主義: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 主義
- doctrine
- rule
- principle
- evangel
- line
- propaganda
- ticket
- tenet
- 主義者
- advocate (of a theory or principle)
- ideologist
- ideologue
- -ist (i.e. adherent to a belief system)
- socialist
- communist
- anarchist
- 人道主義
- humanism
- humanitarianism
- 人本主義
- humanism
- humanitarianism
- 成果主義
- results-oriented approach
- resultism
- belief in results
- 先願主義
- first-to-file system (e.g. in patent law)
- First to file and first to invent
- 漸進主義
- gradualism
- slow-and-steady policy
- 拙速主義
- slap-dash methods
- rough-and-ready method
- 精神主義
- spiritualism
- idealism
- 相互主義
- principle of reciprocity
- 実利主義
- utilitarianism
- philistinism
- 写実主義
- realism
- literalism
- naturalism
- Realism (arts)
- 主義主張
- one's principles and position
- 熟柿主義
- laying low, awaiting one's chance
- 象徴主義
- symbolism (19th-century artistic movement)
- Symbolism (arts)
- 重商主義
- mercantilism
- mercantile system
- 修正主義
- revisionism
- Revisionism (Marxism)
- 集団主義
- collectivism (giving priority to a group rather than any individual member)
- groupism
- 反共主義
- anticommunism
- anti-communism
- 白豪主義
- White Australia Policy (pre-1965 Australian immigration policy)
- 白兵主義
- strategy of close-quarters fighting
- 白濠主義
- White Australia Policy (pre-1965 Australian immigration policy)
- 平等主義
- principle of equality
- Egalitarianism
- 文治主義
- governing by law and reason rather than by military force
- 分離主義
- separatism
- secessionism
- 平和主義
- pacifism
- egalitarian
- 分派主義
- sectarianism
- sectionalism
- 表現主義
- Expressionism
- representationalism
- 秘密主義
- secretiveness
- secrecy
- 福音主義
- evangelicalism
- evangelism
- 派閥主義
- factionalism
- sectionalism
- 総花主義
- the principle of pleasing everyone
- make-everybody-happy policy
- 地域主義
- regionalism
- sectionalism
- localism
- 属地主義
- the principle of territorial jurisdiction
- 属人主義
- the principle of nationality (according to which an offender should be tried in accordance with the law of his or her own country)
- 孫文主義
- Three Principles of the People
- 大国主義
- policy favouring major powers (favoring)
- policy of great powers favorable only to themselves
- 退嬰主義
- backward-looking philosophy (ideology)
- conservatism
- 日本主義
- Japanism
- Japanese nationalistic ideological movement
- 農本主義
- principles underpinning an agriculturally based economy
- 敵本主義
- diversionary tactics
- concealing one's true motives until the last moment
- 道具主義
- instrumentalism
- pragmatism
- 東洋主義
- the Orient for the Orientals
- 完璧主義
- perfectionism (psychology)
- 官僚主義
- bureaucracy
- red tape
- bureaucratic
- 過激主義
- extremism
- radicalism
- 画一主義
- standardization
- standardisation
- 快楽主義
- hedonism
- devoted to pleasure
- 懐疑主義
- skepticism
- scepticism
- 家族主義
- familism
- the treatment of society (an organization) as a family
- 享楽主義
- epicureanism
- hedonism
- 共産主義
- communism
- collectivism
- 急進主義
- radicalism
- Political radicalism
- 儀式主義
- ritualism
- ceremonialism
- 擬古主義
- archaism
- pseudoclassicism
- 人道主義者
- humanitarian
- humanistic
- 新保守主義
- neoconservatism
- neo-con
- 先発明主義
- first-to-invent system (e.g. in patent law)
- 実利主義者
- utilitarian
- Philistine
- materialist
- 反帝国主義
- anti-imperialism
- anti-imperialism
- 拝金主義者
- mammonist
- money-worshipper
- 平和主義者
- pacifist
- egalitarian
- 分離主義者
- separatists
- schismatics
- 超保守主義
- ultraconservative doctrine
- ultraconservative policy
- 実存主義者
- existentialist
- Existentialists
- 共産主義者
- communist
- reds
- Communists
- マッハ主義
- Machism (philosophical ideas of Ernst Mach)
- 歴史主義建築
- Architectural historicism
- Historicism (art)
- 超然主義演説
- Transcendentalist Speech
- 皇室自律主義
- Imperial Family Autonomy System
- 主義を貫く。
- Live up to one's principles.
