事は少ないとされる。
• As the reign of Emperor Ninmyo was in a time of peace after the reigns of Emperor Saga and Emperor Junna, and as nothing big occurred except the Jowa Incident, this book is said to have more detailed descriptions of court ceremonies, etc., but less material related to politics.

• 立志社の獄（りっししゃのごく）とは、1877年の西南戦争に乗じて立志社 (政治団体)の林有造や大江卓が元老院議官陸奥宗光らと共謀して高知県にて挙兵を企てたとされる事件。
• The imprisonment of the Risshisha is an incident in which the Yuzo HAYASHI and Taku OE, who were members of the Risshisha (the political society) were thought to form a plot in Kochi Prefecture with Munemitsu MUTSU, a councilor of the senate, to raise an army against the central government during the Satsuma Rebellion (Satswuma War) in 1877.

• また、銅鉱一つ発見されただけで元号を改めるほどの国家的事件と捉えられていた当時において大量の銅原料を確保する事は困難であり、流通量もそれほど多くなかったとの見方もある。
• Moreover, there is a belief that it was difficult to secure a large amount of raw copper for minting coins at the time as the discovery of only one copper mine became a national event; furthermore, there is an opinion that the amount of coins circulated was not much.

• 応永34年（1427年）に満祐が家督を相続した時、将軍足利義持は播磨国を取り上げて寵臣である赤松持貞に与えようとし、満祐が京の屋敷を焼いて領国に引き上げる事件が起こった。
• In 1427, an incident occurred, in which Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA attempted to confiscate the Harima Province which Mitsusuke took over as head of the family, and to give it to his favorite retainer, Mochisada Akamatsu, then Mitsusuke burned his residense in Kyoto and went back to his own territory.

• 正中の変（しょうちゅうのへん）とは、鎌倉時代後期の1324年（正中 (元号)元年）に起きた、後醍醐天皇による鎌倉幕府討幕計画が事前に発覚して首謀者が処分された事件である。
• The 'Shochu Incident' occurred in 1324 (late Kamakura period), where a plan to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu by Emperor Godaigo was discovered beforehand and the main perpetrators were executed.

• 赤穂藩赤穂浪士が吉良義央を討ち果たす元禄赤穂事件が起ると、竹田出雲らにより太平記の「塩冶高貞の物語」に仮託されて「忠臣蔵」として書かれるなど、日本の近世文学にも影響する。
• It also influenced early-modern Japanese literature; for example, after the Forty-Seven Ronin Incident in the Genroku era, where 47 ronin of the Ako domain took vengeance on Yoshinaka KIRA, the story was told as 'Chushingura (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers)' by Izumo TAKEDA and others under the pretext of 'The Tale of Takasada ENYA.'

• この事件が朝鮮政府に与えた衝撃は大きく、変革を拒否する鎖国攘夷勢力の反対をおさえて日本との国交回復を検討することになり、翌1876年に日朝修好条規（江華条約）が締結された。
• This incident brought such a terrible shock to the Korean government that they had to consider the recovery of the diplomatic relations with Japan by surmounting all objections by the supporters of expulsion of foreigners, and concluded the Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity (the Treaty of Ganghwa) in 1876.

• 家臣である管領が将軍を廃したこの事件によって政元は細川京兆家による管領職の世襲化と独占状態を確立し、さらに将軍の廃立権をも手中に収めたのだが、その天下も長くは続かなかった。
• With this coup, in which the Kanrei, a retainer of the Shogun, deposed the Shogun, Masamoto managed to create a hereditary monopoly over the position of Kanrei for his Keicho branch of the Hosokawa clan, and moreover arrogated to himself the right to depose and appoint the Shogun, but such a state of affairs did not continue for long.

• 1862年夏、平間寺見物のため乗馬していた横浜居留地の英人男女4人が生麦村（現横浜市鶴見区 (横浜市)）で薩摩の大名行列に切りつけられる生麦事件が起こり、幕府を震撼させた。
• In the summer of 1862, in what came to be known as the Namamugi Incident, four English men and women of Yokohama settlement on their way to see Heiken-ji Temple by horse were cut down in Namamugi village (today's Tsurumi ward of the city of Yokohama) by warriors in the Satsuma Daimyo's procession, an event that deeply shook the shogunate.

• 以後の倭国王たちも治天下大王の称号を代々継承しているが、このことが背景となって、7世紀初頭に倭国王が隋皇帝への親書に「日出処天子」と自称した事件につながったと考えられている。
• The successive kings of Wa used the title of amenoshita shiroshimesu okimi, and this fact led to the incident which occurred at the beginning of the seventh century in which Wakokuo called himself 'Hiizurutokoro no tenshi' in the letter he sent to the Emperor of Sui.

• この頃にはロシアの進出などの国際的状況においてイギリスの外交姿勢は軟化を示していたが、1891年（明治24年）の大津事件で青木が辞任に追い込まれた結果、中断を余儀なくされた。
• This time the diplomatic attitude of England was softened under the international circumstances such as the advance of Russia, but AOKI was forced to resign due to the Otsu Incident in 1891 and the negotiation was interrupted.

• 京都府学連事件（きょうとふがくれんじけん）は、主として、犯罪捜査としての写真撮影の適法性・合憲性が問題とされ、それぞれ適法・合憲と判断された、日本の最高裁判所による判決の通称。
• It is a popular name of a judgment by the Supreme Court of Japan that mainly judged photographing for criminal investigation as lawful and constitutional.

• また、戦争による民衆の生活苦から血の日曜日事件 (1905年)やポチョムキン＝タヴリーチェスキー公 (戦艦)の叛乱等より始まるロシア第一革命が誘発され、ロシア革命の原因となる。
• The popular resentment over the hardships endured by the populace during the war manifest itself in the First Russian Revolution, which began with the Bloody Sunday Incident (1905) and the mutiny on the Knyaz' Potemkin-Tavricheskiy (battleship), setting the stage for the Russian Revolution.

• この夜以後、連日、各地の火薬庫が襲撃され、俗にいう「弾薬掠奪事件」が起きたが、私学校徒が入手できたのは、山縣や大山が重要視しなかった旧型のエンフィールド銃とその弾薬のみだった。
• From that night, what is commonly called 'munitions seizure incident' occurred and other powder houses at various places were raided day after day, but the Shigakko students could only seized outdated Enfield rifles and ammunition for the rifles, of which YAMAGATA and OYAMA thought little.

• 以仁王の挙兵（もちひとおうのきょへい）は治承4年（1180年）に以仁王（高倉宮・三条宮）と源頼政が打倒平氏のための挙兵を計画し、諸国の源氏や大寺社に蜂起を促す令旨を発した事件。
• Prince Mochihito's uprising was an incident that occurred in 1180 (Jisho 4), when Prince Mochihito (also Prince Takakura and Prince Sanjo), with MINAMOTO no Yorimasa, planned to raise an army and overthrow the Taira clan (who were then in power); Mochihito issued a command urging the Minamoto clan warriors in all provinces together with the forces of the great temples and shrines to rise up against the Taira clan.

• 柳川一件（やながわいっけん）とは、江戸時代初期に対馬藩主宗義成（そうよしなり）と家老柳川調興（やながわしげおき）が日本と李氏朝鮮の間で交わされた国書の偽造を巡って対立した事件。
• The Yanagawa Ikken was an incident in which Yoshinari SO, the lord of the Tsushima Domain, and his chief retainer Shigeoki YANAGAWA confronted each other over forgery of the sovereign's message exchanged between Japan and Joseon Dynasty in the early Edo period.

• 第1遊撃隊司令官の命により「浪速」艦長の東郷平八郎大佐は「高陞号」に停船を命じて臨検を行うように発砲し、清国兵が停船命令に従わないため、魚雷で「高陞号」を撃沈する（高陞号事件）。
• Under the order from the commander of the first commando unit, Heihachiro TOGO, the commanding officer of 'Naniwa' requested 'Kowshing' to stop for inspection after warning fire, but when Qing soldiers ignored, he torpedoed the steamship (Kowshing Incident).

• それを踏まえた上で、ここでは在地領主の側から見ていくことにするが、しかしその、荘園寄進もそれだけでは確実なものではないことが、この相馬御厨、そして大庭御厨の事件の中に見てとれる。
• As this was already explained, we will begin to take the point of view of a local lord, but the incidents of this Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch) and Oba no mikuriya (private estate of Oba ranch) indicated that donation of manors did not always provide security.

• ところが、その主たる面積を占めていた加賀国の旧大伴家持没官領が、藤原種継暗殺事件関係者の名誉回復に伴い、当時の官界の実力者伴善男の要求で伴氏（旧大伴氏）に返還されることとなった。
• However, after people involved in the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu recovered their impaired reputation, confiscated territory of late Yakamochi OTOMO located in the Kaga Province, which accounted for the large portion of kangakuden, was returned to the Tomo clan (old Otomo clan) at the request of the then powerful figure in the bureaucracy TOMO no Yoshio.

• 桜田門外の変（さくらだもんがいのへん）は、安政7年3月3日（1860年3月24日）、江戸城桜田門外（東京都千代田区）にて水戸藩の浪士らが大老・井伊直弼の行列を襲撃し暗殺した事件。
• The Sakuradamongai Incident refers to the event of March 24, 1860, when the roshi (masterless samurai) of the Mito Domain attacked the procession including the Tairo (Chief Minister), Naosuke II, and assassinated him outside the Sakuradamon Gate of Edo-jo Castle (Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo).

• 反頼之派は義満に対して頼之の排斥、討伐を要請し、近江で反頼之派に転じた佐々木高秀が挙兵すると、鎌倉公方の足利氏満が呼応して軍事行動を起こそうとし上杉憲春に諌死される事件も起こる。
• The anti-Yoriyuki faction asked Yoshimitsu for permission to expel and subjugate Yoriyuki, and when Takahide SASAKI, who had switched to the anti-Yoriyuki faction, raised an army at Omi, Ujimitsu ASHIKAGA, the Shogun's representative at Kamakura, prepared to begin military action in response, it also happened that Noriharu UESUGI committed suicide to remonstrate with him about this course of action.

• この事件は学生自治会である同学会が、当時京大総長に在任（1953年 – 1957年）していた滝川に対し創立記念祭行事の開催を求めており、その実施方法をめぐる両者の協議が決裂した。
• This incident occurred when Takigawa was Dean of Kyoto University (1953-1957) and the Dogaku-kai (student union) asked for a ceremony to commemorate the establishment of the university but discussions about the ceremony details between the two parties did not reach a conclusion.

• 地租の軽減は自由民権運動の主力が地主・農民に移った1880年代以後盛んになっており、1887年の三大事件建白書においても「外交の刷新」「言論・集会の自由」と並んで掲げられていた。
• Reduction of the land tax was increasingly asserted after 1880 when the principal members of Democratic-Rights Movement shifted to landowners and peasants, and it was aimed along with 'Gaikou no Satsushin' (revamping of foreign diplomacy) and 'Genron and Syukai no Jiyuu' (freedom of speech and assembly) also in Sandai Jiken Kenpakusyo (the petition of three major matters) in 1887.

• 1875年に起きた江華島事件の後、日朝間で結ばれた条約であるが、条約そのものは全12款から成り、それとは別に具体的なことを定めた付属文書が全11款、貿易規則11則、及び公文がある。
• The treaty was concluded between Japan and Korea after the Ganghwa Island incident in 1875, and consisted of 12 provisions of the treaty itself, 11 affiliated documents providing concrete contents, 11 trade rules, and official documents.

• また、長州藩の大楽源太郎による反乱やその支持者によると言われる広沢真臣暗殺、公家の愛宕通旭・外山光輔による新政府転覆計画発覚（二卿事件）など新政府内部は更に混乱の様相を見せ始めた。
• The new government began to experience turmoil due to the revolt of Gentaro DAIRAKU of Choshu domain, the assassination of Masaomi HIROSAWA that was said to have been done by the supporters of Gentaro DAIRAKU, and the plot to overthrow the new government that was attempted by court nobles Michiteru OTAGI and Mitsusuke TOYAMA (Nikkyo Jiken).

• 井上内親王の光仁天皇呪詛事件は、山部親王の立太子をもくろむ藤原良継や藤原百川ら藤原式家一派の陰謀だと（あるいは彼らの政治的圧力によって内親王が追い詰められた結果とも）いう説がある。
• There is a theory which states that the incident of Imperial Princess Inoe's curse on Emperor Konin was a plot of the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan, such as FUJIWARA no Yoshitsugu and FUJIWARA no Momokawa, who attempted to install Imperial Prince Yamanobe as the Crown Prince (or that the Imperial Princess was brought to bay by their political power).

• 奏者番となった第2代藩主・永井尚長は延宝8年（1680年）、第4代徳川将軍家・徳川家綱の葬儀が増上寺で行われた際、乱心した志摩国鳥羽藩主・内藤忠勝に殺害されるという事件が起こった。
• There was a incident wherein Naonaga NAGAI, the second-generation lord who had become a shoshaban (a middleman between attendants to the shogun), was killed in 1680 by Tadakatsu NAITO, the lord of the Toba domain of Shima Province, who became raving mad when the funeral of the family head of the house of the fourth-generation Tokugawa shogun, Ietsuna TOKUGAWA, was held at Zojo-ji Temple.

• また、京で源満仲と武士の勢力を競っていた藤原千晴もこの事件で流罪となり藤原秀郷の系統は中央政治から姿を消し、清和源氏が京での勢力を伸ばし、京武士として摂関家と強く結ぶようになった。
• FUJIWARA no Chiharu who was competing with MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka on the strength of their samurai, was also deported during this incident, removing the FUJIWARA no Hidesato lineage from the central government, while Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) gained power in Kyoto and built strong ties with the sekkan-ke (line of regents and advisers).

• ちなみに1701年3月には、東山天皇が江戸へ派遣した勅使、柳原資廉・高野保春の接待をめぐって接待役の赤穂藩主浅野長矩が指南役の高家吉良義央に斬りかかるという元禄赤穂事件が発生する。
• In March 1701, when Emperor Higashiyama sent his Imperial envoys to Edo, Sukekado YANAGIWARA and Yasuharu TAKANO, while they were welcomed by the Genroku Ako, who was in charge of looking after them, the Genroku Ako Incident took place when the host of the lord of the Ako Domain, Naganori ASANO attacked an instructor with his sword, Koke (a master of ceremony), Yoshinaka KIRA.

• NHKは、イラン・イラク戦争時のトルコ政府・トルコ航空による日本人救助活動について、プロジェクトXにて取り上げた際に、エルトゥールル号遭難事件との関連については、全く触れなかった。
• When NHK featured the rescue mission of Japanese by the Turkish government and Turkish Airlines during the Iran-Iraq War in the program 'The Project X,' they never mentioned the Ertuğrul incident in relation to the topic.

