乱: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- かき乱す
- to stir up
- to disturb
- agitate
- perturb
- raid
- roil
- ruffle
- rumple
- 内裏乱入
- Intrusion into dairi (Imperial Palace)
- 永享の乱
- Eikyo War
- Eikyo Rebellion
- 磐井の乱
- The Iwai War
- Iwai Rebellion
- 乱の顛末
- Aftermath of the war
- Detailed Account of the War
- 乱の展開
- Evolution of the war
- Development of the War
- 乱の背景
- Background of the war
- 寧波の乱
- The Ningbo War
- Ningbo Turmoil
- 元弘の乱
- Genko no Ran (Genko Incident)
- Genkō War
- 乱行、乱心
- Misconduct or outrageous behavior due to mental instability
- 混乱の要因
- The primary factor of the disorder
- 両細川の乱
- The Two Hosokawas' War
- (安史の乱)
- (The An Shi Rebellion)
- 安史の乱まで
- Until the An Shi Rebellion
- 黄巣の乱まで
- Until the Huang Chao Rebellion
- 国土を乱す失
- Negligence by upsetting the country
- 保元・平治の乱
- Hogen/Heji War
- Hogen and Heiji Disturbances
- - 倭国大乱。
- The Wakoku War took place.
- 治承・寿永の乱
- The Jisho/Juei Rebellion
- Jisho-Juei disturbances
- Jisho-Juei War
- Genpei War
- 大塩平八郎の乱
- The Rebellion of Heihachiro OSHIO
- 公家衆乱行の発覚
- Unveiling of depravity of court nobles
- 寛平・延喜東国の乱
- The Kanpyo-Engi Togoku War
- Rayleigh散乱
- Rayleigh scattering
- 朝鮮名庚午三浦倭乱。
- The Korean name of this war is written as 庚午三浦倭乱 in Chinese characters (pronounced as Kogo Sanpo no Waran in Japanese), which basically means the 'Sanpo Japanese Rebellion in the Kogo period.'
- これが壬申の乱である。
- This is the Jinshin War.
- 承久の乱(1221年)
- 1221: The Jokyu War breaks out.
- 嘉元の乱(1305年)
- 1305: The Kagen Rebellion breaks out.
- 近因(私学校と士族反乱)
- Immediate Cause (Shigakko and rebellion of Warrior Class)
- 八条院領と治承・寿永の乱
- Hachijoin-ryo and the Jisho-Juei War
- 承久の乱で焼失し、再建。
- It burned down in the Jokyu War, but was rebuilt afterwards.
- 平禅門の乱(1293年)
- 1293: The Heizenmon Rebellion breaks out.
- 法華一揆(天文法華の乱)
- Hokke uprising (Tembun-hokke no Ran, or Tembun-hokke Rebellion)
- いわゆる嘉元の乱である。
- It was the so-called Kagen Disturbance.
- 三日平氏の乱 (平安時代)
- The Three-day War by the Taira Clan (Heian period)
- 大化の改新から壬申の乱まで
- From the Taika Reforms to the Jinshin Rebellion.
- 応仁の乱から明応の政変まで
- From the Onin War to Coup of Meio
- 戦乱の拡大と室町幕府の崩壊
- The spread of wars and rebellions and the collapse of the Muromachi bakufu
- 南北朝の争乱での武士の拡大
- The expansion of samurai during the disturbances of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 藤原仲麻呂の乱鎮定に功あり。
- He won a fame in suppressing the Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro.
- 一、衣装ノ品混乱スベカラズ。
- • Do not disturb the rules of costume.
- 壬申の乱の直後に天武天皇遷宮
- Immediately after the Jinshin War, Emperor Tenmu moved his residence here.
- 治承・寿永の乱の戦いの一つ。
- It's one of the battles in the Jisho Juei Rebellion.
- 足利義教時代から応仁の乱まで
- The period from the reign of Yoshinori ASHIKAGA to the Onin War
- この後、享禄・天文の乱が勃発。
- Later on, the Kyoroku-Tenbun War erupted.
- 唐は763年に何とか乱を収める。
- The Tang Dynasty managed somewhat to quell the rebellion in 763.
- 保元の乱の当事者のひとりである。
- He is one of the members who caused the Hogen Disturbance.
- 良い例は有名な平将門の乱である。
- A good example would be the famous TAIRA no Masakado War.
- 叛乱軍の勢い強く、大宰府に退く。
- The rebel army was strong, and he retreated to Dazaifu.
- 乱をようやく収めた代宗朝であった。
- The court of Daizong finally managed to quell the rebellion.
- その結果が黄巣の乱となって顕れる。
- The result of this was manifested in the Huang Chao Rebellion
- 一帯は戦乱や洪水で荒れ果てていた。
- The area was in a bad state due to the battles and floods.
- その最大の事件が平将門の乱である。
- The greatest incident of that was TAIRA no Masakado's War.
- 乱後、上皇の配流に伴い廃止された。
- After the Jokyu War, the group was dissolved when the Retired Emperor was sent to exile.
- 672年(弘文元年)壬申の乱である。
- This was the Jinshin War of 672.
- 乱の様子は『永享記』に記されている。
- Details of the Eikyo War are described in the 'Eikyo Ki' (Eikyo Chronicle).
- この現象は、平治の乱に既に見られる。
- This kind of phenomenon was also found during the Heiji Rebellion.
- 訳:衣装の等級を乱れさせてはならない。
- Translation: Do not disturb the rules of costume.
- 乱終結後も、忠恒は忠真を警戒し続けた。
- Even after the rebellion ended, Tadatsune was still wary of Tadamasa.
- 以仁王の乱、源頼政の挙兵とも呼ばれる。
- Prince Mochihito's uprising is also called the War of Prince Mochihito and MINAMOTO no Yorimasa's uprising.
- 唐では874年頃から黄巣の乱が起きた。
- In 874, the Huang Chao Rebellion occurred in the Tang Dynasty.
- 観応の擾乱では足利直義に加担して戦う。
- The clan aided Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA and fought in the Kanno Disturbance.
- 砲弾は天守にも命中、城内は大混乱となる。
- The artillery shells hit the main tower of the castle and caused havoc inside.
- しかし応仁の乱によりその過半が失われた。
- Unfortunately the greater part of it was lost due to the Onin War.
- 上杉謙信13歳(1543年、越後国内乱)
- Kenshin UESUGI, aged 13 (1543, Echigo Province Civil War)
- 乱後、秋田城は保則の手により再建された。
- Akita-jo Castle was restored by Yasunori after the rebellion.
- そして呉少誠が再び799年に乱を起こした。
- However, Shaocheng WU started another rebellion in 799.
- 地域社会が崩壊し、混乱は全国的に波及した。
- The local communities collapsed and chaos spread across the country.
- 略奪目的で乱入した土民が原因であるとする説。
- Another theory suggests that natives who had intruded into the castle for plunder set fire.
- 「敵軍天より下れり」と仰天した大友軍は混乱。
- The enemy fell from sky!' the Otomo camp was surprised and thrown into panic.
- 作者・成立年代も不明で、諸説入り乱れている。
- Neither the author nor the date of writing is known, and opposing theories abound.
- しかし唐が乱の勢力を根絶したわけではなかった。
- However, the Tang Dynasty did not eliminate the rebel forces.
- 「そのような行為は華夷秩序を乱す行為である。」
- These acts will disturb the Chinese Suzerainty over Korea.'
- 彼らは戦乱を避けて地方に疎開することもあった。
- They sometimes evacuated to provinces to avoid the maelstrom of war.
- 平治の乱を題材にした文学に『平治物語』がある。
- The 'Heiji monogatari' is a literary work that takes the Heiji Rebellion as its topic.
- これにより畿内周辺の叛乱はひとまず沈静化した。
- This quieted down the rebellions around Kinai.
- 佐藤進一は『南北朝の動乱』においてこう書いた。
- Shinichi SATO wrote in 'The Confusion of the Southern and Northern Imperial Courts' as follows.
- 1637年(寛文):島原・天草一揆(島原の乱)
- 1637: Shimabara-Amakusa ikki (Shimabara War)
- 応仁の乱では3度、観音寺城の攻城戦が展開される。
- In the Onin War, Kannonji-jo Castle was attacked three times.
- 平安時代末期の内乱、治承・寿永の乱の戦いの一つ。
- It was the Jisho-Juei war, one of the domestic conflicts during the late Heian period.
- 応仁の乱以後には3隻、人員300人に限定される。
- After the Onin War, the scale of Kenminsen was limited to three ships and 300 persons.
- 応仁の乱後の京都復興においての重要な階層である。
- This class played an important role in Kyoto reconstruction after the Onin War.
- この政変が士族反乱や自由民権運動の発端ともなった。
- Also, this political changes caused the Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) and Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right).
- 第四条 私ノ遺恨ヲ以テ放火其他乱暴ヲ為シタル者ハ斬
- Article 4 Those who set fire, use violence and so on from personal grudges shall be slain.
- 都城には旧領主であった北郷氏が復帰し乱は終結した。
- Miyakonoshiro was returned to the original lord the Hokugo clan, which was the end of the rebellion.
- 翌672年に古代最大の内戦である壬申の乱が起こる。
- In the following year of 672, the Jinshin War, which was the largest battle fought in ancient times, took place.
- 結局、大熊朝秀の反乱は失敗し、甲斐国へ逃れている。
- After all, Tomohide OKUMA's rebellion failed and he fled to Kai Province.
- しかし、本格的な騒乱は三好氏の政権掌握以降となる。
- However, real turbulence occurred after the Miyoshi clan took over the government.
- この不満が高じて承平・天慶の乱の発生要因となった。
- Their discontent, which increased over time, in part led to the Johei and Tengyo War.
- 『平家物語』によると、治承・寿永の内乱でも活躍した。
- According to 'Heike Monogatari' (The tale of the Heike), the party also took an active part in the Jisho-Juei Civil War.
- これらの不満の高まりが壬申の乱の背景となっていった。
- These growing complaints became the background of the Jinshin War.
- 赤松氏はこの乱によって全ての守護職を奪われ没落した。
- The Akamatsu clan was deprived of all positions of shugoshiki and went to ruin.
- 壬申の乱の原因として、いくつかの説が挙げられている。
- There are several theories of the cause of the Jinshin War.
- 乱直後、朝廷は、次代の天皇を誰にするかを幕府へ諮った。
- Immediately after the war, the Imperial Court asked the bakufu who the next Emperor would be.
- しかし、戦国時代には相次ぐ家中の内乱に悩まされていた。
- They were suffered from the successive disturbances within the family during the Warring States period.
- 反乱の拡大がないと見極めが着いた3月下旬に引き揚げた。
- His troop left the port when it was confirmed that there would be no revolt expansion.
- その上で、長尾氏の有力家臣北条高広に反乱を起こさせた。
- Then Harunobu made Takahiro KITAJO, a powerful retainer of the Nagao family, rebel against the family.
- 寛永14年~15年(1637年~1638年)島原の乱。
- The Shimabara War broke out, lasting two years from 1637 to 1638.
- すなわち、日夜見るものすべては混乱以外の何物でもない。
- All I could see day and night was nothing but confusion.
- (以後の経緯については、治承・寿永の乱も参照のこと。)
- (refer to the article on 'Jisho and Juei no ran' for further events)
- 城内が混乱した間隙を縫って立花軍が二ノ丸までを占拠した。
- The Tachibana Army occupied the second keep of the castle taking advantage of the confusion inside the castle.
- 4月8日、横堤が切れて城内へ浸水し、城方を混乱に陥れた。
- On May 19, the side bank was broken and the castle was flooded and fell into confusion.
- そして、およそ40年後の承久の乱に先駆けるものであった。
- And it was a harbinger of the Jokyu War about 40 years later.
- 同年11月、信玄は今川氏との同盟を破棄して駿河国に乱入。
- In November (in the old calendar) of the same year, Shingen stormed Suruga Province, breaking the ally relationship with the Imagawa clan.
- この乱によりキリスト教は幕藩体制を揺るがす元凶と考えた。
- This war made the Bakufu believe that Christianity might shake the feudal system that was characteristic of the shogunate.
- 藤原保則は武力によらず寛政によって反乱の鎮撫に成功した。
- FUJIWARA no Yasunori succeeded in pacifying the rebellion, not by force but through the use of kansei.
- 確かに一揆が反乱的、暴動的武力行使に踏み切ることもある。
- It is true that ikki sometimes embarked on a revolt or a riot using armed forces, but the use of armed forces doesn't necessarily constitute ikki.
- 壬辰倭乱をきっかけに朝鮮と日本の外交関係は断絶していた。
- Due to Jinshin waran (the Bunroku War in Korean), Japan and Korea broke their diplomatic relations.
- しかし、一揆の勢いは衰えず、9月中には京都市中にも乱入。
- However, the uprising kept spreading even into Kyoto City in September.
- 承久の乱について、神皇正統記には次のように記されている。
- Concerning the Jokyu war, the Jinno Shotoki has the following to say:
- また、乱世をいかに生きるかという自伝的な人生論でもある。
- Additionally, it contains an essay on his view of life, explaining how people should live in troubled times.
- 関東はそのうち、享徳の乱によって乱れに乱れることになる。
- Before long, the Kyotoku no Ran War (the turmoil of the Kyotoku War) takes place in the Kanto region, and the peace is disturbed.
- 近頃は近江や京でも戦乱がおき、勝四郎は宮木のことを思う。
- Around this time, the disturbances break out in Omi and Kyo, Katsushiro remembers Miyagi.
- 行成は取り乱さず、主殿司に冠を拾わせ事を荒立てなかった。
- Yet Yukinari did not lose his composure, avoiding any worsening of the quarrel by having a court servant pick up his cap for him.
- しかし、承久の乱後に六波羅探題が設置されたことで消滅した。
- However, this was abolished when Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) was established after the Jokyu War.
- 初めは官軍に与していた廬龍軍などが乱側に寝返ってしまった。
- Armies like the Lulong army that used to side with the imperial army switched sides and allied themselves with the rebels.
- - 壬申の乱で大海人皇子(天武天皇)に与して功績を上げた。
- He took sides with Prince Oama (Emperor Tenmu) in the Jinshin War, achieving great victories.
- 男の王が立つが、国が混乱し互いに誅殺しあい千余人が死んだ。
- A man was installed as king, however, the country fell into conflict, people accused and killed each other, and it resulted in over 1,000 death.
- 平氏勢力や各地の勢力の間で5年に渡る内乱が繰り広げられた。
- Civil war continued for five years between the Taira and regional clans.
- しかしながら、群盗の活動は収まらず乱が発生したものである。
- However, the activities of bandits could not be suppressed, with the war being raised.
- 結果として、抗議行動に出た者たちは反乱者として鎮圧された。
- Resultantly, those who protested with force were suppressed as rebels.
- だが元弘の乱の論功行賞において、後醍醐の側近が優遇された。
- The granting of rewards after the examination of services for the Genko no Ran was unfair, however.
- 君主の喪を隠したり、敵を混乱させる事等を目的に用いられた。
- Kagemusha was employed for the purposes including disguising the death of a lord, or confusing enemies.
- 以下では1331年から1333年までの戦乱について述べる。
- The conflicts from 1331 to 1333 are described below.
- 治承・寿永の乱に於いては湛増などが壇ノ浦などで活躍している。
- During Jisho-Juei War, Tanzo and other persons made achievements in Dannoura and other places.
- 謙信死後の御館の乱では一族間で上杉景勝派と上杉景虎派と分裂。
- In the Odate War, after the death of Kenshin, the Uesugi clan split into the two groups of Kagekatsu UESUGI and Kagetora UESUGI.
- これら人材は後の天正壬午の乱や軍制再編などで大いに貢献した。
- These former retainers of the Takeda clan made great contributions in the subsequent Tenshojingo War and the reorganization of the army.
- 映画と並び会社の中核とされるのがテレビ向け作品の乱発である。
- Along with films, one of Toei's core operations is said to be the excessive production of TV programs.
- 元禄赤穂事件、百姓一揆、打ちこわし、大塩平八郎の乱、剣術道場
- Genroku Ako Incident, peasant's revolt, destructive urban riot, Rebellion of Heihachiro OSHIO, and training halls of swordplay
- 5月 朝鮮政府、甲午農民戦争(東学党の乱)の鎮圧を清朝に依頼
- May: The Korean government requested Qing dynasty to suppress the Donghak Peasant Revolution (the Tonghak Uprising).
- 乱戦の最中、手薄となった信玄の本陣に政虎が斬り込みをかけた。
- During the confused fight, Masatora rushed with a sword on the Shingen's main military base that had become poorly guarded.
- 1510年の三浦の乱によって閉鎖され、二度と復活しなかった。
- After being closed due to the Sanpo War in 1510, it was never reopened.
- 1523年(大永3)の寧波の乱の結果、大内氏が権益を握った。
- The Ouchi clan gained the rights and interests after the Neiha war in 1523.
- 足利将軍家の家督争いなどから1467年に応仁の乱が起こった。
- The Onin War broke out in 1467 due to a succession dispute within the Ashikaga Shogun Family.
- 保元の乱前夜の摂関家や当時の故実を知る上で優れた史料である。
- It is an excellent historical document that describes Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor) at the dawn of the Hogen War and ancient practices at that time.
- 安禄山は自らの地位を失う恐怖から755年、ついに乱を起こした。
- Out of fear of losing his status, Lushan AN finally started a rebellion in 755.
- 治承・寿永の乱で活躍した山本義経・柏木義兼兄弟などが知られる。
- The two brothers, Yoshitsune YAMAMOTO and Yoshikane KASHIWAGI, who played active roles in the Jisho-Juei War, are well-known.
- 三浦の乱後、通交の断絶によって困窮した宗氏は大内義興を頼った。
- The So clan, suffering from dire poverty caused by the severance of friendly relations with Korean Dynasties as a result of the Sanpo disturbance, placed its reliance on Yoshioki OUCHI.
- 相馬御厨をめぐる攻防が、治承・寿永の乱の原動力の1つとなった。
- The battle over Soma-mikuriya served as one of the driving forces for the Jisho-Juei War.
- しかし幕府の対応は混乱し、赤松討伐軍は容易に編成されなかった。
- Responses by bakufu, however, confused and the punitive force to attack the Akamatsu clan was not easily organized.
- 1536年(天文 (日本)5年):花倉の乱(今川氏の家督争い)
- 1536: Hankura riot (struggle for family name inheritance in the Imagawa clan)
- 1640年(寛永17年):人吉藩お下の乱(相良氏 - 人吉藩)
- 1640: Hitoyoshi Domain Oshita-no-ran incident (Sagara clan; Hitoyoshi Domain)
- 保元の乱、平治の乱を経て平清盛が台頭し、平氏政権が形成された。
- After weathering two wars, the Hogen and the Heiji wars, TAIRA no Kiyomori rose to the pinnacle of power, and created a governmental adminstration controlled by the Taira clan.
- こうした混乱は、5年後に発生する応仁の乱への下敷きともなった。
- The turmoil led to the beginning of the Onin war five years later.
- その街の混乱や動揺する情景を眺めることは恐ろしいことであった。
- It was horrifying to see the confusion and turmoil of the city.
- 応仁の乱が終結した後も各地で守護大名同士の小競り合いは続いた。
- Even after the Onin War, the shugo daimyo had continuous skirmishes with each other throughout regions.
- 元弘の乱(げんこうのらん)は、1331年(元弘元年)に起きた。
- Genko no Ran was an anti-Kamakura bakufu movement broke out in 1331.
- その時村が殺された嘉元の乱で北条宗方を討ち、直後に連署となる。
- When Tokimura was killed in the Kagen Disturbance, he defeated Munekata HOJO and got a position of Rensho immediately after.
- 保元の乱・平治の乱勝利後の平家と敗れた源氏の対照を描いている。
- The tale describes the contrast between the Taira family and the Minamoto clan after Taira's victory in the Hogen and Heiji Wars.
- 河内源氏初代の源頼信は、平忠常の乱を鎮定し坂東に勢力を扶植した。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, the founder of Kawachi-Genji, subjugated the TAIRA no Tadatsune War and established the influence in Bando (old Kanto region).
- 斜陽期 - 源義家時代の後三年の役後~源義忠時代の兄源義親の反乱
- Declining period: After the Go Sannen no Eki (Later Three Years' Campaign) in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie ~ Rebellion by MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, an elder brother of MINAMOTO no Yoshitada in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoshitada.
- 没落期 - 源義忠時代の義忠暗殺事件~源義朝時代の平治の乱の敗北
- Fall period: Assassination of Yoshitada in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoshitada ~ Loss of the Heiji War in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo.
- 代宗は事態を収拾するために乱側の藩鎮の地位を保全して罪を赦した。
- Daizong, in order to control the situation, offered to guarantee the positions of the hanchin on the rebel side and pardoned them of their crimes.
- これについて兼実は「狂乱の世なり」としている(『玉葉』同日条)。
- Kanezane wrote about this, 'The world is insane' ('Gyokuyo,' entry of January 19).
- 反乱者である大海人皇子が勝利するという、例の少ない内乱であった。
- It was a rare domestic war in that the insurgent Prince Oama won.
- 乱の以前、平氏政権は主要官職を占めて多くの知行国を保有していた。
- Before the rebellion, the Taira clan government held many principal posts and had obtained governorship of many provinces.
- このことが治承・寿永の内乱へつながる一要因になったとされている。
- Their dissatisfaction is regarded as one of the factors that triggered the Jisho-Juei Civil War.
- 乱戦となり劣勢となった山名義数、小林上野介は討ち死に覚悟で突撃。
- The battle became chaotic, and Yoshikazu YAMANA and Kozukenosuke KOBAYASHI, who were losing ground, charged ahead, with an intention to die in the battle.
- スサノオノミコトは乱暴者なため、姉のオオミカミに反逆を疑われる。
- Susanoo no mikoto is such a ravager that his elder sister, Oomikami, suspected that he was rebellious against her.
- 『吉記』は「後に聞く」としてと戦場の混乱を以下のように記している。
- In 'Kikki,' there is a following description of the confusion on the battle area, stating that the author 'heard of it later.'
- 大衆は内裏に乱入すると、建礼門・建春門に神輿を据えて気勢を上げた。
- When the daishu intruded into the dairi, they placed the mikoshi at Kenrei-mon Gate and Kenshun-mon Gate and raised morale.
- が、その混乱に乗じ、京への復帰をもくろんだ前将軍足利義尹(義材)。
- However, former Shogun Yoshitada ASHIKAGA (Yoshiki) took advantage of the confusion, intending his return to Kyoto.
- 忠恒は、自ら乱を鎮圧するため、徳川家康の許可を得て本国へ帰国した。
- Tadatsune obtained permission from Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and returned to his province in order to quell the rebellion by himself.
- 日蓮宗側では「天文法難」と呼び、一般には「天文法乱」とも呼ばれる。
- It is called 'Tenmon-honan' by the Nichiren sect, and is also generally called 'Tenmon-horan.'
- 足利義稙は、応仁の乱で西軍の盟主に擁立された足利義視の嫡子である。
- Yoshitane ASHIKAGA was the heir of Yoshimi ASHIKAGA, who was backed by the leader of Western forces during the Onin War.
- この乱で清盛は後白河天皇に味方し、その武功により播磨国守となった。
- Kiyomori took Emperor Goshirakawa's side in this uprising and was rewarded the post of Harima no kuni no kami (the governor of Harima Province) for his efforts.
- 播磨国では赤松則村(円心)が挙兵し、その他の各地でも反乱が起きた。
- In Harima Province, Norimura AKAMATSU (Enshin) raised an army, and revolts occurred in other areas.
- 『平治物語』(へいじものがたり)は平治の乱の顛末を描いた軍記物語。
- 'Heiji Monogatari' is a war chronicle concerning the Heiji War.
- しかし成立間もない室町幕府は南北朝の動乱のなか財政的余裕はなかった。
- However the Muromachi Bakufu, which had just been established, did not have sufficient financial ability under the disturbances between Northern and Southern Dynasties.
- 1293年、成人した北条貞時は、平頼綱一族を討滅した(平禅門の乱)。
- Sadatoki HOJO, who reached adulthood in 1293, eliminated the family of TAIRA no Yoritsuna (Heizenmon Incident).
- その直後から加賀国・能登国・若狭国の北陸豪族達が反乱活動を開始する。
- Immediately afterwards, powerful families in the Hokuriku region (including Kaga Province, Noto Province and Wakasa Province) began to rebel.
- 江戸時代には諸侯の先祖を飾るため軍記物の偽作が横行し、系図が乱れた。
- In Edo period, forgeries of war tale were common in order to honor ancestors of feudal lords and genealogies were distorted.
- しかし、武力を用いる士族反乱の動きは西南戦争(1877年)で終わる。
- However, the period of shizoku's military struggle against the government ended with the Seinan War in 1877.
- これら幕府の対応の混乱は、義教の将軍親政策の結果という見方もできる。
- It can also be viewed that these confusions of bakufu's response were the result of Yoshinori's policy of direct rule of shogun.
- 弘安合戦、安達泰盛の乱、秋田城介(あきたじょうのすけ)の乱ともいう。
- This incident is also called the Battle of Koan, the Yasumori ADACHI war or the Jonosuke AKITA war.
- 上記の国政改革と並行して、東国では寛平・延喜東国の乱が発生していた。
- In parallel with the national reformation described above, Kanbyo Engi Togoku War (Disturbance by robberies in Togoku during the eras between Kanbyo [889 to 898] and Engi [901 to 923]) occurred.
- 同乱の叛乱側、追討側いずれも延喜期に勲功を挙げた者たちの子孫である。
- In this war, both the rebelling force and the hunting-and-killing force consisted of descendants of those who distinguished themselves during the Engi period.
- 元慶の乱では、ところどころ記録が欠けていると記して略した箇所がある。
- There are several parts regarding the Gangyo War in which it is stated that records are missing and details are omitted.
- 観応の擾乱が発生すると、足利尊氏は子である足利基氏を鎌倉へ派遣した。
- When the Kanno Disturbance occurred, Takauji ASHIKAGA dispatched his son Motouji ASHIKAGA to Kamakura.
- 唐は黄巣の乱によって致命傷を受け、形骸のみを残して、実質上は滅亡した。
- The Tang Dynasty got a fatal wound from the Huang Chao Rebellion, and even though it still had the outward appearance of being in power, it had, in reality, already fallen.
- 信長は2月3日に義昌の反乱を知ると武田勝頼討伐を決定、動員令を発した。
- When learning about the rebellion of Yoshimasa on February 3, 1582, Nobunaga decided to subjugate Katsuyori TAKEDA and issued mobilization orders.
- 近江朝の軍は美濃にも向かったが、指導部の足並みの乱れから前進が滞った。
- The Omi Court army headed for Mino but the advancement was stopped due to bad leadership.
- 関ヶ原の戦い、大坂の役、参勤交代、武家諸法度、武断政治、天草の乱、鎖国
- Battle of Sekigahara, the Siege of Osaka, the daimyo's alternate-year residence system in Edo (Sankinkotai), Laws Governing Military Households, military government, Shimabara Rebellion, and national isolation
- 日本は、応仁の乱や明応の政変を契機として戦国時代 (日本)に突入した。
- Japan plunged into the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) with advent of the Onin War and Meio Incident.
- 信西一門の政治主導に対する反発が、平治の乱勃発の最大の原因と思われる。
- The backlash generated by the political initiatives Shinzei and his family were launching is considered to be the biggest cause of the outbreak of the Heiji Rebellion.
- 940年前後に発生した承平天慶の乱は、このような不満の実体化であった。
- The Johei and Tengyo War that occurred around 940 was the embodiment of their discontent.
- 闇夜の進軍のため各隊の連係は乱れがちで各個に京へ突入することになった。
- Because the army advanced in the moonless night the squads were uncoordinated, and they ended up entering Kyoto separately.
- 第七段、スサノオは乱暴をはたらき、アマテラスは天の岩戸に隠れてしまう。
- The seventh section: Susanoo committed an outrage and Amaterasu hid behind Ama no Iwato (The cave of the sun god).
- 更に乱の途中からそれまで置いていなかった内地にも次々に藩鎮が設置された。
- Furthermore, during the war, hanchin was set up one after another in the internal regions that did not have them until then.
- 従って承平天慶の乱(承平5年、935年)がその初期の現われとみなされる。
- Therefore, the Johei and Tenkyo War (in 935) is regarded as an early sign of it.
- 以来、越後国の国人として承久の乱では頼連が北条朝時軍に参加するなどした。
- Subsequently, as Kokujin (local samurai) of Echigo Province, Yoritsura participated in the army of Tomotoki HOJO as part of the Jokyu War.
- 乱舞した人びとが宮中に入り、「一城の人、皆狂うがごとし」との記録がある。
- The people rushed into the court, dancing frantically, which was recorded as 'all the people in the castle looked crazy.'
- ただし、1221年の承久の乱での勝利をもって幕府の成立とする見解もある。
- However, one theory states that the bakufu was formed as a result of victory in the Jokyu War of 1221.
- このため家中の不満は忠棟に集中し、家中を乱す「佞人」であるとも呼ばれた。
- Consequently, discontent within the Shimazu family was concentrated on Tadamune and he was called the 'flatterer, crafty person' who was disturbing the Shimazu family.
- 三好長慶の死後の混乱を経て織田信長の上洛によって平定されていく事になる。
- After confusion caused by Chokei MIYOSHI's death, such countries were conquered by Nobunaga ODA's entrance into Kyoto.
- 13世紀前半の承久の乱の結果、公家政権は武家政権に寄生する存在となった。
- As a result of the Jokyu War during the first half of thirteenth century, the Kuge government became a parasite on the back of the military government.
- 治承・寿永の乱は、源平合戦(または「源平の戦い」)と呼ばれることも多い。
- The Jisho/Juei Rebellion is often referred to as the 'Genpei Gassen' (or 'Genpai no tatakai' (battle between the Taira and Minamoto clans)).
- 乱が西軍劣勢で収束すると、父とともに土岐成頼を頼って美濃国へ逃れていた。
- When the war was resolved as the Western forces were outnumbered, he and his father escaped to Mino Province, relying on Shigeyori TOKI.
- 元慶の乱(がんぎょうのらん)は平安時代に起きた俘囚(蝦夷)の反乱である。
- The Gangyo War, which occurred in the Heian period, was a rebellion by the Ifu, or less assimilated Emishi (unassimilated northerners) under the rule of the Imperial Court.
- これに触発されて播磨では赤松則村(円心)が蜂起し、伊予でも反乱が起こる。
- Encouraged by this, Norimura AKAMATSU (Enshin) rose in rebellion in Harima Province and a similar rebellion occurred in Iyo Province.
- のち、勝元と宗全が対立し応仁の乱が勃発すると、貞親は赦免されて復権した。
- When Onin War subsequently broke out due to the conflict between Katsumoto and Sozen, Sadachika was pardoned and reinstated..
- 1510年に発生した三浦の乱により、日本と朝鮮王朝との通交は断絶していた。
- The friendly relationship between Japan and Korean Dynasties had been severed due to the Sanpo disturbance in 1510.
- 更に景虎と不和になった大熊朝秀を調略し、反乱を起こさせて越後侵攻を図った。
- Furthermore, maneuvering Tomohide OKUMA who had caused friction with Kagetora, he made Okuma rebel Kagetora, to invade Echigo.
- さらに壬申の乱に勝利した天武天皇は権力集中を徹底し、天皇の神格化を図った。
- Furthermore, Emperor Tenmu who won the Jinshin War concentrated power thoroughly and attempted to deify the Emperor.
- 源頼朝を首長とする鎌倉幕府は、治承・寿永の乱で勝利して平氏政権を打倒した。
- The Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) with MINAMOTO no Yoritomo as its chief defeated the Taira clan government in the Jisho-Juei War.
- しかしながら、守護大名の拡大指向は根強く、幕府対守護の戦乱が多数発生した。
- However, the Shugo daimyo tried tenaciously to expand their power, and many battles were fought between the bakufu and Shugo.
- 近年猥りに勅許の事、且つは臈次を乱し、且つは官寺を汚し、甚だ然るべからず。
- In recent times, imperial sanctions have been issued without reason, disrupting roji and defiling state-sponsored temples, and this is very unsuitable.
- 義仲軍は京で乱暴狼藉を働き、やがて皇位継承を巡って後白河天皇とも対立した。
- Yoshinaka's troops brought violence and riots to Kyoto, and with time, he was in conflict with Emperor Goshirakawa over succession to the imperial throne.
- 保元・平治両乱は政治抗争が武力で解決されることを示した歴史的な事件だった。
- Both the Hogen no ran (Hogen Rebellion) and Heiji no ran (Heiji Rebellion) were historical events that indicated that political conflict can be solved by military force.
- 戦乱が続く時代だったが内外の通商は盛んで、農業・工業ともに技術が向上した。
- Despite being a period of continuous warfare and turmoil, both domestic and overseas trade flourished, and significant technological advances were made in both agriculture and industry.
- そのために貫高制は経済的に混乱し、やむなく米などによる代納も行われていた。
- As a result, kandaka sei became disorganized economically, and there were cases in which the payment of tax by rice, instead of by coins, was accepted under unavoidable circumstances.
- 『保元物語』(ほうげんものがたり)は保元の乱の顛末を描いた軍記物語である。
- 'Hogen Monogatari' is a war tale that describes the Hogen Disturbance.
- 平治元年には藤原信頼が義朝を語らって反乱を起こし、信西を殺害、獄門にする。
- FUJIWARA no Nobuyori rises in revolt, assuming Yoshitomo's name in the first year of Heiji; he kills Shinzei and displays his severed head at the prison gates.
- 上皇方に参陣した為義は乱後に死罪となり、為義の子の源為朝は流罪に処せられた。
- Tameyoshi, who fought on the side of the retired Emperor, was executed after the War and his son, MINAMOTO no Tametomo was banished.
- 鰻温泉にいた西郷はこれらの乱の報告を聞き、11月、桂久武に対し書簡を出した。
- SAIGO, who was staying at Unagi Hot Spring, received reports of these rebellions and sent a letter to Hisatake KATSURA in November.
- 両乱で大きな勲功のあった平清盛は異例の出世を遂げ、後白河天皇の院政を支えた。
- TAIRA no Kiyomori, who distinguished himself during these two wars, developed his career and supported Goshirakawa's cloister government.
- 尊氏軍は時行軍を鎌倉から追い出し、時行は消息を絶ち、時行の反乱は鎮圧された。
- Takauji's army removed Tokiyuki's army from Kamakura, then Tokiyuki disappeared and his revolt was quashed.
- 直義は三河国に駐在し、乱の報告を京都に伝えると同時に成良親王を返還している。
- Naoyoshi stayed in Mikawa Province, sent a report on the war to Kyoto and sent back Imperial Prince Nariyoshi.
- 1510年には朝鮮側が制裁として貿易統制を加えたことによって三浦の乱が発生。
- In 1510, the Sanpo War erupted after the Korean Government imposed trading control as sanctions.
- 社会的混乱から諸国では悪党の活動が活発化し、幕府は次第に支持を失っていった。
- That activated Akuto (a villain of the medieval times) in the respective provinces, and gradually the bakufu lost support.
- このうち奥州合戦、和田合戦、承久の乱については、ほぼその軍奉行が推定出来る。
- Among these records, it is almost possible to identify the military commissioners in the battle of Oshu, the Wada battle, and the Jokyu Disturbance.
- この混乱によってデモ隊は、4列縦隊を崩し、道路の中央部分を進行する形となった。
- In the confusion the demonstration march was not in fours and moved forward in the center of the street.
- 実朝の暗殺を幕府の混乱・弱体化と見た後鳥羽は、幕府打倒を計画するようになった。
- He saw the assassination of Sanetomo as disorder and weakening within the bakufu and planned to defeat it.
- 継体天皇の時代に九州北部で起こった磐井の乱の鎮圧を命じられたのが物部氏だった。
- When the Iwai War occurred in the northern Kyushu area during the era of the Emperor Keitai, it was the Mononobe clan which was ordered to suppress the revolt.
- まず織田信長軍の鉄砲隊が有岡城に乱射し、次いで弓 (武器)隊が町屋を放火した。
- At first, musket troops of Nobunaga ODA fired at random at Arioka-jo Castle and shooting units set fire to townhouses.
- 更にその火が大火を招き、京都は延焼面積では応仁の乱に勝る被害を受けたとも言う。
- Furthermore, the initial fire caused a larger fire, which is said damaged an area of Kyoto surpassing the damage done in the Onin War.
- 1536年には日蓮宗は比叡山延暦寺と衝突して天文法華の乱と呼ばれる騒動となる。
- In 1536 the Nichiren sect came into conflict with Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei, leading into the Tenbun Hokke no Ran (The Lotus War of the Tenbun era).
- 加賀国(石川県)では、室町時代に応仁の乱で東軍に属した守護の富樫氏を追放した。
- In Kaga Province, the powers of ikki expelled the Togashi clan, which belonged to the Eastern Camp in the Onin War and had served as the shugo.
- 落武者(おちむしゃ)とは、戦乱において敗者として生き延び、逃亡する武士のこと。
- An ochimusha is a samurai of a defeated army who survives and flees from the war.
- 真田信繁(幸村)は7人もの影武者を用いて、戦場で敵を混乱させたといわれている。
- It is said that Nobushige (Yukimura) SANADA confused his enemies in the battlefield using as many as seven kagemushas.
- 応仁の乱で美濃国守護代斎藤妙椿を頼り、美濃の地に春楊坊を結庵、その地で没した。
- During the Onin War, with the help of Myochin SAITO, Shugodai (the acting Military Governor) of Mino Province, he made his residence at Shunyo-bo in Mino, and later passed away there.
- 88節に渡り、建武の新政当時の混乱する政治・社会を批判、風刺した七五調の文書。
- It consists of 88 stanzas, and was written in seven-and-five-syllable meter, criticizing and satirizing politics and society in the chaotic days of the Kenmu Restoration.
- とくに『兵範記』は乱に実際かかわった平信範の日記であり、信憑性はきわめて高い。
- Among them, 'Heihan-ki' is a diary of TAIRA no Nobunori, who was in fact involved in the conflict, and is considered to be credible.
- 室町時代の応仁の乱では、六角氏が西軍に属したため同族の京極持清に攻められている。
- The Rokkaku clan was attacked by their kin, Mochikiyo KYOGOKU, in the Onin War that broke out in the Muromachi period, because the Rokkaku clan was allied with the Western camp.
- この虚を突いて783年に乱が起こり、元幽州節度使の朱沘を擁立して長安を占拠した。
- Taking advantage of this void, soldiers rose in rebellion in 783 and occupied Chang'an, supporting a former setsudoshi named Zhu Ci as their leader.
- 朝鮮人は反撃のために約700人を集結させ、京都駅前で的屋・博徒と大乱闘になった。
- To retaliate, Koreans gathered about 700 people and a major clash erupted including the vendors and the gamblers in front of Kyoto station.
- 謀叛(むほん)とは、現代の日本語では、家臣が主君に対して企てる反乱のことである。
- In today's Japanese, muhon means a rebellion raised by a vassal against his lord.
- この曲解とは、私学校を政府への反乱を企てる志士を養成する機関だとする見解である。
- In other words, the central government took Shigakko for schools for training patriots to rebel against the government.
- これは三好政権の混乱の一因となり、足利義昭を擁立する織田信長を利する結果となる。
- This became a factor of confusion in the Miyoshi regime, eventually working in the interests of Nobunaga ODA who supported Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA.
- 承久の乱後には鎌倉幕府が備前国・備中国両国より兵粮米を受け取る権利が認められた。
- After the Jokyu War, the authority of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to collect provisions for the troops from both Bizen and Bicchu provinces was recognized.
- 固関使が派遣され関所が固められ、さながら承平・天慶の乱の時のようであったという。
- Guards were dispatched to man the checking stations, and the situation seemed to be identical to that the war of Johei-Tengyo erupted.
- 細川氏と大内氏が実権を巡り衝突(寧波の乱)して、以後大内氏が貿易の実権を握った。
- The Hosokawa and Ouchi clans clashed over who would hold true authority over the trade (in what was called the Ningbo Turmoil); following this, the Ouchi clan managed to seize de facto control over the China trade.
- そしてのそ戦乱の危機を領主達が、逃れられないものとして受け入れた時期とも言える。
- This was the same period when lords began to accept the turmoil or war as something that they could not escape from.
- また、地上波放送などの電波が乱反射し、受信障害や異常伝播を引き起こすこともある。
- In addition, such kosa sometimes reflects terrestrial radio wave irregularly, causing receiving failures or abnormal transmission of the radio wave.
- 1221年の承久の乱においては上皇軍として参戦したが、一ヶ月あまりで鎮圧された。
- In 1221, they participated in the Jokyu War as the army of the Retired Emperor, but were defeated after about one month of the battle.
- だが、公家社会の中に支持皇統による派閥が生じるようになるなど混乱を引き起こした。
- That led to disruption among the Imperial nobles, by which they became factionalized according to the supporting imperial lines.
- これに反発した成徳・天雄・平盧・山南東道(陝西東部)の梁祟義が連合して乱を起こす。
- Chongyi LIANG from Chengde, Tenyu, Pinglu and Shannan East (eastern part of Shaanxi) who was dissatisfied with this treatment formed an alliance and started a rebellion.
- 忠久は比企氏の乱で一時失脚するも後に復権、戦国大名島津氏の経済基盤になるにいたる。
- After Tadahisa was briefly overthrown in a conflict with the Hiki clan, the manor was reinstated and became an economic base of the Shimazu clan of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).
- 水戸と彦根を和解させた都市は敦賀市だが、敦賀は天狗党の乱が悉く殺された土地である。
- The reconciliation between Mito and Hikone was made possible by Tsuruga City, Fukui Prefecture, although Tsuruga is the place where the Tenguto no Ran (Rebellion of Tenguto) was subdued completely.
- 全一巻の『嘉吉記』には、嘉吉の乱から後の神器奪還までの赤松氏の事情が記されている。
- The Akamatsu's circumstances from the Kakitsu War to the recapture of jingi (the sacred treasures) were recorded in 'Kakitsuki' that consists of only one volume.
- 陶器(とうき)と混乱を避けるため、現代の考古学用語としては須恵器が一般化している。
- In order to avoid confusion with 陶器 which is read 'Toki' meaning earthenware nowadays, the archaeological term 'Sueki' is commonly used.