- 是是非非主義
- principle of being fair and just
- fair and unbiased policy (unbiassed)
- 新植民地主義
- neo-colonialism
- neocolonialism
- 全体主義国家
- totalitarian state
- 西洋崇拝主義
- worship or admiration of Western cultures
- 社会民主主義
- social democracy
- Social democracy sidebar
- 社会構築主義
- social constructionism
- social constructivism
- 修正資本主義
- modified capitalism
- 反ユダヤ主義
- anti-Semitism
- Antisemitism
- 文化帝国主義
- cultural imperialism
- 文化相対主義
- cultural relativism
- 平和主義憲法
- pacifist constitution
- 抽象表現主義
- abstract expressionism (art movement)
- 能力主義制度
- meritocratic system
- 過失責任主義
- fault liability principle
- 環境保護主義
- environmentalism
- preservationism
- 共産主義政権
- communist regime
- communist government
- 管理主義教育
- control-oriented education
- 詰め込み主義
- education by rote learning
- ことなかれ主義
- principle of peace-at-any-price
- 超然主義の脆さ
- Vulnerability of Transcendentalism
- 天皇制絶対主義
- Tennosei Absolutism
- 立憲主義の要素
- Factors of constitutionalism
- 事なかれ主義。
- I am playing it safe.
- 新マルサス主義
- neo-Malthusianism
- 草の根民主主義
- grass-roots democracy
- 科学的社会主義
- scientific socialism
- 議会制民主主義
- parliamentary democracy
- グノーシス主義
- gnosis
- Gnosticism
- 日本資本主義論争
- Disputes on Japanese capitalism
- 成果主義賃金体系
- merit-based wage system
- 彼は完璧主義者だ。
- He is a person who never cuts corners.
- 人民社会主義共和国
- people's socialist republic
- 社会主義リアリズム
- socialist realism
- 民本主義と天皇機関説
- Democracy and the Emperor as Organ Theory
- 彼は主義を曲げない。
- He sticks to his principles.
- 能力主義を重視した。
- He emphasized merit-based personnel systems.
- プロレタリア国際主義
- proletarian internationalism
- 彼は利己主義の化身だ。
- He is the personification of selfishness.
- 私は民主主義の味方だ。
- I am on the side of democracy.
- 朝鮮民主主義人民共和国
- Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)
- DPRK
- Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
- Korea, Democratic People's Republic of
- ソビエト社会主義共和国
- soviet socialist republic
- SSR
- 博覧会―帝国主義の視線―
- Exhibition -point of view of Imperialism-
- それは私の主義に反する。
- That runs against my principles.
- 最近共産主義は拡大した。
- Recently communism has extended its power.
- 擬古典主義の代表的作家。
- He was one of the leading quasi-classical writers.
- 彼は社会主義から転向した。
- He abandoned socialism.
- 彼は徹底した利己主義者だ。
- He is a thorough-going egoist.
- 彼はいわゆる自由主義者だ。
- He is a so called liberal.
- 我々は民主主義を維持する。
- We stand for democracy.
- それは私の主義に合わない。
- That doesn't accord with my principle.
- %nation%自由主義国
- Free %nation%
- 私は菜食主義者をやめたの。
- I am a lapsed vegetarian.
- 私の個人主義(1914年)
- Watashi no kojinshugi (1914)
- アジア主義の盟主として活躍
- Activities as a leader of Asianism
- ソビエト社会主義共和国連邦
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
- USSR
- Soviet Union
- ソビエト社会主義自治共和国
- autonomous soviet socialist republic
- ASSR
- 社会主義協会 (1900年)
- Socialism Society
- 彼は民主主義を支持している。
- He stands for democracy.
- 彼はその主義に固執している。
- He is adhesive to the cause.