• 1883年、旧藩士の錦織剛清（にしごりたけきよ）が主君の病状に疑いを持ち、家族による不当監禁であるとして家令・志賀直道（志賀直哉の祖父）ら関係者を告発したことから事件が表面化した。
• This was revealed to the public in 1883 when Takekiyo NISHIGORI, a former member of the Soma Domain, started to doubt the condition of his former master and accused the persons concerned, including Naomichi SHIGA, the steward to the family (grandfather of Naoya SHIGA, a famous novelist), of inappropriate custody.

• 南都焼討（なんとやきうち）は、治承4年12月28日 (旧暦)（1181年1月15日）に平清盛の命を受けた平重衡ら平氏軍が、東大寺・興福寺など奈良（南都）の仏教寺院を焼討にした事件。
• Nanto Yakiuchi is the incident that the Taira clan army led by TAIRA no Shigehira set fire to Buddhist temples in Nara (Nanto) such as Todai-ji Temple and Kofuku-ji Temple by the order of TAIRA no Kiyomori on January 15, 1181.

• この事件を知った清国アモイ駐在のアメリカ合衆国総領事リゼンドル(リ・ゼンドル。Charles E.LeGendre)は、駐日公使を通じて「野蛮人を懲罰するべきだ」と外務省に提唱した。
• U.S. Consul General to Xiamen in Qing Dynasty, Charles E. LeGendre, who learned about the case, suggested to the Foreign Ministry through a resident envoy to Japan that Japan punish the barbarians.

• ヨーローッパでの偽作事件ではピエール・ルイスがフェニキアで発掘し翻訳したと偽った『ビリティスの歌』、フリードリヒ・ヴァーゲンフェルトにより偽作された『フェニキア史』などが有名である。
• Cases in Europe include, 'Song of Bilitis' misrepresented by Pierre Louis,saying that he dug out in Phoenicia and translated, and 'History of Phoenicia' forged by Friedrich Wagenfeld are famous.

• この内容はたちまち内外に伝わり、その内容に激昂した浄土宗の宗徒による日蓮襲撃事件を招いた上に、禅宗を信じていた時頼からも「政治批判」と見なされて、翌年には日蓮が伊豆国に流罪となった。
• Nichiren's treatise, which was soon known across Japan, caused Jodoshu Buddhists, who were angry about his arguments, to attack Nichiren; Tokiyori, who believed in Zen Buddhism, also regarded Nichiren's arguments as political criticism; and as a result, Nichiren was sent to Izu Island the following year.

• だが、後に厭魅蠱毒事件の続発によって呪禁そのものが危険視されたこと、同様に道教の呪術を取り入れた陰陽道の台頭によって8世紀末頃には事実上廃止され、9世紀には呪禁師の制度自体が消滅した。
• But with the later occurrence of the Enmi kotoku jiken (an incident in which a witch doctor committed murder), jugon itself began to be seen as dangerous, and furthermore the practice of jugon was abandoned by the end of the eighth century due to the rise of onmyodo (the yin-yang arts of magic and divination), which also derived from Daoist incantations; by the dawn of the ninth century, even the institution of jugonshi had disappeared.

• 1886年8月には清の北洋艦隊のうち定遠など4隻の軍艦が長崎港に入港した際、上陸した水兵が日本の警官隊と衝突し、双方に死傷者を出す(死者日本側2名、清側8名)騒ぎ(長崎事件)となった。
• In August 1866, when four fleets including the Dingyuan of the Qing North Sea Fleet arrived in port in Nagasaki, sailors that landed entered into conflict with the Japanese police force, resulting in deaths on both sides (two deaths on the Japanese side and six deaths on the Qing side) (Nagasaki incident)

• この事件と同じ1951年、同学会を中心に京大生が企画・開催した「綜合原爆展 (京大)」は盛況を呼び、京都市民から好意的に迎えられていた（「質問状」でも天皇の原爆展参観を要望している）。
• In 1951, the same year as this incident, students of Kyoto university with the Dogakukai in the center held 'The synthetic exhibition of the A-bomb (Kyoto University),' and it attracted many people and was favorably received by the citizens of Kyoto (in the open letter, they asked the Emperor to visit the A-bomb exhibition).

• 堀河康親の子である堀河親賀・堀河康隆親子（ただし、康隆は祖父・康親の養子になっているため、系譜上は兄弟）、親賀の実弟で岩倉家を継いでいた岩倉具視は、廷臣八十八卿列参事件に参加している。
• Chikayoshi HORIKAWA (the son of Yasuchika HORIKAWA) and his son, Yasutaka (they are brothers on the pedigree record as Yasutaka is recorded as the adopted son of Yasuchika, who is in fact Yasutaka's grandfather) participated in 'Teishin hachiju-hachi kyo ressan jiken' (Demo of eighty-eight retainers of the Imperial Court) with Tomomi IWAKURA, who was the younger brother of Chikayoshi and the heir of the Iwakura family.

• 本能寺の変（ほんのうじのへん）は、天正10年6月2日 (旧暦)（1582年6月21日）、織田信長の重臣明智光秀が謀反を起こし、京都・本能寺に宿泊していた主君信長を襲い、自殺させた事件。
• Honnoji Incident is about an event on June 21, 1582 whereby Mitsuhide AKECHI, a key vassal of Nobunaga ODA, rose in revolt and attacked his master, Nobunaga, who had been staying in Honno-ji Temple in Kyoto and Nobunaga committed suicide.

• 治承元年（1177年）の鹿ケ谷事件により後白河天皇と平清盛の関係は危機的状況となったが、この時は清盛も首謀者の藤原成親・西光の処刑と参加者の配流にとどめ、法皇自身の責任は問わなかった。
• The relation between Emperor Goshirakawa and TAIRA no Kiyomori came into crisis due to the Shikagatani Incident in 1177, but Kiyomori limited the scale of the incident to the execution of FUJIWARA no Narichika and Saiko, who were the heads conspirators, and the exile of participants, and did not put the blame on the emperor at this time.

• 『平家物語』ではこの事件によって南都への攻撃がなされたとするが、先述のように平氏は遷都後に園城寺、近江源氏などの京周辺の反対勢力を相次いで追討しており、南都攻撃も必然的な行動であった。
• 'The Tale of the Heike' explained that this incident led to Nanto attack, but as described before, the Taira clan have hunted down the opposition forces around Kyoto such as Onjo-ji Temple and Omi-Genji (Minamoto clan) one after another, after transfer of the capital and Nanto attack was an inevitable action.

• だが、後に厭魅蠱毒事件の続発によって呪禁そのものが危険視されたこと、同様に道教の呪術を取り入れた陰陽道の台頭によって8世紀末頃には事実上廃止され、9世紀には呪禁博士の制度自体が消滅した。
• But with the later occurrence of the Enmi kotoku jiken (an incident in which a witch doctor committed murder), jugon itself began to be seen as dangerous, and furthermore the practice of jugon was abandoned by the end of the eighth century due to the rise of onmyodo (the yin-yang arts of magic and divination), which also derived from Daoist incantations; by the dawn of the ninth century, even the institution of the jugon hakase had disappeared.

• 薩摩藩では、島津斉彬が死んだ後、後を継いだ藩主島津忠義の父である島津久光が長州藩を牽制すべく公武合体運動を展開し、藩内の攘夷派を粛清（寺田屋事件）し、幕府に改革を要求した（文久の改革）。
• In Satsuma Domain after the death of Nariakira SHIMAZU, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, a father of the feudal lord Tadayoshi SHIMAZU, advocated the union of the Imperial Court and the shogunate and purged the exclusionist party against foreigners (the Teradaya Incident), while requested the shogunate government to carry out reforms (Bunkyu Reforms).

• 彼は阿衡事件で藤原基経を諌めた事をきっかけに宇多天皇の抜擢を受け、次の醍醐天皇の治世に従二位・右大臣に至るが、901年、藤原時平の讒言により大宰権帥に左遷され、903年、大宰府にて薨去。
• After speaking out against Fujiwara no Mototsune in the Ako Incident, he was favored by the Emperor Uda and reached the position of Minister of the Right, Junior Second Rank, during the reign of the Emperor Daigo, but he was slandered by Fujiwara no Tokihira, demoted to the Dazai-no-Gonnosotsu, Deputy Governor of Dazaifu in 901, and died there in 903.

• また、天皇親政が行われた治世と評価されたが、摂関不設置は阿衡事件に懲りた宇多天皇が皇族を母とする藤原氏腹でない天皇であったことと、藤原氏藤氏長者時平がまだ若かったことが原因とされている。
• This era was highly regarded due to the direct rule by the emperor, and sekkan were not appointed because Emperor Uda was disgusted with the Ako Incident and was not born from a mother from the Fujiwara family having an imperial mother, and because Tokihira, the head of the Fujiwara family, was still young.

• 1865年（慶応元年）に実施された幕長戦争の失敗以降、江戸幕府の権威は失墜し、慶応2年になると京都では幕府の立てた（長州藩を朝敵とする内容の）制札が引き抜かれるという事件が頻発しだした。
• After their failure in the Baku-cho War (war between bakufu and Choshu) carried out in 1865, the authority of Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) collapsed, and in 1867, the noticeboards (that says Choshu clan is Emperor's enemy) placed by the bakufu were frequently pulled out in Kyoto.

• 北海道開拓使の廃止直前に「開拓使官有物払下げ事件」が起きて混乱が生じたものの、1882年2月8日、予定通り北海道開拓使に代わって札幌県・函館県・根室県の3県が成立し、廃使置県が完成した。
• Though the 'Scandal concerning Disposal of Hokkaido Development Commissioner's Possession' which took place just before abolition of Hokkaido Development Commissioner resulted in a confusion, three prefectures, Sapporo, Hakodate and Nemuro, were established instead of Hokkaido Development Commissioner and Haishi Chiken was completed on February 8, 1882.

• 主として朝廷・院庁より個々の事件・問題に対する律令格式などによる法的解釈を諮問された場合の解答として行われるが、天皇や公卿などからの個別の質問や自問答による解答なども含まれる場合がある。
• It is mainly responses to the Imperial Court and In no cho (Retired Emperor's Office) asking for legal interpretation of Laws of codes and ethics (conduct) concerning specific accidents and problems, but sometimes it contains answers to specific questions from the Emperor and Kugyo (the top court officials) and self-answered questions.

• 日本と清国との間で帰属がはっきりしなかった琉球だったが、この事件の処理を通じて日本に有利に働き、明治政府は翌1875年琉球にたいし清との冊封・朝貢関係の廃止と明治年号の使用などを命令した。
• The attribution issue of Ryukyu between Japan and Qing, which had remained unsolved, worked out in the favor of Japan in the peace process and in the following year, 1875, the Meiji Government ordered Ryukyu to sever relations with Qing based on sakuho (Chinese vassal system) and choko (tributary system) as well as to adopt Meiji as an era name.

• もっとも、この事件を記した『続日本紀』が、女帝の死によって皇位継承権を得た光仁天皇・桓武天皇両天皇時代の著作で、その正当性の誇示を目的に執筆されたとも言われているため、留意する必要がある。
• It needs to be kept in mind that 'Shoku Nihongi,' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) which records this incident, is a literary work from the era of Emperor Konin and Emperor Kammu, who gained the right of succession to the Imperial Throne following the Empress' death, so it is also said that it was written for the purpose of flaunting its justification.

• 事件当日は三条会所に原田左之助ら12名が、町屋に大石鍬次郎ら10名が、そして酒屋に新井忠雄ら12名が配置された上に、さらに斥候として浅野薫ら2名が配置されて不逞浪士の出現を待ち構えていた。
• On the day of the incident, 12 members including Sanosuke HARADA waited in Sanjo kaisho (a meeting place in Sanjo), 10 members including Kuwajiro OISHI waited in a merchant house, 12 members including Tadao ARAI waited in a liquor store, and two more members including Kaoru ASANO were arranged as patrols, waiting for the appearance of masterless samurai.

• 続いて、中央集権体制の近代国家にとって国民軍の創出が必要と認識され、西郷隆盛も最終的には山縣の考え方を支持して、山城屋事件で山縣が辞職に追い込まれた後も、西郷は桐野利秋らの反対論を退けた。
• Subsequently, the necessity to create a national army for a modern nation under centralized administrative framework was recognized, and Takamori SAIGO finally supported Yamagata's opinion and turned down the opposing opinions by Toshiaki KIRINO and others, even after Yamagata was forced into resignation due to the Yamashiroya incident.

• この動きを倒幕への準備と見誤った同藩の尊攘派が久光によって鎮圧される事件が発生したものの（寺田屋騒動参照）、久光の朝廷工作により、幕府改革への勅使として大原重徳が遣わされるという事態となる。
• Some members of Hisamitsu's clan who advocated sonjo party (royalists) misunderstood Hisamitsu's action as preparation to overthrow the bakufu, but they were suppressed by Hisamitsu (See the Teradaya incident), and his efforts with the Court worked, and Shigenori OHARA was sent as an imperial messenger to the bakufu.

• 朝鮮独立運動の活動家・李奉昌（イ・ボンチャン）が1932年1月8日、桜田門外において陸軍始観兵式を終えて帰途についていた昭和天皇の馬車に向かって手榴弾を投げつけ、近衛兵一人を負傷させた事件。
• Lee Bong-chang, an activist for Korean independence, hurled a grenade at the horse-drawn carriage of the Emperor Showa when the Emperor was on his way home after the military review of the Japanese Army taken place outside the Sakuradamon Gate, and in the Incident one imperial guard was injured.

• 1930年（昭和5年）、ロンドン海軍軍縮条約を締結した政府に対し、野党と海軍軍令部、右翼団体が、政府による統帥権の干犯であると難じ、内閣総理大臣・濱口雄幸が右翼団体員に襲撃される事件が起きた。
• In 1930, the government concluded the London Naval Treaty, and then the opposition party, the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff and right-wing groups condemned the treaty as a violation of the supreme command by the government, and the Prime Minister, Osachi HAMAGUCHI was attacked by a member of a right-wing group.

• 12世紀の中葉に起こった相模国の大庭御厨の濫妨と、下総国の相馬御厨の事件は、当時における在庁官人＝在地領主の変貌と、国司・目代との対立の激しさ、在地領主層の地位の脆弱さと限界を如実に示してる。
• An incident that occurred during the mid-twelfth century involving a disturbance at the Obamikuriya estate of Sagami Province and Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch) of Shimousa Province realistically depicted the transfiguration of the Zaichokanjin being the local lord at that time, harsh conflicts between governors and mokudai (deputy provincial governor), and the fragility of the lord of the manor class.

• 例えば八甲田雪中行軍遭難事件で有名な弘前師団の出征は、弘前駅 - 福島駅 (福島県)が官営、福島 - 品川が日本鉄道、品川 - 神戸が官営、神戸 - 広島が山陽鉄道、広島から船で大陸へ渡った。
• For example, Hirosaki Division known for its snow blizzard march incident was sent to the continent from Hirosaki Station to Fukushima Station (Fukushima Prefecture) which was operated by the government, then Fukushima to Shinagwawa which was operated by Nippon Railway, then Shinagawa to Kobe which was operated by the government, and Kobe to Hiroshima which was operated by Sanyo Railway and finally from Hiroshima to the continent by ship.