- 承久の乱では惣領・木田重国とその子木田重知をはじめ一族の者が京方に属して討死した。
- In the Jokyu War, some members of the clan including Shigekuni KIDA, the heir of the clan, and his son Shigetomo KIDA were killed as they belonged to kyogata (the Kyoto side or supporters of the Imperial court in Kyoto).
- 根拠のない迷信であること、無用な混乱を避けるなどの理由により採用しないものである。
- It is because they are groundless superstitions and to avoid needless confusion.
- 倭の五王の後、5世紀後葉から6世紀前葉にかけてヤマト王権内部の政治混乱が見られた。
- After the five kings of Wa, political confusion was observed inside the Yamato sovereignty in from the latter half of the fifth century to the first half of the sixth century.
- しばらく倭国は政治的に安定していたが、2世紀後半に倭国大乱と呼ばれる内乱が生じた。
- For a while, Wa stayed stable politically, but a civil war called the Wakoku War broke out in the latter half of the second century.
- 特に争乱の多かった関東では、在地の富豪や豪族が公的な軍事力を担うようになっていた。
- In particular, in the Kanto region where fighting occurred frequently, local rich persons or powerful clans had come to bear public military burdens.
- また、納屋衆(倉庫業)として10人が訴訟を評定した(『糸乱記』)とする資料もある。
- Moreover, some accounts say that ten members as nayashu (warehousing business) were consulting on court cases ('Shiranki').
- 10世紀前半、東国では寛平・延喜東国の乱、西国では承平南海賊という戦乱が発生した。
- In the early 10th century, Kanbyo Engi Togoku War took place in the east, and Joheinankaizoku (rebellion by pirates in Seto inland sea) in the west.
- この乱における第4代鎌倉公方足利持氏の敗死によって鎌倉府は長官が一時不在となった。
- As the fourth Kamakura kubo, Mochiuji ASHIKAGA was defeated and killed in this war, and the top of the Kamakurafu became vacant for a while.
- 承久3年(1221年)の承久の乱で戦功を挙げた三沢為光は、出雲国三沢荘を与えられた。
- Tamemitsu MISAWA was awarded the Misawa manor in Izumo Province after his distinguished military service in the Jokyu War in 1221.
- また戦時下での混乱により諸勢力による宮殿・王陵、官庁、文化財の破壊や略奪が行われた。
- During confusion in wartime, various powers destroyed and despoiled palaces, tombs of kings, governmental offices and cultural properties.
- 更に後退の際に城方の追撃を受け、戸石城の信幸も横合いから攻めるに及びついに壊乱した。
- In addition, they were chased by the castle side army as they retreated, Nobuyuki in Toishi-jo Castle also attacked from the side, and the army finally collapsed.
- 院御所の襲撃は平治の乱の前例があるが、藤原信頼の目的はあくまで信西一派の捕縛だった。
- The antecedent of the attack on In no gosho was the Heiji War, but FUJIWARA no Nobuyori's goal was to seize the Shinsei group.
- 永享11年(1439年)の永享の乱では、長年対立していた関東公方足利持氏を滅ぼした。
- In the Eikyo War in 1439, he destroyed Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, Kanto-kubo, against whom he had conflicts for a long time.
- このように同族内でも頼綱方と泰盛方に分かれるなど、幕府を大きく二分した争乱であった。
- This conflict split the bakufu into two large groups, even a family was broken down into two; Yoritsuna party and Yasumori party,
- 後漢末期から戦乱の時代が長く続き、中国の社会は混乱を極め、ほとんど崩壊に至っていた。
- Following the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a long period of war, bringing Chinese society to the brink of collapse.
- 承久3年(1221年)、承久の乱後の朝廷へ対しての処理として、六波羅探題が置かれる。
- In 1221, the rokuhara tandai (Rokuhara deputies) was founded as the disposition for the Imperial court after Jokyu Rebellion.
- 専横を振るった細川政元も香西元長・薬師寺長忠らに暗殺された(1507年永正の錯乱)。
- Masamoto HOSOKAWA, who had been extremely domineering, was assassinated by Motonaga KOZAI, Nagatada YAKUSHIJI and so on (Eisho Disturbance in 1507).
- しかし、乱の反省から朝廷は彼らを五位・六位といった受領級の中・下流貴族に昇進させた。
- However, reviewing why such a war occurred, the Imperial Court advanced their positions to middle or lower-class nobles, or the class of zuryo who were at the rank of Goi (Fifth Rank) or Rokui (Sixth Rank).
- また仮にもっとも遅い13世紀説が正しいとすれば、当然源平の争乱の後ということになる。
- Even if the later theory of the thirteenth century was correct, it was definitely after the Genpei War.
- 平治の乱以降、平氏は新たな秩序を中央政界においても武士社会においても構築していった。
- Following the Heiji War, the Taira clan established a new order both in the national political arena and the samurai warrior society.
- ただし、宗氏による通交権の集中は三浦の乱以前から行われていた可能性も指摘されている。
- However, it is also pointed out that the concentration of the trading rights in the So clan had possibly existed even before the Sanpo War.
- この変色現象は、黄砂の粒子が太陽光の一部を遮蔽して弱め、残りを散乱することで起きる。
- These appearance-changing phenomena occur because kosa sand grains prevent the penetration of some of the sunlight, reducing the strength of the light, and scatter the remaining light.
- 文禄・慶長の役(朝鮮出兵。韓国では壬辰倭乱・丁酉再乱と呼称)以前は複数箇所存在した。
- Prior to the Bunroku-Keicho War (Japan's Invasion of Korea, it is called Jinshin waran and Teiyu sairan in Korea) there were several Wakan.
- 信西が平治の乱(1159年)で死んだため、未定稿に終わったうえ、多くが散逸している。
- Since Shinzei died during the Heiji War in 1159, the book was left unfinished, and moreover, a large part of it was scattered and lost.
- 保元元年(1156年)に起こった保元の乱を中心に、その前後の事情を和漢混淆文で描く。
- It was written in a mixture of Japanese and Chinese, focusing especially on the Hogen Disturbance of 1156 and also dealing with the circumstances before and after the conflict.
- 平治の乱ののち、平清盛は後白河上皇の信任を得て、法住寺御所の近くに蓮華王院を造営した。
- After the Heiji War, TAIRA no Kiyomori was trusted by Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, and constructed and operated Rengeo-in Temple near Hoju-ji Temple Gosho (palace).
- 結果、大内氏の本拠である山口は応仁の乱で荒廃した京都よりはるかに繁栄することとなった。
- As a result, Yamaguchi, the base of the Ouchi clan, prospered far more than Kyoto that was devastated by the Onin War.
- 応仁の乱の際に船岡山をめぐりおこった戦いと区別するため「永正の船岡山の戦い」ともいう。
- It is also called 'the Battle of Funaokayama in the Eisho era' in order to differentiate from the battle which broke out at Funaokayama during the Onin War.
- その中で彼は上記のような土地問題を、更にはそれらが地方政治を乱していると指摘している。
- In the statement, he pointed out the land issues described above and indicated that they disrupted the local politics.
- 乱後、大友皇子が東海道を下り、上総国に逃れたとする主張もある(詳しくは飯給駅を参照)。
- Also there is a thesis that after the war, Prince Otomo went down to Kazusa Province through Tokaido Road (refer to Itabu station for more detail).
- この改革案は県令大山綱良の反対と地方の乱の発生により、その大部分が実行不可能となった。
- Opposed by prefectural governor Tsunayoshi OYAMA and triggered local rebellions, the most part of the reform bill cannot be put into effect.
- これで士族解体の方向が決定付けられてしまったため、士族の反乱が頻発し、西南戦争に至る。
- That set the trend towards dissolving the warrior class, causing the rebellion of persons in the warrior class to occur frequently and leading to the occurrence of the Seinan War.
- 戦争にともなう経済の混乱は貧富の差の拡大をもたらし、多くの農民が没落し小作農となった。
- The economic confusion having accompanied the war increased the difference between the rich and the poor, reducing many farmers to tenant farmers.
- 水戸藩の要請を受けた幕府軍の追撃により壊滅させられる事件も発生した(天狗党の乱参照)。
- Another incident involved the pursuit and destruction of the bakufu's army, as demanded by Mito domain (See the Tengu Party War).
- 幕府が鎖国に踏み切った決定的な事件は寛永14年(1637年)に起こった島原の乱である。
- The critical incident that urged the Bakufu to launch into seclusionism was the Shimabara War in 1637.
- 保元元年(1156年)、治天の君及び摂関の座をめぐる対立が激化し、保元の乱が発生した。
- The conflict over the position of Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) and Regent became intense and the Hogen no ran (Hogen Rebellion) occurred in 1156.
- 結果、応仁の乱は首都・京都を焦土としただけで何ら勝敗を決することなく終結したのである。
- Hence, the Onin War ended without any sort of conclusive victory for either side; the only thing it had accomplished was the near-total destruction of the capital, Kyoto.
- 三浦の乱・・・三浦(乃而浦(鎮海市)、富山浦(釜山市)、塩浦)に定住する日本人が反乱。
- The Sanpo Disturbance: an insurrection by the Japanese settlers living in Sanpo (the city of Naijiho, today known as Jinhae city) and Fuzanho (the city of Busan, or Shiho).
- 叛乱勢力であり親王任国の慣習を守る必要は無いのだが、伝統として定着していたのであろう。
- Being a rebel, he was not obliged to observe the custom of Shinno-ningoku, but it seems this custom took root as a tradition.
- しかし、それでも源平の争乱は僅かに5年であり、しかも東から西に漸次戦場を移していった。
- However, even the Genpei War lasted only five years and gradually shifted the battle field from east to west.
- 偽使の派遣は三浦の乱以前にも行われていたが、三浦の乱をきっかけに本格化することになる。
- They had sent gishi even before the Sanpo War, but the Sanpo War made them send gishi more frequently.
- 1293年(正応6年)4月に、今度は執権北条貞時自身がその平頼綱を討つ(平禅門の乱)。
- In April of 1293, regent Sadatoki HOJO himself killed TAIRA no Yoritsuna (known as the Taira no Zenmon Disturbance).
- 天下統一が如実に表れているのが、天正19年(1591年)に起こった九戸政実の乱であろう。
- Kunohe-masazane-no-ran (the Rebellion of Masazane KUNOHE), which occurred in 1591, proved Hideyoshi's unification.
- 続いて律令制の衰退に伴う地方政治の紊乱によって算道に対する需要が減少していくことになる。
- Then, the demand for Sando decreased due to the corruption of local politics posed by the decline of the Ritsuryo system.
- 清涼殿にいて難を逃れた公卿たちは大混乱に陥り、醍醐天皇も急遽清涼殿から常寧殿に避難した。
- The court nobles who were in the Seiryoden and were able to escape danger were thrown into a panic, and Emperor Daigo escaped hurriedly from the Seiryoden to the Joneiden (Empress' residence).
- その後、天皇の代替わりや災害・戦乱などを機に徳政と王権誇示を意図した新制が度々出された。
- After that, new shinsei aimed at the display of benevolent rule and royalty was frequently issued on the occasions of change of emperors, disaster, and war, etc.
- 当時は南北朝時代 (日本)の内乱期であり、公事や朝儀は振るわず、歌道もその影響を受けた。
- As Japan was in the state of civil war during the Northern and Southern period (Japan), kuji (political operations of the Imperial Court) and chogi (ceremonies at the Imperial Court) were inert at that time and the art of waka poetry was also affected.
- また、紀尾井坂の変に至るまでの、実力行使と武力による争乱の時代が幕を開けることとなった。
- In addition, a time of conflict and use of military force resulting in the Kioizaka Incident started.
- 重長の子たちは美濃の源氏として治承・寿永の乱を戦い、木田重広やその甥木田重兼が討死した。
- Shigenaga's children had fought in the Jisho-Juei Civil War as members of Mino-Genji, resulting in the deaths of Shigehiro KIDA and his nephew Shigekane KIDA.
- 先の応仁の乱では、幕府の管領を務めた細川勝元に従って、他の国人衆とともに合戦に参加した。
- During the Onin War, members of the clan had served Kanrei (Shogunal deputy) Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and fought battles as was the case for other governors.
- ちょうど官軍守兵の交替期で、其時、守兵の混乱雑踏と云ふものは、殆ど形容することが出来ぬ。
- Since it was just the time when the defense soldiers of the government army changed, the ensuing confusion and crowds of the defense soldiers were almost beyond description.
- しかしこれを契機に諸国の反平氏勢力が兵を挙げ、全国的な動乱である治承・寿永の乱が始まる。
- However, the uprising provided an opportunity for forces throughout the provinces that opposed the Taira clan to mobilize, leading to the breakout of the Genpei War (the war between the Minamoto and the Taira; in Japanese it is called the Jisho-Juei War, so named for the two eras in which it occurred), an uprising that was truly countrywide in scale.
- 応仁の乱で京都が荒廃すると、公家や禅僧は地方に移り、学問や文化の地方波及や庶民化が進む。
- When Kyoto was reduced to ruins during the Onin War, nobles and Zen monks relocated to the countryside, further spreading scholarship and culture in the provinces and advancing commoner culture as well.
- 乱のあと、将軍の権威に変わる形で管領細川政元が絶大的な権力者として台頭するようになった。
- After the war, the Shogun's former authority transferred to the Kanrei Masamoto HOSOKAWA, who rose to prominence as a figure of tremendous power.
- 青の変色はおもにミー散乱によるものと考えられており、同様の原理で火星の夕焼けは青くなる。
- It is considered that the change to blue color is caused mainly by Mie scattering, and due to a similar principle, Mars looks blue in the evening glow.
- 河内源氏の本拠地の河内国ではなく坂東を地盤とした義朝は勢力回復を企てて平治の乱を起こした。
- Yoshitomo, based in Bando not in Kawachi Province that was the stronghold of Kawachi-Genji, started the Heiji War in a bid to regain power.
- 承久の乱後、急増した訴訟事件を公平に処理するため、泰時は明確な裁判基準を定めることとした。
- After the Jokyu War, Yasutoki established clear judicial criteria in order to fairly handle the rapidly increasing lawsuits.
- 『鎌倉持氏記』(かまくらもちうじき)は、室町時代の永享の乱・結城合戦を描いた軍記物である。
- Kamakura Mochiuji ki is a military diary depicting the Eikyo Rebellion and Yuki Battle during the Muromachi period.
- 天武天皇元年は干支で壬申(じんしん、みずのえさる)にあたるためこれを壬申の乱と呼んでいる。
- The year 672 corresponding to Jinshin (ninth year of the sixty-year Chinese calendrical cycle) so it was called the Jinshin War.
- これを、大塩平八郎の乱で神経を尖らせていた幕府目付鳥居耀蔵が敵視し尚歯会に目をつけていた。
- Yozo TORII, the bakufu's metsuke (inspector of foot soldiers), hostilely viewed his opposition and targeted Shoshikai as he had heightened the sensitivity due to Oshio Heihachiro no ran (Rebellion of Oshio Heihachiro).
- 押勝はこれを除くために764年(天平宝字8年)に反乱を起こして敗死した(藤原仲麻呂の乱)。
- Oshikatsu initiated a revolt to remove Dokyo in 764 but was defeated and died.
- 政府は戦費調達のため不換紙幣を乱発し(→国立銀行 (明治))、インフレーションが発生した。
- To procure the war cost, the government issued lots of inconvertible paper currency (refer to the national bank (in the Meiji period)), causing inflation.
- 而して隊長は、谿を下り、岡許に退さしを以て、其命を伝ふるに暇あらず、賊は巳に坪屋に乱入す。
- The troop commander went down a valley and retreated to Okamoto, and therefore, there was no time to send his command, and the rebels had already rushed in Tsuboya.
- この時の整理令は摂関家内部の確執による対応の乱れもあって、比較的成果を収めたとされている。
- Seiri-rei in those times are said to have relatively had accomplishments, partly because of the disorder in response due to feud within the sekkan-ke.
- 頼朝は、当初国衙の主として朝廷公家に追い使われていた東国武士集団反乱の旗手として登場する。
- Yoritomo appeared as a flagman in revolts by samurai groups in the eastern countries, who originally served as court nobles of the Imperial Court as lords of kokuga.
- 単に落人と言った場合、治承・寿永の乱に敗れた伊勢平氏の郎党およびその末裔を指すことが多い。
- When the term of ochudo is used with no additional explanation, it mostly means roto (retainers) of the Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) defeated in Jisho-Juei War and their descendants.
- 1030年(長元3)の平忠常の乱に際して追討使に任じられた源頼信がすぐに忠常を帰服させた。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, who was appointed tsuitoshi (the person in charge of searching for and capturing criminals) in the TAIRA no Tadatsune War in 1030, made Tadatsune surrender immediately.
- 頼朝はこの反乱を鎮圧したものの、北関東の情勢は頼朝にとって非常に不安定な状態に陥っていた。
- Although Yoritomo suppressed this rebellion, the situation in Kita Kanto (Northern Kanto) became extremely unstable for Yoritomo.
- こうした交易の制限を巡る軋轢が繰返される中、宗氏は不満を募らせ三浦の乱の一因となっていく。
- Dissatisfaction was growing at the So clan due to a number of conflicts over the trade restrictions, and that became one of the triggers for the Sanpo War.
- この反乱には、伊集院氏名義の使船の乗組員が出港を遅延させ、乱の勃発を待ち受け参加している。
- The crew of the ship for an envoy of the Ijuin clan postponed their departure, and they waited for the rebellion to begin in order to participate in the war.
- 1333年(元弘3年/正慶2年)に鎌倉幕府が滅亡に至るまでの一連の戦乱を含めることも多い。
- References to Genko no Ran often include a series of conflicts fought until the fall of the Kamakura Bakufu (shogunate government) in 1333.
- 応仁の乱で京都の文化が地方伝播すると、連歌も畿内だけでなく、日本各地で行われるようになる。
- Once the culture of Kyoto spread to the countryside amid the turmoil of the Onin War, renga came to be composed not only in the Kinai District but throughout Japan as well.
- 藤原広嗣の乱の後、天平12年(740年)12月15日聖武天皇によって、平城京から遷都された。
- After the Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu, the capital was transferred from Heijokyo to Kunikyo by Emperor Shomu on January 10, 741.
- 8月、堺奉行の松井友閑配下の足軽32人が山内に入り、荒木残党の捜索と称して乱暴狼藉を働いた。
- In September, the 32 foot soldiers of Yukan MATSUI, who was Sakai bugyo (magistrate of around Sakai), entered Sannai and started acts of violence and assault in the name of a search for the remnants of the Araki clan.
- しかし定着せず、幕末の動乱で一掃されるまで火縄銃が使われ続けた要因になったと考えられている。
- As a result they failed to take root in Japan and the matchlock guns were used until they were cleared out in the upheavals in the closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate.
- 養和元年(1181年)7月後半頃、加賀・能登で反乱の動きが起こり、それは越前国へと波及した。
- In the latter half of September 1181, a rebellion broke out in Kaga and Noto, and spread to Echizen Province.
- また、大宰府に転任した藤原広嗣が、首都から遠ざけられたことを恨んで740年に反乱を起こした。
- In addition, FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu, who was transferred to Dazai-fu, held a grudge from being displaced from the capital and rose in revolt in 740.
- 動乱を経た西晋以降、本貫はその人物の出身地とは乖離して始祖の出自を示す系譜上の意味となった。
- After the upheavals in the West Jin period, hogan was detached from its use as an indication one's birthplace, to a genealogical meaning that indicates the origin of the first ancestor.
- この乱は、島津氏家中最大の内乱であり、最終的には徳川家康の仲介により解決に至ったものである。
- This rebellion, which was the largest revolt within the Shimazu clan, was eventually resolved through the mediation of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- 幕府方の動員した兵力は約20万に上り、この大軍が大坂に集結したため少なからず混乱が起こった。
- The mass of large forces of bakufu soldiers in Osaka reaching about 200,000 in number brought forth not a few confusions.
- 一方、侵襲隊は薩軍の混乱に乗じて九品寺にある米720俵・小銃100挺などを奪って引き揚げた。
- On the other hand, the Shinshu-tai troop looted 720 bales of rice and 100 rifles by taking advantage of confusion in the Satsuma army.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)に戦乱が全国に及ぶと、守護大名の力が増大し、国衙も支配するようになった。
- In the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, when disturbances of war spread throughout the country, shugo daimyo (military governors) increased their power and started to govern Kokuga.
- 加賀でも大和でも豪族同士の争乱が起こり、将軍お膝元の京都でも徳政一揆が頻発する有様であった。
- Quarrels between gozoku (local ruling families) occurred in Kaga and Yamato, and even in Kyoto which was the shogun's home city, tokusei ikki (an uprising demanding debt cancellations) occurred frequently.
- 戦国大名も恩賞の無い雑兵たちを戦争に駆り立てるために乱取りを認め、褒美の略奪を容認していた。
- Sengoku daimyo also acknowledged randori in order to drive out zohyo to war without prize and allowed robbery as award.
- その結果、かえって流通の混乱を招き、水野失脚後の1851年、冥加金不要の問屋仲間として再興。
- As a result, it caused a distributional disruption and in 1851, after the fall of Mizuno, kabunakama were reestablished as toiyanakama (group of warehouse merchants) in which no render was needed.
- そのような状況により、銭の相場が乱高下して経済混乱に拍車をかけ、明の海禁政策の一因となった。
- This situation made the money value fluctuate significantly, accelerating economic turmoil, and causing Kaikin Policy to be employed by Ming.
- それが極致に達したのが、慶安4年(1651年)に起きた慶安の変、いわゆる由井正雪の乱である。
- The most telling example of such a case was the Keian Incident of 1651, or so-called the Incident of Shosetsu YUI.
- また、藤原広嗣の乱における謀反人・藤原広嗣に対する好意的な記事が含まれているという説もある。
- Some people say that an article about FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu, a rebel in the Fujiwara no Hirotsugu War, was presented in a good light.
- 後花園は再度の勅撰集計画も練っていたが、応仁の乱によって中断し、以後勅撰集は編まれなかった。
- Gohanazono was planning to make another Imperial anthology, but it was interrupted by the Onin War, and no anthology was compiled after that.
- それによって義家は後三年合戦において雁行の乱れによって伏兵を知ることができたとの逸話がのこる。
- There is an episode that the art of warfare that was passed down from Masafusa helped Yoshiie notice an ambush through the disarray of geese in the Gosannen War.
- また、治承4年11月の近江攻防に若狭の国人が同意する動きがあるなどの反乱の萌芽がみられていた。
- In addition, there were signs of insurgency such as the agreement of the Kokujin (local samurai) in Wakasa to the offense and defense in Omi Province in November or December 1180 (November 1180 by the old lunar calendar).
- 朝臣は、主に壬申の乱で功績の有った主に臣(おみ)の姓(かばね)を持つ氏族に優先的に与えられた。
- Asomi was mainly preferentially granted to the clans whose achievement was acknowledged in the Jinshin War and who had the kabane of Omi.
- 壬申の乱の際、筑紫の軍は外敵に対するもので国内の争いに用いるべきではないとして中立を宣言した。
- During the Jinshin War, he said that Tsukushi army was against foreign enemies and should not be used for domestic fights and declared neutrality.
- また、この頃には、各地で不平士族による反乱が頻発するようになり、日本の治安はきわめて悪化した。
- Around the same time, in various places, rebellions were frequently held by the warrior class who had complaints about the government, and it deteriorated public security in Japan.
- 東北地方は関東の騒乱にほとんど巻き込まれることなく、当然中央の政争の影響もほとんど見られない。
- The Tohoku Region was hardly involved in turbulences in the Kanto Region and no trace of influences from political strife in the central part of Japan can be observed.
- そして、同乱の鎮圧に勲功をあげた「寛平延喜勲功者」こそが最初期の武士であったと考えられている。
- Kanpyo Engi kunkosha' (the persons who realized achievements in the Kanpyo Engi Togoku War), or the persons who contributed significantly to suppress the war, are considered to have been samurai at the initial stage.
- また「群盗蜂起」も多発し、関東では寛平・延喜東国の乱、僦馬の党(しゅうばのとう)が有名である。
- In addition, an 'increase in robberies' occurred frequently and Kanbyo-Engi-Togoku-no-ran (Disturbance by robberies in Togoku during the period between Kanbyo and Engi) and Shuba Party in the Kanto region (area around Tokyo Prefecture) were famous.
- しかし、戦乱を経て地方に荘園や国衙領という枠を超えた一円に支配権を確立する戦国大名が成長する。
- But eventually there arose the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period), who by weathering countless wars and riots were able to establish their total authority over all the land within their domains, thereby rendering the system of public and private estates obsolete.
- この三浦の乱は結局、朝鮮側の武力によって鎮圧され、三浦倭館は閉鎖されたが、後に一部再開された。
- The insurgence, called the Sanpo War, was eventually suppressed by the Korean army and Sanpo Wakan was closed, part of which was resumed afterward.
- 日本書紀の朝鮮関係資料には混乱偽造があると考えられているため、実に様々な意見が提出されている。
- Since it is thought that some historical materials related to Korea in Nihonshoki were confused or forged, there are so many opinions.
- 『承久軍物語(じょうきゅういくさものがたり)』『承久兵乱記』(同名異書あり)などとも呼ばれる。
- It is also called 'Jokyu ikusa Monogatari' (The Tale of the Jokyu War) or 'Jokyu heiran ki' (The Tale of the Jokyu Disturbance) (there is a book with the same title but different contents).
- 家臣団が分裂したり内乱が勃発する大名も出るなど、かえって豊臣政権の基盤を危うくする結果となった。
- For certain daimyo, vassals were disunited, or internal insurrection occurred resulting in weakening the foundation of the Toyotomi government.
- これに反対する勢力は反乱を起こし、モンゴルにより鎮圧されるが、一部はなお激しい抵抗を続けていた。
- People objecting to it raised a rebellion, which was subdued by the Mongol, but some of them still continued fierce resistance.
- なお、同じく美濃源氏で平治の乱の後に自害した源光宗(源光保の子)が「木田」を称していたとされる。
- In addition, MINAMOTO no Mitsumune (a son of MINAMOTO no Mitsuyasu) who also belonged to Mino Genji and committed suicide after the Heiji Disturbance supposedly called himself 'Kida.'
- 激怒した後陽成帝は、乱交に関わった全員を死罪に処せと命じたが、従来の公家の法には死罪は無かった。
- An infuriated Emperor Goyozei demanded all the participants in the promiscuous relations be sentenced to death, but no traditional law governing court nobles provided for capital punishment.
- 平安末期には保元の乱・平治の乱両乱を経て武士が政治に進出していき、その結果、平氏政権が登場した。
- Through the two wars, the Hogen War and the Heiji War, near the end of the Heian period, samurai advanced into the political world, generating the Taira clan government.
- 特に明応の政変による幕府内部の混乱は幕府有力者達による山城国人衆への切り崩し工作となって現れた。
- The disorder within the bakufu brought by the Coup of Meio prompted the bakufu leaders to wipe out the local samurais of Yamashiro Province.
- 『将門記』(しょうもんき)は、10世紀半ばに東国でおこった平将門の乱の顛末を描いた初期軍記物語。
- 'Shomonki' is an early war chronicle that details TAIRA no Masakado's War, which occurred in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) in the middle of the tenth century.
- 石川麻呂が表文を読み進めるが子麻呂らは現れない、恐怖のあまり全身汗にまみれ、声が乱れ、手が震えた。
- As ISHIKAWA no Maro carried on reading the memorials, he began sweating and his voice and hands started shaking since Komaro did not show up.
- この大乱は、邪馬臺國・邪馬壹國(邪馬台国参照)に居住する女子の卑弥呼が倭国王に就くことで収まった。
- This war ended in with the accession of Queen Himiko, who lived in Yamatai-Koku (Yamatai Kingdom, 邪馬臺國・邪馬壹國; see also Yamatai-koku).
- 1888年には従来の内乱鎮圧型の鎮台を改編し、6師団と近衛師団を創設して海外での戦闘能力を高めた。
- In 1888, the conventional garrison --the system effective for claiming domestic conflicts-- was reorganized with the creation of six divisions and Guard Divisions to increase the ability to fight abroad.
- サウジアラビア政府は巡礼地での礼拝時の宗教的興奮において起こると危惧される政治的混乱を恐れている。
- The Saudi Arabian government is wary of political confusion that may occur during times of religious excitement during worship time at pilgrimage sites.
- 雑兵たちは、これらの乱暴、狼藉を繰り返すことで生活しており、戦場とは生きるための稼ぎの場であった。
- Zohyo subsisted by repeating such riotous behaviors and the battlefield was the place for earning to survive.
- 1637年の島原の乱以降は一揆は沈静化し、強訴や逃散など百姓一揆と呼ばれる闘争の形態が主流となる。
- Ikki uprisings abated after the Shimabara War of 1637, and a form of struggle called hyakusho ikki, including goso and chosan (farmer's desertion from his land as a form of resistance), began to comprise the majority of ikki.
- 12世紀中期の保元の乱・平治の乱は、朝廷内部の政争が軍事衝突によって解決された画期的な事件である。
- The Hogen War and the Heiji War in the middle of the 12th century were noteworthy incidents since political conflicts inside the Imperial Court were resolved by means of military confrontations.
- ただし、終戦の混乱によって本人の望む望まないに関係なく、日本に帰らずその土地に残った者が存在する。
- However, there were people who didn't return and remained where they were, regardless of their own wishes, due to the chaos of the end of the war.
- その後、反乱軍側の内部分裂と顔真卿・顔杲卿たちに代表される勤皇軍の奮戦・ウイグルの援兵などがあった。
- Later, there was a series of unrest, such as the internal rift within the rebel army, struggle by the imperial army represented by Shinkei GAN and Kokei GAN, as well as reinforcement troops sent from the Uighurs.
- 変後の混乱で、新領主への再就職の禁止や検地など新しい統治体制に不満を抱いていた甲斐国人の一揆が頻発。
- In the postwar chaos, there were frequent uprisings of people in Kai Province, who were frustrated at new systems of governance such as the land survey and the ban on re-employment by a new lord.
- 平氏政権時代から治承・寿永の乱での東国情勢などについて独自の記事も多く、重要史料として扱われている。
- It has many unique articles on the situation in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan) from the time of the Taira clan's government to the Jisho-Juei War, and is treated as an important historical resource.
- 反乱はほぼ鎮圧されたものの、源氏方も老将佐々木秀義が討ち死にし、死者数百騎に及ぶ大きな損害を受けた。
- Although the rebellion was all but subdued, the Minamoto clan also suffered enormous damages, including the deaths in battle of Hideyoshi SASAKI, an old general, and as many as several hundred horsemen.
- 足利義満時代の明徳の乱で敗れて勢力を低下させた山名氏は大きく回復し、管領細川氏と力を競うようになる。
- The Yamana clan that had lost much of their power by being defeated in the Meitoku War in the age of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA recovered their position and competed their power with the kanrei, the Hosokawa clan.
- 令旨によって熊野の勢力が二つに割れて争乱に発展したため、湛増が平氏に以仁王の謀反を注進したのである。
- Because the military forces of Kumano, upon receiving the command, split into two opposing camps and began rioting, Tanzo sent the Taira clan word of prince Mochihito's plot.
- 長禄3年は全国的な旱魃に加えて、関東地方の享徳の乱、畿内の台風などによって西日本を中心に飢饉が発生、
- In 1459, a nation-wide drought, the Kyotoku war in the Kanto region, and a typhoon that struck the Kinai area triggered a famine in Japan that mainly affected the western part of the country.
- 更に戦中、細川氏が山名氏領国を混乱させるため武将を送り込んだために争いの火種が各地でくすぶり続けた。
- In addition, as the Hosokawa clan sent during the Disturbance, busho (Japanese military commanders), into the territories of the Yamana clan to cause confusion in the territory, causes of conflict continued to exist in various places.
- 最終的に関東に本拠を置いた武家政権、すなわち鎌倉幕府の勝利によって内乱は終結した(治承・寿永の乱)。
- The war finally ended in the victory of the first military government, Kamakura bakufu, which placed its headquarters in the Kanto region (the Jisho-Juei War).
- 応仁の乱で将軍の権威は完全に失墜し幕府の権力は衰退したが、将軍の軍事的な実権はある程度保たれていた。
- The Onin War completely eclipsed shogunal authority and stripped the bakufu of much of its power, but the Shogun was able to hold onto some measure of de facto authority through his military power.
- この転換を断行・あるいは企図したために、藩政が混乱して、お家騒動の背景の一つとなることもよくあった。
- Decisive action or proposition of this change often created a disturbance of the domain duties, contributing to the internal squabbles (over headship rights) in a daimyo family.
- また、南北朝時代 (日本)の混乱に乗じて、在庁官人から守護へ成長した者(例:大内氏)もいたのである。
- Also, considering the anarchy in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), some zaichokanjin grew up to be shugo (for example, the Ouchi clan).
- 保元の乱に関する史料としては、『兵範記』『愚管抄』『百錬抄』『帝王編年記』などを挙げることができる。
- Historical texts describing the Hogen Disturbance include the 'Heihan-ki,' 'Gukansho,' 'Hyakurensho,' and 'Teio Hen-nenki.'
- 保元の乱の首謀者・頼長の記録で、保延2年(1136年)から久寿2年(1155年)まで19年にわたる。
- This is a record written by Yorinaga, the mastermind of the Hogen War, for 19 years between 1136 and 1155.
- 途中に一部欠落があるが、応仁の乱期の京都や朝廷、室町幕府などの動向などを知ることができる貴重な史料。
- Although a part of the diary is missing, it is an important historical material to know the movement of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), Imperial court, and Kyoto during the Onin War.
- その頃出雲国では守護代の尼子清定が各地の反乱を鎮圧し、主家の京極氏をしのぐほど権力を持つようになった。
- Meanwhile in Izumo Province, shugodai Kiyosada AMAGO had suppressed local rebellions to grow as influential as the Kyogoku clan, its master's house.
- 承久の乱で幕府側として活躍した諏訪部助長は承久3年(1221年)に三刀屋郷の地頭職を与えられ下向した。
- Sukenaga SUWABE, who worked hard in the Jokyu War on the side of the feudal government headed by a shogun, was hired as the manager and lord of manor in Mitoya-go district and travelled there in 1221.
- しかし、改易によって大量の浪人が生じて社会不安につながり、浪人による反乱未遂事件(慶安の変)が起きた。
- Meanwhile, however, there were many ronin because of kaieki, and this caused social unrest to grow and finally resulted in a rebellion (Keian Incident).
- 更に永正の乱によって長尾氏が守護上杉氏を完全に傀儡化すると、青苧座に対しても支配を及ぼすようになった。
- And after the Eisho War, the Nagao clan made the Uesugi clan (the Shugo of Echigo Province) its puppet, and it also began to exert its control over aoso-za.
- だが、応仁の乱以後は朝廷財政の崩壊とともに朝儀は廃絶し、断絶したまま再興されない公家も少なくなかった。
- However, with the collapse of court finances after the Onin War, Chogi was terminated and many aristocratic families were not reestablished once they had no successors.
- しかしながら、応仁の乱頃より戦いの主流が歩兵(足軽)による密集戦に変わり、やがて槍にとってかわられた。
- However, the fighting method changed to close-up fighting by foot soldiers (ashigaru) after Onin War, and the naginata was eventually replaced with spears.
- 長崎市内は混乱を避けるため外出禁止令が出されていたが、4000人を超える群集がそこへ集まってきていた。
- A curfew was imposed in Nagasaki City to avoid confusion, but more than 4000 people gathered there.
- また、劇的な例では旧有馬晴信領で起こった島原の乱という大規模な一揆の際に殺害され、表から消えていった。
- Yet many Christians were to suffer a far more dramatic end, vanishing from the scene after being slaughtered during the Shimabara Rebellion, a large-scale uprising which occurred in the former territory of Harunobu ARIMA.
- 後に板垣退助や片岡健吉が帰郷し、江藤も佐賀の乱に加わったため活動を停止し、自然消滅を迎えることとなる。
- Later, as Taisuke ITAGAKI and Kenkichi KATAOKA went home and Eto participated in Saga War, the party stopped its activities and died out.
- しかしながら、李氏朝鮮後期から末期かけて売官や族譜の売買が行われ、血統としての本貫は混乱してしまった。
- However, government posts and zokufu were sold from the late to the end of Yi Dynasty Korea period, which confused the hongan as blood line.
- におきた島原の乱後は全国でキリシタン取締りが徹底され、寺請制度などの制度によってキリシタンを摘発した。
- After the Shimabara War that occured in 1637, surveillance over Christians was set up across the country, and through the temple-parishioner system they were prosecuted.
- 続いて、数年後に再び政争が軍事衝突によって終結し(平治の乱)、両乱を通じて武士の政治的地位が上昇した。
- Some years later, a military confrontation brought another political fight (the Heiji War) to an end and through these two wars, the warriors'political status rose.
- 平安時代の末期、皇族・貴族内部の権力闘争が、保元の乱・平治の乱といった軍事衝突に発展するようになった。
- The power struggle amongst Imperial family members and the aristocracy during the later Heian period led to military conflicts such as Hogen Rebellion and Heiji Rebellion.
- 吉野朝廷(南朝)の復興を唱える後南朝とされる勢力が御所に乱入し、三種の神器の一部を奪い比叡山へ逃れた。
- Forces thought to be belonging to Gonancho (Second Southern Court), a movement calling for the restoration of the Yoshino Imperial Court (Nancho, the Southern Court), invaded the Imperial Palace, stole some of the Three Sacred Treasures and escaped to Mt. Hiei.
- 元慶の乱は朝廷側の蝦夷に対する懐柔政策が功を奏して、蝦夷は降伏したとするが、これに異を唱える人もいる。
- Some people have disputed the idea that appeasement policy of the imperial side toward the Emishi led to their surrender in the Gangyo War.
- 先代(北条氏)と後代(足利氏)との間にあって、一時的に鎌倉を支配したことから中先代の乱と呼ばれている。
- It is called the Nakasendai War based on the fact that Tokiyuki HOJO temporarily occupied Kamakura during the period between the former administration (Hojo clan) and the subsequent administration (Ashikaga clan).
- 1510年には三浦の乱が起こり一旦は関係が断絶するが、1512年に壬申約条が結ばれ再び貿易は行われる。
- Although the relationship was once severed following the Sanpo disturbance that erupted in 1510, Jinshin Yakujo (immigration rule where the Korean Dynasties warned the So clan) was concluded in 1512 and trading was resumed.
- 承久の乱以後、流刑地にあった大歌人後鳥羽天皇と順徳天皇の歌を除外したのは、他ならぬ幕府への配慮である。
- It was due to Teika's consideration for the bakufu that the work by the great poets Emperor Gotoba and Emperor Juntoku was omitted, as they were in exile following the Jokyu incident.
- 義家死後、義忠暗殺事件を経て、河内源氏を継いだ為義の時に保元の乱が起こり一族が敵味方に分かれて参加する。
- After the death of Yoshiie followed by the assassination of Yoshitada, Hogen War broke out in the period of Tameyoshi who succeeded Kawachi-Genji, and the clan was divided against itself.
- 連合軍が攻めあぐねたところへ、義弘は伏兵を出動させて敵の隊列を寸断して混乱させ、義弘本隊も攻勢に転じた。
- When the Allied forces attacked, Yoshihiro had his soldiers carry out an ambush to confuse and scatter the enemy formation before shifting to the main battle formation that attacked the enemy.
- このような混乱に乗じて、明応の政変で追われた前征夷大将軍足利義稙が大内義興を頼って上洛しようとしていた。
- The former Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the eastern barbarians') Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, who had been expelled in the Coup of Meio, attempted to take advantage of the disorder and go to Kyoto, trusting in Yoshioki OUCHI.
- 7月7日辰の刻(午後8時頃)に平家継を大将軍とする反乱が勃発し、襲撃を受けた惟義の郎従が多数殺害された。
- When a rebellion headed by TAIRA no Ietsugu broke out around 8:00 PM of August 21, 1184, many of Koreyoshi's retainers were killed in the attack.
- だが、長い内乱や半済令の影響で寺社本所領や公領の衰退が著しく、彼らが持っていた職は名目上のものとなった。
- Under the influences of the long-lasting civil war and hanzeirei (half-tax decrees), Jisha honjoryo (lands of temples and nobles) and koryo were severely declined, and the shiki associated with the lands became in name only.
- だが、時代が下るにつれて院の近臣間でも権力闘争が起こり、1159年(平治元年)の平治の乱の一因となった。
- However, as times went by, strife over authority arose among In no Kinshin, which was one of the causes of the Heiji War in 1159.
- 応仁の乱での京都の荒廃を機に地方伝播し、惣村や都市の発達により成長していた庶民にも文化が浸透していった。
- Taking advantage of the fact that the capital, Kyoto, lay in ruins as a result of Onin War, culture began to spread out into the provinces, and even disseminated down to the commoners, who had been advancing socially thanks to the development and growth of soson (peasant villages) and new urban areas in the provinces.
- 乱の詳細は不明であるが、その鎮圧には10年余りかかったことが『扶桑略記』や『日本紀略』に記載されている。
- Although its details are not known, it is described in 'Fuso Ryakki' (A brief history of Japan) and 'Nihongi Ryaku' (Summary of Japanese chronologies) that it took around ten years to suppress the war.
- 人狩りの戦利品が戦後、市に出され、大名もそれら乱暴狼藉を黙過したり、褒美として付近を自由に乱取りさせた。
- The loot gained from robbing was put on the market, while daimyo (feudal lords) overlooked these violence and encouraged the acts in their neighborhood.
- 治承・寿永の乱の時代、つまり12世紀末でも「武者」「弓箭の輩」が多く、「武士」と出てくるのは希であった。
- There were many 'busha' and 'Kyusen persons' (archers) while 'bushi' was rarely mentioned even during the period of the Jisho-Juei Civil War or during the late twelfth century.
- 1510年4月4日、対馬から宗盛親率いる援軍を加えた恒居倭は、約4500の兵力をもって三浦の乱を起こす。
- On April 4, 1510, kokyowa and reinforcements from Tsushima whose leader was Morichika SO started the Sanpo War with a force 4,500 strong.
- 従って、近現代の日本では一揆自体があたかも反乱、暴動を意味する語であるかのように誤解されるようになった。
- That is why, in modern Japan, ikki was eventually mistaken for a word meaning a revolt or a riot.
- また、応仁の乱直前には都に集結した兵士によって土倉などが荒らされて「私徳政」と称した事件も発生している。
- Immediately before the Onin War, samurai warriors who were assembled in the capital broke into and robbed financial institutions called doso, calling their robberies 'shi-tokusei,' which literally means 'privately declared tokusei.'