- 彼は自己の主義に忠実でいる。
- He remains loyal to his principles.
- 我々は同じ主義を抱いている。
- We hold the same principles.
- 我々は民主主義をよいと思う。
- We believe in democracy.
- 死は偉大な平等主義者である。
- Death is the great leveler.
- 英米思想的な個人主義である。
- So she was an advocate of westernized individualism.
- 朝鮮民主主義人民共和国との関係
- Relationship with Democratic People's Republic of Korea
- 彼は主義のために勇敢に戦った。
- He fought bravely in behalf of a cause.
- 彼は主義を通して譲らなかった。
- He stuck to his principle.
- 日本は先願主義を採用している。
- Japan follows the principle of first-to-file.
- それはご都合主義というものだ。
- That's opportunism pure and simple.
- いつ民主主義は生まれましたか。
- When did Democracy come into existence?
- 自分の主義に基づいて行動した。
- I acted up to my principles.
- 『経済学の近況と講壇社会主義』
- 'Recent Trend in Economics and Cathedral Socialism'
- グルジアソビエト社会主義共和国
- Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Georgian SSR
- GSSR
- 民主主義は自由を積極的に認める。
- Democracy encourages freedom.
- 民主主義は政治形態の一つである。
- Democracy is one form of government.
- 彼は愛国主義的な感情で興奮した。
- He was excited by nationalistic sentiment.
- 彼は単なる利己主義者に過ぎない。
- He is nothing more than an egoist.
- 自由諸国の基盤は民主主義である。
- The foundation of free nations is democracy.
- 超然主義をとり軍備拡張を進める。
- Following the doctrine of superiority, he pursued the expansion of armaments.
- 「絶対主義的天皇制」とも言われる。
- It is also called 'Absolute Tennosei' (Absolute Emperor System).
- 民主主義は古代ギリシャに始まった。
- Democracy originated in Ancient Greece.
- 民主主義の生命は個人の自由にある。
- Individual freedom is the soul of democracy.
- 彼は金のために自分の主義を捨てた。
- He sold his principles for money.
- 彼はずっと自分の主義に忠実である。
- He remained steadfast to his principles.
- 我々は民主主義の社会に住んでいる。
- We live in a society of democracy.
- 妥協するのは私の主義に反している。
- It's against my rules to compromise.
- 多数決原理が民主主義の根本原則だ。
- Majority rule is a basic principle of democracy.
- うそをつくことは私の主義に反する。
- It is against my principles to tell a lie.
- お金を借りる事は私の主義に反する。
- It is against my principles to borrow money.
- 自然主義作家へ大きな影響を与えた。
- His works had a great influence on men of naturalist literature.
- 国民皆教育、国家主義教育、修身教育。
- Education for every citizen, education of nationalism, Shushin education (moral training education)
- その無政府主義者はかっとなりやすい。
- The anarchist is apt to lose his temper.
- 私の父は早寝早起きを主義としていた。
- My father made it a principle to keep early hours.
- 自由こそまさに我々の民主主義の神髄だ。
- Freedom is the very essence of our democracy.
- 戦後日本では民主主義の理念が普及した。
- After the war, the idea of democracy spread throughout Japan.
- 共産主義はソ連で実践された体制である。
- Communism is the system practiced in the Soviet Union.
- 菜食主義者へのおすすめは、なんですか。
- Can you recommend any vegetarian dishes?
- 私たちは主義に忠実でなければならない。
- We must be loyal to our principles.
- 私たちは民主主義の社会に住んでいます。
- We live in a democratic society.
- 立憲主義の要素としては、次の諸点がある。
- The following are factors of constitutionalism.
- 実力主義的な世相の中で翻弄されていった。
- The rule of force reigned and toyed with the fortunes of the hikan common folk.
- 「文化相対主義」とはどういう意味ですか。
- What do you mean by cultural relativism?
- 悲観主義は、向上することを信じないのだ。
- Pessimism believes in no improvement.
- 君が共産主義者にならないように希望する。
- I hope you'll never turn Communist.
- 当時の新しい形の民主主義が台頭してきた。
- In those days a new type of democracy was rising.