• しかしながら、九条兼実の弟・慈円が著した『愚管抄』には、源頼家に近い有力御家人の梶原景季の京都滞在中に事件が起きたこと、鎌倉幕府政所別当の大江広元が通親の方人（同志）であったと記述されている。
• However, 'Gukansho' (Jottings of a Fool), written by Jien, a young brother of Kanezane KUJO includes the descriptions that the incident occurred while Kagesue KAJIWARA, a powerful gokenin (retainer of the shogun) close to MINAMOTO no Yoriie was staying in Kyoto and that OE no Hiromoto, Mandokoro betto (Director of the Administrative Board) in the Kamakura bakufu was an associate of Michichika.

• 11月26日には衆議院法務委員会に服部学長と同学会委員長が喚問される事態となり、政府（第3次吉田内閣）および与党自由党はこの事件をきっかけに大学への警官の自由な立ち入りを認めさせようと画策した。
• The president of the university Hattori and the chairman of the Dogakukai were summoned to the Lower House Judicial Affairs Committee on November 26, and the Government (the third Yoshida cabinet) and the ruling Liberal Party planned, taking advantage of this incident, to make it possible for the police to enter the university campus freely.

• これは、古河側が鉱毒事件で責任を認めて賠償金（契約書上の文言は「補償金」）を支払った最初の出来事である（それ以前の資金提供は常に「寄付金」「見舞金」「協力金」などの名目で、賠償金ではなかった）。
• This was the first case that Furukawa accepted responsibility for the mining pollution and paid compensation (called 'baishokin,' however, in the contract, it says 'hoshokin' which means the money you give them as they suffer from damage, while 'baishokin' means the money you give them as you hurt them; before that, any monetary provision was not under the name of compensation but either of 'donation,' 'consolatory money 'cooperation money.')

• この筆禍事件で山口と同じく投獄され、先んじて出獄を果たした平民新聞編集者の石川三四郎は、自らの出獄歓迎会を硬派と軟派が別々に催したことに寂しさを覚え、共同で同志の出獄を祝うよう両派に働きかけた。
• In this case of troubles brought on by publication, Sanshiro ISHIKAWA was also imprisoned, was discharged from prison earlier than YAMAGUCHI, and he, feeling sorry that the hard-liners and the soft-liners separately held a gathering for celebrating his discharge from prison, suggested that the both groups should jointly celebrate YAMAGUCHI's discharge from prison.

• 一方政府は事件が広がったのは新聞が誇大に報道したためであるとし、8月7日に『高岡新報』を発禁処分にしたのをはじめ、8月14日には米騒動に関する一切の報道を禁じる記事差止命令を報道各社へ通達した。
• In contrast, the government insisted that the movements were spread since newspaper had reported them exaggeratedly, so they shut down 'Takaoka Shinpo' (newspaper) on August 7 and issued an injunction against articles about the rice riots to media organizations on August 14.

• 余談だが、当時土佐藩士の間では長刀を差すことがちょっとした流行になっていたらしいのだが、この事件をきっかけに、長刀は使いにくいとの認識が土佐藩士の間に広まって流行が終焉した、との逸話が残っている。
• As an aside, there is a story that wearing a long sword was in fashion among the Tosa retainers at the time, but the style was abolished as the Tosa retainers became aware of the awkwardness in using a long sword due to this incident.

• 奴隷貿易を未然に防いだとされるこの事件では、日本の姿勢を批判するペルー政府が「万国公法」に則って賠償を求めたが、日本側も「万国公法に拠」って反論し、最終的にロシアに仲介斡旋を依頼することとなった。
• The Incident was considered to be a successful case that forestalled slave trade, when Peruvian government claimed compensation on 'Bankoku Koho' against Japan, Japan side countered 'based on Bankoku Koho' and finally requested Russia to play mediation role.

• 事件発生後総督府は原住民への討伐を決定、軍隊出動による討伐作戦を2ヶ月にわたって展開し、対立部族の協力も得た鎮圧作戦の結果700人ほどの抗日サイディック族が死亡もしくは自殺、500人ほどが投降した。
• The Sotoku-fu decided to retaliate against the tribe after the Incident and developed a subjugation campaign using the military force in cooperation with the rival tribes for two months, as a result of which military campaign 700 Seediq were killed in fighting or committed suicides and 500 people surrendered.

• ただし、当時の伊東の書簡は対話を重んじるものばかりで、伊東自身も人を斬った記録が油小路事件以外には無く、さらには近藤勇を暗殺しようとしたものがないため、近藤暗殺計画自体が存在しなかったとの説もある。
• However, documents left behind by Ito only placed importance on a conversation, and there is no record of him killing anyone, other than during the Aburanokoji Incident, nor are there any records of him trying to assassinate Isami KONDO, which led to the theory that plans for the assassination never existed.

• 当時、土佐藩は藩主山内容堂のもと公武合体を支持しており、会津藩との関係も良好であったが、内部には土佐勤王党など倒幕を目論む勢力もあり、その中で起きた傷害事件はまさに両藩の関係に水を差すものであった。
• In those days, under the rule of the lord Yodo YAMAUCHI, the Tosa clan supported kobu-gattai (integration of the imperial court and the shogunate) and kept a good relationship with the Aizu clan, but also had power as Tosa kinnoto (loyalist clique of Tosa) which aimed to overthrow the bakufu; therefore, under those circumstances, the incident cast a shadow over the relationship between the two clans.

• 一説によれば、当時、東北地方の強姦事件の公判で、被害者の調書に被害者本人の署名がないという理由で無罪になることが立て続けにあり、それ以来、仙台の弁護士は調書の署名を注意してみるようになったともいう。
• Some researchers say lawyers in Sendai City came to keep their eyes peeled for signatures in the documents, since there were many cases in Tohoku region where rapists received sentence of acquittal owing to the fact that there were no autographs of rape victims in the paper.

• 曾我兄弟の仇討ち（そがきょうだいのあだうち）は、建久4年5月28日 (旧暦)（1193年6月28日）、源頼朝が行った富士の巻狩りの際に、曾我祐成と曾我時致の兄弟が父親の仇である工藤祐経を討った事件。
• The Soga brothers' Revenge refers to an incident where two brothers, Sukenari SOGA and Tokimune SOGA, took vengeance on their father's enemy, Suketsune KUDO, on July 5, 1193 at the time of Fuji no Makigari (Hunting session at Mt. Fuji) conducted by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.

• 特に江戸時代には、敵討の中でも曾我兄弟の仇討ち(1193年、『曽我物語』)、鍵屋の辻の決闘(1634年)、元禄赤穂事件(1702年、『忠臣蔵』)は「三大仇討ち」と呼ばれ、多くの作品で人々に親しまれた。
• Particularly in the Edo period, of the cases of Katakiuchi, the Adauchi cases by the Soga brothers were known as the 'Three Major Adauchi Cases' and became known to people in many works ('Story of the Soga Family' in 1193; the duel at Kagiya no Tsuji in 1634; and the Genroku Ako Incident, or 'Chushingura,' in 1702).

• しかしながら、平城天皇朝以降、大同2年（807年）の伊予親王事件にて南家、弘仁元年（810年）の薬子の変にて式家の勢力が衰えると、嵯峨天皇の信任を得た藤原冬嗣が急速に台頭し他家を圧倒するようになった。
• However, since the era of Emperor Heijo, FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu (who had won the confidence of Emperor Saga) had rapidly gained power and started to overwhelm other families when the Southern House lost its power after the Iyo Shinno no Hen (Conspiracy of Imperial Prince Iyo) of 807, and the Ceremonial House lost its power after the Kusuko no Hen Conspiracy of 810.

• 各ページ5段構成となっており1段目には天皇の略歴、2段目には皇居及び重要な事件、3段目には上皇・東宮・皇子皇女・后妃、4・5段目には摂政・関白・大臣・征夷大将軍・近衛大将などの要職補任が記されている。
• Each page has five columns: the first column has the Emperor's brief biography; the second column has important incidents around the Imperial Palace; the third column has matters about the Retired Emperor, the Crown Prince, the Imperial Prince, the Imperial Princess, and an empress; the fourth and the fifth columns have personnel affairs of important offices such as sessho (regent), kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), a minister, seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), and Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards).

• 1864年6月10日 (旧暦)（1864年7月13日）に、幕府の命により池田屋事件の残党の捕縛を命じられた新選組が、同日に東山区の料亭・明保野（あけぼの、曙とも）に長州系浪士が潜伏するとの情報を得た。
• On July 13, 1864, Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate) received an order from the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to arrest the remnants of those at the Ikedaya Incident, and on the same day, Shinsengumi received information that masterless samurai of Choshu clan were hidden in the restaurant Akebono (which was written 明保野 or 曙) in Higashiyama Ward.

• このように、明応の政変は中央だけのクーデター事件ではなく、全国、特に東国で戦乱と下克上の動きを恒常化させる契機となる、重大な分岐点であり、戦国時代の始期とする説が近年の日本史学界では有力となっている。
• Similarly, in recent years there is an influential theory among Japanese historians, that the Meio Incident was not only a coup d'etat in the central government but also a critical turning point, which led to social upheaval and rebellions against the ruling classes, especially in the eastern provinces, and was the initial stage of the Warring States period.

• しかし、これらの事件当時の建物は鳥羽・伏見の戦いの兵火で焼失しており、現在の京都市伏見区南浜町263番地にある建物は当時の敷地の西隣に建てられたものである（明治38年（1905年）に登記されている）。
• However, the building at the time of the incident was burned down during the Battle in Toba-Fushimi; in fact, the current building in 263 Minamihama-cho, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City was built to the west of the Teradaya of the incident (the current building was registered in 1905).

• 朝鮮王朝実録には、恒居倭同士の殺人事件に関し朝鮮王朝が関与を放棄した事例や、宗氏の派遣した代官が検断権を握っていたことなどが記録されており、朝鮮王朝は恒居倭に対する検断権を放棄していたと考えられている。
• The 'Korean Dynasty's Fact Record' mentioned the incident that the Korean Dynasty gave up the investigation of a murder which occurred between kokyowa and the fact that a daikan which was sent by the So clan had the police authority and the legal jurisdiction. It is thought that the Korean Dynasty abandoned the police authority and the legal jurisdiction over kokyowa.

• 昌泰の変（しょうたいのへん）は、901年（昌泰4年）1月、左大臣藤原時平の讒言により醍醐天皇が右大臣菅原道真を大宰権帥として大宰府へ左遷し、道真の子供や右近衛中将源善らを左遷または流罪にした事件である。
• The Shotai Conspiracy (Shotai no hen in Japanese), which occurred in January 901, was a coup in which Emperor Daigo, acting on the false charges of FUJIWARA no Takahira, the Minister of the Left, against SUGAWARA no Michizane, the Minister of the Right, demoted Michizane and sent him into de facto exile to Dazaifu (an outpost in far off Kyushu) as Dazai Gon no Sochi (Deputy Commander of Dazaifu); also, Michizane's children as well as MINAMOTO no Yoshi, the Middle Captain of the Guardsmen of the Right, were either demoted or exiled.

• 孝謙天皇称徳天皇（孝謙上皇が復位）と道鏡は宇佐八幡宮に神託がくだったとして、道鏡を皇位継承者に擁立しようとしたが、藤原百川や和気清麻呂に阻まれ、770年（宝亀元年）の称徳天皇の没後に失脚した（道鏡事件）。
• The Empress Koken/Shotoku (who had previously retired but was restored) along with Dokyo, insisting that a Shintaku (oracle) of Usa Hachimangu Shrine) had been handed down, tried to appoint Dokyo as heir to the Imperial Throne but they were stopped by FUJIWARA no Momokawa and WAKE no Kiyomaro, and after the Empress Shotoku's death in 770 Dokyo fell from power.

• 1923年12月27日、難波大助（なんば だいすけ）が虎ノ門で第48帝国議会の開院式に向かう摂政・皇太子裕仁親王（後の昭和天皇）の車に向けてステッキ状の拳銃を発砲・狙撃し、現行犯で逮捕された暗殺未遂事件。
• The Toranomon Incident was an assassination attempt occurred on December 27, 1923 at Toranomon, by Daisuke NANBA who fired a stick-shaped gun at Imperial Prince Hirohito (later the Emperor Showa), then-regent and crown prince, when Prince was heading by car for the opening ceremony of the 48th Imperial Diet, and Nanba was arrested red-handed.

• しかし、菅原道真の死後、相次ぐ天変地異や、道真を左遷に追い込んだ藤原時平の子孫たちの相次ぐ急死、更には930年の清涼殿落雷事件による醍醐天皇崩御等という凶事を理由に、間もなく彼の子孫は朝廷に呼び戻された。
• However, when Sugawara no Michizane's death was followed by a series of tragic accidents and natural disasters, with a number of descendants of Fujiwara no Tokihira who had slandered Michinaga dying suddenly in succession and the Emperor Daigo being killed in the Seiryo-Den lightening strike of 930, Michinaga's descendents were quickly called back to Court.

• またこの事件は、奈良の『菩提泉（ぼだいせん）』『山樽（やまだる）』『大和多武峯（たふのみね）酒』、越前の『豊原（ほうげん）酒』、近江の『百済寺酒』、河内の『観心寺酒』などの僧坊酒が台頭する一因ともなった。
• This incident also contributed to the rise of sobo shu (sake produced by monks) such as 'Bodaisen,' 'Yamadaru,' and 'Yamato Tafunomine zake' in Nara, 'Hogen zake' in Echizen, 'Hyakusaidera shu' in Omi, and 'Kanshinji shu' in Kawachi.

• 国衙の目代と現地の寺社が、寺領荘園の所務を巡り紛争を起こすことは各地で頻発していたが、この事件では白山が山門の末寺で、国司が院近臣・西光の子であることから、中央に波及して山門と院勢力の全面衝突に発展した。
• It was common for the Mokudai of the governor's office and temples/shrines at the province to fight over various aspects regarding shoen (private estates) owned by temples, but this incident sent ripples into the central government and caused a full confrontation between the Sanmon and the cloistered government group because Hakusan was a branch temple of the Sanmon and the governor was a child of Saiko, a close aide of the cloistered government.

• そんななか、崇徳に味方しようとした源親治が後白河方の平基盛によってとらえられ、また、頼長の依頼によって後白河を調伏しようとした三井寺の僧侶勝尊が捕らえられるなどの事件が相次ぎ、両陣営の緊張は高まっていく。
• During this time, incidents occur one after another and tensions in both camps are heightened, such as when MINAMOTO no Chikaharu is captured by TAIRA no Motomori, who is on the side of Goshirakawa, and the priest Shoson of Miidera Temple is captured, having tried to invoke disaster upon Goshirakawa at the request of Yorinaga.

• 大政奉還（たいせいほうかん）とは、江戸時代末期の慶応3年10月14日（1867年11月9日）に、江戸幕府第15代将軍徳川慶喜が、統治権返上を明治天皇に上奏し、翌15日に天皇が上奏を勅許した政治的事件である。
• Taisei Hokan is a political incident in which the 15th Shogun of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA reported to the Emperor Meiji that he would return the sovereignty to the Emperor on November 9, 1867 at the end of Edo period, and the Emperor gave the imperial sanction to the report on the next day.