- 南北朝時代 (日本)の全国的な動乱を経て、畿内に発生した村落という新たな結合形態は各地へ拡大していった。
- Through nationwide wars in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), a new style of connection called a village, which appeared in the Kinai region, spread to other regions.
- 鎌倉公方足利氏と関東管領上杉氏はやがて対立し、1439年の永享の乱では関東管領は将軍足利義教方についた。
- The Kamakura kubo Ashikaga clan and the Kanto kanrei Uesugi clan became at odds, and the Eikyo War occurred in 1439, where the Kanto kanrei sided with shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.
- 源平の争乱の後、後白河院の命で藤原俊成が『千載和歌集』を撰進し、平安時代末期の和歌を一つの高みに導いた。
- After the Genpei War, with an order from Goshirakawain, FUJIWARA no Toshinari compiled the 'Senzai Wakashu' (Collection of Japanese Poems of a Thousand Years) and presented it to the retired emperor, and this brought waka poetry of the late Heian period to a culminate.
- 承平年間に行なわれた講筵などは、天慶の動乱のために一時中断したとは言え、終講までに実に7年を要している。
- For example, a lecture in the Johei era took seven years, although it was interrupted because of the Tengyo War.
- 彼ら海賊衆は14世紀には活動を活発化させ、南北朝時代 (日本)の動乱には南北それぞれの側に分かれて戦った。
- Kaizoku shu increased their activities in the fourteenth century, and during the disturbance period of Northern and Southern Courts, they split into two groups and fought for each court.
- 室町時代には出雲国を支配していた山名氏の傘下に入り、1391年には出雲守護山名満幸に従って明徳の乱に出陣。
- During the Muromachi period, the Misawa clan became affiliated with the Yamana clan, then ruler of Izumo Province, and accompanied Mitsuyuki YAMANA, who was a provincial constable of Izumo Province, to fight in the Meitoku War in 1391.
- また、『今鏡』には藤原南家出身の信西の平治の乱での最期と彼が天文道に通じたことが結びつけて書かれている)。
- In addition, in the book 'Imakagami (The Mirror of the Present)', some connection was stated between the death of Shinzei, a member of the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan, in the Heiji War, and his deep knowledge of Tenmondo.)
- また、奇兵隊士の一部は農民一揆にも参加しており、明治時代初期に多発した士族反乱にも影響を与えたと言われる。
- It is also said that a part of the members of Kiheitai Army had participated in peasants-uprisings which would have influence on Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) that often occurred in the early Meiji era.
- しかし、780年(宝亀11年)には陸奥国で伊治呰麻呂の反乱がおこるなど、東北地方では蝦夷の抵抗が強まった。
- However, resistance by Ezo in the Tohoku region became stronger as seen in the revolt of 780 by KOREHARI no Azamaro in Mutsu Province.
- この書簡には士族の反乱を愉快に思う西郷の心情の外に「起つと決した時には天下を驚かす」との意も書かれていた。
- In the letter, SAIGO expressed his delighted feelings about the rebellions of warrior class together with his own will as 'once I will decide to raise the army, I will surprise the whole world.'
- 甲斐国では甲斐源氏の流れを汲む武田氏が上杉禅秀の乱に荷担して没落し戦国時代に至るまで抗争状態が続いていた。
- In the Kai Province, the Takeda clan, that were descended from Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan in Kai) took sides with Zenshu UESUGI's disturbance and fell down, and struggled with situations until the sengoku period.
- 「万人恐怖」と言われた政治を行った足利義教が嘉吉の乱で死没すると、室町幕府の力は急速に衰えることとなった。
- As Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, who had administered affairs of state, also known as 'Everyone's fear,' died in the Kakitsu War, the power of the Muromachi bakufu declined rapidly.
- 日本が支配領域を北に拡大するにつれて、しばしば防衛のために戦い、反乱を起こし、又国境を越えて襲撃を行った。
- As Japan expanded its territory, the Emishi often fought for self-defense, carried out revolts and performed attacks across borders.
- このように、寛平・延喜東国の乱の鎮圧過程を通じて新たな国家軍制である国衙軍制が、まず東国において成立した。
- In this way, the kokuga forces system was established as the new national military system, first in the eastern region through the process of suppressing the Kanpyo Engi Togoku War.
- 国司苛政上訴についても、受領層が私利私欲に溺れ、地方政治が混乱していたことの現れとする評価が一般的だった。
- Kokushi kasei joso was also commonly regarded as evidence of disrupting local governments with Juryoso (career provincial official class) seeking only for their own interests.
- それは平安時代から鎌倉時代のように、戦乱は限られた地方で一瞬起こるものから、全国的、かつ常態となったこと。
- It was because the war spread nationwide and became something of a norm from instantaneous regional events between the Heian to Kamakura periods.
- 平家の落人(へいけのおちゅうど)とは、治承・寿永の乱(源平合戦)において敗北し僻地に隠遁した敗残者のこと。
- The term Heike no Ochudo means fugitives who retreated to remote regions after their defeat in the Jisho-Juei War (the Genpei War).
- その後も義満は応永6年(1399年)大内義弘を挑発して挙兵させて滅ぼし(応永の乱)、将軍権力を固めていく。
- After that, Yoshimitsu solidified his power as a shogun by provoking Yoshihiro OUCHI, making him raise an army, and by destroying him in 1399 (the Oei War).
- 海東諸国全図、西海道九州図、壱岐島図、対馬図、琉球王国図、朝鮮三浦の乱図などの地図が冒頭に掲げられている。
- Maps including those of the whole of Japan, Kyushu, Iki Island, Tsushima Island and the Ryukyu Kingdom, and picture of the Korean Sanpo Rebellion are included at the beginning of the book.
- 応仁の乱以後、古典復興の気運が高まり、地方豪族、特に国人領主層に京都文化への関心と連歌の大流行が見られた。
- After the Onin War, there was a growing trend towards a revival of the classics, and powerful local clans, especially local lords and lords of fiefs, were interested in the culture of Kyoto and remarkably enthusiastic about renga.
- この間かっての家人、平将門と遠戚である藤原純友による承平天慶の乱が起きたが、いずれも最終的には鎮圧された。
- During this period TAIRA no Masakado, who had once served in his household, together with his distant relative FUJIWARA no Sumitomo, rose up in the rebellions of the Shohei and Tengyo eras, but in the end they were put down.
- 南北朝の動乱による武家・公家・寺社の所領をめぐる利益衝突の融和策として天龍寺建立に賛同した副将軍・足利直義。
- Vice-Shogun Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA agreed to Tenryu-ji Temple construction as a reconciliation policy of the profit conflict concerning the territory of the samurai class, the court nobles, and temples and shrines due to the disturbance of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
- その不安定さは、平治の乱以降、いよいよ高まったというのが、その後の平家側佐竹義宗の相馬御厨寄進として現れる。
- The donation of Soma-mikuriya by Yoshimune SATAKE, who was on the side of the Taira family, thereafter indicates the increasing instability since the Heiji War.
- 南朝 (日本)の軍事的攻勢や戦乱による収入の途絶の危機を室町幕府の軍事力・経済力によって辛うじて回避していた
- The Southern Court managed to avoid the crisis of losing income due to the military campaign from the Southern Court, with military and economic support from the Muromachi bakufu.
- 元は朝廷との連絡調整が任務だったが、承久の乱以後の六波羅探題は、朝廷の監視・西国御家人の統率が任務となった。
- Was originally in charge of communication and adjustment with Imperial Court, but after the Jokyu War, Rokuhara Tandai came to monitor Imperial Court and control Saigoku gokenin.
- 通盛は越前国国府に入るが、越前・加賀の住人は従わず、9月6日水津にて反乱勢力と通盛との間に戦闘が行なわれる。
- Michimori entered the provincial capital of Echizen Province, but the residents of Echizen and Kaga did not obey him, and on October 22, a war broke out between the rebel forces and Michimori at Suizu.
- なお「天皇位をめぐる戦乱」であるため、戦前は旧制高等学校以上に進学しないとこの乱については教育されなかった。
- Also this war was a battle over the imperial throne so before the Second World War, if the students did not advance to the old-education-system high school or more, they were not educated about this war.
- 叛は国に背いて偽(敵国・反乱者)に従うこと、反は君主の身に危害を及ぼすことなので、謀反と謀叛は意味が異なる。
- While disobedience means betraying one's home country and obeying a false master (enemy, insurgents), countering means threatening one's lord's life, and so a scheme of disobedience and a scheme of countering differ in meaning.
- 卑弥呼の次は男子が倭国王となったが再び内乱が生じ、女子の臺與・壹與(台与参照)が倭国王となって乱は終結した。
- Following Himiko, a male became a king of Wakoku, but another civil war occurred again, ending with accession of female Tayo (臺與・壹與, see also Tayo).
- 彼ら同士の対立や受領に対する不平が叛乱へ発展したのが、忠平執政期の940年前後に発生した承平天慶の乱である。
- However, conflicts among warriors and disaffectedness toward zuryo turned into a rebellion, the Johei-Tengyo War, during Tadahira's administration around 940.
- が、かねてから女癖の悪さにも定評があり、人妻や宮廷に仕える女官にも手を出し「公家衆乱行随一」と称されていた。
- However, he had also been notorious for his itch for women; having intrigues even with married women and ladies serving in the Imperial Court; he was alleged to be the 'No. 1 rake among court nobles.'
- この乱の過程で鎌倉幕府は朝廷から東国の支配権、軍事警察権を獲得し、朝廷から独立した地方政権へと成長していた。
- During the war, the Kamakura bakufu obtained the right to rule Togoku as well as military and police authorities, becoming a local government independent of the Imperial Court.
- しかし、応仁の乱によって大きく動揺すると明応の政変を契機としてついに崩壊し、戦国時代 (日本)へと移行した。
- However, the system became shaky due to the Onin War and collapsed with Coup of Meio as the turning point, moving history into the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (in Japan).
- おりしも宇多天皇、醍醐天皇が菅原道真や藤原時平らを登用して行った国政改革により全国的な騒乱状況が生じていた。
- Then, Emperor Uda and Emperor Daigo implemented a reform of the national administration by recruiting SUGAWARA no Michizane, FUJIWARA no Tokihira, and others and then tumultuous events happened across Japan.
- 南朝は後醍醐の死後に衰微するが、足利家内部の対立が全国規模に広がる観応の擾乱が起こると南朝は息を吹き返した。
- After Godaigo's death (in 1339) the Southern Court's power and influence waned, but internecine strife within the Ashikaga family led to the Kanno Disturbance, which eventually widened in scope to engulf the entire country, and this brought the Southern Court a reprieve, revitalizing it.
- また、室町時代には伊勢詣や西国33ヵ所など寺社参りが流行し、応仁の乱の戦火などは各種都市の発達をもたらした。
- Moreover, during the Muromachi period the pilgrimage to the Grand Shrine at Ise, as well as the pilgrimage to the Thirty-Three Temples in Kinki with a statue of Avalokitesvara, were very much in vogue, and combined with the construction opportunities afforded by the fighting and conflagrations of the Onin War, this contributed to the growth and development of a wide variety of urban areas.
- それは、後に平家の残党が起こした三日平氏の乱やかつての平家方 城助職の起こした謀叛などをみても明らかである。
- This fact is proved by Mikka Heishi no ran (Three days rebellion of the Taira clan), which was initiated by the remnants of the Taira family, and the rebellion initiated by Suketomo JO, who sided with the Taira family.
- 他に「古活字本」(流布系)「前田家本」「承久兵乱記」「承久軍物語」などがあり、文体はすべて和漢混淆体である。
- Other variant manuscripts are 'Kokatsuji bon' (old movable type imprints) (popular edition line), 'Maedake bon,' 'Jokyu heiran ki,' 'Jokyu ikusa Monogatari,' and so on, which were all written in mixed writing style of Japanese and Chinese.
- 後白河は強訴に対して強硬な態度で臨み、延暦寺を抑えようと試みたが、政権内部の足並みの乱れにより事態は迷走した。
- Although Goshirakawa attempted to control Enryaku-ji Temple with a firm attitude to the direct petition, the situation strayed due to the discordance within the administration.
- しかし、この時期に元の内部でも反乱が続き、日本へ軍が出せる状態ではなくなり、クビライの死と共に完全に頓挫した。
- However, the successive occurrence of rebellions in the Yuan Dynasty during this period made it impossible to send an army to Japan, and following the death of Kublai, the plan was completely abandoned.
- このため、士族反乱と農民一揆の結合を恐れた大久保利通の意見で、前述のとおり、に税率が2.5%に引き下げられた。
- For this reason, the government lowered the tax rate from 3% to 2.5% as mentioned earlier and it was Toshimichi OKUBO who advanced his opinion on lowering the rate to the government because he was afraid of the collusion of the revolts of samurai or ancestors of samurai and peasants' revolts.
- この反乱による中央の動揺ははなはだしく、聖武天皇は、山背の恭仁、摂津の難波、近江の紫香楽と転々と都をうつした。
- The central government was terribly shocked with this rebellion and the Emperor Shomu transferred the capital repeatedly to Kuni in Yamase, Nanba in Settsu and Shigaraki in Omi.
- 1900年にロシアは清で発生した義和団事変(義和団事件)の混乱収拾を名目に満州へ侵攻し、全土を占領下に置いた。
- In 1900, Russia invaded Manchuria under the pretext of settling the chaos of the Boxer Uprising (the Boxer Incident), which occurred in the Qing Dynasty, and placed all of Manchuria under its authority.
- 応仁の乱後、収入は低迷したものの室町幕府末期まで継続され、変遷を経つつも同様の税制が織田政権以後も継続された。
- Although the tax revenue decreased after Onin war, this tax system was continued until the end of the Muromachi bakufu, and it went through changes but was not abolished even after Nobunaga Oda's administration.
- しかし、永禄11年(1568年)9月に、足利義昭を擁立した織田信長が上洛し、永禄の変とその後の混乱は収束した。
- However, as Nobunaga ODA backing up Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA proceeded to the capital in October 1568, the Eiroku Incident and the ensuing turmoil ended.
- 南北朝のせいで混乱はしたが、しかし一説に南朝が一時存在したからその後天皇が継続する力になったという指摘がある。
- Although the period of the Northern and Southern Courts was a time of confusion, a theory says that the existence of the Southern Court made it possible for successive Emperors to continue on while possessing authority.
- 混乱の収拾のためには代替の武力が必要であり、義朝と密接なつながりのある信頼との提携もやむを得ないことであった。
- In order to bring the chaos under control, they needed a new source of military might, making their cooperation with Nobuyori, who had a secret alliance with Yoshitomo, something they dared not jeopardize.
- 後世の「源平盛衰記」には為平親王を東国に迎えて乱を起こし、帝につけようとしていたと書かれているが信用できない。
- According to the 'Genpei Seisuiki' (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira Clans) written years later, MINAMOTO no Takaakira intended to invite Imperial Prince Tamehira to the eastern provinces to start a war and then place Prince Tamehira on the throne, but this is not credible but this is not credible.
- 清盛の死後、跡を継いだ宗盛は後白河との融和路線を採り、各地の叛乱も平氏の反撃と養和の大飢饉で小康状態となった。
- After Kiyomori's death, Munemori became the clan head and took a reconciliatory stance with Goshirakawa, and there were less rebellions because of the counterattack by the Taira clan and the great famine of Youwa.
- 元慶の乱が始まる直前に、秋田城の対北海道蝦夷の饗給の増大は、出羽国の財政を圧迫するまでに問題化していたという。
- Immediately before the Gangyo War, the increase in the cost of Akita-jo Castle to appease the Emishi in Hokkaido had become a problem, to the extent that the finances of Dewa Province were put under pressure.
- 壬申の乱で挙兵した天武天皇が菟田評家において、伊勢国から大津京に向けて米を運ぶ馬50頭を連れた行列に出会った。
- Prince Oama, who raised an army for the Jinshin War, encountered a procession of fifty horses carrying rice from Ise Province to Otsukyo at Udahyoka.
- 1510年、交易上のトラブルもあり朝鮮側に不満を募らせた日本人は、対馬からの援軍も加えて大規模な反乱を起こす。
- In 1510, the Japanese became discontented with the Korean side, partly due to troubles in trade, which caused a big-scale insurgence, with reinforcements from Tsushima.
- 廃刀令以降、1877年の薩摩士族の反乱である西南戦争まで、各地で新政府の政策に不平を唱える士族反乱が起こった。
- Shizoku no hanran (a revolt by families or persons with samurai ancestors) was instigated by families or persons who were the ancestors of samurai and complained about the new government's policies in various parts of the country after the issue of a decree banning the wearing of swords, until 1877 when Seinan War, a revolt by families or persons with samurai ancestors in Satsuma, occurred.
- 義満は1392年に南北朝合一を行い、1399年(応永6)には独自に私貿易を行っていた大内義弘を応永の乱で討つ。
- Yoshimitsu accomplished the unification of the Southern and Northern Courts in 1392, and then defeated Yoshihiro OUCHI in the Oei War in 1399 who had individually carried on private trade.
- しかし、その後の壬申の乱などの影響で整備が遅れ、大宝律令(学令)の制定により具体的な制度が確立したといわれる。
- It is said, however, that the development of Daigaku-ryo was delayed due to the influence of the ensuing Jinshin War, and that the concrete Daigaku-ryo system was finalized thanks to the introduction of the Taiho Ritsuryo Code (Gakuryo [the rule of education]).
- 玉鬘入内の噂がたかくなるにつれ求婚者たちの思いは乱れ、ことに夕霧は藤袴一枝を御簾に差入れて彼女に意中をあかす。
- As Tamakazura's bridal entry into court becomes more of a real possibility, suitors feels uneasy, especially Yugiri who confesses his love for Tamakazura, putting a spray of thoroughwort flower into a bamboo blind.
- それを作者の自らの解釈を交えながら、乱による荒廃した都、その哀惜や悲嘆、乱の原因から戦闘場面に移る克明な描写。
- It depicts in vivid detail the devastated capital and the grieves and laments of war, from the causes to the scenes of fighting, while mixing in the author's own interpretations.
- 崇徳院と後白河天皇との皇位継承争いを軸に、崇徳側の敗退、以降の平治の乱、治承・寿永の源平合戦の予兆までを記す。
- Centering on a struggle for succession to the Imperial Throne between Sutoku-in and Emperor Goshirakawa, it includes accounts of Sutoku's retreat, the following Heiji Disturbance and signs of the Genpei War of the Jisho-Jyuei era.
- このため、翌年精神錯乱と見なされて宮仕えを降ろされ、兄藤原道経に預けられた(『長秋記』元永2年8月23日条)。
- Due to the above, she was regarded in the following year as a lunatic and placed in the custody of her elder brother FUJIWARA no Michitsune after being relieved of the service at court ('Choshuki' [diary of MINAMOTO no Morotoki], October 6, 1119)
- 保元の乱後から戦国時代 (日本)まで東は塩飽諸島から西は周防国上関町まで瀬戸内を勢力圏とした村上氏(村上水軍)。
- Murakami clan (the Murakami navy) that spread its influence after the Hogen Disturbance to the Sengoku period (Japan) in the Seto Inland Sea area from Shiaku Islands in the east through Kamiseki Town, Suo Province in the west.
- 明徳2年(1391年)の山名満幸の明徳の乱では山名氏の傘下を離れ、幕府の指示に従って、山名氏討伐に傘下している。
- During the Meitoku War started by Mitsuyuki YAMANA in 1391, the Mitoya clan seceded from the Yamana clan and participated in the punitive force against it under the command of the government headed by a shogun.
- 若干のもみ合いを除けば学生と警官隊との衝突(乱闘)というような事態はなかったため、一人の逮捕者も発生しなかった。
- Also, as there were no clashes (brawls) between students and the police force with the exception of some jostles, no one was arrested.
- 成立したのは久安6年(1150年)以降で、平治の乱によって信西が死んだことにより未定稿であるうえ、散逸も著しい。
- It was completed after 1150, but was not finished due to the death of Shinzei during the Heiji War; furthermore, some parts are missing.
- 永正の錯乱で細川澄元や三好之長は一旦近江国の甲賀に引いたが、すぐさま京に侵攻し細川澄之派をことごとく討ち取った。
- In the Eisho Disturbance, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and Yukinaga MIYOSHI withdrew to Koga in Omi Province once, but they immediately invaded Kyoto and defeated the entire army of Sumiyuki HOSOKAWA.
- 治承・寿永の乱以前から北陸各地では、延暦寺の末寺である白山神社の衆徒・神人たちと国衙勢力との間に対立が見られた。
- In various locations in the Hokuriku region, the monk-soldiers and the jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) of Hakuzan-jinja Shrine, a branch shrine of Enryaku-ji Temple, had clashed with kokuga seiryoku (the force of the provincial headquarters) even before the Jisho-Juei War.
- これを見た高麗に反乱を起していた三別抄から、共同で元に対抗する軍事的援助を求める使者が来訪したがこれも黙殺した。
- In response to it, Sambyeolcho, which had risen in a rebellion against Goryeo, sent envoys to Japan to ask for military support and cooperation to fight against the Yuan Dynasty, but it was also ignored.
- この一件以後、島津氏は藩政改革を一気に推し進め、また幕府の行う事業や島原の乱への出兵など積極的にこなしていった。
- After that incident, the Shimazu clan rapidly promoted the reformation and worked actively for the bakufu as in performing bakufu enterprises, sending troops in Shimabara War and so on.
- いずれにしても質量的に額面(寛永通宝100枚分)の価値は全くない貨幣で、経済に混乱を起こし偽造も相次いだという。
- As it was not worth its face value (100 Kanei-tsuho [coins first minted in 1636 of Kanrei era]) at all in terms of weight, it brought about economic confusion and forging became common.
- 承久の乱の際に鎌倉幕府が設置した諸国の守護・地頭に対して北条義時追捕の弁官下文(承久3年5月15日)が出された。
- Benkan (Oversight Department: division of the daijokan responsible for controlling central and provincial governmental offices) kudashibumi (document issued by a superior or office) was issued (on June 13, 1221) for shugo and jito (military governor and estate steward) appointed by the Kamakura bakufu, to search and capture Yoshitoki HOJO, when the Jokyu War took place.
- 内容は自らを壬申の乱の天武天皇になぞらえ、皇位をだまし取る平氏を討って皇位に就くべきことを宣言するものであった。
- In terms of content, Mochihito compares his own situation to that of Emperor Tenmu during the Jinshin war, and demands that the Taira clan be struck down for usurping the imperial throne and proclaims that he be raised to the imperial throne instead.
- また、会所に集う人々によって、その場は「乱れがわし」くなり、また、「無礼ノ事多」かった、と批判的に書かれている。
- In addition, it also criticized that such places became a 'disturbance' and 'had many rude activities' done by people who gathered at kaisho.
- 足利政権内部の紛争から観応の擾乱が起こると、正平6年(1351)に北朝は南朝との和睦を行い、正平一統が成立した。
- The Kanno Disturbance occurred due to an internal conflict within the Ashikaga government, and in 1351, the Northern and Southern Courts made peace and the Shohei itto (Unification) was established.
- その後60年にわたり封印されていた治罰の綸旨は享徳の乱で復活し乱用されることになり天皇の権威復活の端緒となった。
- Jibatsu no rinji (imperial order to punish enemies), which was sealed off for about 60 years, was reactivated and then abused, which marked the resurgence of the Emperor.
- 調査が進むにつれ、思いの外大人数が関わっていることが判明し、すべてを死罪とすれば大混乱を生ずることが懸念された。
- Along with the progress of investigation, it turned out that an unexpectedly large number of persons were involved, and this gave rise to a fear that condemning all of them to death penalty might invite chaos.
- 唐代の部曲がヨーロッパの農奴に相当していたが、晩唐以後の混乱によって部曲が自立して一円的な大土地所有も分解した。
- The buqus during the Tang dynasty corresponded to the serfs in Europe, but during the chaos after the late Tang dynasty buqus became independent and the large landholding widely collapsed.
- 特に東国では9世紀半ばから後半を通じて俘囚の反乱が相次ぎ、群盗の活動の活発化と相まって、治安悪化が顕著であった。
- In particular, in Togoku throughout the era from the middle of the ninth century to the end of the century, barbarians raised rebellions one after another in addition to bandits whose activities had become more active, deteriorating security markedly.
- 乱妨取り(らんぼうどり)とは、戦国時代_(日本)から安土・桃山時代にかけて戦いの後で兵士が人や物を掠奪した行為。
- Ranbodori was an warrior's act of looting things and robbing people after war from the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) through the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
- ここまでは乱暴なだけだったスサノオノミコトの様相は変化し、英雄的なものとなって有名なヤマタノオロチ退治を行なう。
- Although Susanoo no mikoto had been labeled as just a ravager by that time, he changed and became a hero, exterminating Yamata no Orochi (the eight forked great serpent), which was a well known story.
- 彼が銀の兜をかぶっているのは、黄巾の乱での黄色い頭巾とおなじで、誤って撃たれないためのものであると書かれている。
- It is written that he wore a silver helmet in order to, like the Yellow Turbans of the Yellow Turban Rebellion, avoid being accidently attacked by his allies.
- 泗川の戦いは島津氏軍が明軍の火薬の暴発事故による混乱に乗じて一斉に突撃し、明・朝鮮連合軍に大打撃を与え潰走させた。
- In the Battle of Suncheon, the troops of the Shimazu clan made a rush by taking a chance in the confusion caused by an accidental burst of gun powder on the Ming side and inflicted large scale damage sending the Ming and Korean forces flying.
- これにより文明 (日本)年間から約100年間続いた伯耆国内での戦国動乱の時代もようやく終わりを迎えることになった。
- This helped put to an end to the time of upheaval by warring states in the Hoki regions, which had lasted for about a hundred years since the Bunmei era (1469-1487).
- 過去に織田軍も雑賀鉄砲隊との戦いで、雑賀軍が狙撃主を秘匿するために行った囮の空砲の速射で大混乱に陥ったことがある。
- In the battle with the Saiga teppo units, the Oda army was also thrown into a chaos by blanks rapidly fired by the enemy to hide their snipers.
- 中国には壬申の乱を「倭国」と「日本国」との戦いであるとする見解が存在したとする主張がある(詳しくは旧唐書を参照)。
- In China, there is a thesis that the Jinshin War was the battle of 'Wakoku' and 'Japan' (refer to the Jiu Tang Shu [Old Tang History] for more detail).
- 例えば、ライムギにつく麦角菌に起因する麦角病(四肢が壊疽したり、精神錯乱を招く)は巡礼に赴くことで癒えるとされた。
- For example, it was thought that ergot disease (causes the limbs to rot and leads to madness) caused by ergot fungus on rye, could be cured by taking a pilgrimage.
- 応仁の乱以降の乱れた世相を、当時の公家が古代中国の「春秋戦国時代」の乱世になぞらえ「戦国の世」と表現したのが語源。
- The word origin was the expression 'sengoku no yo (period of warring states)' by the court nobles at that time comparing the troubled social conditions since the Onin Disturbance to the troubled times in the 'Chunqiu and Zhanguo periods (Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period)' in ancient China.
- また、承久の乱以後の朝廷の衰退は皇位継承を巡る自己解決能力をも失わせ、結果的に幕府を否応無しに巻き込む事になった。
- Also fall of the Imperial Court after the Jokyu Rebellion resulted in losing its ability to solve the imperial succession crisis and consequently it entangled the bakufu without any choice.
- だが、この乱をきっかけにした戦闘は応仁の乱終結後も地方へと拡大し、関東の享徳の乱も更に10年近く戦いが継続された。
- However, the armed conflict that began in the Onin War spread out to more rural areas and continued even after the fighting petered out in the capital, and in Kanto, the Kyotoku Incident extended the bloodshed for almost ten additional years after the Onin War ended.
- そのため、各地の守護が戦乱などを口実に幕府の許しを得ずに行ってきた半済・押領を追認・永続化させる法的根拠を与えた。
- This provided the legal grounds to authorize and perpetuate the usurpation of territories and hanzei that had been enforced by Shugo in various regions on the pretext of war without approval from the bakufu.
- 速度規制や交通の混乱、健康被害などの諸被害によるものや、砂や塵の処理にかかる費用も含め、大きな経済的損失も生じる。
- Serious economic losses, such as those due to speed restriction or traffic disruption and to various kinds of damage, including damage to health, and the cost of dealing with the sand and dust, are generated.
- そして、康応元年(1389年)義満は康行討伐の命を下して、翌明徳元年(1390年)にこれを下した(土岐康行の乱)。
- Yoshimitsu gave an order to subjugate Yasuyuki in 1389, and in the following year, 1390, his order was executed (Yasuyuki TOKI's Rebellion).
- 戦国時代(日本)には、戦乱に伴って山賊や海賊などの被害が多く、また重い年貢を課されたため逃げ出すものが多かった。
- During the Sengoku Period (Warring States period) (Japan), conflict meant that there were many people who fled due to suffering at the hands of bandits or pirates as well as many who fled in order to avoid heavy land taxes.
- 南北朝の動乱以降、荘園制が崩れてくると、荘園領主である貴族や寺社の資金繰りが苦しくなり、土倉・酒屋に借金を重ねる。
- After the battle between the Southern and Northern Courts and the ensuing collapse of the manorial system, nobles, temples or shrines which served as manor lords faced financial difficulties, and many used the services of doso-sakaya.
- もとは本文200巻目録2巻系図3巻の計205巻であったが、応仁の乱で散逸したとされ、現存するのは62巻のみである。
- It originally came in 205 volumes consisting of 200 text books, two catalogs and three genealogical charts, but they were scattered and lost in the Onin War, and only 62 of them are now in existence.
- 保元元年(1156年)の保元の乱に勝利した後白河天皇は、同年閏9月に『保元新制』と呼ばれる代替わり新制を発令した。
- Emperor Goshirakawa, who had emerged victorious from the Hogen Rebellion that occurred in 1156, proclaimed the creation of a new government, called the 'Hogen shinsei' (new government of Hogen), in the intercalary ninth month of 1156 as part of the switch to a new era name, Hogen.
- 承久の乱前夜において尚古傾向と末代意識が強く、理想的な帝王の姿を説くのは後鳥羽天皇への諫言が込められているという。
- Since this work was complied during the eve of the Jokyu War, it has a strong tendency to respect old political systems, and to remonstrate Emperor Gotoba by preaching the ideal emperor.
- 摂津源氏で名の残る武士は、源頼光以外では、源仲政と、その子で、平治の乱の後、唯一生き残った源氏の長老の源頼政だろう。
- In addition to MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu himself, the most famous warriors of the Settsu-Genji included MINAMOTO no Nakamasa and his sons, as well as MINAMOTO no Yorimasa, the only senior member of the family to survive the Heiji War.
- 嘉吉の乱で取り潰された守護大名赤松氏の再興を願う赤松家遺臣達(石見太郎、丹生屋帯刀、上月満吉など)は、この点に着目。
- The former retainers of the shugo daimyo (military governor) Akamatsu clan which had been broken in the Kakitsu disturbance (Taro IWAMI, Tatewaki NYUNOYA, Mitsuyoshi KOZUKI, and so forth) who were determined to reestablish the clan noticed the fact.
- 永正4年(1507年)6月23日に細川澄之派の重臣香西元長や薬師寺長忠らによって細川政元が暗殺される(永正の錯乱)。
- On June 23, 1507, Masamoto HOSOKAWA was assassinated by HOSOKAWA Sumiyuki's senior vassals, Motonaga KOZAI, Nagatada YAKUSHIJI, et al (Eisho Disturbance).
- 合流するはずだった江南軍は、総司令官の交替と多人数による混乱により統率が取れず、東路軍との合流が1ケ月半ほど遅れた。
- The Southern Yangtze Army, which was to join the Eastern Route Army, was delayed about one and a half months because the army was disorganized due to the substitution of the commander-in-chief and confusion caused by a large number of soldiers.
- 雑賀衆は15世紀頃に歴史に現れ、応仁の乱の後、紀伊国と河内国の守護大名である畠山氏の要請に応じ近畿地方の各地を転戦。
- Saikashu appeared in history around the 15th century, and after the Onin War they fought in various battles in the Kinki region responding to requests from the Hatakeyama clan, which had provided the military governor and feudal lord of Kii and Kawachi Provinces for generations.
- 幕府はこうした経済発展の動きに十分な対応が取れず、物価変動による社会的混乱を鎮められずに幕府が動揺する一因となった。
- The shogunate government could neither take enough measures to respond to the economic development nor quell social disorders caused by price fluctuations, which led to the turbulence of the shogunate government.
- 豊臣政権崩壊後の政局の混乱を収め、産業・教育の振興その他の施策に力を入れるとともに、大坂の役により豊臣氏勢力を一掃。
- He resolved the political chaos following the collapse of the Toyotomi government and enforced various political measures to promote the development of industries and education and so on, while eliminated the rival force of Toyotomi clan through the Sieges of Osaka.
- また、福澤諭吉は主宰する「時事新報」の紙上で、「国乱」によらない憲法の発布と国会開設を驚き、好意を持って受け止めた。
- Yukichi FUKUZAWA, also wrote in the 'Jiji Shinpo' which he organized, that he was surprised that the constitution was promulgated and the national diet was established without any 'national conflict,' and was pleased with it.
- 天智天皇の死後、壬申の乱を経て政権を奪取した天武天皇は、軍事を政治の最優先項目に置き、専制的な政治を推進していった。
- Following Emperor Tenji's death, Emperor Tenmu, who usurped the throne in the Jinshin War, placed priority on military affairs and implemented an autocratic style of government.
- だが、承久の乱で鎌倉幕府が勝利すると、幕府が日本全国の警察力・軍事力を掌握して、朝廷が持っていた検断権は形骸化した。
- However, the Kamakura bakufu won the Jokyu War and held the police and military forces, so the Imperial Court's right to judge criminal cases became a mere name.
- 治承3年(1179年)11月、近衛家の所領継承問題に端を発し、ついに清盛は兵を率いて京都へ乱入してクーデターを断行。
- Then in the twelfth month (eleventh month in old lunar calender) of 1179, beginning with the succession dispute over the Konoe family's territory, Kiyomori eventually led soldiers in a raid into Kyoto and launched a coup d'etat.
- しかし、応仁の乱により将軍の権力が失墜すると、細川氏は三管領筆頭の斯波氏、畠山氏を圧倒し、幕政を牛耳るようになった。
- However, when the shogun's power was lost in the Onin War, the Hosokawa clan overwhelmed the Shiba clan and the Hatakeyama clan, that were the heads of the three kanrei, and started to control the politics of the bakufu.
- 公家の乱脈ぶりが白日の下にさらされただけでなく、江戸幕府による宮廷制御の強化、後陽成天皇の退位のきっかけともなった。
- The incident not only disclosed the wild license of court nobles but even triggered tightened control of the Imperial Court by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a Shogun) and abdication of Emperor Goyozei.
- 武士は発生当初から血縁的要素よりも地縁的要素の強い集団であったが、この乱は日本を一層の地縁社会へと導くことになった。
- Since their start, bushi had stronger ties with their regions than blood relatives, and this rebellion led to the strengthening of regional ties within society in Japan.
- それから約6万の衆徒で京都市中に押し寄せ、京都洛中洛外の日蓮宗寺院21本山はことごとく焼き払われた(天文法華の乱)。
- Then, approximately 60,000 monk soldiers advanced on to the city of Kyoto, and the 21 head temples of the Nichiren sect, inside and outside of the capital Kyoto, were burnt down (Tenmon Hokke no Ran or War of Tenmon Hokke).
- 平安最末期の治承・寿永の乱において、平氏政権は諸国から兵粮米を賦課しているが、これも一国平均役として認識されていた。
- During the Jisho-Juei War at the end of the Heian period, the Taira administration levied military provisions from many provinces, and this was also considered as ikkoku heikinyaku.
- 1331年(元弘元年、元徳3年)から開始された後醍醐天皇の倒幕運動である元弘の乱の最後の戦いで、鎌倉幕府は滅亡した。
- The war was the last phase of the Genko War which was started by Emperor Godaigo as the anti-shogunate movement in 1331, and the Tosho-ji War put an end to the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 争乱の排除をめざして浄土真宗本願寺教団によって組織された武士、農民、商工業者などによって形成された宗教的自治である。
- In an effort to avoid disturbances, the leadership of the Jodo Shinshu Honganji organization organized its followers of warriors, farmers, and craftsmen/merchants, thereby instituting a religiously based autonomous government over them.
- 貞時は平禅門の乱で平頼綱を討ったあと、平頼綱が実権を握っていた間の政策や人事を否定し、父北条時宗の時代の人事に戻す。
- After Sadatoki defeated TAIRA no Yoritsuna in the TAIRA no Zenmon Disturbance, he denied the policies and personnel affairs that were set while TAIRA no Yoritsuna had power, returning them to what they had been in the reign of his father Tokimune HOJO.
- そして関東のほうで戦乱が起きていることを知って、急ぎ故郷に帰る途中、木曽で山賊に襲われて財産を全て奪われてしまった。
- And when he knows the turmoil taking place in the Kanto region, he tries to hurry on his way home, but he is attacked by robbers and loses his entire fortune in Kiso.
- 『保元物語』は保元の乱を題材とした軍記物語であるが、物語である以上、そこには虚構、ないしは史実との乖離も認められる。
- 'Hogen Monogatari' is a war tale based on the Hogen Disturbance, but since it is a tale there are aspects of fiction and divergence from the historical facts.
- ここに両軍入り乱れた最終決戦が行われ、奮闘虚しく金子元宅はじめ金子軍の武将はことごとく討ち果て毛利軍の勝利と終わった。
- Both sides fought the final battle in disarray, in which Motoie KANEKO and all military commanders (busho) of the Kaneko side, who had struggled in vain, were killed, and the Mori side emerged victorious.
- 滝川一益、北条氏政のその後の動きは神流川の戦いを、徳川家康、氏政、真田昌幸のその後の動きは天正壬午の乱を参照されたい。
- For subsequent movements of Kazumasu TAKIGAWA and Ujimasa HOJO, refer to the article, Battle of Kanna River, and for those of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Ujimasa and Masayuki SANADA, refer to the article, the Tenshojingo War.
- 1183年7月、源義仲が平氏を京都から追放したが、義仲勢力は推戴する北陸宮の天皇即位を迫り、京内で乱暴な行動を重ねた。
- In July, 1183 MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka expelled the Taira clan from Kyoto, but his forces pressed for the enthronement of Hokuriku no Miya as emperor and committed numerous violent acts within Kyoto.
- これに対して蝦夷は709年および720年に反乱を起こし、720年の時には陸奥按察使上毛野広人が殺害される事態となった。
- In response, Ezo started a revolt in 709 and 720 and, in 720, KAMITSUKENO no Hirohito, who was the Mutsu no azechi (Inspector of Mutsu), was killed.
- 3月26日、植木方面で銃声を聞くが征討軍が現れないので、後方攪乱部隊を3隊に分け、京町口・井芹村・本妙寺に出撃させた。
- On March 26, the reconnaissance party heard gunfire echoes from the Ueki area but could not find the punitive army, then, it divided the rear guard harassing company into three units and send them out to Kyomachiguchi, Iseri Village, and Honmyo-ji Temple, respectively.
- 1368年、紅巾の乱の首領朱元璋が南京市で即位して明を建国し、この年を「洪武元年」としたのち、一世一元の制を採用した。
- In 1368, Gensho SHU (Chu Yuan-chang), a leader of the Red Turban Rebellion, established a new era named 'Kobu' starting with the year when he ascended to the throne in Nanjing City to found the Ming Dynasty, and later introduced a system of one era per Emperor.
- 特に武力・軍事力を動員して反乱を起こすことを指すことが多いが、少人数で君主・主君を暗殺する行為を謀反ということもある。
- The word usually refers to an armed or militarized rebellion, but 'assassinating one's master by a small group' can be defined as 'muhon' as well.
- こうした市中の混乱が、源義仲の活動(1180年挙兵、1183年上洛)を容易にする遠因となっていたことも考えられている。
- This chaos is believed to have been a factor in making MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka's operations (raising of an army in 1180 and advancement to Kyoto in 1183) easier to carry out.
- 新たに発足した室町幕府は、戦乱を抑えることを目的として、在地武士を組織するため、国単位におかれる守護の権限を強化した。
- The newly inaugurated Muromachi bakufu strengthened the power and authority of shugo positioned in each province in order to prevent the maelstrom of war and organize the local samurais.
- 文化の担い手としての天皇や公家は、この戦乱の時代には、文化の相伝に存在意義を見出すことを強いられ、自らも見出していた。
- Emperors and court nobles as supporters of culture were forced to find their significance of existence in handing down culture and they themselves did so.
- これらは魔除けやまじない、戦乱を避けて蓄蔵したとの解釈もあるが、悪貨への交換を避けるため良貨を保管したとの見方もある。
- According to a theory, these coins were stored underground to ward off evil spirits, as a charm or for avoiding the disturbance of war, but according to another theory, they were stored to prevent them from being exchanged with low-quality coins.
- 歴史上、有名な令旨としては、「源平の争乱」の際に、源氏挙兵の正当性を表すものとして発令された、「以仁王の令旨」がある。
- A historically famous ryoji is 'Prince Mochihito's order' issued to justify the Genji's raising of an army during the Genpei War.
- こうした中で蓄積された日本人の不満は、1510年に三浦の乱という形で爆発するが朝鮮王朝に鎮圧される(乱の展開節参照)。
- Under those circumstances, the dissatisfaction had gradually accumulated among the Japanese residents, and eventually the Sanpo War occurred in 1510 as a result of the outburst of their dissatisfaction, but this was suppressed by the Korean Dynasty (see the section of Evolution of the war).
- 戦乱の収束により臨時雇いの足軽は大半が召し放たれ武家奉公人や浪人となり、残った足軽は武家社会の末端を担うことになった。
- As the era of warfare came to a close, the majority of temporarily employed ashigaru were released and became buke hokonin (servant for a samurai family) or ronin (masterless samurai), while the remaining ashigaru served as low ranking members of samurai society.
- 応仁の乱以降には堺を本拠とする管領家の細川氏や、乱で兵庫を得た大内氏、博多や堺市などの有力商人が経営するようになった。
- After the Onin War, the trade was managed by the Hosokawa clan; a Kanryo Family (families in the position of the shogunal deputy) putting headquarters in Sakai, the Ouchi clan that had won Hyogo as a reward after the war, as well as influential merchants in Hakata and Sakai City.