- 民主主義に対する信頼をなくした者もいる。
- Some have lost faith in democracy.
- けっきょく、民主主義が勝利を得るだろう。
- Democracy will be victorious in the long run.
- 君は自分の主義に従って行動すべきである。
- You should live up to your principles.
- 国家主義と愛国心とを混同してはならない。
- Nationalism is not to be confused with patriotism.
- が、形式主義に流れた和歌は衰退していく。
- However, waka grew heavy on formalism and ultimately declined in popularity.
- また、この主義を採る内閣を超然内閣という。
- The administration that follows this philosophy is called a transcendentalist administration.
- 大韓民国・朝鮮民主主義人民共和国(朝鮮語)
- Republic of Korea (South Korea) and Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) (in Korean)
- 内地延長主義時期(1915年-1937年)
- Inland territorial expansionism period (1915-1937)
- 日本最初の合法社会主義政党として知られる。
- It's known as Japan's first legal socialist party.
- 民主主義では、国民は直接政府の役人を選ぶ。
- In a democracy, the people elect their government officials directly.
- その主義はおそらく重大な結果を招くだろう。
- That doctrine will no doubt lead to serious consequences.
- ロイは秘密主義だがテッドはざっくばらんだ。
- Roy is secretive and Ted is candid.
- その主義はきっと良くない結果を招くだろう。
- That doctrine will no doubt lead to dismal consequences.
- 共産主義の下では、生産手段は国有化される。
- In communism the means of production are owned by the state.
- 菜食主義のための特別メニューはありますか。
- Do you have a special menu for vegetarians?
- とりわけ我々は利己主義になってはならない。
- Above all things, we must not be selfish.
- 結婚して以来、彼はマイホーム主義になった。
- Since we got married he's become a devoted family man.
- 健全な民主主義には対立した二等が不可欠だ。
- Two rival parties are essential to good democratic government.
- 当時主流の自然主義文学への皮肉が見られる。
- Sarcasm towards literary naturalism which was a dominant trend of the time is detected in this story.
- 日常の生活ぶりを人は「籠城主義」と評した。
- His lifestyle was described as 'Cocoonism.'
- 彼はアメリカの民主主義について何も知らない。
- He doesn't have any knowledge about American democracy.
- 彼は自分の家庭生活に関してとても秘密主義だ。
- He is very secretive in regard to his family life.
- 難解で神秘主義的傾向にあるともいわれている。
- His theories were difficult and are believed to have elements of mysticism.
- その社会主義者は女性の通訳を同伴させていた。
- The socialist was accompanied by a female interpreter.
- ついに、その共産主義者は手強い相手に屈した。
- The communist gave in to his tough opponent at last.
- ついに、その共産主義者は手づよい味方を得た。
- The communist got his dependable supporter at last.
- 彼らの民族主義がその戦争の原因の一つだった。
- Their nationalism was one cause of the war.
- ギリシャの哲学者達は民主主義を高く評価した。
- Greek philosophers placed value on democracy.
- 南京南海府(朝鮮民主主義人民共和国清津市付近)
- Nanjing Nanhaifu (near Chongjin City in North Korea today)
- このように、小中華主義的な色彩を強くしていた。
- As seen in the above, it had the aspect of sho-chuka shiso (mini-Sinocentrism).
- 私たちは民主主義擁護のために戦わねばならない。
- We must fight for our democracy.
- 成政も信長の実力主義の恩恵を受けた一人である。
- Narimasa was one of the vassals who benefited from meritocracy of Nobunaga.
- 脱亜論までの宮廷権力闘争と事大主義外交の歴史背景
- Historical Background of Strife over Authority at the Imperial Court and Sadaejuui (Loving and admiring the great and powerful) Diplomacy in Korea before the 'Datsu-A Ron'
- これに対し原敬などは『内地延長主義』を提唱した。
- The opposing view was held by Takashi HARA, who advocated 'inland territorial expansionism.'
- 戦後は、一転して戦後民主主義啓蒙映画を手掛けた。
- After World War II, on the other hand, Imai created educational films about postwar democracy.