• 江戸時代後期には光格天皇が父親の閑院宮典仁（すけひと）親王に太上天皇の追号を送ろうとしたが、天皇に即位しなかった者への贈位は前例がないとして反対した幕府の松平定信と衝突する尊号一件と呼ばれる事件が発生した。
• In the latter Edo period, Emperor Kokaku tried to give a posthumous title to his father, Kaninnomiya Imperial Prince Sukehito, and this came into conflict with Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA of the bakufu, who opposed that there is no precedent of giving a title to one who was not enthroned as the Emperor, and this was called the Songo Ikken (honorific title incident),

• しかしながら、律令制度下の太上天皇制度が王権を分掌していることから事件が起きたという評価がなされるようになり、2003年頃から一部の高校用教科書では「平城太上天皇の変」という表現がなされるようになっている。
• However, some have concluded that this incident occurred because in the Daijo tenno (retired emperor) system under the Ritsuryo system sovereign power was divided, and the expression 'the Incident of the Retired Emperor Heizei' has been used in some high school textbooks since 2003.

• 浦上四番崩れ（うらかみ よばんくずれ）は、長崎県で江戸時代末期から明治時代初期にかけて起きた大規模なキリスト教信徒への弾圧事件のことであり、浦上地区で起こった隠れキリシタンへの四度目の弾圧という意味である。
• 'Urakami yoban kuzure,' which means the fourth suppression campaign against crypto-Christians in Urakami area, refers to a large-scale crackdown on Christians which took place in Nagasaki Prefecture from the end of Edo period to the early Meiji period.

• この点についてのNHKへの問い合わせに対して、NHK側は、「1985年の救出に直接関わったトルコ大使やトルコ航空機長など当事者の方々に確認したところ、エルトゥールル号事件のことは全くご存知ありませんでした。
• In response to inquiries to NHK about this issue, they said, 'We asked the people who had been directly involved in the rescue operation in 1985, such as the Turkish ambassador and the Turkish Airlines captain; however nobody knew about the Ertuğrul incident.

• この事件と同時期の1884年、イギリスでジョン・リーという死刑囚は、絞首台の落とし戸が3度も開かず停止されたという（原因は、落とし戸が湿気のために膨張し、重量がかかると戸が開かなくなったためとされている）。
• In 1884, around the same time of the incident, there was a condemned called John Lee in England and the execution was discontinued because the falling door didn't open despite three times of attempt (It is said to have been caused by swollenness of the door due to moisture, which was stuck and didn't open when someone stood on it).

• 7月17日、美智子妃を伴いひめゆりの塔に献花のため訪れたところ、その場に潜んでいた過激派二人（沖縄解放同盟準備会メンバーの知念功と共産主義者同盟のメンバー二人）から火炎瓶を投げつけられる（ひめゆりの塔事件。）
• When he and the Crown Princess Michiko visited Himeyuri-no-to Tower (The Tower of Lilies) for offering flowers on July 17, two members of radical parties (Isao CHINEN belonging to the preparatory society for Okinawa liberation alliance and the other belonging to the communist alliance) lurking at the spot hurled a Molotov cocktail at the Imperial couple (so-called 'The incident at Himeyuri-no-to Tower.')

• 更に当時の日本の法思想では行政権と司法権の分離は行われておらず（例えば、町奉行は江戸の行政・司法の両方の権限を有する）、却って刑事事件である吟味筋の吟味を通じた治安の確保こそが行政行為の中核と捉えられていた。
• Moreover, in thought of law in Japan of the times, executive power and judicial power were not isolated (for example, machi-bugyo 〔town magistrate〕 held both of administration power and judicial power in Edo), on the contrary, securing public security through ginmi (investigation) of ginmisuji that was criminal case was considered a core of public administration.

• 条約励行建議案に対抗するために衆議院解散が行われた同年12月29日、突如集会及政社法の対象となる政治団体の指定を受け、その日のうちに大日本協会は度重なる外国人襲撃事件を理由として解散を命じられることになった。
• On December 29 of the same year, when the House of Representatives was dissolved in opposition of the proposal to rigorously enforce the treaties, the Dai Nihon Kyokai was suddenly designated as a political organization to which the Assembly and Political Association laws applied, and on the same day it was ordered to disband with the attacks on foreigners cited as the reason for the order.

• 何故なら、布教活動や宣教師のみならず、同じ中国人であるはずの信者も不平等条約によって強固に守られ、時には軍事力による威嚇を用いることさえあったため、おおむね事件は教会側に有利に妥結することが多かったからである。
• Despite being the same Chinese, believers were strongly protected due to the unequal treaty, and sometimes used military threats, so incidents usually ended to the church's favor.

• 北条家内では梶原景時、比企能員など強力な政敵の排除には団結していたが、先妻の子義時・北条政子らと後妻牧の方との間には以前から亀の前事件などの諍いがあり、共通の敵が居なくなった事によって両者の対立が表面化していた。
• Although the Hojo family was well united to eliminate external political enemies such as Kagetoki KAJIWARA and Yoshikazu HIKI, due to the fact that they had no mutual enemies, internal conflicts arose such as the one between the children from his first marriage (Yoshitoki and Masako HOJO) and his second wife, Maki no kata, particularly after the Kamenomae Incident.

• 江華島事件以来、当時の朝鮮は、朝鮮は清朝の冊封国（または冊封国）としての朝鮮のままであるべきであるという「守旧派」（事大党ともいう）と、現状を憂い朝鮮の近代化を目指す「開化派」（独立党ともいう）とに分かれていた。
• In Korea at the time, the government had been divided between two factions even since the Ganghwa Island incident: the 'Conservative Party' (also known as the Sadaedang, or 'Serve the Great' Party) which advocated that Korea should remain a vassal state of Qing China and 'the Gaehwadang' (Progressive Party, also called the Independence Party) that was anxious about the current situation and hoped to modernize Korea.

• その頃、明治政府の参与を免ぜられて京都に引籠もっていた愛宕通旭はかつて廷臣八十八卿列参事件にも加わった事があり、「天皇の藩屏」たる公卿が薩長の下級武士によって政治の中枢から切り離されていくことに苛立ちを感じていた。
• At the same time, Michiteru OTAGI, who had been dismissed from the position of councilor to the Meiji Government and retired to Kyoto, felt irritated that, despite having participated in the demonstration held by 88 retainers of the Imperial Court and been part of 'the protective wall for the emperor', he had now been cut off from the center of politics by lower-ranking samurai from Satsuma and Choshu.

• その後は、藤原純友の乱を平定した藤原忠文や、阿衡事件に関与した藤原佐世等を輩出したものの、平安時代中期以降は儒学によって立身する家系として数家がしばらく血統を保つのみとなり、鎌倉時代まで続いた家はほとんどなかった。
• Thereafter, Fujiwara Shikike produced FUJIWARA no Tadabumi, who put down FUJIWARA no Sumitomo's War, and FUJIWARA no Sukeyo, who was involved with the Ako Incident, but from the middle of the Heian period, only a couple of families managed to keep their lines known as those that rose on the basis of Confucianism, and few could remain until the Kamakura period.

• 日本へは原始的な火器は倭寇などにより鉄砲伝来以前に持ち込まれていたとする宇田川武久らの説もあるが、『鉄炮記』に記されているのはにポルトガル人により種子島へ鉄砲（火縄銃）が持ち込まれたとする事件（鉄砲伝来）を意味する。
• Another theory, advanced by Takehisa UDAGAWA and others, holds that before the arrival of guns in Japan, primitive firearms had already been introduced into by wako (Japanese pirates) and other people, but the 'Teppoki' provides an account of how firearms (arquebuses) were brought to Tanegashima Island in 1543 by Portuguese sailors ('introduction of guns into Japan').

• さらに言えば、これ以前からあった仇教事件のような列強の司法への介入、山東巡撫の更迭要求等のいくつもの列強の圧力、すなわち「累朝の積憤」（積もり積もった怒り。剛毅の言）が次第に清朝を「宣戦布告」へと追いやったと言える。
• Furthermore, what drove the Qing dynasty to the 'proclamation of war' was the ongoing interference in the administration of justice such as the previous Kyukyo Incident, and oppression by powerful western nations demanding Shandong Province's junbu (government official title that existed from Ming to Qing dynasty) be handed over (this was described by Gangyi as the 'build up of anger over generations of reign').

• 一方、京都でも久光の行動と寺田屋事件などの影響により、薩摩藩・会津藩などを中心とする公武合体（幕政改革）派と、長州藩や真木和泉らの志士などを中心とする尊王攘夷派の間で、京都政界の主導権を巡る対立が激しさを増していく。
• On the other hand, due to the influence by Hisamitsu's actions, the Teradaya Incident and so on the confrontation intensified over the initiative of the Kyoto government between a party of Kobu gattai (reformists of the shogunate government) led by Satsuma, Aizu and other domains and a party of Sonno joi advocators led by the Choshu Domain, Izumi MAKI and other samurai.

• 亀山は失意のうちに正応2年に出家（41歳）し、翌正応3年に霜月騒動で所領を失った武士浅原為頼らが内裏に乱入し伏見を殺害しようとする事件が起きると関与を疑われ、起請文を幕府に提出して身の潔白を主張しなければならなかった。
• Kameyama was disappointed and became a priest in 1289 (aged 41), and was accused of being involved in an incident where bushi Tameyori ASAHARA and others who lost their territory during the Shimotsuki Incident, invaded the Imperial Palace and tried to assassinate Fushimi, and had to submit an appeal to the bakufu to clear his name in 1290.

• 明治維新後にも明治政府の修史事業が進められ、漢文体の大日本編年史が企画されたものの、その編纂方針をめぐる対立や、編纂の中心となっていた久米邦武の久米邦武筆禍事件により中止され、代わりに大日本史料が編纂されることとなった。
• Even after the Meiji Restoration, the new Meiji government proceeded to launch history compilation projects, planning to create a chronological history of Greater Japan, but this effort petered to a halt because of opposition to the objectives of the plan and due to the 'slip of the pen' incident involving Kunitake KUME, who was central to the compilation effort; in place of the proposed chronological history, Dainippon Shiryo (Historical Materials of Greater Japan) was compiled instead.

• 事件の詳細は不明だが、その後上皇は数多い寵妃の中でも姈子内親王を別格の存在としてこの上なく大切に遇したといい、後に彼女の急逝を悼んで葬送の日に出家したことから見ても、上皇が姈子内親王を深く寵愛したのは事実であったらしい。
• Although the details of the scandal was not clear, it seems true that the Retired Emperor deeply loved her, judging from the fact that he treated her with extreme care and that he entered into priesthood on her funeral day, mourning her sudden death.

• 『平家物語』で「三日平氏の乱」とされているが、本来3日間で鎮圧され「三日平氏の乱」と称されたのは、この20年後の元久元年（1204年）三日平氏の乱 (鎌倉時代)の事件であり、この1184年の平氏反乱は大規模なものであった。
• It was referred to as the 'Three-day War by the Taira Clan' in 'Heike Monogatari' (The tale of the Heike), but it was the incident of Three-day War by the Taira Clan (Kamakura period) in 1204, 20 years later, which was really suppressed in three days and was originally called 'Three-day War by the Taira Clan,' while this rebellion by the Taira clan in 1184 was a major one.

• 宇多天皇が次期天皇の決定について菅原道真以外には関与させなかったという事実は、一面において天皇や貴族社会における道真への警戒心と反発を高め、後年菅原道真が大宰権帥に左遷された事件（昌泰の変）の原因になったとも言われている。
• The fact that Emperor Uda did not involve anybody but SUGAWARA no Michizane in deciding the next emperor, in one sense, intensified wariness and backlash against Michizane within the society of emperor and the nobles, and it was allegedly one of the causes of the incident in the later years (the Shotai Incident) in which SUGAWARA no Michizane was demoted and transferred to Dazai gon no sochi (provincial governor-general of the Dazai-fu [local government office in Kyushu region]).

• 元側では1335年から1336年にかけての倭寇事件を契機に、寧波市（明州、のちの寧波）に入港する日本船を海賊船と見なして、港の出入を厳しく制限していたため、明の官憲に阻まれ、入明を果たしたのは愚中ら11人のみだったという。
• However it is said that Chinese officials prevented the entry of the ship into Ming, and only 11 priests were permitted to enter Ming, because, after the Wako Incidents between 1335 and 1336, the Yuan regarded Japanese vessels arriving in Neiha City (Meishu (Ningbo), later Neiha) as pirate ships and strictly restricted them from going in and out of the port.

• これは1930年10月27日に台中州能高郡霧社（現在の南投県仁愛郷）でサイディック族の大頭目莫那魯道が6部落の300余人の族人を率いた反日武装事件であり、小学校で開催されていた運動会会場に乱入し日本人約140人を殺害した。
• On October 27, 1930, a group of more than 300 people from six villages, led by the Seediq Rudao MONA, assaulted the athletic festival held at an elementary school to kill about 140 Japanese in Wuche, 能高郡, Taichung Prefecture (present-day Ren-ai, Nantou County).

• また、雄略天皇の皇女で、斎宮である栲幡姫皇女（稚足姫皇女）が、湯人（ゆえ：皇子女の沐浴等に仕える役職）の盧城部連武彦の子供を妊娠したと、阿閇氏国見に讒言され、無実を晴らすため自殺した事件が雄略天皇紀3年4月条に載っている。
• According to the April A.D. 459 part of the History of Emperor Yuryaku, Takuhatahime no Himemiko (also called Wakatarashihime no Himemiko; a daughter of the Emperor Yuryaku; Saigu (Imperial Princess appointed to serve the deities of the Ise-jingu Shrine)) got slandered by Ahe no omi, saying that she got pregnant by a yue (a bathing servant to princes and princesses), Iokibe no Muraji Takehiko, and she killed herself to prove her innocence.

• 謀議が事実であったかどうかは当時でも疑問視する向きが多く、西光と成親が清盛の呼び出しに簡単に応じていることから、平氏側（清盛）が院近臣勢力を潰すため、もしくは山門との衝突を回避するためにでっち上げた疑獄事件の可能性もある。
• Whether there in fact were any secret plans was questioned even at that point and since Saiko and Narichika readily attended to Kiyomori's call, there is a possibility that it was a plot by the Taira clan (Kiyomori) to destroy close aides of the cloistered government or evade confrontation with the Sanmon.

• その震災後の混乱期に、「保護検束」の名目で検挙されたアナキスト・朴烈と愛人の金子文子が、翌1924年2月15日に爆発物取締罰則違反で起訴され、1925年5月2日に朴烈が、5月4日に文子が、それぞれ大逆罪にあたるとされた事件。
• During such chaotic period after the earthquake, anarchist Bokuretsu and his mistress Fumiko KANEKO were arrested under the pretext of 'protective custody' and indicted for an offense against the Explosives Control Act on February 15, 1924, and later their charge was switched to high treason and the two were prosecuted again on May 2, 1925 and May 4 respectively.