- ために戦乱後成立した日本の徳川幕府は先進文物を受け入れるために、対馬島主をとおして交渉を許可するように朝鮮に懇請した。
- Therefore, the Tokugawa shogunate, which was established after the war, needed to import advanced things and requested Korea to conduct negotiations with Japan through the head of the Tsushima island.
- 磐井の乱(527年 - 528年)の後、宣化元年(536年)に博多港のほとりに宮家(遠の朝廷:とおのみかど)を設置した。
- In 536 Yamato Dynasty established a government office called 'To no mikado' (government office located far from the capital) near the Hakata port after the Iwai War (527-528).
- 観応の擾乱に伴う幕府行政組織の崩壊に伴って衰退・廃止に至ったと考えられ、足利義満の時代には存在しなかったと見られている。
- It is considered that Naisogata declined and was eventually abolished in the wake of the collapse of bakufu's administrative organization caused by the Kanno Disturbance and it didn't exist in the era of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
- 1221年(承久3年) - 北条氏を中心とする軍勢が承久の乱で後鳥羽天皇方を破る(全国特に西国掌握の完了、朝廷の掌握)。
- 1221 - The forces mainly consisting of the Hojo clan defeated Emperor Go-Shirakawa's faction (the completion of taking control of the whole of country, especially Saigoku (western part of Japan (especially Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki) and taking control of Imperial Court).
- これは譜代筆頭井伊家の御家断絶と、それによる水戸藩への敵討ちといった争乱の激化を防ぐための、幕府による破格の配慮である。
- The Shogunate took special measures as above to prevent extinction of the Ii Family, fudai hitto, and escalation of conflict including revenge against the Mito Domain.
- 一方、日本政府と国内世論は士族反乱や立憲制確立を巡る議論に注目が移り、かつての征韓派も朝鮮問題への関心を失いつつあった。
- Meanwhile, the attention of the Japanese government and domestic public opinion shifted to the issues that related to the Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) and establishment of constitutional system, and gradually former Seikan-ha were losing their interest on Korean issues.
- 帥升以降、男子が倭国王位を継承していったが、2世紀後期になると倭国内の各政治勢力間で大規模な紛争が生じた(→倭国大乱)。
- The throne of the king of Wa had been succeeded to a son since Suisho, but the the late second century saw a severe civil war among the political forces in Wakoku (=>Wakoku War).
- また、慶長の役直後、関ヶ原の戦い直前の大乱であり、島津氏が関ヶ原の戦いに大軍を送れなかった原因になったともいわれている。
- The rebellion is also considered the reason that the Shimazu clan couldn't send a large force to the Battle of Sekigahara, because the rebellion occurred immediately after the Keicho Campaign and just before the Battle of Sekigahara.
- 1333年の鎌倉幕府滅亡から建武の新政、室町時代初期までの間は、全国的に戦乱が相次ぎ、荘園の所有関係も非常に流動化した。
- From the demise of the Kamakura bakufu in 1333 to the Kenmu Restoration or the early Muromachi period, the maelstrom of war continued and the ownership relationship of shoen were also fluidized.
- 平氏軍は越前、加賀の反乱勢力を破って5月には加賀・越中国境の倶利伽羅峠で義仲軍と対峙したが敗北する(倶利伽羅峠の戦い)。
- The Taira clan troops defeated the rebellion troops in Echizen and Kaga, and in May, they met and lost to Yoshinaka's troops at Kurikara Pass between Kaga and Ecchu Province (the Battle of Kurikawa Pass).
- この擾乱を契機として、京を押さえた細川高国らと、細川澄元・細川晴元・三好氏ら阿波勢との攻防が長期にわたって繰り返された。
- Triggered by these disturbances, battles repeatedly occurred over a prolonged period between the Takakuni HOSOKAWA forces that had gained control of the capital and the Awa forces that included Sumimoto HOSOKAWA, Harumoto HOSOKAWA and the Miyoshi clan.
- 両乱の鎮圧に挙げた国司や軍事・富豪(田堵負名)層の功績は非常に高かったが、彼らに対する恩賞は十分なものとは言えなかった。
- In suppressing these insurgencies, kokushi, military, the rich and powerful class (Tato fumyo [powerful cultivator who managed farm operations and collected tax] class) provided outstanding service which, however, was not sufficiently rewarded.
- この使船は実際は宗氏が運用していたものであり、こうした事などから三浦の乱は宗氏主導で計画的に起こされたと考えられている。
- This envoy ship was operated by the So clan in fact, and considering these facts, it is thought that the Sanpo War was intentionally provoked by the So clan.
- 4番目であるが、治承・寿永の乱については、鎌倉が直接関与する部分と、そうでない部分では情報の正確さには相当の開きがある。
- As to the descriptions about Jisho-Juei War, preciseness of information in the fourth record depends on whether they are directly related to Kamakura or not.
- 特に身分差別に苦しんだ朝鮮民衆は緒戦の混乱に乗じて官庁や被差別身分を示す書類を焼き払った例が朝鮮側資料により知られている。
- It is known from materials in Korea that Korean common people who suffered from class discrimination set fire to governmental offices and documents on discriminated classes.
- 上記の要因が複合し、島津軍の奇襲作戦や伏兵などが成功して連合軍が混乱し瓦解したため、寡兵の島津軍が勝利しえたと推測できる。
- It could be assumed that the outnumbered Shimazu army was able to face a victory due to a combination of various factors mentioned earlier and the successful surprise and ambush attacks that led the allied force into confusion and fell.
- 内容は永享の乱の後の上杉憲実の出家から春王・安王の乳人の出家までで、『結城戦場記』や『永享記』との関わりも指摘されている。
- The contents begin with Norizane UESUGI becoming a priest after the Eikyo Rebellion and ends with the wet nurses of Shuno and Ano becoming nuns, suggesting an influence by 'Yukisenjo ki' and 'Eikyo ki.'
- しかし、やはりこれでは混乱を招くということで、江戸時代には、様々な里の存在は認めた上で、36町里を標準の里とすると定めた。
- However, as this would cause confusion, 36 chori was fixed as the standard ri in the Edo period with accepting the existence of various ri.
- 後白河天皇の皇子である以仁王による挙兵を契機に各地で平清盛を中心とする六波羅政権ともよばれる平氏政権に対する反乱が起こる。
- Starting with the raising of forces by Emperor Goshirakawa's son, Prince Mochihito, a country-wide rebellion against the Taira clan government occurred, also known as the Rokuhara government, which was led by TAIRA no Kiyomori.
- さらに和田合戦、宝治合戦、平禅門の乱などにより北条氏以外の他氏族を幕府から排除し、権力を北条氏に集中させる動きも強まった。
- And with the Heizenmon Rebellion and the battles of Wada and Hoji, the Hoji clan was able to purge the bakufu of all the non-Hojo warrior clans, stepping up their efforts to concentrate all power in their own hands.
- 平治の乱後の永暦元年(1160年)、清盛は正三位参議に補任され、武士として初めて公卿(政治決定に参与する議政官)となった。
- After the Heiji Rebellion, Kiyomori was given the post of Shosammi Sangi (Senior Third Rank, Royal Advisors) in 1160 and became the first bushi to become a court noble (a Giseikan (legislator) participating in political decisions).
- 戦国期の公家の生活の情報に富み、細川政元の暗殺や細川澄元の敗死などいわゆる永正の錯乱を巡る畿内の政局をつぶさに見て取れる。
- The diary was full of detailed information on the life of kuge (court noble) during the Sengoku period and described in detail the politics in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) with regard to the Eisho no Sakuran that involved the assassination of Masamoto HOSOKAWA and the death of Sumimoto HOSOKAWA in battle.
- 乱後も洞に残った伊達氏の一門や家臣は曾孫の伊達政宗によって仙台藩家臣団として強い主従関係に基づく再編成を受ける事となった。
- Families and vassals of the Date clan who remained in the Utsuro even after the war were reorganized by Tanemune's great-grandson Masamune DATE into a group of vassals in the Sendai Domain, supported by the strict relationship between lord and vassal.
- 佐藤進一は1965 年の『南北朝の動乱』 の中で、武士を「武芸をもって支配階級に仕える職能人もしくは職能集団」と言い切る。
- Shinichi SATO firmly stated in 'A disturbance of Northern and Southern Courts' published in 1965 that bushi was 'the vocational individual or group that served the ruling class with martial arts.'
- 乱後、崇徳院は讃岐に流され、自身の罪業を償うために五部大乗経をしたため、朝廷に石清水八幡宮か長谷寺へと納経の許可を求める。
- Subsequent to the disturbance, Sutoku-in was exiled to Sanuki, and copied the Five Volumes of Mahayana Sutras in order to atone for his sins, asking the Imperial Court to dedicate a copy to Iwashimizu-Hachimangu Shrine or Hasedera Temple.
- また、当時の治承・寿永の乱についても多く記されており、平安時代末期から鎌倉時代初期の変動期についての基礎史料になっている。
- Also, it contains many descriptions of the Jisho-Juei War in that period, and it became a basic historical material of the era, from the end of Heian period to the beginning of Kamakura period.
- 風雅集においてその純度は一層高く、繊細な自然観照と深沈な心境の描写を本領とし、南北朝の乱世に生きる人々の感慨を映している。
- Fuga shu, however, is more intense, and its distinctive characters are contemplation of delicate nature and description of calm mind, which reflect the deep emotions of those who lived in the turbulent age of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 戦国時代の動乱を最終的に収めた江戸幕府は、このような風潮を改め、家臣の主君への従順を教えるため朱子学の道徳を武士に学ばせる。
- The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), after finally settling this upheaval of the Warring States Period, made samurai learn the Neo-Confucianism ethics, to teach the vassals' loyalty to their lords.
- 源氏・平氏による争乱期(治承・寿永の乱)の最中に発生した飢饉であり、源平盛衰記や方丈記など当時の状況を詳細に記す史料も多い。
- The famine occurred during a period of conflict (Jisho-Juei War), and there remain many historical documents which describe the situation in detail such as the Genpei Seisuiki (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira clans) and the Hojoki (An Account of My Hut).
- 此比の人々の会に連なりて見れば、まず会所のしつらひより初めて、人の装束の打解けたるさま、各が気色有様、乱れがわしき事限りなし
- By looking at series of meetings of people at this time, the day Kaisho was established, there was a look of relaxation on all people, each showing their emotions, and there was no limit to the disturbance.
- 本能寺の変により空域化すると武田遺領を巡り徳川氏や後北条氏による天正壬午の乱が起こり、甲斐・信濃は乱を制した徳川氏が領した。
- When Kai and Shinano became vacant because of the Honnoji Incident (the Raid on the Honno-ji Temple (in 1582, in which Nobunaga ODA was killed)), the Tenshojingo War by the Tokugawa clan and Gohojo clan occurred with respect to the former territory of the Takeda clan and the Tokugawa clan, that won the War, obtained Kai and Shinano.
- 以前は1467年に始まった応仁の乱を戦国時代の始期とする見解が有力とされていたが、その後も幕府は中央政権として機能していた。
- In the past the view that the Sengoku Period started at the time of Onin War, which commenced in 1467, was prevailing, but the bakufu functioned as the central government even after that.
- また、荘園整理、荘官・百姓の取り締まり、神人・悪僧の統制、戦乱で荒廃した京都の治安維持のためにも、平氏の武力は不可欠だった。
- Moreover, the Taira's military strength was indispensable in supervising the shoen reforms as well as shoen officials and commoners, and controlling members of the clergy and evil monks alike, not to mention for keeping the peace in Kyoto, in ruins from the recent wars.
- 承平天慶の乱において平将門が新皇として関東八ヶ国の国司を任命した際も、常陸と上総の国司は「常陸国」「上総国」を任命している。
- After the Johei and Tengyo War, TAIRA no Masakado appointed persons to the kokushi of eight provinces in the Kanto region in the capacity of the new emperor, but he appointed 'Hitachi no suke' (assistant governor of Hitachi Province) and 'Kazusa no suke' (assistant governor of Kazusa Province) to the kokushi of Hitachi and Kazusa respectively.
- 応仁の乱後、堺商人が抽分銭の請負業務を行い、出航前に予め輸入品の利益額を想定して抽分銭を先に経営者側に納付する制度を取った。
- After the Onin War, Sakai merchants undertook the task of Chubunsen under a system in which they prepaid the Chubunsen to the management based on the amount of profit to be generated from imported goods that was preliminarily estimated by them in advance of departure.
- 寿永・治承の内乱から奥州合戦に至るまでの恩賞給与に当たっては、関東武士らの満足が得られるものとなるよう最深の注意を傾注した。
- He paid careful attention to ensure that Kanto samurai warriors were content with the rewards they received during the period between the Jisho-Juei Civil War and the Battle of Oshu.
- 承久の乱後は幕府の管理下に後深草天皇→伏見天皇→後伏見天皇→花園天皇→光厳天皇→崇光天皇→後小松天皇と持明院統に伝領された。
- After the Jokyu War, under the control of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), these shoen were successively inherited by Emperors who belonged to the Jimyoin-to line, including Emperor Gofukakusa, Emperor fushimi, Emperor Gofushimi, Emperor Hanazono, Emperor Kogen, Emperor Suko and Emperor Gokomatsu.
- また交易目的だけではなく、三浦の乱や蛇梁倭変の講和のような重要な交渉時にも、有利な交渉を目論み偽の日本国王使を派遣している。
- The So clan dispatched false royal envoys for purpose of trading, and additionally, they sent such envoys in order to gain more advantages in important negotiations such as the peace negotiations of the Sanpo War and the Saryang Incident.
- 忠盛は源義親の乱を平定するなどして院司となり、正四位に叙せられて軍事貴族の最高位者、すなわち武家の棟梁として台頭していった。
- After suppressing the rebellion by MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, Tadamori became inshi (official of the Retired Emperor's Office), was appointed to shoshii, the highest rank for military aristocrats, and gained power as the leader of samurai families.
- 浅茅が宿(あさぢがやど) - 戦乱の世、一旗あげるため妻と別れて故郷を立ち京に行った男が、七年後に幽霊となった妻と再会する。
- The Reed-Choked House - During an age of confusion, a man who has separated from his wife and left for Kyo to try to make his fortune is to meet his wife, who becomes a ghost, after seven years.
- 白石が主君・徳川家宣に『通鑑綱目』を進講しつつ、日本古来の治乱興亡の沿革に深い関心を寄せていた家宣のために書いたものである。
- It was written for his master Ienobu TOKUGAWA, who became deeply interested in the historical changes of ancient Japan in times of war and peace, rise and fall, when Hakuseki gave a lecture on 'Tongjian Gangmu' (Outline and Details of the Comprehensive Mirror) in his presence.
- この時代は世情が一応安定し、2世紀以上にわたって大きな戦乱もなく、庶民の生活レベルも、それ以前の時代に比較すれば向上していた。
- In this period, the Japanese society was more or less stable because there was no big disturbance of war for more than two centuries, and the ordinary people's living standard was improved from that of the former periods.
- そのため後醍醐天皇は再び武家権力との対立を深め、吉野に南朝 (日本)を開き南北朝二つの勢力に分かれて全国的な争乱の時代となる。
- For this reason, Emperor Godaigo recreated conflict with the samurai authority again and thus established the Southern Court in Yoshino, which marked the beginning of the nation-wide war between the Northern and Southern Courts.
- よって朝廷の支配との二元的支配から承久の乱を通して、次第に幕府を中心とする武士に実権が移っていった時代とみるのが適切であろう。
- So although at first the bakufu ruled in partnership with the court, it is fitting to consider the Kamakura period the transition during which, as a result of the Jokyu War, the warrior class--and the bakufu in particular--gradually superceded the court in power.
- その後、義満の時代に国内は安定したものの、応仁の乱をへて全国動乱の時代(戦国時代)を迎え荘園公領制が崩壊して新秩序が成立した。
- Thereafter, while in Yoshimitsu's time the country was pacified, following the Onin War the entire country became engulfed in strife (the Sengoku period) and as the shoen-koryo system fell apart, a new system came into existence to replace it.
- その次ぎの武士層の拡大は、鎌倉幕府の崩壊から南北朝時代 (日本)であり、この段階で日本全国が長年に渡る争乱の時代へと突入する。
- The next expansion of the bushi class began from the fall of Kamakura bakufu to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and all Japan entered the period of war that lasted for a long time.
- そのため、一揆が原因になることもあるが、政権の転覆を図る反乱、暴動、クーデターなどとは本来ははっきりと区別されるべき語である。
- Therefore, although ikki sometimes caused revolts, riots and coup d'état, all of which occurred through efforts to overturn the regime, the word 'ikki' should essentially be distinguished from those words (revolt, riot, coup d'état).
- しかし朝廷はこの時、彼らの間の不満が乱の原因になったとの認識のもと、彼らを五位・六位といった受領級の中・下流貴族に昇進させた。
- The Imperial Court, based on their understanding that their discontent led to the outbreak of the war, promoted these individuals to low to middle class, fifth or sixth rank aristocratic zuryo.
- そうした中で、百姓らは、水利配分や水路・道路の修築、境界紛争・戦乱や盗賊からの自衛などを契機として地縁的な結合を強めていった。
- Under those circumstances the peasants strengthened their territorial connections through the distribution of water supplies, the construction and repair of channels and roads, and self-defense from border conflicts, wars and robbers.
- なお、平治の乱では、摂津源氏の源頼政は源義朝に対して独自行動をとって義朝の子の義平と戦い、結果的に平家の勝利に貢献したとされる。
- In the Heiji War, MINAMOTO no Yorimasa of Settsu-Genji acted independently from MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo and fought against Yoshihira, a son of Yoshitomo and as a result, contributed the victory of Heike
- 5月27日には柴田勝家らの北国勢の支援のために信越国境を越えて、春日山城を指呼の間に望む越後国の二本木(上越市)辺りまでに乱入。
- On May 27, 1582, Nagayoshi crossed the border between Shinano and Echigo Provinces to support the armies of northern provinces, including Katsuie SHIBATA's army, and invaded into the area around Nihongi (present-day Joetsu City) in Echigo Province, from where Kasugayama-jo Castle could be seen at a short distance.
- 少しさかのぼって22日、有田郡の国人白樫氏に誘われて上方勢に寝返った雑賀荘の岡衆が同じ雑賀の湊衆を銃撃し、雑賀は大混乱に陥った。
- A little before that, on the 21st, the Oka shu (岡衆) of Saigaso who defected to the Kamigata army asked by the Shirakashi clan of Arida County, shot Minato shu (湊衆) of Saiga with a gun, which caused confusion in Saiga.
- 応仁元年(1467年)から始まる応仁の乱では出雲国守護京極持清は細川方に組し、三刀屋忠扶も上洛して山名方の斯波義廉と戦っている。
- During the Onin War broke out in 1467, as Mochikiyo KYOGOKU, the constable in Izumo Province, took Hosokawa's side, Tadasuke MITOYA went to Kyoto and fought Yoshikado SHIBA, which was on Yamana's side.
- 1156年(保元元)の保元の乱および1159年(平治元)の平治の乱では、源義朝麾下(畠山氏に従属との説もあり)に従軍し活躍した。
- During the Hogen War in 1156, and the Heiji War in 1159, the party followed the troops under MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi's command (some say that the party was subordinate to the Hatakeyama clan) and they fought bravely.
- 心理面においては明・朝鮮軍が連合軍であるために指揮統制が難しく、一度不測の事態によって混乱すると収拾が難しかったと思われること。
- Looking from the morale perspective, it was difficult to give out commands since the Ming and Korean army was the allied force and was difficult to rally once the confusion occurred due to any unpredicted events.
- そのため国内の混乱にも乗じて私貿易船が横行し、いわゆる「前期倭寇」と呼ばれる、江南沿岸や朝鮮半島への海賊行為も行うようになった。
- This led to the prevalence of private trading ships taking advantage of the domestic confusion, resulting in the emergence of piracy, or so called 'early wako' along Konan coasts and Korean Peninsula.
- 同時に、頼朝は弟の源範頼・源義経を派遣し、平氏追討に当たらせ、1185年、壇ノ浦の戦いで平氏が滅亡し、6年に渡る内乱が終結した。
- At the same time he sent his younger brothers MINAMOTO no Noriyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune to search for and destroy the Taira clan which were destroyed in the Battle of Dan no Ura in 1185, ending the civil war which had lasted for six years.
- その一方、武家や在地においては応仁の乱以後の戦国時代 (日本)に「家」が一般社会の構成単位として認識される傾向が強まっていった。
- On the other hand, for buke (military class) and resident landowners, the concept of 'Ie' became recognized as the basic unit of ordinary society during the Sengoku period after the Onin War.
- 仏教の摂取と流布に大いに貢献した蘇我氏とこれに反対する物部氏との対立(崇仏論争)はのちに蘇我馬子と物部守屋との間での戦乱を招く。
- A dispute over the adoption of Buddhism between the Soga clan, who had greatly contributed to dissemination of Buddhism in Japan, and their opponents, the Mononobe clan led to conflict between SOGA no Umako and MONONOBE no Moriya.
- 日本では律の規定と実際の刑罰に乖離があり、律令制全盛期でも、廷臣の殺害による政権奪取や、蝦夷や隼人の反乱が反・謀反とされていた。
- In Japan, the ritsu provisions were different from actual punishment, and taking over the government by killing retainers or uprisings by Ezo (northerners) or Hayato people (an ancient tribe in Kyushu) were regarded as '反' or '謀反', even when the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) was fully realized.
- 平氏政権の崩壊とともに、中央政府である朝廷とは別個に、内乱を収拾して東国の支配権を得た鎌倉幕府が登場し、平安時代は幕を下ろした。
- With the collapse of the Taira clan administration, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) came to power after sorting out the civil wars aside from the Imperial Court, and the central govenment gained the right to rule the Eastern provinces, leading to the end of the Heian period.
- しかし、このように大人数の乱行が発覚しないわけはなく、慶長14年(1609年)7月、後陽成帝の耳に達し、逆鱗に触れることとなる。
- However, it was impossible to keep such sexual relations secret among so many persons, and in July and August 1609 information on the fact reached the ears of Emperor Goyozei to his vehement wrath.
- しかし、日本においても城下町が発展すると、経済的および政治的価値が上昇し、それにともない城下町を戦乱から防護する必要性が生じた。
- However, as jokamachi developed in Japan, they increased in economic and political value and the necessity for their safeguard against war arose.
- 戦国時代に入ると、越中守護代神保長誠の押領が発生したほか、代官が荘民と結託して荘内の戸破村や白石村の年貢を遅滞するなど混乱した。
- As it became the Sengoku Period, there were a number of disputes involving the manor: One instance involving Nagamoto JINBO, who seized Kuragaki no Sho as the deputy military governor of Ecchu Province; on another occasion, local governors and manor residents conspired together to delay payment of land taxes made by the villages of Hibari and Shiraishi that were part of the manor.
- 惣村が最盛期を迎えたのは室町時代中期(15世紀)ごろであり、応仁の乱などの戦乱に対応するため、自治能力が非常に高まったとされる。
- Soson reached the mature stage in the mid-Muromachi period (around the fifteenth century), and it is said that the self-governing capability was very enhanced so as to respond to conflicts such as the Onin War.
- 明徳の乱(めいとくのらん)は、室町時代の明徳2年(1391年)に山名氏清、山名満幸ら山名氏が室町幕府に対して起こした反乱である。
- The Meitoku War was a war against the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) that was started by the Yamana clan members, such as Ujikiyo YAMANA and Mitsuyuki YAMANA, in 1391 during the Muromachi period.
- 乱後は、幕府との結びつきを強め、1222年に太政大臣、翌1223年には従一位に昇進し、娘婿の九条道家とともに朝廷の実権を握った。
- After the war, his bond with the bakufu became stronger than ever, so that in 1222 he was promoted to High Chancellor and raised to Juichii (Junior First Rank) the following year in 1223, until he, along with his adopted son-in-law, Michiie KUJO, controlled all the real power at the imperial court.
- 本書完成直後に承久の乱を起こしている事でもわかるように、天皇政治復興の情熱がこめられ、次代の皇子に帝王の道を伝えようとしている。
- As revealed by the outbreak of the Jokyu War immediately after the completion of the book, there was a profound yearning for the restoration of the Imperial government and to pass the way of the sovereign down to the princes of the next generation.
- のち直家と結んだ毛利氏により三村氏は滅ぼされ(備中兵乱)、その傘下であった城主の多くは毛利氏を頼ったが、その一人が清水宗治である。
- In a disturbance in the Bitchu area, the Miura clan was defeated by the Mori clan, cooperated with Naoie, after which many lords of a castle under the Mimura clan went to the Mori clan for help, one of whom was Muneharu SHIMIZU.
- 岩倉使節団派遣中に留守政府は重大な改革を行わないという盟約に反し、国内が急激な改革で混乱していたことは大久保らの態度を硬化させた。
- Contrary to the compact that promised the Rusu-seifu (government while heads of government are away) wouldn't conduct major reform while dispatching Iwakura Mission, the internal confusion caused by the drastic reform hardened OKUBO and other opponent's attitudes.
- 室町時代の後半の戦国時代 (日本)では戦乱が多発し、農村では集落を守るために周囲に堀(環濠)を巡らして襲撃に備えるところが現れた。
- The latter half of the Muromachi period was the Sengoku period (period of warring states) when warfare broke out all over Japan, making some villagers decide to build moats around their settlements in order to protect themselves from assaults.
- オホド王の治世には北九州の有力豪族である筑紫君磐井が新羅と連携してヤマト王権との軍事衝突を起こした(磐井の乱)がすぐに鎮圧された。
- During King Ohodo's reign, the Tsukushinokimi-Iwai, a powerful family from northern Kyushu, allied with the Korean kingdom of Silla and started hostilities (the Iwai War) with the Yamato Kingdom, though these were immediately suppressed.
- 以後1873年徴兵令公布、1876年廃刀令、秩禄処分に至る過程で士族反乱が相次ぎ明治政府はこうした不満を海外に向ける必要もあった。
- Revolts by Shizoku occurred one after another during a process that ended in the promulgation of a Conscription Ordinance in 1873 and a decree banning the wearing of swords in 1867, and Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend), and the Meiji government needed to turned their attention to the outside of Japan.
- そして、承久の乱では摂津守護大内惟信や同族の多田基綱のほか畿内の武士の多くが京方に属して敗れたが、能勢氏は幕府方に属したとされる。
- Then in the Jokyu war while many samurais in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) such as Korenobu OUCHI, the shugo of Settsu Province and his cognate Mototsuna TADA joined the army on the Kyoto side and were defeated, the Nose clan are said to have been on the side of the Shogunate.
- 12世紀中期に鳥羽上皇が没すると、治天の君の座を巡って天皇家・摂関家を巻き込む政争が起こり、軍事衝突によって解決した(保元の乱)。
- After the death of the retired Emperor Toba in the middle of the 12th century, a political fight for the seat of chiten no kimi occurred, which involved the Emperor's family and Sekkan-ke, and was resolved after a military confrontation (the Hogen War).
- 1221年の承久の乱の結果、後鳥羽上皇を中心とする朝廷が幕府に敗れる事態となり、上皇方についた貴族・武士の所領はすべて没収された。
- As the result of Jokyu War in 1221, the imperial court centering on the Retired Emperor Gotoba was defeated by the bakufu and all the lands of the aristocrats and samurais who were on the side of the Retired Emperor were confiscated.
- 信西自身は、保元の乱で敗死した藤原頼長の所領を没収して後院領に組み込み、自らはその預所になるなど経済基盤の確保にも余念がなかった。
- Shinzei himself confiscated the lands owned by FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, who perished in the Hogen Rebellion, and nominally added these estates to the land already prescribed for the Emperor's use after he abdicated the throne, yet in reality devoted his undivided attention to making those lands into a buffer to guarantee his own financial footing.
- 鎌倉時代末期には蝦夷の反乱が鎌倉幕府を揺るがし、幕府滅亡後には安東氏が十三湊を本拠地に栄えるが、やがて南部氏の興隆により没落する。
- In the closing days of the Kamakura period, a revolt by the people of Ezo had thrown the Kamakura bakufu into turmoil, and after the bakufu's collapse, the Ando clan had created flourishing strongholds out of thirteen ports, but eventually the Ando clan was brought to ruin by the rising fortunes of the Nanbu clan.
- その後、持氏の遺児足利成氏が鎌倉公方となるが、享徳の乱を起こして上杉氏や今川氏によって鎌倉を追われて古河御所(古河公方)に逃れた。
- Although Shigeuji ASHIKAGA, a bereaved son of Mochiuji, became Kamakura kubo, he was forced by the Uesugi clan and the Imagawa clan to move to Koga palace (Koga kubo) after he caused the Kyotoku War.
- 平将門の乱の一部始終を詳細に書き綴っていること、仏教的な世界観や挿話がある点から、将門の近くにいた僧侶が作者であるとする説がある。
- One theory holds that the author must have been a Buddhist priest who was close to Masakado, because the author gave a very detailed account of TAIRA no Masakado's Rebellion and because both the general worldview expressed and certain specific episodes reveal a Buddhist perspective.
- この5人はいずれも壬申の乱の功臣で天武天皇・持統天皇に仕えた人物であることから、奈良時代初期が物語の舞台に設定されたとされている。
- These five men were all meritorious vassals at the Jinshin War serving Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jito, which suggests that the tale takes place in the early Nara period.
- 元の滅亡や南北朝動乱の継続により、日中双方の中央政体が混乱し、唐船に与える名目も喪失したため、寺社造営料唐船の時代は終わりを告げた。
- The age of trading vessels dispatched to Yuan ended because the grounds given to Tosen disappeared under the confusion of the central governments of both Japan and China due to the fall of Yuan as well as continued disturbances between Northern and Southern Dynasties.
- その後もクビライ(世祖)は3度目の日本遠征計画を立てていたが、海軍力の弱体化や国内の反乱などの理由により実行に移すことはできなかった
- Later Kublai (Khan) (Seiso [one of the temple names for monarchs who built the basis of the Imperial Family])planed the third invasion of Japan, but did not put it into practice because of the weakening of his navy force and domestic revolts.
- 現在では「近江京」の条坊制の存在を否定する研究者までが「大津京」を用い、その概念や定義は極めて曖昧となり、研究に混乱をきたしている。
- Now, even historians who deny the existence of the street plan use the word 'Otsu-kyo,' making the concept and definition of the word blur very much, which confuses historical study.
- これを不満とした宇合の長男藤原広嗣は、740年(天平12年)、真備らを除くことを名目に、九州で挙兵したが、敗死した(藤原広嗣の乱)。
- FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu, the oldest son of Umakai, was unhappy with such a situation, and raised an army in Kyushu in 740 with the pretext of removing Makibi et al, but was defeated and died (Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu).
- 武士たちのぶつかり合いによる戦闘という戦場の一般的なイメージの裏で、雑兵たちは戦闘以上に「乱取り」と呼ばれる略奪行為に熱中していた。
- In the back of this general image of battlefields, battles by struggling samurai zohyo, were keen on depredation called 'randori' than battle.
- なお、この乱の名称について、かつては藤原薬子らが中心となって乱を起こしていたものと考えられて「薬子の変」という名称が一般的であった。
- Because it was thought that FUJIWARA no Kusuko and her elder brother had taken leading roles in this incident, it has usually been referred to as the 'the Kusuko Incident.'
- 883年(元慶7)に上総国で勃発した俘囚の武装蜂起(上総俘囚の乱)に際し、朝廷は発兵勅符ではなく、「追捕官符」を上総国司へ交付した。
- In the armed fushu's uprising that occurred in 883 in Kazusa Province (Kazusa Fushu War), the Imperial Court issued 'Tsuibu kanpu' (warrants of pursuit and capture) to the kokushi of Kazusa Province, instead of hatsuhei-chokufu.
- 1331年(元弘元年、元徳3年)8月、後醍醐天皇が笠置山 (京都府)で挙兵、これに応じて楠木正成も河内で挙兵して、元弘の乱が始まる。
- In August 1331, Emperor Godaigo raised an army on Mt. Kasagi (in the present Kyoto Prefecture), and Masashige KUSUNOKI collaterally raised his army in Kawachi Province, which was the start of the Genko War.
- 尊氏は鎌倉において、乱の鎮圧に付き従った将士に勝手に恩賞を分配したり、建武政権の上洛命令を無視したりするなど、建武政権から離反する。
- In Kamakura, Takauji gave onsho (reward grants), at his discretion, to those who followed him in the battle of suppressing the war, ignored the Kenmu Government's order to return to Kyoto and became alienated from the Kenmu government.
- 『中外抄』と異なり、談話の時期は明記されていないが、概して保元の乱に連座して船岡山山麓の知足院に幽閉されていた忠実晩年の言談である。
- Different from 'Chugaisho,' it has no date entry but the discourse might have been given in Tadazane's later years when he was confined in Chisoku-in Temple at the foot of Mt. Funaoka on the charge of being implicated in the Hogen Disturbance.
- 長慶院・花山院家賢・花山院師賢・後醍醐天皇・洞院公泰・尊良親王・北畠親房ら、乱世にあって獅子奮迅の活躍を遂げた英傑の面々も登場する。
- Poems composed by great men who had lively roles and great energy in those troubled times were also selected: Chokeiin, Iekata KAZANIN, Morokata KAZANIN, Emperor Godaigo, Kinyasu TOIN, Imperial Prince Takayoshi, and Chikafusa KITABATAKE.
- 1592年に始まる日本軍の侵攻(壬辰倭乱、日本でいう文禄・慶長の役)では全羅左水使李舜臣が自ら考案したと言われる亀甲船の艦隊を率いた。
- During the invasion by the Japanese navy (Jinshin waran, or Bunroku and Keicho War in Korea on Japan's side) that started in 1592, the left naval commander in Jeolla Province Yi Sun-sin organized and led the fleet consisting of Turtle ships that were reportedly invented by Yi himself.
- 長可を追った後も引き続き信濃に進駐していた景勝は、御館の乱の影響もあってかかねてから北条に対して警戒心を露にし、合戦準備を進めていた。
- Kagekatsu, who was stationed in Shinano even after repelling Nagayoshi, displayed his wariness of Hojo, probably due to the influence of the Otate War, and was getting ready for battle.
- また、御館の乱を契機に武田とは交戦状態となっていた北条氏政(妹は勝頼夫人)も相模・伊豆・上野国から甲斐・信濃へ進軍することに決定した。
- Ujimasa HOJO (Katsuyori's brother-in-law), who had been fighting with the Takeda clan since the Otate Rebellion, also decided to send troops into Kai and Shinano Provinces from Sagami, Izu and Kozuke Provinces.
- さらに直後に大宰少弐に左遷された宇合の長男藤原広嗣は天平12年(740年)九州にて反乱を起こしたが、敗死してしまった(藤原広嗣の乱)。
- FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu, the eldest son of Umakai and was demoted to Dazai no shoni (Junior Assistant Governor-General of Dazai-fu offices) after his father's death, rose in revolt in Kyushu, known as the Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu in 740, but was killed in defeat.
- しかし現在では、近代的な用語としてクーデターや反乱などの言葉が使われ、明治以降の武力反抗事件に謀反という言葉は用いられなくなっている。
- Today people use more modern terms such as 'coup d'etat' or 'hanran' instead of 'muhon' for armed rebellions after Meiji.
- 平安後期になると、「家」内部で家業の継承をめぐる紛争が頻発し、12世紀中葉にはその紛争が武力衝突として具現化してしまった(保元の乱)。
- In the late Heian Period, disputes over the succession of family business frequently occurred inside the 'clan,' and in the mid twelfth century, the disputes evolved into tangible forms of armed conflicts (the Hogen war).
- この事件以降、12世紀中葉の平治の乱まで中央の政治抗争は武力を伴わず、死刑も執行されない非武力的な政治の時代が永らく続くこととなった。
- After this incident, until the Heiji War in the middle of 12th century, the non-violent political age continued, during which central political conflicts did not lead to military confrontations or the execution of the death penalty.
- しかし新政は武家への恩賞施策と武家領地を減らし国衙領の復活を目指す後醍醐天皇の独裁と公家優先の政策で、武家の支持を得られずに混乱した。
- However, the restoration was dictatorial and the Court noble-oriented policies of Emperor Godaigo who tried to reduce reward measures and territory of samurai families in order to restore Kokugaryo, were not supported by the samurai families and only served to confuse them.
- だが、創成期の武家政権と既存の朝廷勢力の権限を巡る駆け引きと緊張関係は引き続き存在し、その一応の解決をみるのは承久の乱以後の事である。
- However, the politics over rights and the tense relationship between the initial warrior class government and the conventional Imperial Court forces continued, and it was resolved to a certain degree only after the Jyokyu Rebellion.
- また乱の収束後、元慶の乱時に国家側と対立した地域には、9世紀末から10世紀にかけて秋田十二林窯、青森五所川原窯などが相次いで出現した。
- Moreover, once the rebellion was over the Akita Junibayashi kama kiln and the Aomori Goshogawara kama kiln were built in succession from the end of the ninth century to the tenth century in the regions where people fought against the central government.
- 二つの乱により、それまで京武者のよりどころであった摂関家家政機構の中の武力は解体し、一方の北面武士は平家の一人勝ちにより機能停止する。
- The military power of the political structure of regent families where the samurai in the imperial capital of Kyoto was based, disintegrated after experiencing two wars, and the Hokumen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side) terminated its function due to a single victory of Taira family.
- これは、保元の乱を「武者ノ世」のはじまりであるとする『愚管抄』の認識とも一致しており、時代の画期であると考えてられていたことがわかる。
- This perspective is consistent with the assertion of 'Gukansho (essay),' which regards the Hogen Disturbance as the beginning of 'the age of warriors.'
- 最終的には貿易の主導権を巡り細川氏と大内氏は争い、大永3年(1523年)には寧波で衝突(寧波の乱)し、大内氏は貿易を独占することになる。
- The Hosokawa clan and Ouchi clan competed to seize the initiative of trade, clashed at Neiha in 1523 and finally the Ouchi clan monopolized the trade.
- また、幕府が罪人を捜査する「検断権」も大寺社内には及ばず、そのため源義経や後醍醐天皇など、戦乱に追われた人々の多くが寺社にかくまわれた。
- The right for the bakufu to investigate wanted people, called 'Kendanken,' could not be enforced within large temple grounds and therefore many people who were escaping the war such as MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and Emperor Godaigo sought protection under the temples.
- しかし、時政の子の義時と北条政子はこの動きに反発し、有力御家人と連帯して、時政を引退させるとともに、平賀朝雅を抹殺した(畠山重忠の乱)。
- However, Tokimasa's son Yoshitoki and Masako HOJO opposed to this move, collaborated with the senior vassals, forced Tokimasa to retire and eliminated Tomomasa HIRAGA (Shigetada HATAKEYAMA Rebellion).
- このため永い間、幕府の方針もあり、政治的には静かな都として過ごしてきた京都がにわかに騒然となっていき、有名な「幕末の騒乱」が巻き起こる。
- This is why Kyoto, which had been a politically calm capital for a long time, was thrown into a commotion suddenly, in part due to the policy of the shogunate government, and became the main arena of 'disturbances at the end of Edo period.'
- まとめてスナイドル銃に改造して、軍による造兵施設の独占と軍用銃の所持を厳しく規制する事で、国民の武装を封じて内乱の再発を防ごうと努めた。
- Then, the government managed to prohibit the possession of arms by the general public to prevent a civil war by converting all of the withdrawn guns into Snider rifles, making the arms factories monopolized by the national Army, and regulating the possession of military guns more strictly.
- この乱の過程で、伊達晴宗は国人一揆との契約関係を再確認することで、他の奥羽諸大名に先駆けて戦国大名としての体制を確立することに成功した。
- In the process of this turbulence, Harumune DATE succeeded to firmly establish the system as a sengoku daimyo by reconfirming the contract relationship with kokujin ikki (rising of kokujin) in the run up to other daimyo in the Ou Region.
- 戦乱といえば、15世紀前半から南部氏が仙北・鹿角に出兵(この鹿角争奪戦は永禄頃まで続く)、伊達氏の河北地方への侵食など領地争いが目立つ。
- With respect to wars, disputes over territories are prominent as seen in sending troops by the Nanbu clan to Senboku and Kazuno since the first half of the fifteenth century (this war over Kazuno continued until around Eiroku Era) and invasion into the Kahoku region by the Date clan.
- この最中に将軍の跡継ぎ争いが勃発し、これに山名氏・細川氏ら守護大名の権力争い・畠山氏・斯波氏の跡継ぎ争いなどが加わり応仁の乱が起こった。
- Under such situations, a fight over succession for shogun occurred and in addition, struggles for power between shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) such as the Yamana clan and Hosokawa clan and a fight over succession to family headship in the Hatakeyama clan and Shiba clan occurred resulting in the occurrence of the Onin Disturbance.
- 戦国時代は、室町時代後期から引き続き、戦乱の影響もあって人や物の流動が活発化したことから、貨幣の持つ相対的な価値が向上することになった。
- Continuing from the latter half of the Muromachi Period and partly because of influences of disturbances of war, as the flow of persons and cargo was activated in the Sengoku Period, the relative value of currency increased.
- 幕府は承久の乱で鎌倉の武家権力が朝廷権力に勝利して、旧平家領にも守護地頭を起き支配権を全国に広げ、ついに初の全国統一の武家政権となった。
- The samurai authority in Kamakura defeated the Imperial Court authority in the Jokyu Revolt, and thus the bakufu deployed Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) in the territory of the Taira family, spread their authority across the country, and eventually established the first nationally-standardized military government.
- これは保元の乱,平治の乱から治承寿永の乱と続く、戦乱の時代により厭世観(末法思想)が強まり、魂の救済が求められるようになったためである。
- And as the Hogen Rebellion led to the Heiji War, which blossomed in turn into the Genpei War (the war between the Minamoto (Gen) and Taira (Hei) clans, known as Jisho-Juei no ran in Japanese for the two eras in which it occurred), this age of wars and rebellions only reinforced a pessimistic view of the world (based on the idea of Mappo, the final and worst age in Buddhist theology), and led to many seeking salvation for their souls.
- 武士の、つまり全国各地の騒乱のほぼ全ての原因が土地支配に関するものであり、頼朝の新統治理論はこの後永く幕藩体制の根幹を成すものになった。
- Questions over land ownership contributed to virtually all fighting and conflict among warriors--and thus, almost all disturbances throughout the country--and Yoritomo's new theory of governance (as expressed by the Hyojosho) was to serve as the foundation of the bakufu-dominal system for many years thereafter.