• この事件は、格太郎の父忠告が忠敬の兄であり共に庶子でありながら病弱を理由として家督相続されず病没、そして金銭に困窮し、また弟賢次郎が華族待遇を受けられず軍夫として台湾に出兵し戦死したことによる度重なる恨みの末の犯行であった。
• This scandal occurred because of a long-standing grudge that Kakutaro held against Tadayuki, who was a younger brother of Kakutaro's father (Tadatsugu), as a result of Tadatsugu not being allowed to take over as head of the family due to his poor health, despite Tadatsugu and Tadayuki having both been born out of wedlock, and later dying of illness; this led to Kakutaro suffering economic hardships and his younger brother Kenjiro, who was not granted a peerage, going to war in Taiwan as a private soldier where he later died.

• 『聖徳太子伝補闕記』には皇極天皇2年（643年）に大狛法師（狛大法師、大化の改新後大化元年8月8日に孝徳天皇の「大化僧尼の詔」により十師に選ばれた）が事件後6日後に斑鳩寺にいた山背大兄王の息子弓削王を殺したと記述されている。
• According to 'Shotoku Taishi Den Hoketsuki,' Okoma no hoshi (Buddhist priest) (also called Koma no Daihoshi who were selected as one of ten supreme Buddhist leaders in 'Edict of monks and nuns in the Taika era' issued by Emperor Kotoku on September 6, 945 after Taika no Kaishin [Great Reformation of the Taika Era]) killed YAMASHIRO no Oe no o's son, YUGE no miko who was in Ikaruga-dera Temple six days later after the incident.

• 光仁天皇が、修正を石川名足、淡海三船、当麻永嗣に命じたが、彼らは天平宝字元年紀を紛失した上、未遂に終わった（この年の前後には政争絡みの事件も多かったため、執筆者間で意見が纏めることが出来ずに紛失という事にしたとする説もある）。
• Emperor Konin ordered ISHIKAWA no Natari, OMI no Mifune, and TAIMA no Nagatsugu to revise the work, but they lost A Record of the First Year of the Tenpyo Hoji Era and could not finish the revision (there is an opinion that due to the many political conflicts which occurred before and after the year 757, they could not reach an agreement about writing the history, so they pretended that it had been lost).

• この際、慶応3年12月7日 (旧暦)（1868年1月1日）の兵庫開港（現・神戸港）に伴い、大名行列と外国人の衝突を避けるために徳川幕府によって作られた「徳川道」を通らず、西国街道を進んだことが事件の引き金の一つとなってしまう。
• These soldiers chose to walk on the Saigoku-kaido Road instead of the 'TOKUGAWA Road,' built by the bakufu in order to prevent foreigners from bumping into Daimyo-gyoretsu (feudal lord's costumed procession), due to the opening of Hyogo port (present-day Kobe port) on January 1, 1868, and this choice partly triggered the Incident.

• 西園寺は古い元老制度を廃止するためあえて元老の追加には同意しなかったが（山本権兵衛などが候補としてあげられた）、五・一五事件による政党内閣の崩壊と軍部の台頭、自身の高齢化によって西園寺単独による後継選定は不可能な状態となった。
• SAIONJI chose not to give his consent to add a new genro, (even though some, such as Gonbe YAMAMOTO, had been nominated) because he was trying to abolish the old genro system; however, it became an impossible task for him to select a successor on his own, because of the party cabinet's collapse and the military emergence resulting from the May 15th Incident as well as his own aging.

• しかし、事件から9日後に提出された公式報告書（9月）では、測量等のために朝鮮側の官僚と面会しようとして武装端艇でその陣営近くまで遡航し、さらに朝鮮側に断ることなく奥（ソウル方面）へと進もうとして砲台から砲撃されたと記されていた。
• However, the official report (September) which was submitted nine days after the incident describes that Japan approached Korea's camp by warship to meet the Korea's bureaucrats for the purpose of measuring and so on, and when they advanced more (toward Seoul) without permission from Korea, they were attacked from Korea's gun battery.

• 野宮定逸は花山院定熙の孫だったが、父の花山院忠長が慶長14年（1609年）後陽成天皇の勅勘により蝦夷地（北海道）に流罪になったため（猪熊事件）、祖父に養育されて成人し、後水尾天皇の意向により祖父の養子縁組として野宮家を創立した。
• In 1609, Tadanaga KAZANIN was banished to Ezochi (Hokkaido) by Imperial order from Emperor Goyozei because of the Inokuma Incident, his son, Sadatoshi NONOMIYA was adopted and raised by his grandfather, Sadahiro KAZANIN, and later Emperor Gomizunoo allowed Sadatoshi to found the Nonomiya family.

• また、青蓮院が属する天台宗の主要寺院が住職の世襲を認めていないのに対し、青蓮院門主の地位を子息に譲ることを強く望んで天台宗教団と鋭く対立し、一時は教団離脱をほのめかして教団に圧力をかけ、ついに世襲を認めさせた事件も起こしている。
• While major temples in the Tendai sect that Shoren-in Temple belongs to do not allow the heredity of the chief priest, he had a fierce conflict with the Tendai sect strongly insisting to give the position of the chief priest of Shoren-in, and he applied pressure implying secession from the sect, finally forcing the sect to allow heredity.

• 本圀寺の変（ほんこくじのへん・本國寺の変）とは、永禄12年1月5日 (旧暦)（1569年1月21日）に三好三人衆が京都本圀寺（当時の呼称は「本國寺」）に仮の御所（六条御所）を置いていた室町幕府征夷大将軍・足利義昭を襲撃した事件。
• The Incident of Honkoku-ji Temple, on January 31, 1569, was an attack of Miyoshi sanninshu (three chief retainers of the Miyoshi clan) on Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), who was in his temporary residence (Rokujo Palace) in Kyoto Honkoku-ji Temple (it was called 'Honkoku-ji' then).

• 江戸小伝馬町の牢獄に入獄した人物の囚人の名と犯罪事情を記して町奉行が保管していた「牢帳」のうち、明暦3年（1657年）から元禄12年（1699年）の分より裁判の参考となる974例を事件のケースごとに231の類型に分けて採録した。
• From the records of 'Rocho' (prison records) of which machi-bugyo (town magistrates) stored the name and crime situation of each inmate of the prison located in Kodenma-cho, Edo, 974 cases reported between 1657 and 1699 were extracted and classified into 231 types of crime so as to provide a reference for future trials.

• 昭和に入って数年は立憲民政党と交替で政権をになったが、1932年（昭和7年）、五・一五事件で犬養毅が暗殺されてからは軍部に圧迫されて衰退し、1936年の第19回衆議院議員総選挙では総裁の鈴木喜三郎が落選するなどの大惨敗を喫した。
• Although the Seiyu Party took charge of the government alternately with Rikken Minsei-to political party for the first several years of the Showa period, after Tsuyoshi INUKAI was assassinated in May 15th Incident in 1932, it was oppressed by the military and declined; the Seiyu Party suffered a devastating defeat in the 19th general election of members of the House of Representatives in 1936 including the president Kisaburo SUZUKI's failure.

• 新撰組はいわば“佐幕派の人斬り集団”（本当は捕縛することが目的なのだが、逃げようとしたり、斬りかかって来る不逞浪士があまりにも多かったため）であり、池田屋事件などで京都に潜伏する過激派尊皇攘夷論者や不逞浪士の取り締まりにあたった。
• Shinsen-gumi may be described as 'a group of pro-shogunate killers' (actually their purpose was to capture, but there were too many lawless roshis who tried to escape, or who tried to attack them with their swords), and they were engaged through the Ikedaya Incident, etc., in controlling Sonno-joi extremists and lawless roshi's hiding in Kyoto.

• ところが、倉庫令では倉庫内の穀は一定期間（最長で9年）ごとに中身を入れ替えて腐敗を防止する規定があるにも関わらず、不動倉の封印が厳重であったために、封印後は放置された状況となり、各地の不動倉で不動穀が腐敗するという事件が相次いだ。
• However, in various provinces, incidents, in which fudokoku became putrid, occurred one after another; it was because the fudoso was kept sealed so strictly; the warehouses virtually had been left alone for a long time in spite of the fact that there was a regulation that the rice in the husk kept in the fudoso had to be changed regularly (the maximum interval was 9 years) to prevent the putrefaction.

• 実際に朝廷統制に用いられた法度としては、生活面においては「公家衆法度」や「若公家衆法度」などがあるが、前者は猪熊事件という一大醜聞が起きたために豊臣政権時代の公家法令の再確認という意味があり、後者は後水尾上皇がその促進者であった。
• The laws which were practically used in controlling the imperial court were, for example, 'Kugeshu-hatto' (the laws for court nobles) and 'Wakakugeshu hatto' as the laws about daily life; the former was enacted for reconfirming the court noble laws during the reign of the Toyotomi government due to a great scandal called the Inokuma Incident, and the latter was promoted by the retired Emperor Gomizunoo.

• 文化厚生会館事件（ぶんかこうせいかいかんじけん）とは、部落解放同盟京都府連合会が、朝田善之助を委員長とし、同盟中央が認めた組織（朝田府連）と、三木一平を委員長とし、日本共産党が支援する組織（三木府連）に分裂したことに端を発した紛争。
• The Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall Affair is a conflict that started with the Buraku Liberation League, Kyoto Federation being divided into two groups, one (Asada Furen, Asada faction's Federation) with Zennosuke ASADA as a chairman, approved by the Headquarter of the Buraku Liberation League and the other (Miki Furen, Miki faction's Federation) with Ippei MIKI as a chairman, supported by the Japanese Communist Party.

• 貞治の変（じょうじ の へん）は、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)後期（室町時代初期）の貞治5年（1366年）、室町幕府の執事（のちの管領）であった斯波義将およびその父で征夷大将軍足利義詮側近の有力守護大名であった斯波高経が失脚した事件。
• Joji Incident, which occurred in 1366 during the late Northern and Southern Courts Period (Japan) (the early Muromachi period), was an incident by which Yoshimasa SHIBA, shitsuji (steward, later renamed kanrei) of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and his father Takatsune SHIBA, an influential shugodaimyo (territorial lord as provincial constables) and a close aid of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, fell from power.

• 長禄の変（ちょうろくのへん）は、室町時代の長禄元年12月2日 (旧暦)（1457年12月27日）に赤松家遺臣らが後南朝の行宮を襲い、南朝の皇胤である尊秀王と忠義王（後南朝の征夷大将軍である）の兄弟を騙し討って、神璽を持ち去った事件。
• Choroku no hen was an incident that occurred on December 27, 1457 during the Muromachi period when former retainers of the Akamatsu family attacked angu (emperor's temporary palace) of Gonancho (Second Southern Court), made a surprise assault on the brothers of Sonshuo and Chugio who were descendants of the Southern Court emperor (the latter was a seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians' of the Southern Court), and took away Shinji (the sacred jewel).

• 大名行列の前を横切ったり、列を乱す様な行為は無礼な行いとされ、生麦事件の例を挙げるまでもなくその場で『切捨御免』にする事も許されていたが、特例として出産の取上げに向かっている産婆（現在の助産師）は、行列の前を横切る事を許されていた。
• Crossing in front of the daimyo-gyoretsu and thereby disrupting the procession was regarded as rude behavior; in fact, those who did so could be killed on the spot (as was the case in a prime example of which was the case in the Namamugi Incident) in accordance with kirisute gomen (the privilege granted to samurai warriors), but as a special exception, midwives heading to assist childbirth were allowed to cross in front of the procession.

• 尊氏の庶子で直義の猶子となり、4月に長門探題に任命されて備後国に滞在していた足利直冬は、京都での事件を知ると、養父直義に味方するために上洛しようとするが、師直は赤松則村（円心）らに命じて直冬の上洛を阻止し、尊氏に直冬追討を要請する。
• Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA, who was Takauji's bastard son and Tadayoshi's foster son, who was staying in Bingo Province after being named the Nagato tandai (Shogunal deputies in Nagato) in April, heard about the events in Kyoto and tried to go to Kyoto to help his foster father Tadayoshi, but Moronao commanded Norimura AKAMATSU (Enshin) to stop Tadafuyu's movement toward Kyoto and asked Takauji to attack Tadafuyu.

• また事件前、西南戦争で敗死した西郷隆盛が実はロシアに逃げ延び、ニコライと共に帰って来るという噂がささやかれており、西南戦争で勲章を授与されていた津田はもし西郷が帰還すれば自分の勲位も剥奪されるのではないかと危惧していたという説もある。
• He also heard a rumor that Takamori SAIGO, who had died during Seinan War, was still alive in Russia and he would come back to Japan with Nicholas, so he feared that he would be deprived the medal which had been given to him during Seinan War.

• しかし、孝明天皇は撫恤のための薪水給与は認めていたが、通商条約や異国人の入国には強く反対しており、また岩倉具視ら多くの公家が関白の幕府寄りの姿勢を批判したため（廷臣八十八卿列参事件参照）、堀田の工作にもかかわらず勅許は得られなかった。
• However, Hotta could not get permission primarily because the Emperor Komei strongly objected to the ideas of allowing foreigners to come into Japan and concluding a commercial treaty, though he did give permission for supplying fuel and water in mercy, and also because many aristocrats including Tomomi IWAKURA criticized Kujo for his attitude towards the shogunate (see the incident that 88 high-ranking aristocrats went on a sit-in protest).

• 永禄の変（えいろくのへん）は、永禄8年5月19日 (旧暦)（1565年6月17日）、三好三人衆（三好長逸・三好政康・岩成友通）と松永久秀らの軍勢によって室町幕府第13代征夷大将軍・足利義輝が京都・二条御所に襲撃され、討死した事件である。
• In the Eiroku Incident, troops led by the so-called 'Miyoshi Triumvirate' (Nagayuki MIYOSHI, Masayasu MIYOSHI and Tomomichi IWANARI) and Hisahide MATSUNAGA attacked and killed Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, the 13th Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), at the then Imperial Palace in Nijo, Kyoto on Eiroku 8, the 19th day of the 5th month (according to the old calendar) (June 17, 1565).

• 有能な者が実力によって、一代家老（家老格）に登用された代表例として、幕末に活躍した越後長岡藩の河井継之助、薩摩藩の調所広郷、長州藩の村田清風、そして、古くは元禄期の元禄赤穂事件の討ち入りで、有名になった赤穂藩の大野知房などが挙げられる。
• The following were typical examples of Ichidai-garo officers who were appointed to the post due to their abilities: Tsugunosuke KAWAI of the Echigo-Nagaoka domain, Hirosato ZUSHO of the Satsuma domain, and Seifu MURATA of the Choshu domain, all of whom played an active part in the abolition of the bakufu system, and as an older example, Tomofusa ONO of the Ako domain who became famous for launching a raid during the Ako Incident in the Genroku era (1688 - 1704).

• 日本政府内では小村寿太郎、桂太郎、山縣有朋らの対露主戦派と、伊藤博文、井上馨ら戦争回避派との論争が続き、民間においても日露開戦を唱えた戸水寛人ら七博士の意見書（七博士建白事件）や、万朝報紙上での幸徳秋水の非戦論といった議論が発生していた。
• While debates continued within the Japanese government between factions including Jutaro KOMURA, Taro KATSURA, and Aritomo YAMAGATA and an anti-war faction including Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE, these discussions were mirrored in the public sphere by an pro-war petition circulated by seven professors (Seven Professor's Petition) including Hirondo TOMIZU and an anti-war argument and discussion by Shusui KOTUKU which was published in the Yorozuchoho (a daily newspaper).

• このことが正確に知られるのは、それから140年後に義家から3代目の、源義朝（源頼朝の父）に攻めこまれるという「大庭御厨の濫妨」事件があり、そのときの伊勢大神宮司の訴状に対する官宣旨案（天養記）が公家の日記の背文書として発見されたからである。
• This was clearly known because a suggestion of kansenji (a government edict) against the complaint of Guji (chief of those who serves a shrine, controls festivals and general affairs) of Ise no Okami (Great God of Ise, aka Amaterasu Omikami) (in Tenyo-ki (documents on the disturbance in the Oba no mikuriya estate)) was discovered as a haimonjo (an old document which was written on the other side of a piece of used paper) of a kuge's dairy (court noble) at the time of 'The disturbance in Oba no mikuriya estate' in which it was attacked by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo (father of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo) who was the third generation of Yoshiie 140 years after that.

• 1882年に施行された旧刑法116条、および大日本帝国憲法制定後の1908年に施行された刑法73条（1947年に削除）が規定していた、天皇、皇后、皇太子等を狙って危害を加えたり、加えようとする罪、いわゆる大逆罪が適用され、訴追された事件の総称。
• Taigyaku Jiken is a collective term referring to the incidents in which perpetrators were prosecuted for high treason, which was a crime to inflict or try to inflict harm on Emperor, Empress or Crown Prince, as defined in the article 116 of the former Penal Code enforced in 1882 and the article 73 of the Penal Code enforced in 1908 after the enactment of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (the article was eliminated in 1947).

• 台湾では戦後、国共内戦に破れ遷台した中国国民党が、それまで台湾に住む本省人を弾圧（白色テロ、1947年に発生した二・二八事件はその最大規模のものである。）、大陸反攻を国是とし軍事を優先とした政策を実施したため、台湾のインフラ整備は後回しにされた。
• In postwar Taiwan, the Kuomintang Party, which was defeated by communist forces in the Chinese civil war and moved to Taiwan, suppressed the native-born Taiwanese who had been living in Taiwan before the Kuomintang related immigration wave (the White Terror and the 228 incident in 1947 was the largest scale suppression) and developed the military-first policy with the national credo of 'counterattack the mainland,' and as a result, the development of the infrastructure in Taiwan was put on the back-burner.

• 羽織のダンダラは忠臣蔵の赤穂浪士が吉良邸に討ち入りするときに着ていた羽織の柄で、浅葱色は武士が切腹の時に着る切腹裃の色だと伝えられているが、羽織は実際には最初の1年ほどで廃止されたらしく、池田屋事件の時に着用していたとする証言が最後の記録である。
• The mountain-like patterns on short coats are those of Ako Roshi of Chushingura, when they marched into and attacked the KIRA residence, and very light blue is said to be the color of the seppuku kamishimo worn by a samurai when he commits hara-kiri, but the short coats of Shinsen-gumi seem to have been abolished after the 1st year, and the last recorded instance of the coats being worn was in the Ikedaya Incident.

• この事件をきっかけに蓑田胸喜ら原理日本社の右翼、および菊池武夫 (陸軍軍人)（貴族院 (日本)）や宮澤裕（衆議院・立憲政友会所属）らの国会議員は、司法官赤化の元凶として帝国大学法学部の「赤化教授」の追放を主張、司法試験委員であった滝川を非難した。
• Due to this incident, Muneki MINODA and others from the right wing group, Genri Nihonsha, Takeo KIKUCHI (army veteran) (House of Peers (Japan)), Yu MIYAZAWA (House of Representatives, affiliated with Rikken Seiyukai) and other Diet members proposed the exile of 'Red (communist) Professors' in the Faculty of Law in imperial universities as the cause of communist judges and accused Takigawa, who was a member of the bar test board.

• 三大事件建白運動・大同団結運動では旧自由党系と連携して民党の一翼を担うが、大同団結運動の失敗と1888年の大隈の第1次伊藤内閣の外務大臣 (日本)入閣（黒田内閣でも留任）によって大隈の条約改正案を支持したことにより自由党との関係は再び微妙になる。
• Although the Constitutional Progressive party still played an important role in some cases, along with the Liberal party (both parties acknowledged each other and were referred as people's parties at the time), such as taking actions to present petitions for the three major cases, and advocating a movement to unite for a common purpose, but both parties eventually couldn't get along with each other when they failed the movement to unite, and the Constitutional Progressive party supported a proposal to revise a treaty that Okuma presented as foreign minister of the first Ito government in 1888 (he became foreign minister under the Kuroda government as well).

• 政治的な重要事件に関する記述は役目の地位の問題から多くはないが、その代わり江戸時代の宮中儀式のあり方や日常の宮廷の状況、地下官人制度についての記録は詳細であり、公卿の日記・記録類では多くを見ることが出来ない事務方の動向について知ることが可能である。
• Because of the official status of the Hirata family, the records contain few descriptions about important political events; instead, they contain details of the Imperial Court ceremonies, daily life in the imperial court, and the lower ranking official system during the Edo period, providing movements of the secretaries which cannot be seen in the court nobles' diaries and records.

• この事件について、『看聞日記』には生活上の困窮によるものと見えるが、当時の幕府が講和条件（両統迭立）に反して後小松天皇皇子の躬仁親王（後の称光天皇）の即位を目論んでいることから、そのような動きに不満を抱く後亀山法皇の抗議行動であったとも考えられる。
• 'Kanmon Nikki' (Diary of Imperial Prince Fushimi no miya Sadafusa) suggests that although this event appears as a result of dire poverty, due to the fact that the bakufu at that time attempted to have Imperial Prince Mihito (later Emperor Shoko), the prince of Emperor Gokomatsu, take over the throne, contrary to the conditions of peace (ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families), it may have been an act of protest by the Cloistered Emperor Gokameyama, who was unhappy with such developments.

• 『小右記』永延2年12月4日 (旧暦)（989年1月14日）及び翌日条によれば、権中納言藤原道長が自らが推挙した甘南備永資が省試に落ちた腹いせに式部少輔橘淑信を強引に捕えて自邸まで引き回したために父親の摂政藤原兼家より一時勘当された事件が記されている。
• Articles in 'Shoyuki' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke) dated January 14, 989 and the next day states that Gon Chunagon (a provisional vice-councilor of state) FUJIWARA no Michinaga got disowned by his father, Sessho (regent) FUJIWARA no Kaneie: it was because Michinaga ordered the capture of Shikibu shoyu (Junior Assistant of the Ministry of Ceremonial) TACHIBANA no Yoshinobu and brought him forcibly to his house when he got upset knowing that Nagasuke KANNABI, whom Michinaga recommended, failed the shoshi exam.

• 1866年ジェネラル・シャーマン号事件（対アメリカ合衆国）、丙寅洋擾（対フランス）、1868年日本（明治政府）からの国書（明治政府の樹立宣言、王政復古の通告）の受け取りを拒否する、1871年辛未洋擾（対アメリカ）、など、海禁政策をとった（鎖国攘夷策）。
• An isolationist policy was implemented resulting in the General Sherman incident (against the US) as well as the Heiinyojo war (against France) in 1866, the refusal of the declaration of the foundation of the Meiji government from Japan in 1868 and Shinmiyojo incident (against the US) in 1871.

• その一方で「富国」を推進する大蔵省（大隈重信・井上馨・渋沢栄一ら）に深い不信感を抱いていたため、正院や他の省庁との財政を巡る対立で井上・渋沢が辞任に追い込まれた際にもこれを止めなかった（井上の場合には尾去沢鉱山尾去沢銅山事件を巡る疑惑もあったとしても）。
• At the same time, he had deep distrust toward Ministry of Finance (led by Shigenobu OKUMA, Kaoru INOUE, Eichi SHIBUSAWA and others), that promoted 'fukoku (rich country),' and did not stop letting INOUE and SHIBUSAWA resign at their crisis of being forced to step down when they were opposed to the Central State Council and government offices over financial affairs (INOUE was also looked at suspiciously due to his involvement in the scandal of Osarizawa copper mine).

• 一方、南西諸島を経由した中国大陸との交流が活発化しており、朝廷は覓国使（べっこくし、くにまぎのつかい）と呼ばれる調査隊を組織して九州南部と南西諸島の調査を行っていたが、700年（文武天皇4年）に覓国使が九州南部各地で現地住民から威嚇を受ける事件が発生した。
• On the other hand, trade with Chinese continent via Southwest Islands was increasing, and the Imperial court organized an investigative team called Bekkokushi or Kunimagi no Tsukai to conduct research on the southern Kyushu and Southwest Islands but, in 700, Bekkokushi encountered threatening attacks by indigenous people in various places of southern Kyushu.

• また、弁官局は職掌によって左右に分かれているが、官宣旨はその職掌とは無関係に吉事（一般の行政・事件）は左弁官が、凶事（犯罪者の追捕）は右弁官が発給することとなっており、しかも前者が発給する（「左弁官下文」）が圧倒的に多いため、前者のみを官宣旨と称する場合もある。
• Benkankyoku had two benkans according to its duties: benkan of the right (called ubenkan) and benkan of the left (called sabenkan), but kansenji were issued irrespective of these duties, that is, kansenji on happy events (ordinary administrative events) were issued by sabenkan, whereas kansenji on unhappy events (additional arrests) are issued by ubenkan, and since edicts issued by the former (called 'sabenkan gebun') are predominantly numerous, some claim that only this type of documents are kansenji.

• （赤坂恒明氏）　『権記』に引用されている天暦七年の王氏爵不正事件に現れる、清和天皇の子孫でありながら陽成天皇子孫を詐称したとして罰せられた源経忠を経基あるいはその兄弟と推定し、頼信が願文で陽成天皇の子孫であることは真実であると主張して名誉回復を図ったと解釈する。
• (Tsuneaki AKASAKA) It assumed that MINAMOTO no Tsunetada, whose name appeared in Oujinojaku fusei jiken (the case of unauthorized use of the family name 'O') of 953 cited in 'Gonki' (FUJIWARA no Yukinari's diary) and was charged in representing himself as the descendant of Emperor Yozei (he was actually the descendant of Emperor Seiwa), was Tsunemoto or his brother, and interpreted that Yorinobu attempted to retrieve his honor by insisting in a petition that he was in fact the descendant of Emperor Yozei.

• 壬午事変（じんごじへん）とは、1882年7月23日に、大院君らの煽動を受けて、李氏朝鮮のソウル特別市（後のソウル特別市）で大規模な兵士の反乱が起こり、政権を担当していた閔妃の政府高官や、日本人軍事顧問、日本外交官らが殺害され、日本公使館が襲撃を受けた事件である。
• The Imo incident, (also known as the Jingo incident) was a massive soldiers' revolt that occurred under the incitement of Daewongun on July 23, 1882, in Seoul special city during the Joseon Dynasty (same as the later Seoul Special City), during which many people such as high-ranking government officials of Queen Min's, a Japanese military advisor, and Japanese diplomat were killed, and the Japanese legation was attacked.

• このため、為子の次の后として藤原時平の妹藤原穏子を入内させようとした醍醐天皇・藤原時平とこれに反対する宇多上皇との対立が発生（『九暦』）し、後の宇多上皇による斉世親王の皇位継承者指名問題及び菅原道真の大宰権帥左遷事件（いわゆる昌泰の変）に発生したとも言われている。
• Therefore, Emperor Daigo and FUJIWARA no Tokihira who intended to have FUJIWARA no Onshi, younger sister of FUJIWARA no Tokihira, enter into the court as the next empress of Tameko, this conflicted with Retired Emperor Uda who objected against it ('Kyureki' (diary of FUJIWARA no Morosue)), and it is said that this conflict developed to a later problem when Retired Emperor Uda designated Imperial Prince Tokiyo as the heir to the Imperial Throne, and to an incident of demotion of SUGAWARA no Michizane, Dazai gon no sochi (Provisional Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices) (so-called the Shotai Incident).

• 後花園天皇の実父である後崇光院が著した『看聞日記』をはじめとする同時代の日記類によれば、事件は9月24日に起こり、首謀者は南朝の後亀山天皇あるいはその弟の子孫とされる金蔵主、通蔵主の兄弟、鎌倉時代の後鳥羽上皇の後胤を称する源尊秀、日野氏傍流の日野有光、日野資光ら。
• According to diaries written at that time such as the 'Kanomon Nikki (Diary)' written by Emperor Hanazono's biological father, Gosukoin, the incident occurred on September 24 and the main people behind the incident were the Kinzosu and Tsuzosu brothers who were thought to be descendants of the Southern Court Emperor Gokameyama or his brother, MINAMOTO no Takahide, who claimed to be a descendant of the Retired Emperor Gotoba (Kamakura period) and Arimitsu HINO and Sukemitsu HINO, who came from a branch line of the Hino clan.

• このような中で片岡健吉を代表とする高知県の民権派が、今回の混乱は国辱的な欧化政策と言論弾圧による世論の抑圧にあると唱えて、①言論の自由の確立②地租軽減による民心の安定③外交の回復（対等な立場による条約改正実現）を柱とした「三大事件建白」と呼ばれる建白書を提出した。
• Amidst these situations, the Civil-Right group in Kochi Prefecture submitted a petition called 'the three biggest petitions' focusing on 1) establishment of free speech, 2) restoring mental balance of civilians by reducing a land tax, and 3) recovery of diplomacy (realization of revision of a treaty on an equal footing), saying these unrests were because of a policy of Europeanization as national disgrace and oppression of public opinions.

• しかし、奈良時代はとかく政争が多かったが、大伴氏もそれに関わる事が多く、長屋王の変では長屋王と親しかった旅人は事件前後に一時的に大宰府に左遷された程度で済んだが、橘奈良麻呂（橘諸兄の息子）の変では古麻呂は拷問死、大伴古慈悲は流罪(称徳天皇崩御後に復帰。)に処された。
• The Nara Period was marked by political strife in which the Otomo clan was often involved and in Nagayao no Hen (the Conspiracy of Nagayao), Tabito, who was close to Nagayao, was temporarily transferred to Dazaifu as punishment, while in TACHIBANA no Naramaro no Hen (the Conspiracy of TACHIBANA no Moroe, which involved the son of TACHIBANA no Moroe), Komoro was tortured to death and OTOMO no Kojihi was deported, not to return until after the demise of the Emperor Shotoku.