- この乱は短期間で鎮圧されたが、この渦中に平将門は坂東諸国の国衙機構を掌握して「新皇」を称しており、これを武家政権の先駆とする見方もある。
- During this revolt, which was suppressed in a short period of time, TAIRA no Masakado took control of the system of kokuga in the countries in Bando and called himself 'new emperor,' which is considered to be the beginning of the military government by some people.
- また日本軍は治安を乱しゲリラ攻撃を仕掛ける義勇軍の抵抗に手を焼いたため、治安確保のために住民の虐殺や村の焼き討ちなどを行うことも多かった。
- Furthermore, as Japanese troops had a hard time with the resistance that disturbed the peace and conducted guerrilla attacks, it often slaughtered inhabitants and burned villages in order to ensure security.
- この頃のことは、『魏志』倭人伝には、倭国乱れ互いに攻伐し合い、長い間盟主なしと伝える、その後、卑弥呼が共立されて王となる、と書かれている。
- According to 'Gishi' Wajinden (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in 'The History of the Wei Dynasty'), wars frequently broke out in Wakoku and there had been no leader for a long time, then Himiko was installed as a queen.
- 4代将軍足利義持時代の1416年(応永23年)には前関東管領の上杉禅秀(禅秀)が4代鎌倉公方足利持氏に反して挙兵する上杉禅秀の乱が起きた。
- In 1416 during the days of the fourth Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, the War of Zenshu UESUGI occurred, where the former Kanto Kanrei Zenshu Uesugi (Zenshu) raised an army against Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, the fourth Kamakura Kubo.
- 江戸時代には、戦乱が静まり社会が安定し平和になったことと経済活動が活発になったことにより人びとの言論活動も活発になり多様な学問が開花した。
- After the settling of the warring period, the Edo period saw the social stability and peace and the revitalization of economy, and people began to speack freely to lead flourishing various studies.
- 寛平・延喜東国の乱と承平南海賊のいずれにおいても、反乱制圧・平和維持に尽力した最初期の武士たちは、十分な恩賞が与えられたとは考えなかった。
- In either of the Kanbyo Engi Togoku War and Joheinankaizoku, the samurai at the early stage who made efforts to suppress the rebellions and to maintain security did not consider their rewards sufficient.
- 1510年の三浦の乱によって一時閉鎖されたが、1512年の対馬と朝鮮の条約によって薺浦が再開された後、1521年に富山浦倭館も再開された。
- After temporary closure due to the Sanpo War in 1510, Seiho (port of Sei) was resumed by the treaty between Tsushima and Korea in 1512, and then Busanpo Wakan was also resumed in 1521.
- 天正壬午の乱(てんしょうじんごのらん)は、天正10年(1582年)から甲斐国・信濃国・上野国で繰り広げられた徳川家康と北条氏直の戦いである。
- The Tenshojingo War was fought between Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and Ujinao HOJO in the provinces of Kai, Shinano and Kozuke beginning in 1582.
- 行家は治承・寿永の乱の際に以仁王の平家追討の令旨を全国の源氏に伝え挙兵を促すなど活躍したが、平家滅亡後に甥の源頼朝と対立し、敗れ殺害された。
- Yukiie played an active role in passing on to all Genji people in the country Prince Mochihito's order to hunt down and kill the Heike family and raise an army against the Heike clan during the Jisho-Juei War, but after the fall of the Heike clan he entered a conflict with his nephew, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, as a result of which he was defeated and killed.
- 携行は「胴乱(どうらん)」と呼ばれるポーチ状の物に入れたり、紐に数珠繋ぎとして肩から袈裟懸けにする等の方法がとられ、これを銃と共に携行した。
- Hayagos were carried with guns either in pouches called doran or by stringing them on ropes and hanging the ropes from a shoulder across the chest.
- また、摂津守護細川氏(京兆家)の被官としても行動し、応仁の乱では細川勝元に与し東軍として戦っており、能勢頼弘とその子能勢頼満が討死している。
- Furthermore, they acted as vassals of the Hosokawa clan (Keicho family), Settsu no kami and when they fought against the East squad on the side of Katsumoto HOSOKAWA in the Onin War, Yorihiro NOSE and his son Yorimitsu NOSE were killed.
- むろん碩学の定信も承知の事であり、これについては「承久の乱や正平一統という非常事態が生んだ産物で太平の世に挙げる先例ではない」と述べている。
- Of course, the great scholar Sadanobu knew of them, and said 'these cases were caused by emergencies, such as the Jokyu Rebellion or Shohei-Itto, and were not a precedent for the piping time of peace.'
- これについても兼実は「夷狄(いてき)」の秀衡を任じたことは「乱世の基」であると非難しているが、これらの施策により日宋貿易は本格化していった。
- Kanezane also wrote regarding this and argued that promoting the 'barbarian' Hidehira was 'the cause of more troubled times,' but these actions led to further developments in Japan-Song trade.
- しかし叛乱に興福寺や園城寺などの有力寺院が与したことから、清盛は平氏にとって地勢的に不利な京都からの遷都を目指して福原京福原行幸を決行した。
- However, major temples such as the Kofuku-ji Temple and the Onjo-ji Temple had participated in the rebellion, so Kiyomori decided to have the Emperor visit Fukuhara with the aim of moving the capital from Kyoto, which would place the Taira clan at a geographic disadvantage.
- その和田義盛の乱において、三浦氏の惣領三浦義村は和田義盛に同心すると見せかけ、起請文まで書いたが、実際に乱が始まると、北条義時の側に立った。
- During that Rebellion of Yoshimori WADA, Yoshimura MIURA, who was the Soryo of the Miura clan, made it seem as if he agreed with Yoshimori WADA by writing even kishomon (sworn oath), but stood on the side of Yoshitoki HOJO when the real war began.
- 同一談話者の『中外抄』にも載せる久安7年(1151年)から、保元の乱・平治の乱後の応保元年(1161年)まで、全て258段の短い記事がある。
- It contains 258 brief articles from 1151 to 1161, from articles which are included in 'Chugaisho,' Tadazane's discourse collection, to articles after the Hogen and Heiji Disturbances.
- 『吾妻鏡』の中で一般にもっとも多く参照されるのはちょうど『平家物語』などとかぶる部分、そして奥州合戦、和田合戦、承久の乱、宝治合戦であろう。
- The parts mentioned most frequently in 'Azuma Kagami' would be the ones overlapping with the 'Tale of the Heike,' and the scenes of the battle of Oshu, the Wada battle, the Jokyu Disturbance, and the Hoji battle.
- また治承・寿永の乱の混乱期に神器を缺いた状態で後白河法皇の院宣により行われた後鳥羽天皇の即位自体を否定していないという矛盾も指摘されている。
- Yet some have pointed out the inconsistency in Chikafusa not criticizing Gotoba's enthronement per se, which was done by decree of Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa during the chaotic era of the Jisho-Juei war despite not having possession of all Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family at the time.
- また、『吾妻鏡』建久2年(1191年)8月1日 (旧暦)の記事には、保元の乱に参加した大庭景義が為朝を「吾朝無双の弓矢の達者」と評している。
- Additionally, an article dated August 1, 1191 (according to the lunar calendar) in the chronicle of the Kamakura bakufu from 1180 to 1266 known as 'Azumakagami' states that Kageyoshi OBA, who had participated in the Hogen Disturbance, had praised Tametomo as 'incomparably adept at shooting an arrow.'
- また、治承・寿永の乱から平家の滅亡を追ううちに、没落しはじめた平安貴族たちと新たに台頭した武士たちの織りなす人間模様を見事に描き出している。
- It also splendidly depicts the fabric of human relationships between the declining Heian nobles and warriors on the rise, in the fall of the Taira family which had started since the Jisho-Juei War.
- 最初の日記が書かれた文明 (日本)6年(1474年)は、実隆は応仁の乱を逃れるために鞍馬に疎開していたが、乱が治まって帰京した翌年にあたる。
- Sanetaka, who was evacuated to Kurama to avoid the Onin War, returned to Kyoto and in the following year of 1474 he started to keep the diary.
- しかし、激しい反論を生み、院政期以降を成立期とする説(戸田芳実など)、南北朝時代 (日本)内乱期を成立期とする説(永原慶二など)が提起された。
- However, his idea invited pointed objections and Yoshimi TODA and his group proposed the theory that the system was established after the period of the government ruled by the retired Emperor, and Keiji NAGAHARA and his group proposed another theory that the system was established in the Northern and Southern Dynasties period (in Japan), the civil war period.
- 江戸時代、大名家が改易されると、何らかの重い罪を受けての場合は大名は斬首(島原の乱の松倉勝家)または切腹(元禄赤穂事件の浅野長矩など)となる。
- In the Edo period, when a Daimyo family became subject to kaieki, they were beheaded (Katsuike MATSUKURA in the Shimabara War, for example) or were forced to carry out Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) (Naganori ASANO in the Genroku Ako Incident, for example) if they committed a serious crime.
- この地位は河内源氏宗家断絶後も歴代征夷大将軍に継承され、承久の乱などの内乱や御家人の不祥事などで没収された所領や所職を接収して拡大していった。
- Even after the whole family line of the Kawachi Genji was destroyed, the position was taken over by the successive seii taishogun (barbarian-subduing generalissimo), which expanded its power by taking over the shoryo and various shiki (the right to use land and to share in the products of the land) which were confiscated in disturbances such as the Jokyu no ran (Jokyu disturbance; 1221) and in times of crisis and rebellion of gokenin.
- 『吾妻鏡』では信兼の息子たちが事件の張本であったとするが、彼らは義経の屋敷に出向いている事から、反乱と深い関わりは持っていなかったと見られる。
- According to 'Azuma Kagami,' Nobukane's sons were responsible for the incident, but from the fact that they went to Yoshitsune's residence, they seem not to have been deeply involved in the rebellion.
- 『鎌倉持氏記』は前者の代表で、かつ永享の乱・結城合戦を描くすべての軍記の源流になったことが梶原やその後の佐藤陸の研究でほぼ確定的となっている。
- 'Kamakura Mochiuji ki' is an example of the first type, and it has become almost definite from the research of Kajiwara and later Riku SATO, that it was the basis of all military records that depict the Eikyo Rebellion and Yuki Battle.
- 連子は天智天皇の正式な即位を見ないまま死去し、赤兄ともう一人の弟である蘇我果安は壬申の乱で弘文天皇側について敗れ、それぞれ流罪・自害となった。
- Murajiko died before Emperor Tenchi was officially enthroned, and Akae and his other younger brother SOGA no Hatayasu both of whom took the side of Emperor Kobun during the Jinshin War were respectively deported and prompted to commit suicide upon their defeat.
- そのため身分制度は混乱し、ある地方では37%居た奴婢が2%まで減少し、代わりに人口の9%に過ぎなかった両班が70%を占めるという状況も起きた。
- This is why the class system fell into disorder, and Nobi decreased from 37% to 2% in one region, but such event caused a situation that Yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) who made up only 9% of the population increased to 70%.
- この中国情勢の混乱を勢力圏拡大の好機と判断した陸軍大臣の上原勇作は、当時の第三次西園寺公望内閣に対し朝鮮半島に2個師団を新設するよう提言した。
- Deciding that the political confusion in China was a prime opportunity for Japan to expand its power, War Minister Yūsaku UEHARA proposed to the third administration of Prime Minister Kinmochi SAIONJI to create two new infantry divisions on the Korean Peninsula.
- 尊攘派の擡頭により朝廷・幕府政治の混乱が起きていることを憂えた孝明天皇の意をくみ、久邇宮朝彦親王は極秘に会津藩・薩摩藩に長州藩の追放を命ずる。
- Understanding that the Emperor Komei was worried about the emergence of sonjo party and the resulting confused political circumstances of the imperial court and of the shogunate, Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko secretly ordered the Aizu and Satsuma clans to expel the Choshu clan.
- 1331年の元弘の乱の際は、後醍醐天皇の綸旨が八条院領荘園に伝えられ、八条院(安楽寿院)領足利庄の足利尊氏の挙兵の契機の一つとなったとされる。
- In the Genko Incident in 1331, Emperor Godaigo's edict was delivered across the shoen of the Hachijoin-ryo, and this is believed to have been one of the reasons Takauji ASHIKAGA in the Ashikaga-no-sho district in the territory of Hachijoin (the Anrakuju-in Temple) raised an army.
- 煕時は時村の孫で、1302年(乾元元年)当時六番引付頭人であったが、嘉元の乱の直後に、殺された祖父時村の地位を継いで寄合衆に登ったと思われる。
- Hirotoki was a grandchild of Tokimura and the sixth head of the legal office in 1302, but when his grandfather Tokimura was killed right after the Kagen Disturbance, he seems to have taken his grandfather's position and became Yoriai-shu.
- これらを踏まえて、前述した天智改革への不満の醸成が壬申の乱の下地を作り天智以後の皇位継承の争いが乱発生の契機となったとする説が有力となっている。
- Based on these, dissatisfaction toward reform previously mentioned created the base of the Jinshin War and there is a leading theory that the cause of the Jinshin War was the dispute regarding the succession to the Imperial throne since Emperor Tenchi's era.
- 1894年5月に朝鮮で、東学教団構成員の全琫準を指導者として民生改善と日・欧の侵出阻止を求める農民反乱である甲午農民戦争(東学党の乱)が起きた。
- In May 1894, the Tonghak Peasant Revolution led by Jeon Bong Jun --a member of the Tonghak religious community-- occurred in Korea, calling for improvement of the people's livelihood and prevention of invasions from Japan and Western countries.
- 吉田松陰、高杉晋作、西郷隆盛、河井継之助、佐久間象山が歴史上おり、革命運動(大塩平八郎 --大塩平八郎の乱)に呈する者が多かったのは事実である。
- Historical figures were Shoin YOSHIDA, Shinsaku TAKASUGI, Takamori SAIGO, Tsugunosuke KAWAI, and Shozan SAKUMA; most of them in fact aligned themselves with the revolutionary movement (such as Heihachiro OSHIO's rebellion).
- 後鳥羽上皇らが幕府討伐のため起こした承久の乱は、結果としては幕府が朝廷に勝利し、朝廷に対する幕府の政治的優位性の確立という画期的な事件となった。
- The end result of the Jokyu Rebellion, in which Retired Emperor Gotoba and others tried to overthrow the bakufu, was the triumph of the bakufu over the court--this rebellion ushered in a new era, one of the political ascendancy of the bakufu over the court.
- だが、余りにも強硬な政治姿勢が人々に「恐怖政治」との反発を抱かせ、やがて赤松満祐により義教が暗殺された(嘉吉の乱)をきっかけに将軍の力は衰えた。
- But his mercilessly political stance caused a backlash among many, who harbored resentment against his 'reign of terror,' and in the end he was assassinated by Mitsusuke AKAMATSU (in the Kakitsu Rebellion), which led to a steep decline in shogunal power.
- 後に彼らの中で治安維持の武功によって勲功を得、特に承平天慶の乱で勲功を認められた者たちが中核になって武士身分が形成されていくことになるのである。
- Later, those who were distinguished because of military contributions to maintain security, especially during the Johei and Tengyo War, would become the bushi class as the core group.
- 永正の錯乱(えいしょうのさくらん)は、戦国時代 (日本)の初期にあたる永正4年(1507年)、室町幕府管領・細川政元が殺害された事件を指し示す。
- Eisho Disturbance refers to an incident during the early Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan) where the kanrei (shogunal deputy) for the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) named Masamoto HOSOKAWA was assassinated in 1507.
- 治承・寿永の乱によって源頼朝が鎌倉殿となり鎌倉幕府を開くと、鎌倉殿に臣従した武士である御家人をこれまでの郡司、郷司、荘官に代えて地頭に任命した。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo became Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura) as a result of the Jisho-Juei War and established the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), shogunal retainers (of the Kamakura bakufu) who were samurai serving kamakura-dono were substituted for the old gunji, goji, shokan and appointed to jito (manager and lord of manor).
- 上横手雅敬は、髙橋昌明の1971年当時の小論『将門の乱の評価をめぐって』での主張を『シンポジウム日本歴史5』の基調レポートにおいてこう紹介した。
- Masataka UWAYOKOTE introduced in a keynote report of 'Japanese History Symposium 5' about the 1971 short thesis of Masaaki TAKAHASHI, 'Concerning the Evaluation of Masakado's War' as follows.
- しかし、吉備国造や筑紫国造(527年の磐井の乱)などの反抗もあったが、古代国家統一の情勢にあり、日本の古代国家の成立期に当たると考えられている。
- However, despite the opposition of the kuni no miyatsuko of provinces including Kibi Province and Tsukushi Province (Iwai War in 527), it is thought from the fact that this reflects the unification of the nation that it was this period in which ancient Japan was established.
- このようなことから、この応仁の乱を熟知し、何らかの関与をしていた人物で武家の戦乱の無意味さを嘆いた出家した僧か公家が作者ではないかとも思われる。
- From all this, the author is thought to have been someone who was familiar with the Onin War and had some sort of involvement in it, perhaps a monk or court noble who had taken Buddhist orders and lamented the meaninglessness of the warriors' conflict.
- また、『愚管抄』は成立自体はすこしくだるものの、乱にかかわったひと(源雅頼)の日記を手控えとして利用しており、こちらも史料として尊重されている。
- Although 'Gukansho' was completed a bit later, it refers to a diary of MINAMOTO no Masayori, who was involved in the disturbance, and is therefore relied on as an historical material.
- 鎌倉時代から室町時代前期の日記とは異なり、儀式に関する記述はわずかで、多くが禁裏への出仕、歌会、寺社参詣、火災や戦乱などの記述で占められている。
- Being different from the diaries between the Kamakura period and the early Muromachi period, Sanetaka Koki doesn't have many records about ceremonies, and most of them are concerned with services at the Imperial court, poetry gathering, visiting temples and shrines, fires, the disturbances of wars, and so on.
- 治承・寿永の乱によって、右京大夫は親しく交わった多くの平家の公達の非業の死を目の当たりにし、世の浮き沈みや人の命のはかなさを身をもって体験した。
- Due to the Jisho-Juei Civil Wars, Ukyo no Daibu saw with her own eyes the untimely death of many high-ranking nobles in the Taira family who were close to her, and learned the ups and downs of the world and the transience and ephemerality of human life through her own experiences.
- 1510年、三浦の乱において宗氏及び恒居倭(三浦に定住していた日本人)の蜂起が失敗に終わると、壬申約条において興利倭船は禁止され、以降姿を消した。
- In 1510, when the revolt of the So clan and 恒居倭 (Japanese who had been settled down in Sanpo, Korea) failed in the Sanpo Disturbance, Koriwasen were forbidden by the Articles of Japanese Jinshin yakujo and the Koriwasen disappeared.
- さらに大海人皇子は有能な政治家であったらしく、これらを背景として大海人皇子の皇位継承を支持する勢力が形成され乱の発生へつながっていったとしている。
- Moreover, Prince Oama seemed like an efficient politician, and Prince Oama supporters who thought he should succeed the imperial throne made efforts and this led to the War.
- 北京議定書(ぺきんぎていしょ)とは、1901年9月7日に北京市で調印された義和団の乱における列国と清・義和団との戦闘の事後処理に関する最終議定書。
- The Peking Protocol is a final protocol signed in Beijing City on September 7, 1901, concerning the follow-ups of battles between the powerful countries (Great Powers) and Qing/Boxers in the Boxers Uprising.
- 天智天皇が近江大津宮に都を置いた西暦667年から、大友皇子(弘文天皇)が西暦672年の壬申の乱で滅亡するまでの期間を近江朝(おうみちょう)と言う。
- The Omi period refers to the period of time from 667 when Emperor Tenchi located the capital in the Imperial Palace Omi Otsu no Miya until 672 when Prince Otomo (Emperor Kobun) was destroyed in the Jinshin War.
- 承久の乱以後、幕府の勢力が西国にまで伸びていくと、地頭として派遣された御家人・公家などの荘園領主・現地住民との法的な揉め事が増加するようになった。
- The bakufu expanded its power to the western provinces after the Jokyu War, and gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) and court nobles who were sent as jito (manager and lord of manor) had more legal troubles with lords of private estates and the local public.
- しかし承久の乱以降は西日本を中心に荘官と地頭が並立する荘園も見られ、後述するように地頭請が行われるようになると、徐々に地頭職という観念が定着した。
- However, after the Jokyu War, shoen in which shokan and jito stood abreast were also seen mainly in western Japan and, as described below, with the beginning of Jitouke (the contract system that manor's owner entrust a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs) the conception of Jito shiki gradually took root.
- 玉造は元慶の乱の時に、政府側についた蝦夷の名字であるため、この915年十和田火山の噴火によって埋没した遺跡との関係があるのではないかと指摘された。
- Tamatsukuri is a family name of the Emishi who had sided with the Imperial government during the Gangyo War, and accordingly it is pointed out that the family might have connected with the site buried by the eruption of the volcano in Lake Towada-ko in 915.
- ある夜、店じまいした飴屋の雨戸をたたく音がするので主人が出てみると、青白い顔をして髪をボサボサに乱した若い女が「飴を下さい」と一文銭を差し出した。
- One night, somebody knocks on the sliding shutter of a candy store, so a storekeeper opens the shutter to see a pale-faced young woman with disheveled hair who gives him a one-mon coin ('mon' is a monetary unit of old times) saying, 'I want some candy.'
- 他にも承久の乱に対する後鳥羽の姿勢が流布本にかかれる姿より消極的である、宇治合戦の記述がないなど、流布系と記事の内容が違う場面がいくつか見られる。
- You can see other differences from the popular edition; for example, Gotoba's attitude about the Jokyu Disturbance was described more passively, and there is no account of the battle of Uji in the Jiko-ji bon.
- 朝鮮への援兵を、同時期に行われた寧夏のボバイ、播州(四川省)の楊応龍の二人の辺境地方の地元民族首長反乱の鎮圧とあわせて、「万暦の三征」と呼んでいる。
- Reinforcement troops for Korea were called 'Three Expeditions in the Banreki Period' together with suppressing two other concurrent uprisings by local ethnic chiefs, Bobai in Ningxia and You Ouryu in Banshu (Sichuan Province).
- 当初の鎌倉幕府は東国を中心に成立した鎌倉殿を主宰者とする武士を首班とした地方政権であり、承久の乱後、全国政権へと飛躍し、権力を拡大させたものである。
- The Kamakura Bakufu was originally a local government headed by the Kamakura-dono founded in the Tokoku region which presided over the samurai but rapidly developed throughout the nation and expanded its power following the Jokyu War.
- また一方で、作者の縁者であり関東管領上杉氏と対立して永享の乱の後に殺された持氏側近一色直兼・上杉憲直らのことは「誠に志の深き者なり」などと称揚する。
- On the other hand, it praises the Mochiuji-side advisors, Naokane ISSHIKI and Norinao UESUGI, who were related with the author and opposed the Kanto kanrei Uesugi clan, as 'very committed people.'
- 梶原正昭は永享の乱・結城合戦関係軍記を大きく「永享の乱を中心とした実録的なもの」と「結城合戦を中心とした潤色の多い物語的なもの」の2系統に分類した。
- Masaaki KAJIWARA classified the military records related to the Eikyo Rebellion and Yuki Battle into two types, 'those that recorded facts centering on the Eikyo Rebellion' and 'those that were story-like and embellished centering on the Yuki Battle.'
- 西南役(せいなんのえき)、丁丑の乱、十年戦争(鹿児島弁では「じねんのゆっさ」)、私学校戦争とも呼ばれ、明治初期の一連の士族反乱のうち最大規模のもの。
- Also known as Seinan no eki, Teichu no ran, Junen senso (in the Kagoshima dialect, Jinen no yussa), and Shigakko Senso, it was the biggest among a series of uprisings of warrior class broke out in the early Meiji period.
- ところが、斥候の浅野薫が乱戦を怖れたため、大石鍬次郎隊への連絡が遅れて当初予定していた包囲体制が完成せず、土佐藩士たちは退路を確保することができた。
- However, because Kaoru ASANO, on patrol, was afraid of the battle royal and his report to the group of Kuwajiro OISHI was too late, the plan to surrender the Tosa retainers failed and consequently they secured their escape route.
- 戦国時代 (日本)の始まりは長らく応仁の乱がきっかけとされてきたが、今日では明応の政変をきっかけにして戦国時代が始まったとする説が有力になっている。
- The view that the Sengoku period began with the Onin War was the dominant one for a long time, but recently the view holding that the Sengoku period began with the Meio Coup has become more prevalent.
- だが、皮肉にも稙宗が築いた巨大な洞は自己が引き起こした天文の乱によって解体して稙宗が取り込んだ多くの洞は自立して独自に戦国大名化の道を歩む事になる。
- Ironically, however, the extensive Utsuro built by Tanemune was dissolved due to the Tenbun War which had been caused by Tanemune himself, and many Utsuro that Tanemune had subjected to his rule followed the path to become independent Sengoku daimyo.
- 同様に、例えばミュンヘン一揆のように世界史における庶民や民衆運動による反乱、暴動も日本語訳されるときに一揆の語を当てることが慣用化している面がある。
- Conversely, a riot and a revolt caused by commoners and a popular movement in world history, such as the Munchen Putsch, have been commonly translated into Japanese with the use of the word 'ikki.'
- 承平天慶の乱の鎮圧・追討に勲功のあった者、すなわち承平天慶勲功者の大半は、貴族の血統に属するとはいっても、極めて低い官位にある中下級の官人であった。
- Those who distinguished themselves in the suppression of the Johei and Tengyo War, meaning the majority of Johei Tengyo kunkosha (people who distinguishably served in the Johei and Tengyo War), were aristocrats but in fact were middle or low class officers at extremely low government positions.
- 寧波の乱(にんぽーのらん・ねいはのらん)とは、1523年(日本では室町時代の大永3年、明では嘉靖2年)に、明の寧波において日本人が起した事件である。
- The Ningbo War (also referred as Neiha War) was an incident caused by Japanese nationals in Ningbo in Ming Dynasty China in 1523.
- 清が水軍の再編について真に危機感を抱いたのは中国の南方の広い地域を巻き込んだ太平天国の乱において、その鎮圧に強力な水上兵力が必要とされたときであった。
- It is when it needed its powerful navy to suppress the Taiping Rebellion involving a vast region in the southern part of China that the Qing dynasty developed a real sense of crisis about reorganizing its navy.
- そして牧野康成 (大胡藩主)率いる手勢が昌幸の挑発に乗ったのをきっかけに戦端が開かれると、昌幸はわずか3500の兵力で徳川軍をかき回して混乱に陥れた。
- Then, as soldiers led by Yasushige MAKINO (the lord of the Ogo domain) were provoked by Masayuki's dare and triggered the battle, Masayuki agitated and threw out Tokugawa's army with an army of only 3500 strong.
- さらに文禄の役の際に奴婢が反乱を起こし、役所に火を放ち戸籍を燃やしてしまい、また、戦費を獲得するために一定の額を支払った奴婢は良民になれるようにした。
- Furthermore, by reason that Nobi who caused a rebellion at the time of the Bunroku War put an administrative institution on fire, and burned the family register, and for the purpose of earning expenses of the war, Nubi who paid a certain amount of money was allowed to become Ryomin.
- 寄進荘園の乱立を防ぐため、天皇の代替わりごとにしばしば荘園整理令が発出されたが、荘園整理の事務は国司が行っており実効があがらない場合も少なくなかった。
- To prevent the upsurge of the donated shoens, the Manor Regulation Acts was promulgated each time the Emperor changed, but the office work for arranging shoens was done by kokushi and often became ineffective.
- これは、文化を取り込んで箔付けするという面が強いが、動乱の時代に文化によって心を休めるという、安らぎを求める思いのあらわれとしても捉えることができる。
- This was done mainly with the aim to make themselves look important by taking culture in, but it can be also understood as an expression of their wish to obtain consolation to ease their spirit by culture in an age of disturbance.
- そして、平知盛・平重衡率いる平氏の大軍によって、同年5月に宇治の平等院で源頼政一族は敗死することになるが、この挙兵が後6年間にわたる内乱の契機となる。
- Therefore, the large force of Taira clan troops led by TAIRA no Tomomori and TAIRA no Shigehira destroyed MINAMOTO no Yorimasa's family at Byodo-in Temple in Uji in May of that year, and this became the start of an internal rebellion that lasted for 6 years.
- 最終的には、反乱勢力同士の対立がありつつも平氏政権の崩壊により源頼朝を中心とした主に坂東平氏から構成される関東政権(鎌倉幕府)の樹立という結果に至る。
- In the end, although there were divisions among the rebel forces, the destruction of the Taira clan government led to the establishment of the Kanto government (Kamakura bakufu) which mainly consisted of the Bando-Taira clan led by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- などから、この元慶の乱は事実上蝦夷側の要求が通り、雄物川以北は蝦夷側の支配する地区となり、朝廷が手を出せなくなってしまったのではないかとする人もいる。
- For these reasons, some even assume that in the Gangyo War the request of the Emishi side was practically granted, and that the Emishi took over the reins of the region to the north of the Omono-gawa River, which even the Imperial Court could no longer touch.
- 12世紀末の治承・寿永の内乱(源平合戦)を経て、初期鎌倉幕府政権は、国追捕使の権限を継承した惣追捕使を各国に設置することについて、朝廷から承認を得た。
- After the Jisho-Juei Civil War (the Genpei War) towards the end of the 12th century, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) at its initial stage gained the approval of the Imperial Court to establish Sotsuibushi (government post in charge of police and military roles), inheriting the rights of koku-tsuibushi, in each province.
- その後の源平の争乱時にも、彼らは国衙を、或いは荘園を通じ、公権に基づき動員される場合には「駆武者」(かりむしゃ)と呼ばれ、戦闘の中核部隊ではなかった。
- Even during the later the Genpei War, they negotiated through either Kokuga or shoen (manor in medieval Japan), called as 'Karimusha' when mobilized due to civil rights, and were not a central fighting force of a battle.
- また、これより前、寛永14年(1637年)から翌年にかけて起こった島原の乱においても、多くの浪人が一揆に加わったことが、その鎮定を困難にしたとされる。
- In the earlier Shimabara War (1637 - 1638), many ronins participated in the uprising which made its suppression difficult.
- 奉公衆の湯河氏らも応仁の乱前後から畠山氏の内乱に参戦することが増え、畠山氏の軍事動員に応じ、守護権力を支える立場へと変化していった(教興寺の戦いなど)。
- Around the Onin War, hokoshu such as the Yukawa clan increasingly joined the internal insurrection of the Hatakeyama clan and changed into a position supporting Shugo's power, accepted with the military mobilization of the Hatakeyama clan (the Battle of Kyoko-ji Temple and so on).
- 観応の擾乱によって幕府官僚の分裂・離反が生じた事から、2代将軍足利義詮が崩壊した評定衆・引付衆に代わる合議体として恩賞方にて開いたのが起源とされている。
- When bakufu officials were factionalized and declared secession in the Kanno Disturbance, the second shogun, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA held a consultation in Onshokata (office to do desk work concerning the Onsho award) with a consultative body replacing the collapsed hyojoshu and hikitsukeshu, which was regarded as the origin of gozen-sata.
- 周代には天下を統治する唯一の天子として王の称号があったが、戦国時代_(中国)に入ると王の臣下であるはずの諸侯が争って「王」を自称したため、王が乱立した。
- This was the title in the Zhou dynasty for the single emperor who ruled the world, but when China entered the warring states period (China), the lords who were supposed to be the vassals of the king fought and called themselves 'king,' which led to an upsurge in the number of kings scattered throughout the country.
- その後、壬申の乱で擁立した天武天皇の皇統が断絶し、その血を全く引かない桓武天皇が即位すると、今度は氷上川継の乱への関与を疑われて、また左遷されてしまう。
- Then, after Emperor Kanmu, who was not a descendant of Emperor Tenmu's imperial line (Emperor Tenmu was enthroned after the Jinshin War), was enthroned, Yakamochi was transferred again under suspicion of involvement in HIKAMI no Kawatsugu's War.
- 古くは縄文時代の終わり、約2500年前頃よりアジア大陸から、春秋時代やその後の戦国時代 (中国)にかけての混乱と戦災を避けて日本に渡ってきたと思われる。
- It seems that they came to Japan avoiding turmoil and war damage of the Chunqiu period to the later Warring States period (in China) from the Asian Continent about 2500 years ago, at the end of the Jomon period in days gone by.
- 武田氏滅亡後、本能寺の変の混乱を経て甲斐国は徳川家康によって平定されるが、その折に武田家の旧臣達を配属されたのが徳川四天王にも数えられる井伊直政である。
- After Takeda clan ruined, Kai Province was conquered by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA by way of the disorder of Honnoji Incident, at the time, the old retainers of the Takeda Family were alloted to Naomasa II, counted one of the Tokugawa-shitenno (four generals serving Tokugawa Ieyasu).
- 魏は、戦乱によって耕作者がいなくなった田地を人民に支給して軍糧を徴収する屯田制と、兵役義務を持つのは兵戸であり他の一般戸と区別する兵戸制を採用していた。
- Wei adopted the tuntian system, where farmland deserted during the war was granted to people and the crop collected as military provisions, and the binghu military household system, where only military households were required to do military service, separating them from general households.
- 朝廷の側に立ち、反乱側に立った自らと同じ原初の武士達を倒して同乱の鎮圧に勲功のあった者の家系は、承平天慶勲功者、すなわち正当なる武芸の家系と認識された。
- Warriors who took the side of the Court and fought against those in the same social class in order to suppress the war, were recognized as performing a deed of valor and thus were also considered as being a proper warrior line.
- 治承・寿永の乱(じしょう・じゅえいのらん)は、平安時代末期の治承4年(1180年)から元暦2年(1185年)にかけての6年間にわたる大規模な内乱である。
- The Jisho/Juei Rebellion was a large-scale internal rebellion that lasted for 6 years from 1180 to 1185 during the later Heian Period.
- 「嘉吉の変」とも呼ばれるが、嘉吉元年(1441年)に起こった6代将軍足利義教の謀殺事件(嘉吉の乱)と混同されることから、「禁闕の変」の名称が用いられる。
- It is also referred to as the 'Kakitsu Incident,' but to avoid confusion with the assassination of the 6th shogun, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA in 1441 (Kakitsu Rebellion), the term, 'Kinketsu Incident' is used.
- 堺市(大阪府堺市)や博多(福岡県福岡市)などでは会合衆を中心に自治的な都市運営を行っており、応仁の乱以後は武装して防衛をしており自治的性格をもっていた。
- Cities like Sakai (part of the Osaka metropolitan area today) and Hakata (the modern-day Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture) were free cities self-governed largely by the egoshu, associations of merchants, and beginning with the Onin War, such cities armed themselves and bolstered their defensive capabilities, developing quite an autonomous, free spirit.
- その結果三浦居留地は廃止され、通交も大幅な制限を受けることになり、宗氏は偽使の派遣や通交権の対馬集中といった活路を模索することになる(乱の顛末節参照)。
- Consequently, the settlement in Sanpo was closed and the trade was largely restricted, which made the So clan have to seek other possibilities such as the dispatch of gishi (envoys under false names who were sent to Korea in order to evade trading restrictions imposed by Korea) and the concentration of trading rights in Tsushima in order to survive (see the section of the Aftermath of the war).
- 三浦の乱以前には、九州・中国地方の諸勢力も朝鮮王朝から図書を受け通交していたが、三浦の乱を境に通交権は宗氏に集中し、日朝貿易の独占が行われるようになる。
- Before the Sanpo War, other local powers in the Kyushu and the Chugoku regions received tosho (a bronze seal which was required for trading with Korea) and also practiced amicable relations with the Korean Dynasty, but after the Sanpo War, the trading rights placed only in the hands of the So clan, which allowed the clan to monopolize the Japan-Korea trade.
- いずれにせよ、『普通唱導集』以前には、この物語の確実な存在を想定させる史料はなく、成立を承久の乱前後とみるのが通説であるが、確かな証拠は得られていない。
- Anyway, there is no historical record before 'Futsu-shodo shu,' which leads one to assume the existence of this tale, so it is generally considered that the tale was completed before or after the Jokyo Disturbance; however, no evidence exists to prove it.
- 承久記の流布本とは内容、思想的な違いが見え、序文で仏説に基づき、日本における神武天皇以来のそれまでの国王兵乱について述べてから承久の乱への記述を始める。
- The details of the Jiko-ji bon are philosophically different from the popular edition of Jokyuki, and after the preface based on Buddha's teachings, it tells about disturbances which had taken place since the reign of Emperor Jinmu, and then the Jokyu Disturbance is told.
- 壬申の乱(672年)・姉川の戦い(1570年)・賤ヶ岳の戦い(1583年)・関ヶ原の戦い(1600年)等、古来、多くの合戦がこの地域で繰り広げられている。
- In and around this area many battles, such as Jinshin War (in 672), the Battle of Anegawa (in 1570), the Battle of Shizugatake (in 1583) and the Battle of Sekigahara (in 1600), were fought from the ancient times.
- そのため、幕府の支配権の及ぶ範囲は主として頼朝傘下の武士に限られ、少なくとも承久の乱までは朝廷側勢力(権門勢家)の支配権を侵害しないことを原則としていた。
- Thus, the extent of the bakufu's control was limited mainly to the samurai under Yoritomo and, in principle, at least until Jokyu War, it did not infringe on the control of Imperial Court forces (the great and powerful).
- その直後、障子が開け放たれるや甲冑を着た武者たちが宴の座敷に乱入、赤松氏随一の剛の者安積行秀が播磨国の千種鉄で鍛えた業物を抜くや義教の首をはねてしまった。
- Just after that, shoji (a paper sliding door) were opened and armored warriors burst into the place for feast and Yukihide AZUMI, the bravest and strongest man in the Akamatsu clan, drew a sword hardened Chigusa-tetsu (special iron for sword) in the Harima Province and cut Yoshinori's head off.
- その話を漏れ聞いた猪熊は、俄然興味を持ち、かねてから懇意の飛鳥井雅賢をはじめ、言葉巧みに他の公卿・女官をも誘い出し、様々な場所で乱交を重ねることとなった。
- Hearing a rumor of this affair, Inokuma was keenly interested and glibly tempted other court nobles and ladies including his close friend Masakata ASUKAI, and they repeated promiscuous sexual relations in various places.
- これは平安時代の政権が律令に基づいて死刑として処罰した数少ない事例であり、これ以降1156年の保元の乱で源為義が死刑執行されるまで約350年間一件も無い。
- This was one of the rare cases where a government of the Heian period executed someone based on ritsuryo, and after this, the death penalty was not used for about 350 years until the execution of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, which was carried out during the Hogen Disturbance in 1156.
- さらに室町幕府では嘉吉の乱による混乱もあり、43年7月に将軍足利義勝が死去、足利義政が8代将軍となるが、就任までは間があり、事件はその最中に起こっている。
- Additionally, the Muromachi bakufu was in disorder because of the Kakitsu Rebellion and this incident occurred between the time after Yoshinori ASHIKAGA died in in July 1443, and Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA became the 8th shogun.
- 鎌倉時代後期の1333年(元弘3)に後醍醐天皇の討幕運動から元弘の乱が起こると、阿蘇惟時は護良親王の令旨を受け、足利尊氏らと京都の六波羅探題攻めに参加する。
- When the anti-shogunate movement by the Emperor Godaigo developed into the Genko War in 1333, which was in the late Kamakura period, Koretoki ASO received ryoji (an order) from the Imperial Prince Morinaga and cooperated with Takauji ASHIKAGA to attack Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto).
- 庄内の乱(しょうないのらん)は、慶長4年(1599年)に日向国庄内(現在の宮崎県都城市及びその周辺)で起きた、島津氏とその重臣である伊集院氏との争乱である。
- The Shonai Rebellion occurred in 1599 in Shonai, Hyuga Province (the present-day Miyakonojo City, Miyazaki Prefecture and surroundings) between the Shimazu clan and the Ijuin clan, the chief vassal of the Shimazu clan.
- 川中島の戦いは、戦を行う理由として、武田氏、長尾氏両氏が内乱を起こしかねない臣下に対して求心力を高めるためのパフォーマンスのようなものだったとする説がある。
- One view states that the Takeda clan and the Nagao clan fought the Battle of Kawanakajima to strengthen centripetal force in their respective clans, against the retainers that might have rebelled internally in their respective clans otherwise.
- この反乱は木戸孝允らによって間もなく鎮圧されたものの、大楽は九州に逃亡して攘夷派が藩政を掌握していた久留米藩や熊本藩の河上彦斎らの支援を受けて再起を伺った。
- Although the riot was soon suppressed by Takayoshi KIDO and others, Dairaku escaped to Kyushu and waited for an opportunity to make a comeback supported by Gensai KAWAKAMI and others from the clans of Kurume and Kumamoto, where the joi-ha took control of domain duties.
- やがて、両者の対立は全国の大名の兵力(享徳の乱の最中の関東を除く)を政治の中心地である京都に結集して遂に大規模な軍事衝突を引き起こしたこれが応仁の乱である。
- Eventually, the conflict between each side led to all the daimyo in the country (except for daimyo from the Kanto during the Kyotoku Rebellion) concentrating their military forces in Kyoto, the governmental capital, until at last, with these large-scale armies in such proximity, armed conflict was inevitable, and the Onin War began.
- 鎌倉幕府による地頭の任命は、承久の乱後、当初の関東御分国や平氏没官領、謀反人領のみから、後鳥羽天皇方につき没収された貴族・武士の所領に拡大した(新補地頭)。
- After the Jokyu War, the Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed jito in the confiscated territory of court nobles/samurai who had sided with the Emperor Gotoba (shinpo-jito (newly appointed jito)), in addition to the provincial territories that belonged to the Kamakura Bakufu and the confiscated territories of the Taira clan and/or rebels where it had appointed jito earlier.
- 林忠正による印象派の紹介や、海外留学から帰った黒田清輝らの出展で、明治美術会や洋画家らは混乱しながらもヨーロッパの最新の絵画運動を取り入れ活発な活動を行った。
- The Meiji Art Society, Western-style painters, and their sympathizers were thrown into confusion by the counterforce, but they were active in introducing the newest movement in European painting, which is exemplified by Tadamasa HAYASHI's introduction of impressionists, and by the exhibition of paintings of Seiki KURODA and others who returned from study abroad.
- 更に高山義三京都市長や大達茂雄文部大臣が学校封鎖を「暴力革命」と非難して、当時の政治課題とされていた「教育2法案」の早期成立を訴えたために事態は益々混乱した。
- Furthermore, Yoshizo TAKAYAMA, the mayor of Kyoto City, and Shigeo ODACHI, the Minister of Education condemned the blockage of the school as a 'Violent revolution' and required the early establishment of the 'Two Education Laws' that made the situation more confused.
- しかし治承・寿永の乱において目立った活躍がなかった大和源氏は、これ以降は地方豪族の域を出ることができず、中世を通じて次第に纏まりを失い、諸国に拡散していった。
- However, Yamato-Genji didn't demonstrate much military prowess in the Jisho-Juei War, and subsequently they just continued as a powerful regional clan; throughout the middle ages they gradually lost their unity and spread out to other districts.
- 鎌倉公方足利持氏と関東管領上杉憲実の不和から始まり、持氏の遺児である春王・安王の処刑に至るまでの永享の乱・結城合戦の顛末を真字(漢文)体で実録的に記している。
- It records the events of the Eikyo Rebellion and Yuki Battle in Mana (Chinese characters) starting with the dispute between Kamakura kubo Mochiuji ASHIKAGA and Kanto kanrei (shogunal deputy for the Kanto region) Akimitsu UESUGI, and ends with the execution of Mochiuji's remaining children, Shuno and Ano,
- その後、千葉常胤と源義朝の間でどういう決着を見たのかは不明であるが、保元の乱では千葉常胤は源義朝の率いる関東の兵の中に、上総介常澄の子広常とともに名が見える。
- It is unknown how Tsunetane CHIBA and MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo were settled thereafter, but Tsunetane CHIBA's name appears, together with Kazusa no suke Tsunezumi's son Hirotsune, in the Kanto forces led by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo in the Hogen War.
- こうした中で最初の武家政権である平氏政権が登場するが、この時期の社会矛盾を一手に引き受けたため、程なくして同時多発的に全国に拡大した内乱により崩壊してしまう。
- As the first Samurai government, the Taira clan administration came to the forefront, but soon collapsed due to simultaneous nation-wide civil wars, brought upon their attempt to single handledly shoulder the social contradictions of the times by themselves.
- 保元の乱では国家による公的な動員だったのに対して今回はクーデターのための隠密裏の召集であり、義朝が組織できたのは私的武力に限られ兵力は僅少だったと推測される。
- Whereas the mobilization during the Hogen Rebellion had been public, sanctioned by the state, this time the order to muster had to be given in the utmost secrecy due to the coup, and so Yoshitomo was only able to assemble what soldiers he had immediately around him; it is conjectured that his army, in the end, numbered very few indeed.
- 宗氏にとって三浦の喪失と通交の制限は大きな痛手であり、日本国王使の偽使の派遣、通交権の対馬集中といった方策を持って三浦の乱による損失の穴埋めを図ることになる。
- The loss of Sanpo and the restricted trading greatly affected the So clan.The clan had to cover their loss by sending gishi whose nominal status was an Imperial envoy and by concentrating the trading rights in Tsushima.
- 次に、以下の「史実との関係」にかかわるが、『尊卑分脈』の為義・義朝等の伝記はこの乱についての根本資料である『兵範記』との間に齟齬がみられ、『保元物語』に近い。
- Although it is related to the following 'Relationship to the Historical Facts,' there is a conflict among the biographies of Tameyoshi, Yoshitomo and others in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku (Biographies of Nobles and the Humble)' and 'Heihan-ki (TAIRA no Nobunori's diary)' (which is a main source of this disturbance); moreover, 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' is closer to 'Hogen Monogatari.'
- 実隆公記の書かれた時期は室町時代の後期あるいは戦国時代 (日本)の前期にあたる時代であるが、戦乱の動向よりも歌会や古典の書写に関する記述が多くを割かれている。
- Although Sanetaka koki was written during the late Muromachi period or the first half of the Sengoku period (Period of Warring States), it was more concerned with poetry parties and copying the classics rather than the movement of the disturbances of wars.
- 保元の乱では、惣領の座を巡って激しく争った多田頼盛・多田頼憲兄弟が後白河天皇方と崇徳上皇方とに別れて戦い、上皇方に与した頼憲とその嫡子多田盛綱が処刑されている。
- Yorimori TADA and his brother Yorinori TADA who had disputed over the head of the Tada clan fought each other at the Hogen Disturbance as Yorimori supported the reigning Emperor Goshirakawa and Yorinori supported the Retired Emperor Sutoku, and then Yorinori and his heir Moritsuna TADA were executed.
- これに加えて初期多田源氏の系譜には混乱がみられることなどから、多田庄は満仲から七男源頼範とその子の頼綱に継承されたとする説が昭和40年代に提起されたことがある。
- In addition, there are some disorders in the early genealogy of Tada-Genji, so that it was suggested during the 1960s or 1970s that Mitsunaka had handed over Tada Manors to his seventh son, MINAMOTO no Yorinori, and to Yorinori's son, Yoritsuna.
- 日本側では南北朝の動乱が(特に博多を含む九州においては)収まっておらず、当時九州の有力者であった南朝側の懐良親王が明の使者に応じて「日本国王」に封ぜられている。
- In Japan, where disturbances between the Northern and Southern Courts had not been contained (in particular in Kyushu district including Hakata), Imperial Prince Kanenaga (Kaneyoshi) of the Southern Court who received a messenger from Ming was sealed as 'King of Japan.'
- 泰時は、世代交代期の混乱を防ぐため、叔父の北条時房を執権の補佐役といえる連署に当てるとともに、政治意思決定の合議機関である評定衆を設置し、集団指導体制を布いた。
- In order to prevent confusion during the transition of power to the next generation, Yasutoki appointed his uncle, Tokifusa HOJO, as rensho (assistant to the shikken), established the hyojoshu - a consulting institution for making political decisions - and founded the collective leadership system.
- 一ノ谷の戦い以降、源範頼以下主な鎌倉武士は帰東しており、またこの反乱の最中の8月8日に、範頼は平氏追討のために鎌倉を出立し、9月1日に京から西海へ向かっている。
- After the Battle of Ichinotani, MINAMOTO no Noriyori and the main body of the Kamakura warriors had returned to the East, but on September 21, in the midst of this rebellion, Noriyori again left Kamakura and, on October 22, headed from Kyoto for Saikai (the provinces on the western seacoast) to search out and kill the Taira clan.
- 内容は公方管領の不和から春王・安王の処刑後に乳人らが出家するところまでで、永享の乱の部分は『鎌倉持氏記』、結城合戦の部分は『結城戦場記』がもとになったとされる。
- The contents cover the time from discord of the kubo and kanrei to the point when the wet nurses of Shuno and Ano become nuns after the brothers' execution and it is suggested that the Eikyo Rebellion part was based on 'Kamakura Mochiuji ki' and the Yuki Battle part was based on 'Yukisenjo ki.'
- 幕藩改革の混乱や、異国船の来航による対外的緊張など政治的混乱がおこると、幕府は秩序維持のため大政委任論に依存して朝廷権威を政治的に利用し、朝廷の権威が復興する。
- When confusion over reform of the shogunate system and political chaos due to tension with foreign countries occurred, the Tokugawa shogunate tried to make use of the authority of the Imperial Court for the maintenance of political order, insisting that its political power was entrusted by the Imperial Court, and through this the authority of the Imperial Court was restored.
- 西南戦争(せいなんせんそう)とは、1877年(明治10年)に現在の熊本県・宮崎県・大分県・鹿児島県において西郷隆盛を盟主にして起こった士族による武力反乱である。
- The Seinan War was an armed uprising of warrior class led by Takamori SAIGO occurred in present Kumamoto, Miyazaki, Oita, and Kagoshima Prefectures in 1877.
- さらに多くの軍事貴族が戦乱で淘汰されたため、京都の治安維持・地方反乱の鎮圧・荘園の管理の役割も平氏の独占するところとなり、国家的な軍事・警察権も事実上掌握した。
- Moreover, the ranks of the nobility involved in military affairs had been greatly thinned by the recent wars and rebellions, which allowed the Taira clan to achieve a monopoly over the vital roles of preserving the peace in Kyoto, suppressing revolts in the provinces, and protecting and managing the shoen (private estates), and they also held de facto power as the sole police authorities throughout the country.
- 平氏一門は保元の乱の結果、清盛が播磨守、平頼盛が安芸守、平教盛が淡路守、平経盛が常陸介となり兄弟で四ヶ国の受領を占めるなど、その実力は無視できないものがあった。
- The end result of the Hogen Rebellion was favorable to the Taira clan, with Kiyomori made governor of Harima Province and TAIRA no Yorimori governor of Aki Province, TAIRA no Norimori governor of Awaji Province, and TAIRA no Tsunemori assistant governor of Hitachi Province; the Taira's power and influence, what with a single set of brothers now controlling four provinces, could no longer be ignored.
- 国衙軍制と武士身分が確立する過程で、初期の武士が自分たちの地位確立を目指して行った条件闘争が武装蜂起にまで拡大し、平将門と藤原純友らによる承平天慶の乱に至った。
- Through the process of the establishment of the kokuga forces system and the samurai status, the conditional strike, which was originally started by the first samurai to establish their position, turned into an armed uprising, resulting in the Johei-Tengyo Revolt fought by FUJIWARA no Sumitomo and TAIRA no Masakado.
- 天慶年間(930年代末 - 940年代後葉)の承平天慶の乱は、寛平・延喜東国の乱および承平南海賊での勲功行賞が十分に行われなかったために発生したと解されている。
- It is considered that the Johei and Tengyo War in the Tengyo era (from the end of the 930s to the latter half of the 940s) occurred because conferment for distinguished services in the Kanbyo Engi Togoku War and Joheinankaizoku was not sufficient.
- 15世紀後期、応仁の乱から明応の政変にかけて、幕府の支配体制が流動化していくと、守護代や有力国人が守護に代わって、領国支配の実権を握る例も見られるようになった。
- With unrest spreading over the ruling system of the bakufu in the period of the Onin War to the Meio Coup in the late 15th century, some shugo-dai and influential kokujin held real power in ruling the territories instead of shugo.
- この結果、10世紀後半の貴族社会において、承平天慶の乱の勲功者とその子孫たちは軍事に特化した家系、すなわち兵の家(つわもののいえ)として認知されるようになった。
- As a result, in aristocratic society of the later half of the 10th century, Johei Tengyo kunkosha and their descendants became known as families specialized in military affairs called tsuwamono-no-ie.
- しかし慶長12年(1607年)、美濃国清水藩の稲葉通重と共に京都の祇園に赴いたとき、茶屋の女房をはじめとする美女七十八名に乱暴狼藉を働いた経緯を家康に咎められた。
- Ieyasu, however, accused Nobunari TSUDA of the incident which, in 1607, he and Michishige INABA from the Shimizu Domain of Mino Province, visited Gion in Kyoto and committed an outrage, sexually abusing seventy-eight beautiful women including the female proprietor of the tea house.
- だが、応仁・文明の乱により散逸した物や諸大名に下賜されたり、幕府財政難のために土倉に売却されるなどして、地方に移ったものやそのまま行方不明になった物も少なくない。
- However, quite a few works were moved to various provinces or gone missing, because they were scattered and ultimately lost during the Onin-Bunmei Wars, given away to territorial lords, or sold to doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) due to the economic difficulties of the bakufu.
- しかし、徳川幕府はもともと武士の争乱の末に政権を奪取しており、「王道」に反する「覇道」にあたるから、朱子学による幕府の正統化の論理は、最初から矛盾をはらんでいた。
- However, the Tokugawa shogunate originally came to power at the end of years of battles among military families and the shogunate corresponded to the 'military government' which was contrary to 'righteous government', therefore the logic for justifying the Tokugawa shogunate was filled with contradiction from the beginning.
- 明清期においても、前王朝の官有地や没官地(前王朝関係者の荘園を接収したもの)、戦乱のおりの荒廃地などを宮廷や諸王、勲戚、官僚などに荘田・荘園などとして与えられた。
- Also during the Ming and Ching dynasty, the government-owned land of the previous dynasty, the confiscated fields (the confiscated shoens of the previous dynasty affiliates) and the denuded lands during war-torn eras and so on were given to the imperial court, the shoo (princes who didn't receive any proclamation to be an Imperial Prince), the relatives who did a distinguished military service, the bureaucrats and so on as shoden (field within a manor) and shoen and so on.
- 寛平・延喜年間(9世紀末期-10世紀初期)になると、板東において、中央へ進納する官物を強奪するといった「群盗蜂起」が頻発した(しゅう馬の党・寛平・延喜東国の乱)。
- In the Kanbyo-Engi period (from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century), there were frequent 'outbreaks of banditry' (Shuba-no-to and Kanbyo-Engi-Togoku-no-ran (disturbances by banditry in Togoku during the period between Kanbyo and Engi)) in which Bando were robbed of kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) to be offered to the central government.
- 将軍家々宰の伊勢貞親は8代将軍足利義政の信任を良いことに、管領家の一つ斯波氏のお家騒動に介入し斯波義敏と斯波義廉の間をとりなして私腹を肥やし、幕政を混乱に陥れた。
- Taking advantage of the trust placed in him by eighth Shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA's, shogun family steward Sadachika ISE filled his own pockets and plunged the bakufu into chaos by intervening the internal troubles of the Shiba clan among Kanrei families (families in the position of the shogunal deputy) and by mediating between Yoshitoshi SHIBA and Yoshikado SHIBA.
- その特種な存在であった千葉氏や、鎌倉権五郎景正の一族ら、辺境軍事貴族の子孫達が絡む、例えば大庭御厨の事件にしても、武士同士の戦乱とはほど遠い小競り合いにすぎない。
- It was just a small fight, far from a quarrel, between samurai in the case of the Chiba clan of a special existence, the clan of Gongoro kagemasa KAMAKURA, descendants of frontier military aristocracy, and even in the incident of Oba no mikuriya (private estate of Oba ranch).
- 更に従来の半済令が期限を「当年一作」、施行地域を「戦乱の国々」としていたのに対して、この法令では期限が「暫く(当分の間)」、施行地域を「諸国」と文面が改められた。
- Additionally, in contrast to the former series of Hanzeirei which defined their time frame as 'this year's crop' and enforced in areas deemed 'provinces in a state of war,' this law defined the time frame as 'for the time being' and the areas as 'various districts.'
- 徳川方の兵士は「栄華を極めた三成はさぞ華美を尽くしたのだろう」と思い、我先にと城内に乱入したが、城の壁は粗壁であり、また何の装飾もない質素な作りとなっていたという。
- The story goes that the soldiers in the Tokugawa army, thinking 'Since Mitsunari possessed such luxury, surely the castle will be completely full of wondrous splendors,' each scrambled to be the first to break into the castle, but they discovered the castle had plain, unadorned walls, and was in fact a very spartan building without any decorations at all.
- しかし、経久三男の塩冶興久の率いる反尼子同盟に加わり、興久の反乱に加担したため、1531年に尼子経久に藤ヶ瀬城が再度攻撃を受け、三沢為国らは捕虜となる事態も起きた。
- Since Tamekuni joined and sided with an ally in a rebellion against the Amago clan, which was led by Okihisa ENYA, the third son of Tsunehisa AMAGO, Tamekuni's Fujigasejo Castle was again attacked by Tsunehisa AMAGO in 1531 and Tamekuni MISAWA and his followers were held captive.
- 幕府が政治的に影響力を及ぼすことができたのは、当初は将軍任国である関東と将軍所領のみであったが、次第にその範囲は拡大し、承久の乱で全国的な支配権を確立するに至った。
- The regions over which the Kamakura Bakufu could exert a political influence were at first only the ningoku (place of appointment) of shogun, which was the Kanto region and the territories of the shogun, but gradually the regions expanded and after the Jokyu War, nationwide sovereignty was established.
- 松平忠直は、大坂城一番乗りの褒賞が大坂城や新しい領地でもなく「初花肩衝」と従三位参議左近衛権中将への昇進のみであったことを不満としており、後に乱行の末改易となった。
- Tadanao MATSUDAIRA, who made the first invasion into Osaka Castle, was dissatisfied with the incensive award for his achievement, which was neither Osaka Castle nor a new territory, but only 'Hatsuhana-katatsuki' and a promotion to Jusanmi Sangi (councillor in the Junior Third Rank) Sakone gon no chujo: In later years his dissatisfaction led him to kaieki after committing misconduct.
- 政庁地区については、発掘調査以前には「現在見える礎石が創建時のもの」、「941年(天慶4)の藤原純友の乱で焼亡した後は再建されなかった」、という考えが主流であった。
- Theories that 'the foundation stones that are currently visible are those when it was built', and 'it was never rebuilt after it was burned down in FUJIWARA no Sumitomo's War in 941' concerning the government district were mainstream before excavation and research.
- 実際、この前後から現代日本人が俗に戦国大名と呼んで親しんでいる武田信玄、上杉謙信、北条氏康、大友義鎮、島津貴久などの華々しい活躍が始まり全国の戦国騒乱が本格化する。
- In fact, at around this time, Shingen TAKEDA, Kenshin UESUGI, Ujiyasu HOJO, Yoshishige OTOMO, Takahisa SHIMAZU and so on, who were commonly referred to as sengoku daimyo by people in contemporary Japan, started their energetic activities, and disturbances gained momentum all over Japan.
- 更に幕府に反抗的だった鎌倉公方足利持氏を永享の乱で、その残党を結城合戦で討伐すると全国に足利将軍に表向きに刃向かう勢力は無くなり、一見社会は安定に向かうかに見えた。
- Furthermore, Yoshinori defeated the Kubo (Commander) of Kamakura, Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, who had rebelled against the bakufu, in the Eikyo Rebellion, and the remnants of his faction in the Yuki War, thereby ridding the country of any force that could openly strike down the Ashikaga Shogun, at first glance restoring peace and stability to society.
- 夏のある日、源氏は夕霧 (源氏物語)や若公達を招き、内大臣が最近引取った娘近江の君の悪趣味、無風流を揶揄し、その後撫子(常夏)の咲乱れる御殿に玉鬘を訪ねるのだった。
- One summer day, Genji invites Yugiri and other young courtiers and ridicules the bad taste and inelegance of Omi no Kimi, a daughter newly discovered by the Palace Minister, and after that he visits Tamakazura's place where pinks (tokonatsu) are blooming in riotous profusion.
- 以仁王の乱(治承4年(1180年))で、祖父源頼政と父源兼綱を討たれた源顕綱は母と共に三河国額田郡大河内郷(現在の東名高速道路の岡崎インターチェンジの辺り)に落ちた。
- MINAMOTO no Akitsuna, who lost his grandfather MINAMOTO no Yorimasa and father MINAMOTO no Kanetsuna in the War of Prince Mochihito of 1180, fled to Okochi-go, Nukata County, in Mikawa Province (now near the Okazaki interchange of the Tomei Highway) with his mother.
- しかし、石山本願寺と毛利氏に呼応して味方であったはずの摂津国荒木村重が反乱を起こすと、播磨においても小寺氏、別所氏が反旗を翻すなど、中国征伐は当初から苦難が多かった。
- But the Chugoku Conquest was full of troubles, from the beginning as Murashige ARAKI in Settsu Province, who had supposedly been on Hideyoshi's side, cooperated with Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and the Mori clan to rise in revolt while the Kodera clan and the Bessho clan led a rebellion in Harima.
- 養和の北陸出兵(ようわのほくりくしゅっぺい)とは、養和元年(1181年)7月頃から活発化した北陸地方反乱勢力に対する平家の追討活動のことである(養和元年11月まで)。
- The Yowa no Hokuriku syuppei (the dispatch of troops to Hokuriku region in the Yowa period) was conducted by the Heike in order to track down and kill the rebelling powers in the Hokuriku region, and intensified around September 1181 (ending around December 1181 or January 1182 (November 1181 by the old lunar calendar)).
- 7月22日 (旧暦)(8月23日)に瀬田橋の戦い(滋賀県大津市唐橋町)で近江朝廷軍が大敗すると、翌7月23日 (旧暦)(8月24日)に大友皇子が自決し、乱は収束した。
- When the Omi Court army was badly defeated at the Battle of Seta Bridge (Karahashi-cho, Otsu City, Siga Prefecture) on August 23, Prince Otomo killed himself on August 24 the next day and the battle converged.
- その結果、西郷や板垣らの征韓派は一斉に下野(征韓論政変または明治六年政変)し、1874年の佐賀の乱から1877年の西南戦争に至る士族反乱や自由民権運動の起点となった。
- In consequence, Saigo, Itagaki and others who supported Seikanron went into opposition (this incident is called the 'Seikanron Coup' or the 'Coup of 1873'), and they became leaders of the revolt by Shizoku (family or person with samurai ancestors) from Saga War in 1874 to Satsuma Rebellion or the Freedom and People's Right Movement.
- なお、当初は東一条殿(ひがしいちじょうどの)と呼ばれていたが、邸内に撫子や萩が咲き乱れていたことから、「花山院」と呼ばれるようになったとされている(『古今著聞集』)。
- It was originally called 'Higashi-Ichijo Dono' (the residence by Eastern Ichijo Street) but it subsequently came to be called 'Kazanin' (the residence by the mountain covered with flowers) after the dianthus and lespedeza flowers in the estate (according to 'Kokon Chomon-Ju').
- 1335年(建武 (日本)2年)、7月に関東で中先代の乱が起こると後醍醐天皇は討伐に向かった足利尊氏を黙認するが、乱を平定した尊氏は鎌倉に留まり建武政権から離反する。
- Emperor Godaigo overlooked Takauji ASHIKAGA when he went to settle the Nakasendai Revolt that occurred in Kanto in July 1335, but Takauji remained in Kamakura after settling the revolt and left the Kenmu government.
- が、治承・寿永の乱に嫡流であった多田行綱が源頼朝に疎まれ多田荘の所領を没収されると衰退し、以後一族の動向を伝える史料は断片的なものとなっている(多田源氏の項目も参照)。
- However, the lineage went into decline when Yukitsuna TADA, who belonged to the clan's lineage of the eldest son, was shunned and deprived of the real estate in Tada during the Jisho-Juei War by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and thereafter the historical materials making mention of what happened to the clan became fragmentary (see the article of 'Tada-Genji').
- この新制は後白河天皇即位という代始めの意味合いとともに、直後に発生した保元の乱によって動揺する社会を沈静化させ、徳政を実行することで朝廷の求心力回復を図ったものである。
- This shinsei not only marked the beginning of a new era ushered in by the enthronement of Emperor Goshirakawa but also aimed at the restoration of centripetal force of the Imperial court by exercising a benevolent rule over the society and allaying the disturbance caused by the Hogen War, which had occurred immediately after the aforementioned event.
- この養和の出兵ならびに寿永の出兵は義仲討伐という名目ではなくあくまでも北陸反乱勢力の討伐であり、北陸反乱諸勢力も養和の出兵の頃から義仲の配下にいたわけではないのである。
- The Yowa no Hokuriku syuppei (the dispatch of troops to Hokuriku region in the Yowa period) and the dispatch of troops in the Juei period were not to find and kill Yoshinaka but to find and kill the rebel forces in Hokuriku, and the rebel forces in Hokuriku were not under Yoshinaka's command from the time when troops were dispatched to Hokuriku.
- こういった誤解のため、日本の一揆が英訳されて海外に紹介されるに際しても、 riot, revolt といった暴動や反乱を意味する語として訳されるのが一般化してしまった。
- Because of the above-mentioned misinterpretation, the Japanese word 'ikki' has generally been introduced to the world through its English translation as 'riot' or 'revolt,' words suggesting violent behavior in a public place or an illegal, sometimes violent attempt to change the political system.
- 足利将軍家や畠山氏、斯波氏の家督争いなどから発展した「応仁の乱」を中心に、その原因と洛中の合戦の様子や東軍細川勝元と西軍山名持豊(宗全)の死までが記されている軍記物語。
- It is a war chronicle focusing on the Onin War that developed out of inheritance disputes within the Ashikaga Shogunal family, the Hatakeyama clan, and the Shiba clan, recounting everything from its origins, through all the battles fought in and around the capital, up until the deaths of Katsumoto HOSOKAWA of the eastern forces and Mochitoyo (Sozen) YAMANA of the western forces.
- ちなみに、1864年(元治1年)に天狗党の乱が起こると、彦根藩士は「直弼公の敵討ち」と戦意を高揚させ、中仙道を封鎖して筑波山から京都に向かった水戸藩士を迎撃しようとした。
- In 1864, the Tenguto no Ran (Rebellion of Tenguto) occurred, where retainers of the Hikone clan, seeking revenge for their late master Naosuke, blocked Nakasen-do Road and intercepted retainers of the Mito clan who were heading toward Kyoto from Mt. Tsukuba.
- また、両書には「元々小国だった日本が倭国を併合した」という内容の記述もあり、これは天武天皇が弘文天皇の近江朝廷を滅亡させた壬申の乱を表していると一般的には理解されている。
- Both books mentioned that 'Nippon, which used to be a small country, annexed Wakoku' and this description is generally considered to be the reference to the Jinshin War, in which Emperor Tenmu ruined the Omi Dynasty of the Emperor Kobun.
- 以仁王と頼政の挙兵は短期間で失敗したが、その影響は大きく、以仁王の令旨を奉じた源頼朝や源義仲、甲斐源氏、近江源氏などが各地で蜂起し、治承・寿永の乱の幕を開けることになる。
- Prince Mochihito and Yorimasa's uprising was brief and ended in failure, but it had profound effects, with Mochihito's princely command used as justification and rallying cry for local insurrections launched by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, the Kai Genji, and the Omi Genji among others, marking the true beginning of the Genpei War (the Jisho-Juei war between the Minamoto and the Taira).
- そして最後には信輔が摂関家筆頭としての近衛家の立場を強調すれば、昭実も正平の一統後の混乱下での二条家による後光厳天皇擁立の功績をあげるなど議論は泥沼化の様相を見せ始めた。
- In the end, Nobusuke emphasized the position of the Konoe family as the head of the sekkanke (family lines of regents and chief advisors) while Akizane pointed out the Nijo family's success in supporting Emperor Gokogon amid the turmoil after the Shohei no Itto (temporal unification of the Northern and Southern Courts by the Southern Court); their arguments were getting more and more chaotic.
- 当時の流動的で争乱の続く状況の中で、幕府は、武士層だけでなく貴族・寺社層も存立基盤としており、貴族・寺社層の権利保全を図るため、武士による半済の抑制に努めることとなった。
- Under the fluid situation in the midst of the continuing disturbance, the feudal government treated the noble class and the temple/shrine class as well as the samurai class, and thus began controlling the abusive use of samurais' hanzei authority in order to protect the authority of the noble class and the temple/shrine class.
- 義満は奉公衆と呼ばれる軍事力を整え、有力守護大名の山名氏や大内氏を挑発してそれぞれ明徳の乱、応永の乱で追討し、将軍権力を固めて、南北朝合一を行い天皇に迫る権力を確立する。
- Yoshimitsu also formed an auxiliary military force, called the Hokoshu, and worked to provoke two influential shugo daimyo families, the Yamana clan in the Meitoku Rebellion and the Ouchi clan in the Oei Rebellion, successfully suppressing both, and thereby strengthened the power of the bakufu, managing to unify the Northern and Southern Courts and eventually superceding the emperor's authority.
- しかし、天下の乱れを平らげ、皇室の憂いをなくし、万民を安んじたのは頼朝であり、源実朝が死んだからといって鎌倉幕府を倒そうとするならば、彼らにまさる善政がなければならない。
- Yet Yoritomo was the one who pacified the disorder in the land, relieved the distress of the Imperial house, and brought peace to the common folk, and even if MINAMOTO no Sanetomo had died, if they wished to eliminate the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), it was necessary for them to replace it with an even better government.
- 寺社本所領は禁裏御料及び殿下渡領(摂関家所領)とともに保護の対象とされていたが、南北朝の内乱の中で兵粮の確保のために兵粮料所が設置や半済令の対象として武家の押領が相次いだ。
- Along with kinri goryo (private estate of Imperial Palace) and denka watariryo (a collection of estates passed on by inheritance to the Fujiwara house chieftain) (sekkanke shoryo; estate of the Fujiwara regent's line), jisha honjoryo was under the protection of the bakufu, but in the Nanbokucho civil war, hyoro ryosho (land specified for collecting provisions) was settled there for securing provisions or it was embezzled by samurai families as the object of hanzeirei (half-tax decrees).
- 当時、東海道・東山道も反乱勢力に制圧されていたが、北陸は平家の兵糧の補給地として大切な地域との認識があり、鎮西と並んで平家が反乱を早急に鎮圧しなければならない地域であった。
- At that time, the rebel forces had taken control of the Tokai-do and Tosan-do Roads as well, but Hokuriku was recognized as an important supplier of army provisions, so it was this region as well as Chinzei (nickname of Kyushu) where the Taira clan had to suppress the rebellion.
- また、この争乱は、一族や家族、地域の共同体という横の絆と、主君と家臣という縦の絆の相克があり、命を懸けて戦った武士の全てが源氏や平氏という特定氏族に収斂されるわけでもない。
- Additionally, this war was a conflict between the ties amongst clan, family, and regional community, and the ties between lords and vassals, and all of the warriors who fought for their lives can not simply be classified into specific clans such as Minamoto or Taira.
- 後に足利義氏 (足利家3代目当主)(文治5年(1189年)~建長6年(1255年))が承久の乱(承久3年(1221年))の戦功により鎌倉幕府の命で守護職として三河国に入った。
- Yoshiuji ASHIKAGA (1189 - 1255), the third head of the Ashikaga family, was later appointed to serve as the military governor of Mikawa Province by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as a reward for his contributions during the Jokyu War of 1221.
- 応仁の乱後、幕府における椀飯は行われなくなり、その一方で一般の武家社会においては家臣が主君を接待する儀式から、年始や節供などに主君が家臣を接待する儀式へと変質を遂げていった。
- After the Onin War, oban was not conducted at the bakufu any more, but within the ordinary buke society, it transformed from a ceremony where vassals entertained their lord into a ceremony where the lord entertained his vassals in the beginning of the year and Sechi (seasonal) times.
- 一方、キリスト教(カトリック)においては、贅沢は「七つの大罪」における傲慢の罪にあたり、享楽的な生活に対する神の怒りが黒死病などの疫病や戦乱を生み出していると考えられてきた。
- Meanwhile, in Catholic teaching, luxury is seen as a form of vanity, one of 'The Seven Deadly Sins,' and it has been thought that God's wrath against people's hedonistic lives has caused epidemics such as the black death and wars.
- その時期は関東においては平忠常の乱が終わり、そこでの「亡国」といわれるほどの焦土戦による荒廃から、復興・再開発が始められた段階、つまり11世紀後半から12世紀初頭に相当する。
- That period ranged from late eleventh to the early twelfth century when the Revolt of TAIRA no Tadatsune ended in the Kanto region, and when reconstruction and reestablishment started from the ruins of what was called almost a 'dead province.'
- そして幕府の管領家で堺を貿易の拠点にしていた細川氏や、山口市を本拠に博多、応仁の乱で得た兵庫などに権益を持っていた大内氏がそれぞれ独自に使節団を派遣した貿易を経営をはじめた。
- The Hosokawa clan, who was a kanrei family (family in the position of the shogunal deputy) and conducted trade from Sakai, and the Ouchi clan based in Yamaguchi City, who had interests in Hakata, and Hyogo that they obtained during the Onin War, each conducted trading separately and dispatched their own delegations.
- その後の治承・寿永の乱では、行綱が摂津武士を率いて源氏方の一翼として活躍したが、東国武士の棟梁となり清和源氏の嫡流を自認した源頼朝によって多田荘を奪われると多田源氏は没落した。
- Although Yukitsuna commanded Settsu warriors and participated actively in the Jisho and Juei Disturbances on the Genji side, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, the head of the eastern warriors and heir of Seiwa-Genji, seized control of Tada Manor, resulting in the fall of the Tada-Genji.
- この一揆には田尻但馬、伊集院元巣、桂忠詮、東郷甚右衛門といった島津家臣が参加し、それぞれの手勢に農民や町人が加わった反乱軍の人数は七百人であったとも二千人であったともいわれる。
- Other vassals of the Shimazu clan, such as Tashima TAJIRI, Genso IJUIN, Tadanori KATSURA, and Jinuemon TOGO and their followers also joined the uprising, and the number of the rebel group was said to have been 700, while a different source records 2,000, which included peasants and townsmen.
- また、戦争による民衆の生活苦から血の日曜日事件 (1905年)やポチョムキン=タヴリーチェスキー公 (戦艦)の叛乱等より始まるロシア第一革命が誘発され、ロシア革命の原因となる。
- The popular resentment over the hardships endured by the populace during the war manifest itself in the First Russian Revolution, which began with the Bloody Sunday Incident (1905) and the mutiny on the Knyaz' Potemkin-Tavricheskiy (battleship), setting the stage for the Russian Revolution.
- ここで言う武門の家とは、承平天慶勲功者子孫(承平天慶の乱で勲功のあった者の子孫)が基本であり、その中でも「源氏」及び「平氏」の諸流と藤原秀郷の子孫の「秀郷流」が特に有名である。
- The military families here basically refer to the descendents of Johei Tengyo kunkosha and among them, several schools of the 'Minamoto clan' or the 'Taira clan' and the 'Hidesato school' who are the descendents of FUJIWARA no Hidesato are particularly famous.
- 足利政権では将軍尊氏や足利家執事の高師直と実質的政務を任された尊氏実弟の足利直義が対立し、やがて全国的な争乱に発展する観応の擾乱が起こり、これを契機に南朝は再び勢力を回復する。
- The Shogun Takauji and the Ashikaga family chamberlain KO no Moronao became antagonized by Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, who was in charge of the actual governance, leading to the Kanno Disturbance where a nation-wide battle broke out and due to this incident, the Southern Court regained its power.
- 源平の争乱を生き抜き、少なくともその時期に武士となり、鎌倉時代に御家人、源平の争乱となった者、一部の荘園の下司について以外に、後世に記録が残っていないことを考慮する必要がある。
- It is necessary to take into consideration that there should be no records of previous generations, except for records of those that survived the Genpei War and became bushi during that period, gokenin during Kamakura period, those who participated in the Genpei War, and followers of a lower ranked officer in some shoen.
- その為、不平両班や被差別階級、困窮した農民、盗賊による反乱、蜂起、及び朝鮮軍によるその鎮圧、また朝鮮王朝内部の政争による粛正や処刑などが行われ、混乱は戦災を更に悲惨なものとした。
- Therefore, revolts and uprising of discontented yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea), discriminated classes, impoverished farmers, and thieves occurred and got suppression by the Korean army during their cleanup and executions occurred out of struggles for power in the Korean court were conducted and the such turmoil created further misery in the midst of the war damage.
- だが、復古的な攘夷論がこれによって一掃されたわけではなく、大楽源太郎の反乱計画や二卿事件、久留米藩難など明治政府を倒して攘夷を断行しようとする事件が暫くの間継続されることとなる。
- However, the revival of the joi ron did not completely disappear; some incidents that tried to decline the Meiji government and force the Joi movement, such as Gentaro DAIRAKU's rebellion, Nikyo Jiken (The Incidents triggered by two court nobles), and the Kurume Domain incident continued for a certain period of time.
- 隠岐為清の反乱等も重なり手をこまねいていた所へ、伊予国・北部九州へ出兵していた毛利家主力が戻り、毛利輝元・吉川元春・小早川隆景以下、13000の大軍は石見国から出雲国を目指した。
- They faced even more difficulties with the rebellion of Tamekiyo OKI, the main force of the Mori family returned from battles in Iyo Province and northern part of Kyushu, while a large army of 13,000 including Terumoto MORI, Motoharu KIKKAWA and Takakage KOBAYAKAWA left Iwami Province for Izumo Province.
- 1391年(元中8年/明徳2年)の明徳の乱で有力守護の山名氏を弱体化させ、武家勢力を統率した義満は、和泉国・紀伊国の守護で南朝と領地を接する大内義弘の仲介で本格的交渉を開始する。
- The Meitoku Rebellion in 1391 weakened the prominent provincial constable Yamana's clan, and with the samurai families united under Yoshimitsu, he had Yoshihiro OUCHI, who was the provincial constable of Isumi and Kii Provinces and whose property lay next to the Southern Court, to intervene and start serious negotiations.
- 清盛は朝廷の内紛に起因する保元の乱と平治の乱で、武功を挙げ政権を獲得したが、平氏政権は平家一門で朝廷の官位を占め、清盛自身は天皇の外戚となるなど、従来の摂関政治と大差は無かった。
- Kiyomori gained political power as a result of his military exploits in the Hogen Revolt and the Heiji Revolt, both of which arose as a result of internal conflicts in the Imperial Court; however, the Taira government was not very different from a traditional regency, as can be seen by the fact that the Taira clan occupied most of the official ranks of the Imperial Court, and Kiyomori himself became a maternal relative of the Emperor.
- 内容の省略にかんしては、乱終結後、清原武則が神業と評判の義家の弓の腕前を見たがり、それに応えて義家が鎧3領を打ち抜くという実力を見せつけるという印象的なエピソードを省略している。
- An example of omitted content is an impressive event in which after the end of the war, Takenori KIYOHARA wished to see Yoshiie's reputed superhuman archery skill, in response to which Yoshiie is said to have demonstrated his ability by shooting an arrow through three layers of armor.
- また、上杉氏も謙信没後は養子の上杉景勝が継いだが、景勝は信長の敵ではなく、また御館の乱という御家騒動から勢力が減退したため、謙信死去により、信長の天下布武はさらに前進したといえる。
- After Kenshin's death, the Uesugi Clan was headed by his adopted son, Kagekatsu UESUGI, who was no threat to Nobunaga, and their power declined due to family trouble called the Otate War, therefore it can be said that the death of Kenshin facilitated Nobunaga's Tenka-fubu (a slogan meaning that the samurai rules the whole world).
- 滝川一益の敗走により、織田領である信濃、甲斐、上野が一気に空白状態となると、越後の上杉景勝や相模の北条氏直、三河の徳川家康など近隣勢力が侵攻し、旧織田領を巡る天正壬午の乱が起こる。
- As Kazumasu TAKIGAWA was routed, Oda's territory Shinano, Kai, and Ueno became void at once, and neighboring forces such as Kagekatsu UESUGI in Echigo, Ujinao HOJO in Sagami, and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in Mikawa invaded, and Tenshojingo no ran (Tenshojingo Rebellion) occurred in the former Oda territory.
- 承平・天慶の乱における平将門の東国での反乱を描いた『将門記』、陸奥における前九年合戦の経過を記した『陸奥話記』はともに地方の合戦に取材したもので、地方武士の様相がよく描かれている。
- 'Shomon-ki' (Tale of Masakado) that depicted the rebellion in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) in the Johei and Tengyo War by TAIRA no Masakado and 'Mutsuwa-ki' (A Record of Mutsu, or A Chronicle of the Earlier Nine Years' War) that depicted Zen Kunen Kassen (Former Nine Years War) in Mutsu Province were based on the wars in local regions, therefore, they depicted local samurai well.
- また、長州藩の大楽源太郎による反乱やその支持者によると言われる広沢真臣暗殺、公家の愛宕通旭・外山光輔による新政府転覆計画発覚(二卿事件)など新政府内部は更に混乱の様相を見せ始めた。
- The new government began to experience turmoil due to the revolt of Gentaro DAIRAKU of Choshu domain, the assassination of Masaomi HIROSAWA that was said to have been done by the supporters of Gentaro DAIRAKU, and the plot to overthrow the new government that was attempted by court nobles Michiteru OTAGI and Mitsusuke TOYAMA (Nikkyo Jiken).
- その後、政治を主導する藤原信西と後白河院政派(藤原信頼・藤原成親・源師仲)・二条親政派(藤原経宗・藤原惟方)の対立が激しくなり、3年後の平治元年(1159年)に平治の乱が起こった。
- Later, the conflict between FUJIWARA no Shinzei, who led the government and the Goshirakawa cloister government group (FUJIWARA no Nobuyori, FUJIWARA no Narichika, MINAMOTO no Moronaka), and Nijo Shinsei (direct Imperial rule) group (FUJIWARA no Tsunemune, FUJIWARA no Korekata) intensified, and the Heijo no ran (Heiji Rebellion) occurred three years later in 1159.
- 応仁の乱では足軽集団が奇襲戦力として利用されたが、足軽は忠誠心に乏しく無秩序でしばしば暴徒化し、多くの社寺、商店等が軒を連ねる京都に跋扈し暴行・略奪をほしいままにすることもあった。
- During the Onin War, ashigaru groups were used in surprise attacks but their lack of loyalty and their disorder meant that they frequently formed unruly mobs, and there was an incident in which they ran riot and looted Kyoto with its numerous shrines, temples and shops.
- だが、扱っていた時代が短く、かつ『平家物語』などの同時期を扱った物語などが多く存在した事やその後の戦乱の影響もあったためか、今日では現存しておらず「幻の歴史物語」となってしまった。
- However, this book is not extant today becoming 'the illusory historical tale' because it covered only short period of time and there were many narratives which dealt with the same period as 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike), in addition to the influence of the disturbances of wars.
- 姓(カバネ)の制度は、壬申の乱(672年)の後、天武天皇が制定した八色の姓によって有名無実化されていき、臣、連ですら序列の6、7番目に位置づけられ、その地位は、実質上、無意味化した。
- After the Jinshin War (occurred in 672), the kabane system existed in name only when Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) system was installed by the Emperor Tenmu, which put omi and muraji in sixth and seventh from the top, and thus those titles no longer held any values.
- しかし、その藤原南家が藤原仲麻呂の乱で衰退してしまうと、石川氏も平安京遷都後亡くなった正四位上・参議、石川真守(年足の孫、馬子の7代孫)を最後に公卿は出なくなり、歴史から姿を消した。
- However, as the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan entered a terminal decline after FUJIWARA no Nakamaro's Rebellion, the Ishikawa clan also failed to produce other kugyo (court noble) succeeding ISHIKAWA no Mamori (Toshitari's grandchild and the seventh generation of Umako's grandchildren), who was Shoshiinojo (Senior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) and sangi (Councillor), died after the transfer of the capital to the Heian-kyo, and would vanish from history.
- 政治史的には、710年の平城京遷都から729年の長屋王の変までを前期、藤原四兄弟の専権から764年の藤原仲麻呂の乱までを中期、孝謙天皇称徳天皇および道鏡の執政以降を後期に細分できる。
- From a political history viewpoint, the period can be divided into three: the Early Stage from the transfer of the capital to Heijokyo in 710 to Nagayao no hen (conspiracy of Prince Nagaya) in 729, the Middle Stage from the arbitrary exertion of power by four brothers of the Fujiwara family to the rebellion by FUJIWARA no Nakamaro in 764, and the Later Stage from administration by Dokyo and the Empress Koken (also known as Shotoku) onwards.