• ところが時頼没後の文永5年（1268年）にはモンゴル帝国から臣従を要求する国書が届けられて元寇の到来に至り、続いて国内では時頼の遺児である執権北条時宗が異母兄北条時輔を殺害し、朝廷では後深草上皇と亀山天皇の対立の様相を見せ始めるなど、内乱の兆しを思わせる事件が発生した。
• However, in 1268, after Tokiyori died, a sovereign letter from the Mongolian Emperor ordering submission to the Mongolian Empire was delivered to Japan, which led to the attack by the Mongolian army in 1274, following which the regent Tokimune HOJO, who was Tokiyori's son, murdered his older paternal half-brother, Tokisuke HOJO, while there were also signs of conflict between the Retired Emperor Gofukakusa and Emperor Kameyama in the imperial court, and all these events suggested signs of a civil war.

• さらに開拓使官有物払下げ事件に際して出された石丸安世・石橋重朝の「不当廉価」を理由とした払い下げ中止の提議が、自由民権運動と結んだ大隈の謀略として受け止められ、岩倉らの要求によって御前会議が招集され、大隈の参議免官と佐野大蔵卿の更迭、後任に松方内務卿の転任が決定された。
• Iwakura also took the proposal by Yasuyo ISHIMARU and Shigetomo ISHIBASHI to call off the disposal of Hokkaido Development Commissioner's property for its 'unjustifiably low price' as Okuma's conspiracy with the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, so a conference in the presence of the Emperor was convened by request from Iwakura where the dismissal of Okuma as Councilor, removal of Sano as Minister of the Treasury, and transference of Matsukata as Secretary of Interior were decided.

• 首謀者である健岑と逸勢の地位が、このような謀反を計画するにはあまりにも低く（また、家系的にも傍流出身で「藤原氏による他氏排斥」の対象にもなり得ない）、また計画に関与したとしたとして処罰された人々も叛乱に荷担する動機が見当たらないことから、事件自体をでっちあげとみなす説もある。
• Since the positions of the chief plotters, Kowamine and Hayanari, were so low (and also from branch lines of lineages that would not even be a target for 'elimination of other clans by the Fujiwara clan') for planning such an insurrection and the people who were punished for being associated with the plan had no motives, there is a theory that proposes that the whole incident was made up.

• 同じ6月1日の夕、光秀は1万3000の手勢を率いて丹波亀山城を出陣し京に向かった（光秀は亀山城 (丹波国)には事件前にも後にも死ぬまで立ち寄っておらず、坂本城より3000の兵で本能寺に向かい、到着したのは本能寺が焼け落ちた午前7時半より数時間後の9時頃だったとする説もある）。
• On the same day, June 1 in the evening, Mitsuhide departed the Tanba Kameyama-jo Castle to Kyoto at the head of an army of 13,000 (There is another view that Mitsuhide did not visit Kameyama-jo Castle (Tanba Province) before or after the event and he moved toward Honno-ji Temple from Sakamoto-jo Castle at the head of 3,000 troops and arrived around nine o'clock, that is several hours after seven thirty A.M. when the Honno-ji Temple burnt down.)

• だが、鎌倉幕府は今回の事件は大覚寺統全体が関与していないものであるから、後醍醐天皇と対立関係にある大覚寺統嫡流から皇太子を輩出して、引き続き大覚寺統と持明院統が交代で皇位継承（両統迭立）をすべきであるとしたため、持明院統もこれに同意して当時13歳の康仁親王の立太子を容認した。
• However, the Kamakura bakufu insisted that because this incident had nothing to do with the Daikakuji Imperial line, the Daikakuji Imperial line should appoint a successor to the Crown Prince, and Imperial succession should be shared alternately between the two parties in turns continuously, the Jimyoin Imperial line agreed to this and accepted Imperial Prince Yasuhito as Crown Prince who was thirteen years old at the time.

• 刈田・刈畠行為をめぐる紛争は当初、所務沙汰（不動産に係る民事事件）として扱われていたが、時代が下るにつれ、刈田・刈畠行為が増加していくと、13世紀後期ごろには違法行為のニュアンスを含む「狼藉」、すなわち刈田狼藉と呼ばれるようになり、通常の所務沙汰とは別個の取扱いがなされ始めた。
• Initially, karita or karihata related disputes were handled as shomu-sata (civil trials dealing with land-related issues), but the number of karita and karihata acts increased with the times, and around the late thirteenth century, such karita or karihata related disputes began to be called 'rozeki' with the implication of illegal acts, that is, karita-rozeki, and the handling of such disputes was separated from ordinary shomu-sata.

• 事件は、京都帝国大学法学部の瀧川幸辰教授が、1932年10月中央大学法学部で行った講演「『復活』を通して見たるトルストイの刑法観」の内容（レフ・トルストイの思想について「犯罪は国家の組織が悪いから出る」などと説明）が無政府主義的として文部省および司法省内で問題化したことに端を発する。
• The incident started when a lecture, 'Tolstoy's view on penal law through his novel, 'Resurrection'' in October 1932 by Professor Yukitoki TAKIGAWA of the Faculty of Law, Kyoto Imperial University explained in his talk that 'Criminal offenses occur when organization of the national governmental is bad,' which was considered problematic by the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Law as being anarchist.

• これは歴史上で見れば、鎌倉時代に皇位継承で朝廷内が紛糾した際に鎌倉幕府が両統迭立原則を呈示して仲裁にあたった事例に近い性質のものである（ここで問題とされたものは、後に紫衣事件や尊号一件などで再び議論が持ち上がったものばかりで、幕府権力をもってしても困難な課題であった事も共通している）。
• Historically, this case is similar to the fact that the Kamakura bakufu presented the principle of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families) to the imperial court which was split over the issue of the succession to the throne. (The issues regarded as questionable on that are also common to which were difficult issues even for the authority of the bakufu to settle and arose discussions later such as the Shie Incident and the Songo Incident.)

• 18世紀には、主にロシア、イギリス、フランスなど帝国主義時代の欧米列強が日本へも接近し、日本人漂流民の返還のために蝦夷地へ来日したアダム・ラクスマンの来航（寛政4年（1792年））といった諸外国が通商を求める出来事や、1811年（文化8）のゴローニン事件といった摩擦・紛争が起こり始めた。
• In the 18th century, the allied western powers of imperialism such as Russia, England and France approached Japan thus some issues and disputes started to occur such as the arrival of Adam Kirillovich Laksman who came to Ezo to return Japanese castaways in 1792 and the Golovnin Incident of 1811.

• 畠山重忠の乱（はたけやましげただのらん）は、鎌倉時代初期の元久2年6月22日 (旧暦)（1205年7月10日）、武蔵国二俣川（現神奈川県横浜市旭区 (横浜市)保土ケ谷区）において、武蔵国の有力御家人・畠山重忠が武蔵掌握を図る北条時政の策謀により、北条義時率いる大軍に攻められて滅ぼされた事件。
• The Shigetada HATAKEYAMA Rebellion was the rebellion in which Shigetada HATAKEYAMA was killed in an attack by a large army, planned by Tokimasa HOJO and executed by Yoshitoki HOJO; it took place at the Futamata-gawa River in the Musashi Province (present-day Asahi Ward and Hodogaya Ward, Yokohama City) on July 17, 1205 in the early Kamakura period.

• （『水鏡』では、光仁天皇が皇后と賭け事で「自分が勝ったら后に絶世の美女を紹介してもらおう。自分が負けたら后に若く逞しい男性を与えよう」と言い、結果皇后の勝ちであったために息子の山部親王（後の桓武天皇）を差し出したところ、皇后が若い親王に夢中になってしまったのが事件の原因であるという話が見える）
• ('Mizu Kagami' [The Water Mirror] contains a story that Emperor Konin told the empress, 'if I win, you give me a lady of great beauty. If I loose, I give you a young and strong man,' and the empress won, so his son Imperial Prince Yamanobe (later Emperor Kanmu) was introduced to her, and she got so attracted to the young prince, causing the incident.

• この結果法学部教官は、解決案により要求が達成されたとして辞表を撤回した残留組（中島玉吉、末広重雄、牧健二など）と、辞表を撤回せず解決案を拒否した辞職組に分裂し、前記6教授以外に恒藤恭（のちの大阪市立大学初代学長）および田村徳治の教授2名、助教授5名、専任講師以下8名が辞職という形で事件は決着した。
• As a result, law faculty staff became divided into those who decided that their demands had been reached by the solution and retracted their resignations and stayed (Tamakichi NAKAJIMA, Shigeo SUEHIRO, Kenji MAKI, etc.), and those who resigned because they did not retract their resignations and refused the solution, who were the aforementioned six professors, two professors, Kyo TSUNETO (later the first president of Osaka Prefectural University) and Tokuji TAMURA, five associate professors and eight lecturers and the incident was concluded.

• また、文部省が京大総長の具状を待たずに分限委員会を開き滝川の休職処分を決定したことは、京大における沢柳事件（1913年 - 1914年）以来、「教授会自治」として認められていた慣行（総長の具状は教授会の同意を必要とするというもの）を無視するものであったうえに帝国大学官制にすら違反する可能性があった。
• The decision for Takigawa's extended leave by the Bungen (change in employment status) board of the Ministry of Education without waiting for an explanation from the President of Kyoto University ignored the tradition of 'Ruling by the Board of Professors' that was established by the Sawayanagi Incident (1913-1914) at Kyoto University (the explanation of the president requires the consent of the board of professors) and may have possibly been against the Imperial University Rules.

• 久野収はこの事件の特色について、「危険思想の内容がもはや共産主義やマルクス主義といった嫌疑にあるのではなく…国家に批判的な態度を取る学者たちの思想内容に及んできた」点にあると回顧しており、言論弾圧の対象が従来の共産主義思想から自由主義的な言論へと拡大することとなった大きな転機であることを強調している。
• Osamu KUNO recollects that the characteristic of this incident was 'Dangerous ideology was not only communism and Marxism, but started to include the content of thinking of academics who took a critical stance against the government' and emphasizes that this was a big step when the target of freedom of speech changed from communism to liberalism.

• 明治31年（1898年）には、第一次大隈重信内閣の文部大臣尾崎行雄が、ある教育会の席上で藩閥勢力の拝金主義を攻撃した演説に「日本で共和制が実施されれば、三井・三菱は大統領となるだろう」とあったため問題となり、皇室制度の下にあって共和制を想定することは不敬にあたるとして辞任に追い込まれた（共和演説事件）。
• In 1898, Yukio OZAKI, the Minister of Education in the first Okuma Shigenobu Cabinet, made a speech in an educational meeting, attacking the greed of the domain clique by saying 'If a republic is established in Japan, Mitsui and Mitsubishi would be the president.' and this became a problem, because making an assumption of a republic under the system of Imperial Household was disrespectful, and he was forced into resignation (Kyowaenzetsu Jiken, or republic speech incident).

• そこで、昭和8年（1933年）に西園寺を助ける目的で「重臣」制度が設けられて、総理大臣経験者と枢密院議長が元老西園寺とともに会議を開いて後継選定を図ることにしたのが始まりである（五・一五事件後の後継首相奏薦にあたっても元老は首相経験者から意見を聴取しているが、正式な手続きとして定められたものではなかった）。
• It was for this reason that in 1933 the 'senior statesmen' system was established to help SAIONJI, and that former prime ministers and the Chairman of the Privy Council, together with genro SAIONJI, started to hold a meeting to plan the selection of a successor (Genro had heard the opinions of former Prime Ministers after the May 15th Incident upon recommending a succeeding prime minister to the Emperor, but that had not been established as an official procedure then.).

• そもそも、これらの歴史的事件を評価するときに念頭に置いておかなければならないのは、受領層に対して闘争を行った百姓層とは決して受領の収奪にあえぐ零細な農民などではなく、隷属民や私兵を多数擁して地域支配や産業において莫大な利権を持ち、国衙と負名契約を結んでいた、農業など諸産業の大規模経営者であったということである。
• In evaluating these historical events, we should keep in mind that the farmer class refers not to poor farmers suffering from heavy taxes Zuryo collected but to large-scale managers of agriculture and other industries who had vested rights in the local community and industries with many subordinate people and private solders and had a contract with kokuga over fumyo.

• （彼女にとって）長男田村皇子の有力生年から、彼女自身には伝わる事績は多いとはいえないが、崇仏や王位継承などを巡って対立した蘇我・物部両氏の二頭体制から、厩戸皇子が活躍したとされている推古朝、彼亡き後深まった蘇我氏の専横、大化の改新、対外戦争等と数多くの事件を見ながら当時としてはかなりの長寿を全うしたと思われる。
• She does not have numerous exploits to her credit but judging from the most convincing theory about the year of the birth of her son, the Prince Tamura, she seems to have lived a long life in those days going through various incidents, such as the diarchy system of the Soga clan and the Mononobe clan, which conflicted each other on the Buddha worship and the succession to the throne, the reign of the Empress Suiko, during which the Prince Umayado seemingly wielded great power, the despotism of the Soga clan which enforced after the demise of the Prince, the Taika Reforms, and the wars against other countries.

• その後、総理となった犬養毅が軍縮をしようとしたところ、五・一五事件で決起将校に殺害され政党政治が終結を迎え、戦時中には軍の圧力により逼塞状態にあった鳩山一郎が、戦後に総理就任を目前で連合国軍最高司令官総司令部からこの時の事を追及されて、軍部の台頭に協力した軍国主義者として公職追放となるなど皮肉な歴史を辿る事となった。
• Later, ironic histories were repeated, which means that Tshuyoshi INUKAI, who became Prime Minister tried to do disarmament, was killed by an officer who rose in revolt at the May 15th Incident, then the party government came to an end, and Ichiro HATOYAMA who was confined during the war by the military pressure was accused by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers and purged as a militarist cooperated the rise of the military just before the assumption of the Prime Minister after the war.

• さらに朝鮮に対する基本姿勢として、三条はこの江華島事件に対して「相応なる賠償を求む」べきとしながら、使節団の目的を「我主意の注ぐ所は、交を続くに在るを以て、・・・和約を結ぶことを主とし、彼能我が和交を修め、貿易を広むるの求に従ひときは、即此を以て雲揚 (軍艦)の賠償と看做し、承諾すること」だと述べていた（強調、加筆者）。
• Furthermore, as a basic attitude towards Korea, Sanjo considered 'Japan should require suitable compensation,' while stating about the purpose of the envoy 'the main objective is to continue the negotiation, then conclude a treaty of peace, when they conclude the peace treaty and obey the demand to expand trading, we should regard this attitude as compensation for the battle ship and accept it' (emphasized and amended by the writer).

• 特に太政官においては五位以上の官人から犯罪者が出た場合にこれを処分する「罪名定」と呼ばれる陣定が行われ、その際に決して律令に精通しているとは言い難い天皇もしくは摂関以下の公卿から当該事件に適用すべき罪名（犯罪の名称とそれに対応する刑罰）に関する諮問が明法博士ら明法家に対して行われ、これに対して明法家は明法勘文の提示を行った。
• Especially in Daijokan, when officials of lower than grade five committed a crime, a Jinnosadame (council) called 'Zaimyosadame' was held where the emperors or Kugyo (ministers) with lower positions than Sekkan (regent) who did not know ritsuryo very well, asked opinions to the doctors of Myoho and Myoho experts for submission of Myobokanmon response papers.