- こうした内乱で大きな働きをした平清盛は、武士の身分でありながら異例の栄達を遂げ(平清盛の実父が白河天皇だったためとする説もある)、仁安 (日本)2年(1167年)には太政大臣となる。
- TAIRA no Kiyomori was highly successful in quelling these rebellions and attained exceptional advancement even though he belonged to the warrior class (there are theories proposing that Emperor Shirakawa was TAIRA no Kiyomori's biological father), reaching the post of Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) in 1167.
- しかし平家打倒の治承・寿永の乱を経て、寿永2年/治承7年(1183年)に後白河天皇から東国における統治権的支配権(東海道・東山道の実質的支配権)を認める寿永二年十月宣旨を与えられる。
- After the Jisho Juei Revolt, during which the Taira government collapsed, he was handed a Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji (a written decree from the Emperor and the Great Council of State) by Emperor Goshirakawa in 1183, which granted him sovereign authority (effective control of Tokaido and Tosando) over the eastern provinces.
- この乱を「洞の乱」とも呼ぶのはこの内乱に参加した伊達氏家臣は勿論、一般には外部の戦国大名と認識されている蘆名氏や最上氏・相馬氏などもこの乱の当時においては洞の一員であったからである。
- The reason why this internal war was also called 'The Utsuro War,' was because those who participated, the vassals of the Date clan as well as the Ashina, Mogami and Soma clans, who were generally regarded as independent Sengoku daimyo, were members of Date's Utsuro at the time of the war.
- こうした結果、三浦の乱後の1511~1581年までの間、日本国王使は二十二回通交することになるがその中で本物の日本国王使は二回に過ぎず、残りの二十回は宗氏の仕立て上げた偽使であった。
- As a result of this, royal envoys visited Korea 22 times between 1511 and 1581 after the Sanpo War, but only 2 visits were by real royal envoys and the other 20 visits were by gishi which were prepared by the So clan.
- そもそも藤原定家は当時の本文の状況を「乱れていてどれが正しいのかわからない。」と認識しており、さまざまな写本を照合したが「本文上の疑問点を解決することは出来なかった。」と述べている。
- First of all, FUJIWARA no Teika recognized that the text in those days were 'out of order and I could not tell which one was correct,' and although he compared various manuscripts, he said, 'I could not solve the problems about the text.'
- 更に平安時代末期になると、安倍氏によって天文博士の地位と天文密奏宣旨の独占が行われるようになるが、安倍氏のもう1つの家学である陰陽道との密着と安倍氏内部の内紛が天文密奏に混乱を与えた。
- At the end of Heian period, the Abe clan began to monopolize the roles of tenmon hakase and that received the imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso, however, both the Abe clan's deep involvement in Onmyodo, the other family learning of the clan and the internal strife within the clan confused tenmon misso.
- また、672年の壬申の乱の時は長徳の弟にあたる大伴馬来田(まぐた)・大伴吹負(ふけい)兄弟が兵を率いて功績を立てており、以後、奈良時代までの政界で大納言・中納言・参議等が輩出している。
- In the Jinshin War of 672, OTOMO no Maguta and OTOMO no Fukei, who were the brothers of Nagatoko, commanded the army with distinction, after which the Otomo clan produced Dainagon (Chief Councilors of State), Chunagon (Vice Councilors of State), and Sangi (Councilors) within the political world until the Nara Period.
- 在庁官人はあるときは田堵負名層の利益代表として反乱側に、またあるときは朝廷・国衙ラインの権力を保証する戦士として田堵負名層を制圧する側に立ち、地域における実権を構築していったのである。
- Zaichokanjin took the side of the tato and fumyo classes representing their interests, and other times they took the side of those who oppressed tato and fumyo classes as soldiers to ensure the power of the imperial court and kokuga, and came to have the actual power in the local regions.
- また守護は、当初は国司の業務や地頭の権限への介入を禁じられていたが、応仁の乱以後の地方定住と権力の拡張の結果次第に領主化して室町後期には地方支配も進み、この頃の守護は守護大名と呼ばれる。
- At first, it was prohibited for shugo to intervene in the tasks of Kokushi and the authorities of Jito, however, as a result of settlement in local areas and expansion of authorities after the Onin War, they gradually became feudal lords and cemented their grip in local areas by the late Muromachi period; shugo in this period are especially called shugo-daimyo (Japanese territorial lords).
- 合戦の終息した12月29日恩賞の除目があり、頼盛が尾張守、重盛が伊予守、宗盛が遠江守、教盛が越中守、経盛が伊賀守にそれぞれ任じられ、平氏一門の知行国は乱の前の5ヶ国から7ヶ国に増加した。
- A session granting awards was held on February 15, just after the battle ended; at this session, Yorimori was made governor of Owari Province, Shigemori of Iyo Province, Munemori of Totomi Province, Norimori of Ecchu Province, and Tsunemori of Iga Province, meaning that following the battle, the Taira's control over chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) increased from five provinces to seven.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると災害や戦乱などの社会的混乱が貴族社会にも及び始め、遂に承久の乱では朝廷軍が敗北して太上天皇の流罪が行われるなど、貴族社会が存続の危機に差し掛かっていることが明白となった。
- From the beginning of the Kamakura period, social turmoil such as natural disasters and war began to affect the aristocracy, and it was clearly apparent that the existence of the aristocracy itself was threatened when the Imperial Court forces were defeated and the retired emperor was exiled in Jokyu Disturbance.
- From the early Kamakura period onward, social disturbances including natural disasters and civil wars came to affect the nobility as well, culminating in the Jokyu Disturbance in which the Imperial forces were defeated and even Emperor Daijo was condemned to exile; this resulted in clear recognition that the nobility was in a crisis of life or death.
- 北条泰時以来、執権・得宗体制を支えてきた北条庶流との利害の対立も先鋭化し、その対立の行き着いた先が『吾妻鏡』編纂年の下限とされる1304年の翌年に起こった嘉元の乱であるという見方もある。
- A conflict with the collateral line of the Hojo family, who had supported the system of regent and the Tokuso administration since the reign of Yasutoki HOJO, heated up, and it caused the Kagen Disturbance to occur in the next year of 1304, which was considered the possible last year of Azuma Kagami's compilation.
- また、序文がないことや詞書が物語的であること、部立てと配列の乱れ、歌の重出などから、後撰和歌集が「未定稿」であったとする説が古来からあり、藤原清輔や北村季吟、中山美石などが主張している。
- FUJIWARA no Kiyosuke, Kigin KITAMURA, and Umashi NAKAYAMA assert the old theory that Gosenwakashu is an 'unfinished manuscript,' because of its lack of preface, lack of narrative kotobagaki (prose prefaces), the unsystematic arrangement of the poems, and repeat appearance of poems.
- 頼朝はこの和平案を後白河の日和見的態度と見て、中原康定に「天下は君の乱さしめ給ふ(天下の混乱は法皇の責任だ)」と脅しをかけ(『玉葉』10月24日条)、義仲の完全な排除を求めて譲らなかった。
- As Yoritomo found the peace plan to be an opportunistic attitude of Goshirakawa, he made a threatening remark to NAKAHARA no Yasusada, 'The Cloistered Emperor is to blame for the disarray in the country' ('Gyokuyo,' entry of November 17) and was adamant about the total expulsion of Yoshinaka.
- 1180年代になると、平氏政権打倒を名目とした内戦(治承・寿永の乱)が起こり、最終的に、軍事貴族に出自し関東の在地領主層武士層を基盤とする源頼朝の武家政権(後の鎌倉幕府)が内戦に勝利した。
- During the 1180's a civil war (Jisho-Juei War) to overthrow the Taira administration broke out, and the samurai government of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (later to become the Kamakura bakufu), consisting of local ryoshu (samurai lord) and samurais in Kanto who were originally military aristocrats, won.
- その一方で頼朝は、源義広 (志田三郎先生)が上洛したこと、義仲が平氏追討をせず国政を混乱させていることを理由に、義仲に勧賞を与えたことを「太だ謂はれなし」と抗議した(『玉葉』10月9日条)。
- On the other hand, Yoritomo protested Yoshinaka's having been given praise and encouragement as 'totally irrational,' giving reasons that MINAMOTO no Yoshihiro (SHIDA Saburo Senjo) had gone to the capital and that Yoshinaka had disrupted the national administration, instead of searching for and killing the Taira clan ('Gyokuyo,' entry of November 2).
- だが、応仁の乱以後には将軍の臨席は減少し、11代将軍足利義澄の頃には将軍主宰とされながら実際には将軍が臨席する事は無く、側近である内談衆が決定事項を将軍に取り次いで裁可を得る仕組みとなった。
- After the Onin War, the shogun's presence at gozen-sata became less, and in the tenure of the eleventh shogun Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA, the shogun namely chaired, but did not attend gozen-sata, which resulted in a procedure whereby naidan shu (judges), shogun's entourages, brought the decisions to the shogun for the approval.
- 江藤新平が建白書の直後に士族反乱の佐賀の乱(1874年)を起こし、死刑となっていることで知られるように、この時期の自由民権運動は政府に反感を持つ士族らに基礎を置き、武力闘争と紙一重であった。
- As Shinpei Eto is known to have been executed for causing the Tosa War, a revolt by family with samurai ancestors in 1874, this period of the Jiyu Minken Undo movement was characterized by the antigovernment movement led by members of the former samurai class (Shizoku) and often erupted into violence.
- 最大の戦いは胆沢とその周辺の蝦夷との戦いで、780年に多賀城を一時陥落させた宝亀の乱の伊治呰麻呂、789年に巣伏の戦いで遠征軍を壊滅させた阿弖流為(アテルイ)らの名がその指導者として伝わる。
- The biggest battle took place in Isawa, between Japan and the Emishi who lived nearby; some of the names of leaders of the battle include KOREHARI no Azamaro, who is known from Hoki no Ran, in which he once took control of Taga-jo Castle in 780, and Aterui, who wiped out the expeditionary force in the Battle of Subushi in 789.
- 15世紀後半の応仁の乱ないし明応の政変以降は戦国時代 (日本)とも呼ばれ、それまでの「幕府 - 守護体制」が崩壊するとともに、各地に地域国家が並立するようになり、また、荘園公領制が崩壊した。
- Starting in the latter half of the fifteenth century, with the Onin War and the Meio Coup, a roughly hundred-year era known as the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) began; during this period, the bakufu-daimyo system in place up until this point collapsed, and all the various provinces essentially became independent states unto themselves, while the shoen-koryo (private estates and public territory) system of land ownership disintegrated.
- しかし、この「旅宿問答」では「保元平治、源ノ義賢、義平ト一(ひとつの)乱ヲ作出シ玉フ」とあるところをみると、久寿2年(1155年)の源義賢・源義平の争いを含んだ物語のことを述べているらしい。
- However, 'Ryoshuku mondo' states, 'In the periods of Hogen and Heiji, MINAMOTO no Yoshikata has created conflict with Yoshihira,' which implies a tale including the battle of MINAMOTO no Yoshikata and MINAMOTO no Yoshihira in 1155.
- やがて、南北朝時代 (日本)や戦国時代 (日本)の戦乱によって荘園制が崩壊すると、多くの寺社領が失われ、統一政権では検地の強化によって、一部の朱印地が幕藩体制によって保護されるに過ぎなくなる。
- When the shoen system collapsed in the disturbances during the Nanbokucho period (North and South Dynasties period) and the Sengoku period (Warring states period), many of the jisharyo were lost -- In the Toyotomi administration, kenchi (cadastral surveys) was strengthened, whereby merely a part of shuinchi (estates of temple and shrine confirmed by the shogun and exempted from tax) was protected under the bakuhan system (power structure of bakufu and daimyo domains).
- そのためヤマト(倭国)内の農業開発が停滞し、ヤマト王権とその傘下の豪族達の経済力・政治力が後退したと考えられており、6世紀前半までのヤマト王統の混乱はこの経済力・政治力の後退に起因するとされる。
- For this reason, it is thought that agricultural development in Yamato (Wakoku) remained stagnant, weakening the Yamato Kingdom and the ruling elite under their jurisdiction, a situation that existed until the beginning of the sixth century.
- 10月15日に総攻撃が開始された時に、栗山利安らが大混乱に乗じて救い出すことに成功し、三名は順番に背負いながら有馬温泉に向い、しばらく体力が回復するまで逗留し、その後姫路城で羽柴秀吉と対面した。
- When full-scale attack was commenced on November 13, 1579, Toshiyasu KURIYAMA and so on succeeded in helping him out of the jail taking advantage of confusion and three persons carried him on their back by turns and moved toward Arima-Onsen Hot Spring and he stayed there until he recovered his physical strength and, later, he met Hideyoshi HASHIBA in Himeji-jo Castle.
- 摂関家は保元の乱によって藤原忠実の知行国・頼長の所領が没収された上に、家人として荘園管理の武力を担っていた源為義が処刑されたことで各地の荘園で紛争が激化するなど、その勢力を大きく後退させていた。
- This branch of regents and advisors had suffered the confiscation of FUJIWARA no Tadazane's chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) as well as Yorinaga's territories due to the Hogen Rebellion, and worse yet the execution of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, a retainer on whose military strength they had increasingly come to rely to manage their shoen properties; as a result, their power had greatly waned, as evidenced by the disputes over ownership of their lands escalating all over the country.
- 1284年に弘安の徳政、さらに1297年に永仁の徳政令を実施して没落する御家人の救済を図ったが、恩賞不足や商人が御家人への金銭貸し出しを渋るなど、かえって御家人の不満と混乱を招く結果に終わった。
- The bakufu did try to save such financially ruined gokenin by ordering two rounds of debt forgiveness, the 1284 Koan Tokusei ('benevolent rule,' a euphemism for the mass forgiving of debts) and then the 1297 Einin Tokusei, but as they could not provide sufficient rewards and yet were reluctant to allow merchants to loan money to gokenin, the bakufu's efforts only ended up exacerbating disgruntlement among the gokenin, inviting further chaos and disorder.
- 室町時代初頭の貞和2年(1346年)、南北朝の争乱が続く中で、室町幕府は守護の権能を強化することで治安を確保することを企図し、守護に使節遵行権および刈田狼藉 の検断権を直接付与する法令を発した。
- In 1346 of the early Muromachi period, while the battle between the Southern and Northern Dynasties had been going on, the Muromachi bakufu contemplated securing public order by strengthening the Shugo's authorities and enacted laws which directly granted the Shugo the right to judge criminal cases for shisetsu jungyo and Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally).
- それほど多いものではないという理由は、当時必要とされた武力は、京の治安維持、要人の護衛、受領として赴任する際に引き連れ、在庁官人を押さえる程度のものであり、大規模な争乱などほとんど無かったこと。
- The reason why it might not be as big was because military power required at that time was for sustaining the peace of Kyoto, guard a person upon request, followed as a retainer when one left a post due to zuryo, and arrest the Zaichokanjin (the local officials in the Heian and Kamakura periods), but there was hardly any turmoil.
- 嘉吉の乱(かきつのらん)は、室町時代の嘉吉元年(1441年)に播磨国、備前国、美作国守護の赤松満祐が、六代征夷大将軍足利義教を暗殺し、領国播磨で幕府方討伐軍に敗れて討たれるまでの一連の騒乱である。
- Kakitsu War is referred to as a series of disturbances occurred in 1441, from when Mitsusuke AKAMATSU, a shugo (provincial constable) of the Harima Province, the Bizen Province, and the Mimasaka Province, assassinated Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, the 6th seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') to when he was defeated and killed by the punitive force of bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in his own territory, Harima.
- 真田隊を壊滅させた松平忠直の越前勢が一番乗りを果たしたのを始めとして徳川方が城内に続々と乱入し、遂には大坂城本丸内部で内通者によって放たれた火の手が天守にも上がり、5月7日深夜に大坂城は陥落した。
- Starting with the first invasion of the Echizen troop of Tadanao MATSUDAIRA that destroyed the Sanada troop, the Tokugawa army entered the Castle in a stream; the fire set in the inside of the Honmaru by betrayers reached the castle keep leading the fall of Osaka Castle at midnight of May 7 (the old calendar).
- 戦国武将や大名などの列伝が充実している(特に江戸幕府への配慮を必要とした江戸時代の部分よりも室町時代の記事の方が優れているといわれており、応仁の乱から封建制の再構築の過程の執筆に力が入っている)。
- It is rich in biographies of busho (Japanese military commander) in the Sengoku Period and daimyo (Japanese territorial lord). (Especially the articles about the Muromachi period is said to be more excellent than those about the Edo period, and above all the descriptions ranging from the Onin War to the process of restructuring a feudal system were written well, because the author had to care about the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) during writing.)
- また、嵯峨朝になると、種継の子で平城天皇の内侍司として権勢を握った藤原薬子とその兄藤原仲成が反乱を企てて断罪された薬子の変の発生に加え、嵯峨天皇・橘嘉智子の信頼を受けた北家の冬嗣の台頭も背景にある。
- Furthermore, the Kusuko Incident, a failed rebellion by FUJIWARA no Nakanari and his sister Kusuko who was a daughter of Tanetsugu and held power as naishi no tsukasa (a female palace attendant) for Emperor Heizei, as well as the rise of FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu from Fujiwara Hokke who won trust of Emperor Saga and TACHIBANA no Kachiko, also led to the decline of Shikike.
- 反乱は拡大して秋田城下の12村(上津野、火内、榲淵、野代、河北、腋本、方口、大河、堤、姉刀、方上、焼岡)が夷俘の支配に落ち、出羽北部ではわずか3村(添河、覇別、助川)の俘囚だけが出羽国に属していた。
- The rebellion spread, and the 12 villages near Akita-jo Castle (Kazuno, Hinai, Sugibuchi, Noshiro, Kawakita, Wakimoto, Katakuchi, Okawa, Tsutsumi, Aneto, Katagami and Yakeoka) were occupied by the Ifu; in northern Dewa only the Fushu (assimilated Emishi) in the three villages of Soekawa, Habetsu and Sukekawa belonged to Dewa Province.
- それは、京の治安維持に必要な武力が、旧来の武官や、随身だけでは間に合わなくなり、平将門の乱での「朝家の爪牙」の役を果たした「兵の家」が、「家業」として、「武」を請け負いはじめるということでもあった。
- It was because the military force required to sustain peace in Kyoto was not enough with just a military officer and zuijin (a guard) from old, and the 'house of tsuwamono' that served as the 'choka no soga' during TAIRA no Masakado's War started to provide 'mu' as a 'family business.'
- 1933年4月、内務省 (日本)は滝川の著書『刑法講義』『刑法読本』に対し、その中の内乱罪、姦通罪に関する見解(後者については妻にだけ適用されることを批判した)などを理由として発売禁止処分を下した。
- The Ministry of Internal Affairs (Japan) ruled in April 1933 that Takigawa's books 'Keiho Kogi' and 'Keiho Dokuhon' were not allowed to be for sale because of his stance on insurrection crimes and adultery (which he criticized because it was only applicable to the wife).
- しかし、橋本義彦が指摘しているように、保元の乱の数年前からは為義は忠実・頼長に接近し、義朝は鳥羽院・後白河天皇側に接近していることは確かで、この親子の間が密接なものでなかったことは事実のようである。
- However, as Yoshihiko HASHIMOTO pointed out, it is true that Tameyoshi approached Tadazane and Yorinaga, and Yoshitomo got close to Toba-in and Emperor Goshirakawa a few years before the Hogen Disturbance, so it is an indisputable fact that they did not have a close relationship.
- 鉄砲による損害に関しては「三段撃ちこそ無かったものの、1000丁という大量の鉄砲の一斉掃射による轟音によって武田の馬が冷静さを失い、騎馬隊を大混乱に陥れたのではないか」とする説がある(井沢元彦ほか)。
- Concerning the damage done by the teppo, some scholars (such as Motohiko IZAWA) have suggested that 'although the sandan-uchi tactics was not carried out, the horses of the Takeda cavalry were upset when 1,000 teppo were fired at the same time and brought it into great confusion.'
- 一方、公家の乱脈ぶりを憂慮した幕府は、公家統制の重要性を悟り、慶長18年(1613年)の「公家衆法度」の制定を招き、さらに慶長20年(1615年)の「禁中並公家諸法度」制定につながっていくこととなる。
- Meanwhile the Bakufu, worried by the lax morals of court nobles, realized the importance of controlling them more strictly, resulting in the institution of Kugeshu hatto (the regulatory law for court nobles) in 1613 and further leading to that of Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto (the regulatory laws for the Emperor and court nobles) in 1615.
- 例えば、関東では鎌倉公方が古河城に逃れて古河公方と名乗って関東管領上杉氏との全面戦争(享徳の乱)を引き起こし、将軍が後任の鎌倉公方として派遣した足利政知も鎌倉にさえ入ることができなかった(堀越公方)。
- For example, in Kanto, Kamakura Kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) escaped to Koga-jo Castle and, using the name of Koga Kubo, started a total war with the Uesugi clan that was Kanto Kanrei (a shogunal deputy for the Kanto region) (Kyotoku Disturbance), and Masatomo ASHIKAGA, who was dispatched by the shogun as the successor of Kamakura Kubo, could not enter Kamakura (Horigoe Kubo).
- このように、明応の政変は中央だけのクーデター事件ではなく、全国、特に東国で戦乱と下克上の動きを恒常化させる契機となる、重大な分岐点であり、戦国時代の始期とする説が近年の日本史学界では有力となっている。
- Similarly, in recent years there is an influential theory among Japanese historians, that the Meio Incident was not only a coup d'etat in the central government but also a critical turning point, which led to social upheaval and rebellions against the ruling classes, especially in the eastern provinces, and was the initial stage of the Warring States period.
- 鎌倉時代初期の朝廷は、幕府を武家もしくは関東と呼称していたが、承久の乱を経て、幕府が朝廷を監視するため京都に六波羅探題を設置すると、武家の語は六波羅探題のみを指し、幕府は関東とのみ呼ばれるようになる。
- In the beginning of the Kamakura period, the Imperial Court had called the bakufu buke or Kanto (derived from the 'Kanto region'), but once the bakufu installed Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) in order to monitor the Imperial Court after the Jokyu War, the term 'buke' came to indicate Rokuhara Tandai only, while the bakufu was simply called Kanto.
- 承久の乱(1221年)により隠岐国に流された後も後鳥羽上皇は十八年の時間をかけて彫琢を加え、新古今和歌集から約400首ほど除いたものこそ正統な新古今和歌集であるという詔を出した(「隠岐本識語」参照)。
- Even after the Retired Emperor Gotoba was exiled to Oki Province because of the Jokyu no Ran War (1221), he spent eighteen years bringing the collection to a high level of refinement, and issued an Imperial edict, stating that the new collection, which eliminated about 400 poems, was the authentic New Collection of Ancient and Modern Poetry (See 'Okibon with annex').
- 特に信範は摂関家の藤原忠通・藤原基実らに家司として仕えたため、当時の上級公家などの動きに詳しく、中でも保元の乱および乱後の後白河院・平家などについての詳細な記述は、他の諸記録の追随を許さないといえる。
- As a household superintendent, Nobunori served FUJIWARA no Tadamichi and FUJIWARA no Motozane of the Sekkan (Regent and Chancellor) family, getting information about the movement of high court nobles, especially Goshirakawa in and the Taira family before and after the Hogen Disturbance, so no record can compete with Nobunori's detailed record about them.
- 偽使派遣勢力は牙符制の発効を恐れ、1474年の牙符発給を受けた日本国王使を対馬で一時拘束する、あるいは1480年に偽王城大臣使を朝鮮に派遣し、牙符が散逸したとする撹乱情報を伝えるなど、妨害を試みている。
- For fear of having Gafusei come into effect, the powers to dispatch the pseudo envoys attempted to disturb the effectuation by catching the King of Japan envoy who had received Gafu in 1474 at Tsushima, or dispatching the pseudo Ojo-daijin envoys to Korea in 1480 to spread a false rumor that the Gafu were scattered.
- 室町幕府は主に御料所などからの収入で財政を維持してきたが、全国的な内乱のために年貢輸送が途絶えたり、あるいは南朝_(日本)軍に占領されたり、自軍への恩賞に回されたりしてその範囲は小さくなる一方であった。
- The Muromachi bakufu managed to finance its budgets by the income from goryosho (the Imperial or shogunate's estate), whose areas were dwindling because the transportation of nengu (land tax such as rice) was disturbed by civil wars across the country, and some goryosho were occupied by the Southern Court's army which were used to reward their soldiers.
- 漆間の翁は、勝四郎がいなくなったあとの戦乱で乱れたこの土地の様子、宮木が気丈にもひとりで待っていたが、約束の秋を過ぎて次の年の八月十日に死んだこと、漆間の翁が弔ったことを語り、勝四郎にも弔いをすすめた。
- Uruma no Okina tells him what it was like there amid the turmoil after Katsushiro left, that Miyagi had bravely waited alone for him but the autumn passed and she died on the tenth day of August in the following year, and that Uruma no Okina performed a memorial service for the dead; then he advises Katsushiro to hold a memorial service for her.
- これは当時の政権が大規模な輸送を行う能力を持っていたことを裏付けている(この徴発によって反乱軍を率いる皇子側は軍馬を確保するとともに、結果的には敵の本拠である大津京への兵糧搬入を妨害したことにもなった)。
- Operations of this size give evidence to support the capability of the government of the time to have large-scale transportation (As a result of this requisition, the rebel troops on the Prince's side gained war-horses while simultaneously interrupting the delivery of provisions to the enemy's base in Otsukyo).
- 乱自体は幕府との協力で鎮圧されるが、乱後に持氏が残党狩りを名目として、京都扶持衆の宇都宮持綱などを粛清、さらに幕府の支援する佐竹氏を討伐するなど自立的行動が目立つようになり、幕府と鎌倉府は対立関係となる。
- Although the war itself was suppressed in corporation with the bakufu, Mochiuji's self-willed behaviors became prominent after the war - on the pretext of hunting down of stragglers, he purged Mochitsuna UTSUNOMIYA and others of Kyoto-fuchishu (Kanto samurais who were directly engaged by bakufu, not by the Kamakura Government) and subjugated the Satake clan who were supported by the bakufu - thus the bakufu and the Kamakura Government became a confrontational relationship.
- 例外的に、真珠の取引単位は直径はセンチメートル、ネックレス等の長さはインチとされ、質量はグラム表記したことで混乱を招いた歴史があることから、世界的に「匁(もんめ、momme)」が国際単位として使われている。
- Exceptionally, a unit 'monme' (or momme) is globally used as an international unit for dealing with pearl because of the confusions resulted from inconsistent unit systems: The diameter of a pearl was written in centimeter, the length of necklaces and others was in inch, the mass was in gram.
- この他にも、後に村田銃の開発で有名になった村田経芳が、旧幕府から引き継がれたシャスポー銃を、スナイドル銃とは別の金属薬莢を用いる弾薬用に改造しようと計画するなど、更に補給を混乱させかねない事態が進行していた。
- In addition, matters that might further confuse the army in supplying ammunition were proceeding such that Tsuneyoshi MURATA, who later became famous for developing Murata rife, was planning to convert Chassepot rifle, which had been handed down from the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), into a model using metal cartridge case other than that for Snider rifle.
- 彼らは徳川家への復讐に燃える者、戦乱に乗じて一旗上げようとする者などで、歴戦の勇士が多く士気も旺盛だったが、いかんせん寄せ集めに過ぎないため統制がなかなかとれず、実際の戦闘では作戦に乱れが生じる元ともなった。
- Some of them were eager to revenge the Tokugawa family, some aimed to make their names in the world, taking advantage of the disturbances of war and so on: there were many brave warriors who had experienced many battles and were high in morale, however, only a jumble of warriors lacked regulations, causing strategic confusions in real battles.
- その後、軍事貴族の平清盛が平氏政権をうちたて、平氏政権打倒の過程で発生した の内乱(源平合戦)の結果、東国に武家政権(鎌倉幕府)が登場することとなったが、その後も貴族たちは一定の政治実権を握り続けたのである。
- Later, TAIRA no Kiyomori from the military nobles established the Taira clan administration, and as a result of the civil war of Gisho-Juei (the Genpei war) which occurred during the course of overthrowing the Taira clan administration, a military administration (the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)) was established in the East, but the nobles continued to seize political power afterwards as well.
- 従来は中央政府に発兵権があったが、国毎に警察・軍事指揮官として押領使(おうりょうし)を任命し、中央からの「追討官符」を受けた受領の命令で押領使が国内の武士を動員して反乱を鎮圧する体制に移行したとする説がある。
- Formerly, the central government possessed the right of mobilizing military personnel, but according to a theory, the system concerned was changed to the following one: An Oryoshi, a police and military command, was appointed to each province, and when instructed by Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) who received an official document instructing the suppression of a rebellion, the Oryoshi mobilized samurai in the province to suppress the rebellion.
- 平将門の乱以降は、その平将門を滅ぼした天慶勲功者、藤原秀郷、平貞盛、平公雅、そして源経基の子孫達が、「朝家の爪牙」となっていったが、その彼らが兵(つわもの)として認識されるには、一定のプロセスが必要であった。
- After the war of TAIRA no Masakado, people who distinguishingly served in battle, FUJIWARA no Hidesato, TAIRA no Sadamori, TAIRA no Kinmasa, and the descendants of MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto, became the 'choka no soga' after defeating TAIRA no Masakado, but a uniformed process was required for them to be considered tsuwamono.
- 補給の混乱を防ぐために、陸軍省は九州へ派遣される兵の装備をいったんスナイドル銃に統一させてから送り出していたが、動員規模が拡がるにつれて早くも3月にはスナイドル弾薬500万発の備蓄を使い果たして弾薬が欠乏した。
- In order to prevent confusion in supplying ammunition, the Army Ministry dispatched troops to Kyushu after having the whole troops armed with Snider rifle; as the scale of the mobilized troops grown, the Army Ministry had already run out of stockpiles of 5 million rounds of Snider Ammunition and become lack of ammunition in March.
- 乱後、後白河上皇と二条天皇の対立はしばらくの小康状態を経て再燃するが、武士で最大の実力者となっていた清盛は二条の乳父となり、室の平時子も乳母となったことで、天皇の後見役の地位を得て検非違使別当・中納言となった。
- After the rebellions, the conflict between the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa and Emperor Nijo seemed to subside slightly but then flared up again, with Kiyomori, who was the most powerful bushi at that time, gaining the position of Emperor's regent by becoming godfather to Nijo while his wife, TAIRA no Tokiko, became godmother, and he also became Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) and Chunagon (vice-councilor of state).
- 11世紀後半に起こった大規模な戦乱である前九年の役、後三年の役に関する説話を収録しようとした形跡が見られる(説話名のみ残されており、本文は伝わっていない)事から、1120年代以降の成立である事が推測されている。
- Because there are traces of attempts to record setsuwa related to the Earlier Nine Years' War and the Later Three Years' War, large-scale wars that occurred in the late eleventh century (the titles of the setsuwa remain but the text has not survived), it is thought to have been compiled after the 1120s.
- その後、六角高頼が幕府御料地を侵略した際には9月と8月の2回、第9代将軍足利義尚の親征を受けたが、その2度とも観音寺城を放棄し甲賀の山中でゲリラ戦を展開、一時的に城を明け渡すが共に奪回している(長享・延徳の乱)。
- Later, when the castle was attacked by the ninth Shogun Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, twice, in August and September, due to Takayori ROKKAKU's invasion of bakufu goryochi (the land directly controlled by bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]), they temporarily abandoned the castle, conducted guerrilla wars in the mountains of Koka, and recaptured the castle later in both wars (the Chokyo-Entoku Wars).
- これに対して一介の御家人から室町幕府を創設した足利氏の場合は、南北朝の内乱の中で敵から奪った所領の増加がある一方で恩賞や敵からの略奪による所領の喪失もあり、その御料所の規模は鎌倉幕府のそれよりも遥かに乏しかった。
- On the other hand, the Ashikaga clan, which raised from a mere gokenin to found the Muromachi bakufu, gained the shoryo by depriving the enemies of the shoryo during the Nanbokucho civil war, but lost their shoryo when their shoryo was taken as rewards to the others or was deprived by the enemies -- Consequently, its goryosho (shogunal domain) was far less than that of the Kamakura bakufu.
- 1355年(文和4年/正平10年)、幕府は半済の拡大を防ぐため、戦乱の収まった国の半済を停止するとともに、戦乱国においても、守護が年貢半分を直接徴収するのではなく、本所(荘園領主)から守護へ納入させることとした。
- In 1355, to prevent the spread of the hanzei law, the feudal government exempted provinces in which the disturbance had settled from its application and made the Honjo (lord of the manor) pay half of the customs or taxes to the provincial constable, instead of letting the provincial constable directly collect the customs or taxes from peasants even in the provinces in which the disturbance was still continuing.
- 浄土真宗の蓮如が再興した本願寺教団は、講と呼ばれる信徒集団を形成し、応仁の乱の後には守護大名に取って代わった戦国大名に匹敵する勢力になり、一向宗とも呼ばれるようになり、信仰の下に団結して守護大名の勢力と対抗する。
- The religious establishment at Hongan-ji Temple, which had been revived by Rennyo, of the Jodo Shinshu (True Pure Land sect), began to form large groups of laymen followers, called (Buddhist) 'lecture meetings,' and after the Onin War, these groups rivaled the Sengoku daimyo, who had supplanted the shugo daimyo, in strength; they began to be referred to as the Ikko sect, and united by faith, fell into opposition with the power and influence of the shugo daimyo.
- 京大天皇事件(きょうだいてんのうじけん)は、1951年11月12日の昭和天皇の京都大学来学に際し、キャンパスに押しかけた多数の学生との間で混乱が生じ、京大の学生自治会である同学会に解散処分などが下された事件である。
- The Kyodai-Tenno incident was an incident in which disorder arose between the Emperor Showa who visited Kyoto University on November 12, 1951 and many students who gathered at the campus on that day, and Dogakukai, the student self-governing association of Kyoto University, was ordered to dissolve later.
- 次の応仁2年(1468年)については御暦奏の記録はなく、かつ章首の朔旦冬至が実施された最後のもの(朔旦冬至に御暦奏を行う意義の消滅)であったことから、その前年に発生した応仁の乱の影響で廃絶したものと考えられている。
- Since no record existed of the goryakuso in 1468 and the last sakutan toji was carried out at Shoshu (the merit of carrying out goryakuso at the sakutan toji disappeared), it is thought that goryakuso was abolished due to the Onin War that broke out the previous year.
- 三浦の乱の講和条約である壬申約条では、島主歳遣船(対馬から通交のため毎年派遣される貿易船)を50隻から25隻に削減、多くの深処倭(対馬以外の日本人のこと)名義の歳遣船の停止等、宗氏に通交の抑制を強いるものであった。
- The Jinshin Yakujo, which was a peace treaty ending the Sanpo War, forced the So clan to restrain the dispatching of trade ships so as to force the reduction of toshu saikensen (Annual Tribute Ships to Korea from the Lord of Tsushima, and trade ships annually dispatched from Tsushima for trading and diplomatic visits) from 50 to 25, and to stop dispatching saikensen under the name of many shimuchowe (Japanese people other than the residents of Tsushima).
- その後は、藤原純友の乱を平定した藤原忠文や、阿衡事件に関与した藤原佐世等を輩出したものの、平安時代中期以降は儒学によって立身する家系として数家がしばらく血統を保つのみとなり、鎌倉時代まで続いた家はほとんどなかった。
- Thereafter, Fujiwara Shikike produced FUJIWARA no Tadabumi, who put down FUJIWARA no Sumitomo's War, and FUJIWARA no Sukeyo, who was involved with the Ako Incident, but from the middle of the Heian period, only a couple of families managed to keep their lines known as those that rose on the basis of Confucianism, and few could remain until the Kamakura period.
- ただ、書簡中では若殿輩(わかとのばら)が逸(はや)らないようにこの鰻温泉を動かないとも記しているので、この「立つと決する」は内乱よりは当時西郷が最も心配していた対ロシアのための防御・外征を意味していた可能性が高い。
- Judging from other description in the letter that he would keep staying at Unagi Hot Spring so as not to make his young Lord impetuous, the words 'I will decide to raise the army' might have meant defense and campaign against Russia, which was his biggest concern in those days, instead of starting a civil war.
- 更に応仁の乱以後になると、地方にあった公家や奉行衆の所領が戦国大名や国人達の押領を受けて収入が途絶え、礼銭収入無しでは日常生活も送れないほどの経済的苦境にも陥っていたため、禁令を出すこと自体が困難となってしまった。
- Since the Onin War, furthermore, Court nobles and the bugyoshu, whose shoryo in rural area were usurped by Daimyo in the Sengoku period and the kokujin (local samurai), lost their income and were too poor to sustain their lives without the income of the reisen, making it difficult to even issue a ban on the reisen.
- 13世紀前半の承久の乱以降、新補地頭に対して荘園公領11町当たり1町の給田を与える新補率法が成立すると、実際には1町にとどまらず2町・3町の給田を設定する例が多く見られ、新補地頭による荘園公領侵出を強く後押しした。
- After the Jyokyu War in the early thirteenth century, the Shinpo rippo (the regulation regarding new Jito appointments) was established to give 1 cho of kyuden per 11 cho of shoen koryo to newly appointed jito, but in actuality, there were many cases where two or even three cho of kyuden were given, strongly pushing the invasion of newly appointed jito into shoen koryo.
- 『吉記』は、内乱期の経房が蔵人頭・院別当として、朝廷の決定を詳しく知ることのできる立場にあったため、同じ内容の記事でも、まだ朝廷で中心的な立場になる前の九条兼実の『玉葉』より詳細な事実を知ることができる箇所もある。
- Because Tsunefusa held positions of Kurodo gashira (Head of the Imperial Secretary Office) and In-Betto (chief of the retired Emperor's palace) during the disturbance and knew well the decisions made by the Imperial court, 'Kikki' has more detailed records than 'Gyokuyo,' a diary written by Kanezane KUJO, who was not a leading figure in the Imperial court yet at that time.
- そして、元弘元年(1331年)の後醍醐天皇による討幕の計画・元弘の乱では幕府が事前に知るところとなり天皇は笠置山 (京都府)に逃れるが、この時真先に馳せ参じて天皇に味方したのが7代目惣領・次郎足助重範であったという。
- In the Genko War of 1331, when the attack plan of Emperor Godaigo became known by the shogunate before the fact and the Emperor then evacuated to Mt. Kasagi in Kyoto Prefecture, the seventh head, Jiro Shigenori ASUKE, rushed to him first to engage him in battle.
- 京都と鎌倉を結ぶ東海道の要地に勢力を持った足助氏は朝廷との繋がりも深く、後に源氏将軍家が断絶し承久3年(1221年)に後鳥羽上皇が倒幕の兵を挙げると一族は京方として戦い、足助重秀の子足助重成が討死にした(承久の乱)。
- It also had a close relationship with the Imperial Court because of its power in the key areas of Tokaido connecting Kyoto and Kamakura; and when the Minamoto clan was broken in 1221and Retired Emperor Gotoba staged a rebellion in an attempt to reclaim the throne and overthrow the Kamakura bakufu, it fought together with samurai around Kyoto who were against the shogunate, and Shigenari ASUKE, who was a child of Shigehide ASUKE, died in the battle (the Jokyu War).
- その筆致は同書に依拠して書かれた『永享記』(『結城戦場記』)と比べると足利持氏を擁護する傾向にあるが、永享の乱の根本的原因は『永享記』と同じく持氏側に求め、乱に至らしめた持氏の行動を「天魔の所行」と強く非難している。
- The writing is sympathetic to Mochiuji ASHIKAGA compared with the 'Eikyo ki' (Yuji Battle Record), written based on the Kamakura Mochiuji ki, but like the Eikyo ki, it finds Mochiuji guilty of causing the Eikyo Rebellion and strongly criticizes Mochiuji's actions that led to the Rebellion as 'the acts of a devil'.
- これは足利義詮政権の下で、貞治2年(1363年)に大内弘世・山名時氏ら有力守護が南朝から北朝(幕府)へ帰順するなど、この時期には北朝の優位がほぼ確定し、全国的にも南北朝の動乱期が収まりつつあることを示すものであった。
- The above showed the fact that after influential shugodaimyo like Hiroyo OUCHI and Tokiuji YAMANA submitted themselves to Northern Court (bakufu) in 1363 when Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA was shogun, the superiority of the Northern Court became apparent and unquiet days of Northern and Southern Courts was ending nationwide.
- その後は、四兄弟のうち宇合の息子藤原広嗣が740年に乱を起こし討伐された(藤原広嗣の乱)こともあり、孝謙天皇朝に武智麻呂の子藤原豊成次いで藤原仲麻呂が台頭するまで、藤原氏の高位官僚の不在時代がしばらく続くことになる。
- FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu, the son of Umakai was subdued in the Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu in 740; thereafter a period of absence of high rank officials from Fujiwara clan continued for a certain time until FUJIWARA no Toyonari and FUJIWARA no Nakamaro, the sons of Muchimaro, gained power in the Emperor Koken's era.
- 俊基らは赦免されたが資朝は鎌倉へ連行され佐渡島へ流刑となり、側近の万里小路宣房らが鎌倉へ赴いて釈明を行い、後醍醐天皇は幕府に釈明して赦されるが、7年後の1331年(元弘元年)に2度目の討幕計画である元弘の乱を起こす。
- Toshimoto and some others were forgiven, but Suketomo was taken to Kamakura and then exiled to Sado Island, an aide, Nobufusa MADENOKOJI went to Kamakura to offer clarification and Emperor Godaigo was forgiven by the bakufu after an apology, but seven years later, in 1331, he led his second plan to overthrow the bakufu, the Genko no Ran (Genko Rebellion).
- 保元の乱・平治の乱の記事は欠けているが、治承2年(1178年)の安徳天皇誕生、同4年(1180年)の即位、元暦元年(1184年)の後鳥羽天皇の即位と大嘗会の記事は緻密で、忠親が朝儀や政界の情勢に通じていたことが分かる。
- Although it lacks an article on the Hogen War and Heiji War, the articles on the birth of Emperor Antoku in 1178, his enthronement in 1180, and the enthronement and Daijoe (banquet on the occasion of the first ceremonial offering of rice by the newly-enthroned emperor) of Emperor Gotoba in 1184 are precise, which shows that Tadachika was familiar with chogi (ceremony at the Imperial Court) and the political situation.
- 室町時代は、3代征夷大将軍足利義満の時代の全盛を除いて戦乱と無秩序の時代であったが、鎌倉時代以前には見られない、出自不明の農民・商人層の社会進出を可能とし、日本史上、初めて人間の顔が見える人物を登場させた時代でもある。
- Aside from the golden age of prosperity reached under the third seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the Muromachi period was fraught with wars and disorder, but on the other hand, not since before the Kamakura period had there been such opportunity for common people of obscure origins, farmers and tradesmen, to advance socially, and among all the eras of Japanese history, the Muromachi period was the first to produce notable people whose faces and lives appear in clear focus to later eyes.
- ちなみに、この戦闘は閑山島海戦(1592年7月、脇坂安治指揮の日本軍対李舜臣指揮の朝鮮軍)・幸州山城攻防戦(1593年2月、宇喜多秀家指揮の日本軍対権慄指揮の朝鮮軍)とあわせて韓国では「壬辰倭乱の三大捷」と呼ばれている。
- By the way, this battle are called in the Republic of Korea 'three major victories in Imjin Waeran' together with the Naval Battle of Hansan Island (July 1592, the Japanese army commanded by Yasuharu WAKISAKA versus the Korean army commanded by Yi Sun-sin) and the Battle of Henju-Sanson (the Battle of Haengju) (the Japanese army commanded by Hideie UKITA versus the Korean army commanded by Gwon Yul).
- 慶長20年(1615年)3月15日 (旧暦)、大坂に浪人の乱暴・狼藉、堀や塀の復旧、京や伏見への放火の風聞といった不穏な動きがあるとする報が京都所司代板倉勝重より駿府へ届くと、徳川方は浪人の解雇、豊臣家の移封を要求する。
- On March 15 (the old calendar), 1615, when Katsushige ITAKURA, Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy), reported to Sunpu that there was a disturbing trend in Osaka such as violent and dangerous behaviors of ronin, restoration of moats and walls, rumors of setting fire to Kyoto and Fushimi, the Tokugawa side demanded that the Toyotomi family should dismiss ronin and their territory should be changed.
- 奪われた神器のうち、剣は清水寺で発見されるが、神爾は持ち去られたままであり、15年後の1457年(長禄元年)には、嘉吉の乱で没落した赤松氏の遺臣が長禄の変での奮闘により神爾を奪い返し、翌年には神爾は北朝の手に戻っている。
- Among the Three Sacred Treasures that were stolen, the sword was discovered at Kiyomizu-dera Temple, but the shinji were not found until 15 years later in 1457, when remaining followers of the Akamatsu clan, who had become impoverished during the Kakitsu Incident, recovered the shinji after a great battle during the Choroku Incident, and they were returned to the Northern Court the next year.
- 永正4年(1507年)に前将軍足利義稙を奉じた大内義興の上洛軍に、尼子氏ともども三刀屋氏も従ったが、泥沼の戦いを続ける京の戦乱よりいち早く帰国した尼子経久は義興不在の大内領への侵略を開始、大内氏との全面的な対立が始まった。
- In 1507, together with the Amago clan, the Mitoya clan joined the army for Kyoto headed by Yoshinori OUCHI who served the previous shogun, Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, but Tsunehisa AMAGO returned home earlier than others from the battle in Kyoto which had been drawn into a war, began invading Ouchi's territory where Yoshinori was absent for the war, starting their confrontation with the Ouchi clan.
- これは1930年10月27日に台中州能高郡霧社(現在の南投県仁愛郷)でサイディック族の大頭目莫那魯道が6部落の300余人の族人を率いた反日武装事件であり、小学校で開催されていた運動会会場に乱入し日本人約140人を殺害した。
- On October 27, 1930, a group of more than 300 people from six villages, led by the Seediq Rudao MONA, assaulted the athletic festival held at an elementary school to kill about 140 Japanese in Wuche, 能高郡, Taichung Prefecture (present-day Ren-ai, Nantou County).
- 室町・戦国時代 (日本)の混乱時代、農業生産高は爆発的に増加したが、各地にモザイクのように存在する割拠勢力はそれぞれ消長を繰り返し、また支配下にも多くの自立領主がいるため、自領の実質総農業生産高を把握するのも困難であった。
- In the tumultuous years of the Muromachi period and the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), there was a tremendous increase in agricultural production, but because all Japan had become a jigsaw puzzle made up of nodes of local authority who went through an endless cycle of prosperity and decline, and because the period also saw many feudal lords begin to declare their independence, it became extremely difficult to keep track of the true total agricultural productivity even on the land within one's own jurisdiction.
- この『保元物語』に『平治物語』『平家物語』『承久記』を合わせた4作品は「四部の合戦状」(『平家物語勘文録』)と称され、保元から承久にいたる武士の勃興期の戦乱をひと続きのもとして理解する見方が中世からあったことが確認できる。
- In addition to 'Hogen Monogatari,' 'Heiji Monogatari (The Tale of Heiji),' 'Heike Monogatari (The Tale of the Heike)' and 'Jokyu Ki (A Record of Jokyu)' are known generically as 'Four Volumes of Battle Story' ('Heike Monogatari Kanbunroku (Report),' which confirms that in the Middle Ages the manner of taking these battles in the periods of Hogen to Jokyu--a period of warriors' uprisings--as a series of incidents had already existed.
- ただ、『愚管抄』に保元の乱についての話が「少々アルトカヤウケタマハレドモ、イマダ見侍ラズ」とあること、また永仁5年(1297年)成立の『普通唱導集』に「平治・保元・平家の物語」が琵琶法師によって語られたことが記されている。
- 'Gukansho' mentions the Hogen Disturbance, saying, 'Although I have heard there may be a little something of the sort, I have not been able to see it,' and 'Futsu-shodo shu (A Selection of Ordinary Advocates),' completed in 1297, says that 'Tales of Heiji, Hogen and Heike' were told by Biwa-hoshi (a blind minstrel who played the biwa (lute)).
- 麻呂が藤原四兄弟で一番年下だったこと、兄たちよりも子女の数が少なかった(しかも早世者も多かった)ことに加え、唯一参議に昇った藤原浜成が氷上川継の乱に連座して流罪になったことで、一族全体の政治生命が絶たれてしまったためである。
- The reason is that Maro was the youngest of Fujiwara four brothers and had less number of children (and many of them suffered of premature death), as well as that FUJIWARA no Hamanari, the only person in Kyoke to be appointed to sangi (councilor), was exiled because of his implication in HIKAMI no Kawatsugu's War, which put an end to the political life of the Kyoke family.
- 西日本旅客鉄道湖西線の西大津駅は、地元自治体の請願により2008年3月に「大津京駅」に改称されたが、「大津京」という用語や概念をめぐり更なる誤解や混乱を生む恐れが指摘されている(詳細は、大津京駅駅名改称に関する議論を参照)。
- Although Nishiotsu Station of West Japan Railway Company Kosei Line was renamed 'Otsu-kyo Station' in March 2008 as petitioned by the local autonomous body, it is pointed out that further misunderstanding and confusion about the term 'Otsu-kyo' and its concept might arise (Refer to the discussion on the renaming of Otsu-kyo Station for details).
- この勅諭では、第一に1890年(明治23年)の国会(議会)開設を約束し、第二にその組織や権限は政府に決めさせること(欽定憲法)を示し、第三にこれ以上の議論を止める政治休戦を説き、第四に内乱を企てる者は処罰すると警告している。
- First, the national diet (assembly) would be established in 1890, and second, organizations and authority of the diet should be decided by the government (constitution enacted by the emperor), and third, further political arguments should be prohibited, and forth, people who attempt domestic conflicts would be punished.
- その震災後の混乱期に、「保護検束」の名目で検挙されたアナキスト・朴烈と愛人の金子文子が、翌1924年2月15日に爆発物取締罰則違反で起訴され、1925年5月2日に朴烈が、5月4日に文子が、それぞれ大逆罪にあたるとされた事件。
- During such chaotic period after the earthquake, anarchist Bokuretsu and his mistress Fumiko KANEKO were arrested under the pretext of 'protective custody' and indicted for an offense against the Explosives Control Act on February 15, 1924, and later their charge was switched to high treason and the two were prosecuted again on May 2, 1925 and May 4 respectively.
- 信実の好敵手であった源親治(宇野親治、同じく頼親から五代後)は、保元元年(1156年)の保元の乱において崇徳上皇方についたため捕虜となるが、南都勢力の伸張を牽制したい後白河天皇の深謀遠慮により、罪を赦されて帰郷を果たしている。
- During the Hogen War in 1156, MINAMOTO no Chikaharu (Chikaharu UNO), who was also a fifth-generation descendant of Yorichika and a worthy opponent of Shinjitsu, supported the retired Emperor Sutoku; for this reason he became a prisoner of war, but due to the farsightedness of the retired Emperor Goshirakawa, who wanted to discourage the expansion of the Nanto forces, he was pardoned and returned home.
- 酒呑童子一味は大江山(丹波国にあったとされるが、現在の京都市と亀岡市の境にある大枝山という説もある)を拠点にし、京の貴族の子女を誘拐するなど乱暴狼藉をはたらいたが、源頼光と4人の家臣たち(頼光四天王)によって滅ぼされたという。
- The lair of Shuten Doji and his gang was on Mt. Oe (which is generally thought to have been located in Tanba Province, but a competing theory holds that 'Mt. Oe' in fact refers to the Mt. Oe on the border of the modern-day cities of Kyoto and Kameoka); according to legend, they committed various outrages, for example kidnapping the children of noblemen in Kyoto, until they were laid low by MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu and his four retainers (known as 'Yorimitsu's Four Heavenly Warriors').
- 物語における為朝は、保元の乱における記述だけに話をしぼっても、まさしく一騎当千の勇者であり、その強弓で馬ごと鎧武者を打ち抜き、わずか28騎の手勢のみで、清盛率いる600余騎、義朝率いる250余騎を退けるという活躍を見せている。
- Tametomo in the tale is depicted as an invincible warrior even in the scenes of Hogen Disturbance, and Tametomo plays an active part, shooting an armored warrior and the horse together with his strong bow and making Kiyomori's more than 600 warriors on horseback and Yoshitomo's more than 250 warriors on horseback retreat with his only 28 warriors on horseback.
- ところが、日本側が一旦帰国した森山からの報告を受けた後に、大阪会議や佐賀の乱への対応で朝鮮問題が後回しにされて「九月協定」への了承を先延ばしにしているうちに、朝鮮では大院君側が巻き返しが図られて再び攘夷論が巻き起こったのである。
- However, after Japanese side received a report from Moriyama who was coming back to home country for the time being, and while responding to the Osaka conference and the Saga War the Korea problem was left behind and postponed the approval for the 'September Agreement', and Daewongun regained his strength, and the principle of excluding foreigners arose again in Korea.
- しかし実際には自身が病弱である事、重度の吃音である事、実家の母から過大な期待を寄せられている事、同寺が観光客の参観料で運営されており、僧侶よりも事務職の方が幅を利かせるなどの現実から、厭世感情からくる複雑な感情が入り乱れていた。
- However, the truth was that it was much more complicated because HAYASHI was pessimistic towards life, based on him being rather sickly with serious dysphemia, while his mother had placed extremely high hopes on him.
- 大名行列の前を横切ったり、列を乱す様な行為は無礼な行いとされ、生麦事件の例を挙げるまでもなくその場で『切捨御免』にする事も許されていたが、特例として出産の取上げに向かっている産婆(現在の助産師)は、行列の前を横切る事を許されていた。
- Crossing in front of the daimyo-gyoretsu and thereby disrupting the procession was regarded as rude behavior; in fact, those who did so could be killed on the spot (as was the case in a prime example of which was the case in the Namamugi Incident) in accordance with kirisute gomen (the privilege granted to samurai warriors), but as a special exception, midwives heading to assist childbirth were allowed to cross in front of the procession.
- 広く動乱の時代が生んだ悲劇を描き、単に恋人を失った「世の常」の悲哀とは等価ならざる痛切な心情が託された彼女の家集は、同じような運命をたどった人々の強い共感を呼び、太平洋戦争中、愛する者の出征を見送った女性たちの間で愛読されたという。
- Her poetry collection, which describes the tragedies born in a time of general upheaval, leaves a poignancy different from the 'ordinary' sorrow caused by simply losing one's lover, evoking strong sympathies from people who had a similar fate, and it is said that during the Pacific War, it was popular among women who saw someone they loved sent off to the front.
- 豊臣方の真田信繁・毛利勝永・大野治房などの突撃により幕府方の大名・侍大将に死傷者が出たり、家康・秀忠本陣は大混乱に陥るなどしたが、兵力に勝る幕府軍は次第に混乱状態から回復し態勢を立て直し、豊臣軍は多くの将兵を失って午後三時頃には壊滅。
- Charges by Nobushige SANADA, Katsunaga MORI, Harufusa ONO and so on on the Toyotomi side killed and injured daimyo, officers and soldiers on the bakufu side and put the headquarters of Ieyasu/Hidetada in a great confusion, however, the bakufu army surpassing in forces, gradually recovering from chaos, regained its balance, while the Toyotomi army, having lost many officers and soldiers, was destroyed at about 3:00 pm.
- 来学当日、群集整理に協力しむしろ混乱を鎮める側に回っていた同学会に厳しい処分が下されたのは、先述した公開質問状の内容と、それに対する世論の反発(後述)を考慮したことによるものと考えられている(解散された同学会は1953年に再建された)。
- It is considered that the Dogakukai, which cooperated to regulate the crowd and restore quiet on the day of Emperor's visit, was punished severely because of the content of the open letter mentioned above and the backlash in public opinion (Dogakukai was reconstructed in 1953).
- 観応の擾乱において一時的に南朝へ下った足利直義や足利尊氏、義詮の側近から南朝へ転じた仁木義長・細川清氏のようなそれまでの北朝 (日本)内部の争乱の没落側と異なり、斯波一族の場合は南朝方へ走ることはなく、おとなしく守護国の越前へと下った。
- Unlike those people who were defeated in the battle inside the Northern Court (Japan), such as Naoyoshi ASHIKAGA and Takauji ASIKAGA who once submitted themselves to the Southern Court in the Kanno Disturbance or Yoshinaga NIKI and Kiyouji HOSOKAWA who shifted from the aids of Yoshiakira to the Southern Court side, Shiba clan obediently returned to Echizen Province instead of shifting to the Southern Court.
- 更に足利義満以後、将軍の親裁が強まり、管領や評定衆の発言力の強い評定よりも自らの主導権が発揮できる御前沙汰に審議の場を移し、形式的な評定始を行った後に改めて御前沙汰始を開いて年始最初の政務とするようになり、応仁の乱以後は全く形骸化した。
- Also, since Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA's rein, the shogun decided on most state affairs by having discussions in gozensata (the formal consultation) where he could take the initiative, rather than in hyojo where kanrei and hyojoshu held too much influence against him, so gozensata-hajime (the first gozensata in the New Year) was held as the first work of State in the New Year after having a ritual hyojohajime, which only existed in name after the Onin war.
- 続く平治の乱では、「多田蔵人大夫頼範」(頼盛の誤伝か)なる人物が藤原信頼・源義朝方として三条殿襲撃に加わり、戦後恩賞として摂津守に任官されたことが『平治物語』にみえているが、その他の史料における所見はなく、多田源氏の動向は詳らかではない。
- According to 'Heiji Monogatari' (The tale of the Heiji), in the Heiji Disturbance, 'Tada kurodo dayu Yorinori (maybe a misunderstanding of Yorimori)' supported the Nobuyori FUJIWARA and Yoshitomo MINAMOTO side to attack Sanjo Palace together, so that he was appointed as governor of Settsu Province as a reward after the war, while it is unclear about the clan at that time as other historical materials do not mention Tada-Genji.
- 後白河上皇と二条天皇の対立は双方の有力な廷臣が共倒れになったため小康状態となり、「院・内、申シ合ツツ同ジ御心ニテ」(『愚管抄』)とあるように二頭政治が行われたが、乱勝利の最大の貢献者である清盛はどちらの派にも組することなく慎重に行動した。
- The conflict between Retired Emperor Goshirakawa and Emperor Nijo, which had resulted in the mutual destruction of many of their most capable courtiers, now entered a lull, and indeed, the government became something of a duumvirate between the two of them (as written in the 'Gukansho,' 'Now the Retired Emperor and the Emperor spoke in harmony, and were of one mind'), but as for Kiyomori, who had made the single greatest contribution to the current half-victory for each of them, he continued to act prudently, not joining either faction.
- 九戸の乱後に氏郷が加増された頃から、蒲生家における家老職にあたる仕置奉行の筆頭として政務を執っていた郷安であったが、文禄の役で氏郷が名護屋に出陣している際に、会津で重臣の蒲生郷可、蒲生郷成らと一触即発の自体を招くなど、家中では対立する人々が多かった。
- Satoyasu worked as the head of a police magistrate in the Gamo family, which held the position of chief retainer to perform political duties from the time when Ujisasato received additional estates after the Kunohe War, but there were many who antagonistic to each other within the family as he came into the hair-trigger situation with the chief retainers Satoyoshi and Satonari GAMO in Aizu, while Ujisato raised the army and traveled to Nagoya during the Bunroku War.
- 内容は3部構成で、後醍醐天皇の即位から鎌倉幕府の滅亡を描いた第1部(巻1~11)、建武の新政の失敗と南北朝分裂から後醍醐天皇の崩御までが描かれる第2部(巻12~21)、南朝方の怨霊の跋扈による足利幕府内部の混乱を描いた第3部(巻23~40)からなる。
- The work consists of three parts: Part 1, describing the period from Emperor Godaigo's ascension to the fall of the Kamakura shogunate (vols. 1 to 11); Part 2, describing the period from the failure of the Kemmu Restoration and the split into northern and southern courts to the death of Emperor Godaigo (vols. 12 to 21); and Part 3, describing the disorder inside the Ashikaga shogunate caused by the rampancy of the vengeful ghosts of the Southern Court (vols. 23 to 40).
- 平治元年(1159)、後白河上皇方最大の武力勢力であった平清盛が熊野参詣に出かけた隙を狙って、かねてから信西(信西)と後白河の寵愛をめぐって権力争いを起こしていた藤原信頼が、保元の乱での賞与などで平家の圧迫に不満を覚えていた源義朝を語らって挙兵する。
- In 1159, when TAIRA no Kiyomori, who led the strongest army of the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, visited the Kumano-jinja Shrine, FUJIWARA no Nobuyori (who had been involved in the struggle to win Goshirakawa's favor against Shinzei) raised an army, getting together with MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo (who had been dissatisfied with the oppression by the Taira family, particularly the inadequate reward in the Hogen War).
- 1333年(元弘3/正慶2)、反幕府勢力の討伐のために京都へ派遣された有力御家人の足利尊氏が、一転して後醍醐側へつき六波羅探題を落とすと、新田義貞が上野国で挙兵し、これに呼応した関東の御家人たちと鎌倉を攻略して、鎌倉幕府と北条氏は滅亡した(元弘の乱)。
- In 1333, when a senior vassal named Takauzi ASHIKAGA who had been dispatched to Kyoto to eliminate the anti-bakufu forces defected to the Godaigo faction and deposed the Rokuhara Tandai, Yoshisada NITTA raised an army in Kozuke Province and with Kanto gokenin, who agreed to this, captured Kamakura and thus overthrew the Kamakura bakufu and the Hojo clan (Genko War).
- 蘇我入鹿が山背大兄王を滅ぼし権力集中を図ったのは、高句麗における淵蓋蘇文のクーデターを意識しており、乙巳の変は新羅における金ユ信らによる毗曇の内乱鎮圧後の王族中心体制の元での女王推戴と類似していたが故に諸臣に受け入れられやすかったとする吉田孝の見解がある。
- Takashi YOSHIDA's view states that the reason SOGA no Iruka strove for the concentration of authority by destroying Prince Yamashiro no Oe was to do with the coup carried out by Gaisobun EN in Goguryeo, and furthermore; Isshi Incident was easily accepted by the officials since it was similar to the enthronement of the Queen under the Royal Family based on the political structure formed after the suppression of Pidam War done by Yushin KIM in Silla.
- しかし勲功への処遇の不満や、国衙側が彼等の新興の武人としての誇りを踏みにじるような徴税収奪に走ったり、彼らが武人としての自負から地域紛争に介入したときの対応を誤ったりしたことをきっかけに起きたのが、藤原純友や平高望の孫の平将門らによる反乱、承平天慶の乱であった。
- However, they were dissatisfied with the treatment for their deeds of valor and were disgraced as emerging warriors by kokugas, who forcibly collected taxes from them; also when they interfered with the regional conflicts out of their self-pride as warriors, the kokugas failed to handle the situation well, all of which triggered the revolts by FUJIWARA no Sumitomo and TAIRA no Masakado who was a grandson of TAIRA no Takamochi, and others, namely, the Johei and Tengyo War.
- この反乱は朝廷の勲功認定を目的に全国から集結した武士たちによって鎮圧され、武芸の家、すなわち、武士として公認された家系は、承平天慶勲功者の子孫ということになり、「武」が貴族の家としての「家業」となり、武家としての清和源氏や桓武平氏、秀郷流藤原氏もこの時に確定した。
- These revolts were quelled by the bushi who came together from across Japan to get the approval of their deeds of valor from the Imperial Court and the families of military art, that is, the family lines publicly authorized as bushi were considered as the descendants of Johei Tengyo kunkosha (people who served with distinguish in the Johei and Tengyo War) and '武' (military affair) became a 'family business' of the aristocrat family and Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) and the Fujiwara clan of the Hidesato line were established as military families at this time.
- この争乱が以仁王の「平氏追討」の令旨に始まること、平氏政権から頼朝政権(鎌倉幕府)に交代したこと、民間レベルでは『平家物語』や『源平盛衰記』などの影響から清盛・宗盛ら平氏一門と頼朝・義経・義仲ら源氏一門の争いと受け取られてきたことなどが、この呼称を生んだといえる。
- This term started because the war was considered as a fight between Kiyomori and Munemori of the Taira family and Yoritomo, Yoshitsune, Yoshinaka of the Minamoto clan due to the fact that the war started with Prince Mochihito's call for 'destroying the Taira clan,' the transition from the Taira clan government to Yoritomo government (Kamkura bakufu), and the effect of stories such as 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tales of the Heike) and 'Genpei Seisuiki' (The Rise and Fall of the Genji and the Heike) had on the people.
- 全40巻で、南北朝時代 (日本)を舞台に、後醍醐天皇の即位から、鎌倉幕府の滅亡、建武の新政とその崩壊後の南北朝分裂、観応の擾乱、2代将軍足利義詮の死去と細川頼之の管領就任まで(1318年 (文保2年) - 1368年(貞治6年)頃までの約50年間)を書く軍記物語。
- It is a war chronicle in 40 volumes that describes the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) from 1318 through 1368 (for about 50 years), starting from Emperor Godaigo's ascension to the throne and continuing through the fall of the Kamakura shogunate, the Kemmu Restoration and the split into northern and southern courts that followed its collapse; the Kanno disturbance, and the death of the second shogun, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, and ending with the assumption of the office of kanrei (deputy shogun) by Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA.
- 8代将軍・足利義政は芸術や建築に関しては優れた才覚の持ち主であったものの、政治的関心には乏しく、自然と政治は将軍の正室・日野富子や将軍側近、有力大名らによる権力抗争の場と化し、関東で鎌倉公方の復活を巡って生じた享徳の乱が発生しても、十分な対策を打とうとはしなかった。
- The eighth Shogun, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, while exceptionally gifted in the arts and in architectural design, had little interest in politics, so it naturally fell to his lawful wife Tomiko HINO, his inner circle of advisors, and the most powerful daimyo to rule and to solve disputes over authority; and upon the outbreak of the Kyotoku Rebellion, in which some sought to revive the fortunes of the Kubo of Kamakura, they failed to respond with sufficient force.
- それでも仙台藩家格の呼称には「一家」・「一門」などの洞時代の主従関係の残滓が残され続けて、これに基づいた家中の上下関係が形成された(ちなみに天文の乱終結から仙台藩成立までに新規に「一家」・「一門」以上となった家は片倉小十郎で知られる片倉氏他1家のみと言われている)。
- Nevertheless, however, titles representing family status in the Sendai Domain that had been derived from the relationship of lord and vassal in the era of Utsuro, such as 'ikka' and 'ichimon,' were continuously used and became the basis of the hierarchical relationship in the domain (Allegedly, only the Katakura family, which became famous due to Kojuro KATAKURA, and one other family were conferred the title of 'ikka' and 'ichimon' or higher during the period between the end of the Tenbun War and the establishment of the Sendai Domain).
- その内容は、室町時代の末期の応仁元年(1467年)から文明 (日本)9年(1477年)の10年余りにわたり、都とその周辺で争われ、荒廃させた戦乱を描き、梁の宝誌和尚作と伝えられている『野馬台詩』末六句に予言された「修羅闘諍」の世界を描写する意図があったと考えられる。
- The contents cover a span of more than ten years at the end of the Muromachi period from 1467 to 1477, and describe the wars fought in and around Kyoto that devastated the capital, perhaps with the intention of describing the world of 'pandemonium and fighting' prophesied in the last six lines of the 'Yamatai shi' (Poem on Japan), said be the work of the Liang monk Baozhi.
- バテレン追放令は、既に豊臣秀吉が発令していたが、鎖国の直接的契機となったのは島原の乱で、キリスト教と一揆(中世の国人一揆と近世の百姓一揆の中間的な性格を持つもの)が結び付いたことにより、その鎮圧が困難であったため、キリスト教の危険性が強く認識されたためであると言われる。
- Although Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI promulgated the edict expelling the European missionaries before, the Shimabara Uprising is said to be the direct trigger for the national isolation policy for the reason that the combination of Christianity and the riot (the intermediate nature between an uprising of powerful local samurai in the medieval period and a peasant's revolt during the early-modern period) turned out to be so difficult to suppress that Christianity was strongly recognized as danderous.
- まず、広範囲の蝦夷をまとめて、自分たちの要求を朝廷側に文書にして提出するなど、反乱を指導した人物がいるはずであるが、この人物が朝廷側の多数の犠牲者(焼山での戦いだけで500人以上が死亡あるいは捕虜になったという)にもかかわらず彼らの名前が明確に記録されていないなかった。
- First, although there must have been rebellion ringleaders who had united the widely dispersed Emishi and presented a written petition to the Imperial Court, their names weren't clearly recorded on the long list of casualties (more than 500 people were killed or captured in the battle of Mt. Yake-yama alone).
- 戦国時代(せんごくじだい、1493年(1467年)頃-1573年頃)は、1493年の明応の政変頃あるいは1467年の応仁の乱頃をその始期とし、1573年に15代室町将軍足利義昭が織田信長によって追放されて室町幕府が事実上消滅するまでの時代を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
- The Sengoku Period in Japan (from around 1493 (or 1467) to around 1573) is a chronological period in the history of Japan that commenced from the Coup of Meio in 1493 or the Onin Disturbance in 1467 and ended by the disappearance of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) with the purge of Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA by Nobunaga ODA, the fifteenth shogun, of the Muromachi bakufu, in 1573.
- ところが、二条家が居住して以後、度重なる火災などの災害、そして応仁の乱にも被害を受けなかった筈の押小路烏丸殿が文明9年11月11日 (旧暦)(1477年12月16日)に放火によって焼失してしまう(奇しくもこの日は大内氏の撤退によって応仁の乱の戦闘が事実上終了した日であった)。
- However, Oshikoji Karasumadono residence, which survived several disasters such as fires and the Onin War since the time when the Nijo family moved in, was burned down in an arson attack on December 25, 1477 (by cruel coincidence, it was the day the Oni War practically ended as the result of the retreat of the Ouchi clan).
- そのため、地方の実効支配者としての地位の向上を望む多数の地方武士の利益代表者の位置を十分構築できず、同時多発反乱の中から台頭した源義仲や源頼朝らによって滅ぼされた(ただし、清盛が設置した諸制度の中に後の頼朝政権に引き継がれた組織の萌芽が見られるというのが近年の有力説である)。
- For this reason, the position of beneficial representatives among many local samurai who were hoping to improve their ranks as regional effective controllers was not sufficiently established and the Taira clan was overthrown by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who gained power through many simultaneous revolts (However, a recent theory says that germination of the organizations which were taken over to Yoritomo administration can be seen in the various systems established by Kiyomori).
- 従って、承久の乱を引き起こした後鳥羽天皇は非難され、逆に官軍を討伐した北条義時とその子北条泰時のその後の善政による社会の安定を評価して、「天照大神の意思に忠実だったのは泰時である」という一見矛盾した論理展開も見られるが、これも徳治を重視する親房から見れば、「正理」なのである。
- Consequently, Chikafusa is critical of Emperor Gotoba, who instigated the Jokyu War, and by contrast highly esteems the era of stability ushered in by the good government that began after the time of Yoshitoki HOJO and his son Yasutoki, who fought the loyalist forces into submission; the book also includes the seemingly contradictory assertion that 'the one that was truly faithful to the intentions of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu was Yasutoki,' but to Chikafusa, who placed such emphasis on virtuous rule, it must have seemed consistent and logical.
- そしてその後の治承・寿永の乱、鎌倉幕府成立、承久の乱を経て13世紀半ば、鎌倉を追われた前将軍宗尊親王が京都に到着する1266年(文永3年)7月20日の条までの87年間を、武家政権や社会の動きを鎌倉幕府将軍の年代記というスタイルで、貴族の日記と同じように和風漢文で記述されている。
- The work was written in a mixed writing style of Japanese and Chinese loanwords or passages just like diaries written by court nobles, and it takes the form of a chronicle of the Kamakura shogun, containing records of 87 years, which begin with the Jisho-Juei War through the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the Jokyu Disturbance, until the middle of the 13th century of Imperial Prince Munetaka's arrival at Kyoto on July 20, 1266, who was a retired shogun expelled from Kamakura.
- 壬申の乱(じんしんのらん)とは天武天皇元年(672年)に起きた日本古代最大の内乱であり、天智天皇の太子・大友皇子(おおとものみこ、明治3年(1870年)、弘文天皇の称号を追号)に対し皇弟・大海人皇子(おおあまのみこ、後の天武天皇)が地方豪族を味方に付けて反旗をひるがえしたものである。
- The Jinshin War was the biggest domestic war in ancient Japan and broke out in 672 and Emperor Tenchi's younger brother, Prince Oama (later Emperor Tenmu) launched a revolt taking powerful local clans on his side against Prince Otomo (given the name Emperor Kobun later in 1870) who was a son of Emperor Tenchi.
- なお、『秩父事件史料集成』の編纂に参加した歴史学者の色川大吉は、当時の明治政府側の公文書の分析によって、明治政府が西南戦争に準じた「反乱」として認識していた事実を指摘している(なお、取調調書には参加者の最終的な目標が「天朝様(天皇)を倒す」ことであるとする自白があったとする記述がある)。
- A historian, Daikichi IROKAWA, who participated in compiling 'Chichibu Jiken Siryo Hensan (A Collection of Chichibu Incident Data) ', through an analysis of documents of the Meiji Government, pointed out that the incident was taken by the government a 'revolt' equivalent to the Seinan War (the interrogation record included a description of a confession that the final goal of the participants was 'to defeat the Emperor').
- 平安時代の源氏物語に見られるような、貴族階級による願掛けを中心とした神社参詣がその初期形態ではないかとされ、その後仏教の末法思想の流行により、後白河法皇の熊野三山詣でなど浄土信仰を背景とした極楽往生を願う巡礼へと変化し、中世に入ると、戦乱や貧困の中で一般階級による巡礼も行なわれるようになった。
- As depicted in the Tale of Genji set in the Heian period, the initial form was thought to be the shrine visits that the nobility made, which further transformed into Junrei to wish for a peaceful death through Jodo Shinko (belief of a pure land after death) such as the Kumano Sanzan (three shrines in Kumano) visits of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa due to the spread of pessimism in a decadent age, and in the middle ages, Junrei were done by the ordinary public during the age of war and poverty.
- 仮に後白河法皇の奥州後三年記後白河法皇の承安版『後三年絵』と同時期の1171年(承安 (日本)1)前後としても、『信貴山縁起絵巻』から、『愚菅抄』において慈円が「日本国の乱逆と云ふことはをこりて後、むさ(武者)の世になりける也」と書いた「保元の乱」、「平治の乱」を挿んで、更にその10年近く後ということになる。
- Even if 'Gosannene' (the picture scroll depicting the Gosannen War - the Later Three Years' War) of Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, which was the Joan version of 'Oshu-gosannen-ki' (A Chronicle of Later Three Year's War in Oshu), was written around same period of year 1171, it was close to ten years after 'Hogen Disturbance' and 'Heiji Disturbance' written in 'Shigisan engi emaki' to 'Gukansho' by Jien as 'revolutions in Japan that led to the world of musa (samurai).'
- 会津藩上洛後の京都では尊攘運動がますます激しく、尊攘激派浪士による暗殺・脅迫が横行、朝廷においても尊攘派公家によって朝議が左右されるようになり、天皇の意向はまったく無視されて勅旨が乱発され、幕府に破約攘夷の実行を要求し、さらに1863年(文久3年)8月には天皇による攘夷親征を実行するための大和行幸が企てられた。
- After the statesmen of the Aizu clan had come to Kyoto, the Sonno Joi movement gained additional strength, assassinations and threats by masterless samurai extremists became commonplace; even in the Court, sympathetic court nobles to Sonno Joi had a great influence, they often gave Imperial order without asking the Emperor's permission and demanded that the Shogunate immediately renounce the treaties with foreign countries following the Joi group's proposal (expulsion of foreigners), and what's more, in August 1863 (according to the old lunar calendar) they planned the Emperor's visit to Yamato for carrying out the Emperor's direct commitment to Joi.
- このことは藤原定家と源光行らが共に当時の本文の状況を「乱れていてどれが正しいのかわからない。」と認識していたにもかかわらず、定家は「疑問を解決することはできなかった。」という意味のことを述べ、源光行は「調べた結果疑問を解決することができた。」という意味のことを述べていることともよく対応していると考えられてきた。
- It has been considered that this corresponds to the remarks from FUJIWARA no Teika and MINAMOTO no Mitsuyuki; both of them recognized that the sentences in those days were 'out of order, and it was hard to tell which one was correct,' but Teika said, 'I could not solve the questions,' while Mitsuyuki said, 'after investigation, I could solve the problems.'
- すなわち、甲相駿三国同盟が戦略の大前提であった信玄にとって、後北条氏の敵対者であった謙信との対決は必然であり(後に三国同盟を破棄して駿河国へ乱入した信玄は孤立して厳しい戦略状況に陥っている)、謙信にとっても信玄の北信濃領有を易々と許せば、高梨家のみならず本国の越後国自体が危機に陥りかねないことから、両者の衝突は必然であったとするものである。
- In other words, the clash between them was inevitable for the following reasons, according to this view: For Shingen with the tripartite alliance among Kai Province, Sagami Province and Suruga Province as a major premise, it was inevitable to confront Kenshin who was an enemy of the Gohojo clan (later, Shingen stormed Suruga Province, breaking the tripartite alliance, but was isolated and was placed in a serious military situation), and even for Kenshin, not only the Takanashi family but also the Echigo Province constituting his base might have been placed in a dangerous state if he allowed Shingen to take the northern Shinano area easily.
- 後期京極派においては、永福門院、花園天皇、光厳院らが主要な歌人として活躍し、十七番目の勅撰集『風雅和歌集』(花園院下命、光厳院親撰)が編まれたが、観応の擾乱によって光厳院ら持明院統の要人が南朝側に監禁された結果、持明院統宮廷が大きな打撃を受け、そして光厳院が監禁されている間に持明院統を継いだ後光厳院が二条派を重んじたため、思わしい後嗣を得ないままに断絶した。
- In the later period of the Kyogoku school's history, Shoshi SAIONJI (also known by her Buddhist name, Eifukumonin), Emperor Hanazono, and Emperor Kogon were its principal active poets, and Kogon (by order of Emperor Hanazono) was selected to compile the 17th Imperial waka anthology, 'Fuga wakashu' (Collected Elegant Waka), but during the Kanno Disturbance, the most important members of the Jimyoin lineage imperial court such as Emperor Kogon were put under confinement by Southern Court forces, and as a result the Jimyoin lineage imperial court suffered a major blow to its power and prestige, and while Emperor Kogon was still under house arrest, Emperor Gokogon, the successor to both the Jimyoin lineage and to the poetic traditions of the Kyogoku school, switched his allegiance to the Nijo school, leaving the Kyogoku school facing extinction, without a suitable successor.
- 広義には足利尊氏が1336年(建武 (日本)3年)に建武式目を制定し、1338年に正式に京都に幕府を開いてから、15代将軍足利義昭が1573年に織田信長によって追放されるまでの235年間の足利将軍の存続期間を指すのが一般的であるが、前期を南北朝時代 (日本)、後期を戦国時代 (日本)とそれぞれ区分して、南北朝合一から明応の政変(あるいは応仁の乱)までを狭義の室町時代とする場合も多い。
- In the broadest sense, the term 'Muromachi period' refers to the 235-year span during which the country was at least nominally ruled by an Ashikaga Shogun, beginning when Takauji ASHIKAGA enacted the Kenmu Code in 1336 before formally creating the bakufu in Kyoto in 1338, and ending when Nobunaga ODA exiled the fifteenth Shogun, Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, in 1573; however, both the early and late stages of the Muromachi period can also be classified as the Northern and Southern Courts (Nanbokucho) (Japan) and Sengoku periods, respectively, so many favor a narrower definition of the Muromachi period, in which it is limited to the span from the unification of the two courts (in 1392) until the outbreak of the Meio Coup (in 1492, or alternatively the outbreak of the Onin War in 1467).
- その後、慶長16年3月21日_(旧暦)に後水尾天皇の即位に合わせて14名、4月21日_(旧暦)には19名の公家の一斉昇進が行われて豊臣政権時代に昇進が停滞してしまった公家の昇進人事が一括して行われ、次いで豊臣氏が滅亡した元和_(日本)元年(1615年)に制定された「禁中並公家諸法度」に公家官位と武家官位の完全分離が図られたのも、豊臣政権末期の官位を巡る朝廷の混乱を知る家康にとっては当然の事であったのである。
- Subsequently, fourteen court nobles advanced in rank on May 3, 1611, in conjunction with Emperor Gomizunoo's ascension to the Imperial throne while nineteen nobles on Jun 2, 1611, getting the promotion of court nobles, which had been hindered during the Toyotomi administration, to be awarded all together; it was only natural for Ieyasu to establish, in 1615, the same year as the Toyotomi clan was collapsed, the 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto' (a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and Kyoto nobles), which completely separated the official rank of the court nobles and that of the samurai class, for Ieyasu had witnessed the struggle of the Imperial Court regarding to official ranks at the end of the Toyotomi administration.
- そして、文化の違いや日本人に対する侮りから、通信使一行の中には、屋内の壁に鼻水や唾を吐いたり小便を階段でする、酒を飲みすぎたり門や柱を掘り出す、席や屏風を割る、馬を走らせて死に至らしめる、供された食事に難癖をつける、夜具や食器を盗む、日本人下女を孕ませる 魚なら大きいものを、野菜ならば季節外れのものを要求したり、予定外の行動を希望して拒絶した随行の対馬藩の者に唾を吐きかけたりといった乱暴狼藉を働くものもあった。
- In addition, due to differences in culture and disrespect to Japanese, some of Tsushinshi envoy did violent acts as described in the following: Sneezing or spitting on walls, urinating on stairs, drinking too much sake wine, digging out gates or poles, breaking chairs or folding screens, making horses run to death, complaining about the food served, stealing bedclothes and tableware, making maidservants pregnant, requesting bigger fish, requesting vegetables out of the season, or spitting on persons of the Tsushima Domain accompanying them when a request for unscheduled actions was refused.
- また安政年間頃から寛永通寳銅一文銭、鉄一文銭、および真鍮四文銭などの通用において額面からの乖離が著しくなり、文久永宝の発行に至り相場は混乱し、文久2年(1862年)12月に幕府は改めて天保通寳を100文で通用させるよう通達を出したが、実際に100文銭としての通用は困難との申し出もあり、幕府は慶応元年(1865年)閏5月に、鉄一文銭=1文および天保通寳=100文の基準に対し以下のような増歩通用を認めざるを得なくなった。
- Furthermore, under the significant deviations from the face value since around Ansei era (1854 to 1859) in circulating the Kanei-tsuho do ichimonsen (copper Kanei-tsuho equivalent to one mon), the tetsu ichimonsen coins, and the shinchu shimonsen coins, and so on, the issuance of Bunkyu-eiho (a coin first minted in Bunkyu era [1854 to 1859]) brought the disorder of the exchange market; therefore in January 1863, the bakufu reordered to fix the rate of the Tenpo-tsuho by 100 mon, however, by reports that this rate was impossible and others, in June 1865, the Edo bakufu had to accept to circulate it by the fair market price not by the face value as follows with the standard of the tetsu ichimonsen coin equivalent to one mon and the Tenpo-tsuho equivalent to 100 mon:
- 当初、こうした政策は元寇などによって混乱する社会秩序の回復を図りたい鎌倉幕府の政策と軌を一にするもの(安達泰盛による幕政改革も「弘安徳政」と呼ばれている)であったが、やがて徳政の本格化とともに朝廷の威信回復の考えが旧体制(鎌倉幕府以前への)復帰を模索する動きに結び付けられるようになると、鎌倉幕府は皇位継承における両統迭立政策を名目とした政治介入を行い、亀山・伏見両上皇の院政停止を行った事から朝幕間に緊張状態を生み、やがて後醍醐天皇の親政に至ってついに鎌倉幕府に対する討幕運動へと転化することになったのである。
- Initially, these reforms were in agreement with the Kamakura bakufu's policies to recover public order after confusion due to Mongolian attempts to invade Japan, etc. (the bakufu reforms by Yasumori ADACHI are also called 'Koan-Tokusei'), but when the scale of tokusei was enlarged and consideration of reversion to the old system (before the Kamakura bakufu) became linked with the idea of recovering the authority of the Imperial Court, the Kamakura bakufu used Ryoto tetsuritsu policies for the Imperial succession as a reason to intervene politically and terminated the cloistered governments of Retired Emperors Kameyama and Fushimi, causing tension between the bakufu and the Imperial Court, leading to Emperor Godaigo's direct governance, which eventually transformed into the movement to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.