• なお、この事件に関するシンポジウムが2007年10月28日、東京都三鷹市の中近東文化センターで、同時期に開催されたエルトゥールル号回顧展に併せて、当該トルコ航空機の元機長、元客室乗務員、野村元駐イラン日本国特命全権大使、森永元伊藤忠商事イスタンブール支店長、毛利悟元東京銀行テヘラン駐在員ら当時の関係者出席の上、行われている。
• On October 28, 2007, at the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Mitaka City, Tokyo, along with a retrospective exhibition of the Ertuğrul, a symposium on this incident was held with attendants of persons concerned in the incident, including the former pilot and flight attendants of the Turkish Airlines airplane that actually flew, Nomura, a former Japanese ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to Iran, Morinaga, a former Istanbul branch office manager of the ITOCHU Corporation, Satoru MORI, a former representative of the Bank of Tokyo in Tehran.

• 成立時期はこの1120年代～1449年の間ということになるが、保元の乱、平治の乱、治承・寿永の内乱など、12世紀半ば以降の年代に生きた人ならば驚天動地の重大事だったはずの歴史的事件を背景とする説話がいっさい収録されていないことから、上限の1120年代からあまり遠くない白河法皇・鳥羽法皇による院政期に成立したものと見られている。
• The collection seems to have been compiled sometime between the 1120s and 1449, but it is believed that it came into existence sometime not long after the 1120s, during the regime of cloistered government by the Cloistered emperors Shirakawa and Toba, because there are no setsuwa against the backdrop of historical incidents such as the Hogen Disturbance, the Heiji Disturbance and the Jisho-Juei (civil war), which certainly would have been world-shaking, critical events for people living after the mid-twelfth century.

• アヘン戦争（1840年 - 1842年）の敗北により結ばれた南京条約の締結（1842年）に続き、アロー号戦争（1857年 - 1860年）、清仏戦争（1884年 - 1885年）、日清戦争（1894年 - 1895年）、義和団の乱（19世紀末 - 20世紀初頭）といった事件が起こっていき、帝国主義列強に侵略されていくことになる。
• After concluding the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842 following the Opium War (1840 – 1842), China endured the Arrow War (1857 – 1860), the Sino-French War (1884 – 1885), the Sino-Japanese War (1894 – 1895) and the Giwadan War (late 19th century – early 20th century) before being invaded by powerful countries of imperialism.

• 前久からすれば、元から秀吉との関係は良好でなかった（かつて信長によって秀吉の旧邸が没収されて前久に与えられ、本能寺の変で明智光秀の軍がその屋敷を占拠して二条御所攻撃の拠点にしたと言う風説のために、前久自身が事件に関与したという濡れ衣を着せられた）事に加えて藤原氏以外に関白の地位が移ることは屈辱的であったが、近衛家の立場からすれば、
• For Sakihisa, who had a poor relationship with Hideyoshi due to the false accusation that Sakihisa had been involved in the Honno-ji Incident in which Mitsuhide AKECHI was rumored to occupy the Hideyoshi's former residence confiscated and given to Sakihisa by Nobunaga and, based in the residence, to attack Nijo Gosho (Nijo Imperial Palace), it was humiliating to let anybody outside the Fujiwara clan assume the position of Kanpaku; from the viewpoint of the Konoe family, however,

• 近年ではかわぐちかいじの漫画作品『ジパング (かわぐちかいじ)』に「滝川事件に連座して京大理学部を免職になり、日本軍の原子爆弾計画に関与する科学者」という設定の倉田万作（モデルは『世界文化』同人として検挙されたことがあり、戦時期には理化学研究所を中心とする日本の原子爆弾開発に関わっていた物理学者・武谷三男であると思われる）が登場する。
• In recent years, the manga work of Kaiji KAWAGUCHI 'Jipang' set Mansaku KURATA (the model is thought to be the physicist Mitsuo TAKETANI, who was involved in developing a nuclear bomb in Japan during the war period at Rikagaku Kenkyujo who had also been arrested as a member of 'Sekai Bunka') as a 'scientist who was working on the nuclear bomb plan of the Japanese army and was fired from the Faculty of Science at Kyoto University in relation with the Takigawa Incident.'

• この事件における外国人側被害に対して処罰が重すぎるのではないかとの声もあり、また、日本側としては滝の行為は、少なくとも「供割」への対処は武士として当然のものでもあったが、列強の強い要求の前に抗うことが出来ず、伊藤や五代才助（後の五代友厚）を通じた伊達宗城の期限ギリギリまでの助命嘆願もフランスのレオン・ロッシュをはじめとする公使投票の前に否決される。
• There were some opinions that the punishment for injuring foreigners was too severe, and from the Japanese viewpoint the act of TAKI was quite natural for a samurai, at least as a reaction to 'Tomowari,'but it was difficult to resist the strong demand of the powerful countries and the plea for saving TAKI made by Munenari DATE through ITO and Saisuke GODAI (later Tomoatsu GODAI) to the last minute of the deadline was rejected by the voting of Leon ROCHES of France and other minister-counselors'.

• 6月5日 (旧暦)の池田屋事件で新選組に藩士を殺された変報が長州にもたらされると、慎重派の周布政之助、高杉晋作や宍戸左馬之助らは藩論の沈静化に努めるが、福原越後や益田右衛門介、国司信濃の三家老等の積極派は、討薩賊会奸を掲げて挙兵し、益田、久坂玄瑞らは大山崎町天王山、宝山に、国司、来島又兵衛らは嵯峨天龍寺に、福原越後は伏見長州屋敷に兵を集めて陣営を構える。
• When word of the July 8 Ikedaya Incident, in which the Shinsengumi forces had assassinated domainal samurai warriors, reached Choshu, the prudence faction, which included Masanosuke SUFU, Shinsaku TAKASUGI, and Samanosuke SHISHIDO, tried to calm the raging debate in the clan, but members of the activist faction, like the elders of the three clans, Echigo (Mototake) FUKUHARA, Uemonnosuke (Kanenobu) MASUDA, and Shinano (Chikasuke) KUNISHI, cunningly created a group designed to destroy Satsuma, against whom there was considerable enmity, and to that end they prepared for battle; Masuda and Gensui KUSAKA began gathering troops at Mt. Tenno and Mt. Takara in the town of Oyamazaki, while Kunishi and Matabe KIJIMA gathered troops at Saga Tenryu-ji temple, and Echigo FUKUHARA at the Choshu estate at Fushimi.

• 留守政府は岩倉使節団派遣中は人事を凍結する約束であり、西郷隆盛に調整役としての期待が大きかったが、西郷自身が「強兵」を維新の主軸に置いており、「強兵」を推進しようとする山縣有朋に対しては自説の士族主体の志願兵構想を撤回して彼の構想する徴兵制の確立に協力し、山城屋事件で山縣が辞任に追い込まれた時でさえ、これを擁護して山縣追い落としを図る薩摩出身者を宥めている。
• Rusu-seifu had promised to freeze personnel affairs during the absence of Iwakura Mission and Takamori SAIGO had been greatly expected to work as a coordinator, but SAIGO placed 'kyohei (powerful army)' as one of the top priorities of the Restoration, supported Aritomo YAMAGATA, who was promoting 'kyohei,' to establish a plot of the conscription system instead of realizing SAIGO's own idea of the warrior-class-centered volunteer system, and persuaded people from Satsuma not to throw YAMAGATA out of power even when YAMAGATA came to a crisis of being forced to step down due to the Yamashiroya incident.

• 大日本帝国陸軍参謀であった石原莞爾は、「人類が心から現人神（あらひとがみ）の信仰に悟入したところに、王道文明は初めてその真価を発揮する。最終戦争即ち王道・覇道の決勝戦は結局、天皇を信仰するものと然らざるものの決勝戦であり、具体的には天皇が世界の天皇とならせられるか、西洋の大統領が世界の指導者となるかを決定するところの、人類歴史の中で空前絶後の大事件である。」と主張した。
• The general officer of the Imperial Japanese Army, Kanji ISHIWARA said 'Where all the human beings believe in the Arahitogami, the civilization of the rule of Right shows its real value for the first time. The last war, the final match between the rule of right and the rule of might is in fact a match between people who believe in the Emperor and people who don't. So the war is to decide if the Emperor becomes the Emperor of the world or the Western President becomes the leader of the world. This is the biggest event of all time in our history.'

• 自由民権運動は政府の弾圧によって衰微し、自由党_(明治)は解党、立憲改進党も休止状態にあったが、1887年にいわゆる三大事件建白運動が発生すると、かつての自由党の領袖である後藤象二郎は自由民権運動各派が再結集して来るべき第1回衆議院議員総選挙に臨み、帝国議会に議会政治の打ち立てて条約改正や地租・財政問題という難題にあたるべきだと唱え、3月に旧自由党・立憲改進党の主だった人々に呼びかけたのがきっかけである。
• The Freedom and People's Rights Movement once declined because of the government's oppression, which led Liberal Party (Meiji Period) to dissolve and the Constitutional Progressive Party to halt its activities, but in 1887, when so called the petition movement of three major events happened, Shojiro GOTO, a leader of former Liberal Party, advocated the reunion of factions of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement to prepare for upcoming of the first House of Representatives election and he called for the establishment of parliamentary government within the Imperial Diet to deal with difficult problems such as treaty revision, a land tax, and financial affairs; in March of the same year, he got principal members of former Liberal Party and the Constitutional Progressive Party to participate, which triggered the movement to unite for a common purpose.

• 邪馬台国九州説を発展させ、大宰府（太宰府）を首都とする九州王朝が成立したが、663年（天智元年）「白村江の戦い」の敗北をきっかけとしてヤマト王権により滅亡させられたとする古田武彦が唱えた九州王朝説の所論によれば、大化の改新として仮託された事件により後の天智天皇・天武天皇が権力奪取する以前の記紀の神代神話と皇統譜や事跡の記述の多くは九州王朝からの剽窃による創作であり、それまでのヤマト王権は統一王朝ではなかったとする。
• Developing the Yamatai-koku Kingdom in Kyushu, by the Kyushu Dynasty Theory advocated by Takehiko FURUTA that the Kyushu Dynasty was established with the capital Dazaifu but was destroyed by the Yamato Administration triggered by the lost in 'Battle of Hakusukinoe' (Battle of Baekgang) in 663, most of the immemorial myth, the genealogy and the achievements of the Imperial Family in Kojiki and Nihon Shoki before later Emperor Tenchi and Emperor Tenmu seized the political power through the incident called Taika Reforms were fiction by plagiarism from the Kyushu Dynasty and until then, the Yamato Administration was not a unified dynasty.

• その後の裁判例においては、第二の見解に立つものが続いたが、最高裁平成20年4月15日第二小法廷決定（事件番号平成19(あ)839）は、本判決について、「警察官による人の容ぼう等の撮影が、現に犯罪が行われ又は行われた後間がないと認められる場合のほかは許されないという趣旨まで判示したものではない」と述べた上で、公道上及びパチンコ店内において被告人の容ぼう等をビデオ撮影した捜査活動を適法と判断しており、少なくとも裁判例においては、第二の見解が支配的になったといえる。
• In subsequent cases, judgments proceeded from the second opinion, but Decision of the Second Petty Bench of the Supreme Court dated on April 15, 2008 (case number 2007 (A) No. 839) stated 'it does not go so far as to mean, as argued by the accused, that photographing of a person's appearance, etc. by police officials should not be permitted except in cases where it is found that the crime is currently being committed or has just been committed' and 'videotaping operations such as videotaping the defendant's appearance, etc. on the public road and in the pachinko parlor can be recognized as legal Investigation activities', which means that the second opinion has been dominant, at least in precedents.

• 会場となった3大学は京都大学・同志社大学・立命館大学（当時の校地は鴨川 (淀川水系)西岸の広小路通 (京都市)に所在していた）各大学であったが、このうち京都大学では会場に予定されていた法経一番教室の使用を大学当局（服部峻治郎学長）が認めようとせず、警官隊導入により抗議する学生を排除するなどしていたため当局と学生自治会である同学会（1951年の京大天皇事件の結果解散をよぎなくされ、この年の初夏、学生による全学投票を経て再建されたばかりであった）との間には険悪な雰囲気が漂っていた。
• The chosen universities as places for the meetings were Kyoto University, Doshisha University and Ritsumeikan University (the then campus was located at Hirokoji-dori Street, the west shore of the Kamo-gawa River of Yodogawa River system in Kyoto City), however, Kyoto University authorities (President Shunjiro HATTORI) didn't permit the use of classroom number one of the faculty of law and economics, and called the police to remove protesting students, as a result, an explosive atmosphere remained between the authorities and the students, especially the students' association 'Dogakukai' of Kyoto University (although the Dogakukai had been forced to dissolve after the Kyodai Tenno Incident of 1951, in the early summer of 1953 it had just been reorganized by a vote in which all the students had been involved).

• その理由として、御誓文と同時に出された宸翰に出てくる「旧来の陋習」の語がそもそも鎖国攘夷の意味に限定されていないこと、また木戸孝允自身が「打破すべき封建性」「打破すべき閉鎖性」の意味で「旧習」「旧来の陋習」「陋習」という言葉を広く使用していること、また、大久保利通でさえ木戸の「旧来の陋習」と同じ意味のことを「因循の腐臭」とより痛烈に批判していること、つまり、薩長いずれも密留学をさせ倒幕に立ち上がった開明的雄藩であったにもかかわらず長州の木戸より薩摩の大久保のほうが藩主父子・出身藩の内部事情などのためにより批判的にならざるを得ない危険な封建性・閉鎖性をより自覚していたということ（寺田屋事件～西南戦争）、更に、岩倉具視も他の文書で「天地の公道」という全く同じ言葉を万国公法とはおよそ次元の異なる「天然自然の条理というような意味」で用いていることなどが挙げられている。
• As the reason, they explained that the word 'evil customs of the past' in shinkan (Imperial letter) issued at the same time as Charter Oath was not restricted to national isolation as well as expulsion of foreigners, and Takayoshi KIDO himself used the words 'old customs', 'evil customs of the past' and 'conventions' widely as meaning of 'feudalism to be conquered' or 'closed nature to be conquered', and even Toshimichi OKUBO severely criticized the same thing as 'evil customs of the past' mentioned by Kido for 'corrupt smell of old customes', in other word, though both Satsuma and Choshu provided overseas education secretly and were liberal domains led the movement of overthrowing the Shogunate, Okubo from Satsuma recognized more about dangerous feudalism as well as closed nature than Kido from Choshu, Okubo had to criticize more extreme because of internal affair regarding father and son of the lords of his domain and internal circumstances of his domain (The Teradaya Incident - Seinan War), moreover Tomomi IWAKURA also used just the same words 'the laws of Nature' as 'reason of nature' in other document, which meant totally different from international public law.