- 多くの若人がその戦争中、民主主義のために死んだ。
- Many young men died in the cause of democracy during the war.
- 若いとき彼はしばらくの間共産主義をもてあそんだ。
- As a young man he flirted briefly with communism.
- 多くの若者がその戦争中、民主主義のために死んだ。
- Many young men died in the cause of democracy during the war.
- 著書で日本帝国主義南進論を唱えたことで知られる。
- He was known as urging 'Nihon Teikoku Shugi Nanshin-ron (the idea of Japanese imperialism suggesting moving southward)' in his book.
- 朝鮮民主主義人民共和国では、本貫は廃止されている。
- In Democratic People's Republic of Korea, hongan has been abolished.
- この背景には資本主義の急速な発展が指摘されている。
- It is pointed out that it was caused by the rapid development of capitalism.
- また、玄洋社などの国粋主義者もこれに参加している。
- Nationalists from Genyosha (the Black Ocean Society) and other organizations also belonged to the Dai Nihon Party.
- 他方義和団が愛国主義的か否かという点でも対立する。
- They also disagreed over whether the Boxers had patriotic doctrines or not.
- 第1が後藤新平などに代表される特別統治主義である。
- One is the special governance approach represented by Shinpei GOTO and others.
- 彼は民主主義のために、その戦闘で兵士らしく死んだ。
- He died a soldier's death in the battle in the cause of democracy.
- 彼の日々の振る舞いは彼の主義主張と合致していない。
- His daily behavior is not consistent with his principles.
- また社会主義の影響から、貧民救済策について考える。
- Besides, being influenced by socialism, he considered how to give aid to poor, needy people.
- 明治柳風狂句期の句会至上主義とどこか似てきている。
- It seems to have become similar to the kukai supremacy during the period of ryufu-kyoku in the Meiji period.
- 結果天台座主義円が還俗し、新将軍足利義教となった。
- As a result, Tendai-zasu (the head priest of the Tendai sect of Buddhism), Gien, returned to secular life to become a new shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.
- USSRはソビエト社会主義共和国連邦を表しています。
- U.S.S.R. stands for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
- マルクス主義者は官僚がボスになるべきであると考える。
- Marxists think we should be bossed by bureaucrats.
- ―哲学、思想、主義、主張に基づき人間と社会を詠んだ歌
- Poems composed based on philosophy, ideologies, doctrines, opinions, and on man vs. society.
- 冒頭「芸術ジャンルに主義というものは本来ないと思う。
- The foreword was, 'I think the genre of art has no principles.'
- 自然主義文学の運動も、その普及に一役買ったのである。
- A movement of Japanese naturalism literature played a part in its popularization.
- このことも国家主義的な歴史観の台頭を許す一因となった。
- This fact was one of the factors that allowed nationalistic views of history to gain ground.
- 紀州徳川家に「玉くしげ別本」の中で寛刑主義をすすめた。
- In his book 'Tamakushige Beppon', he recommended that the Kishu Tokugawa family adopt the policy of lenient punishment.
- また激しい儒教否定と尊王主義が忌避されたともいわれる。
- Also it is said that his aggressive denial towards Confucianism and supremacy of the emperor were evaded.
- 何が怒ろうとも、私は最後まで、私の主義を守るつもりだ。
- Whatever happens, I'll stick to my principles to the bitter end.
- あなたは自分の主義に従って行動をとらなければならない。
- You must act according to your principles.
- 同じ年には『社会主義管見』が出版されたが発禁となった。
- 'Shakaishugi Kanken' (Personal views on socialism) was published in the same year, but it was banned.
- すなわち重商主義政策は抑えられ株仲間は解散を命じられた。
- So he reversed Tanuma's mercantilistic policy, which is exemplified by his order of disbandment of 'kabu nakama.'
- 最終的にはどちらに付くか日和見主義をしたとの伝説が在る。
- But according to a legend, Junkei was opportunistic, postponing the decision as to which side to support.
- ドイツ神秘主義などを研究するが、後半生は仏教に傾倒した。
- He studied German mysticism but he devoted himself to studying Buddhism during the later part of his life.
- 非暴力主義者のマハトラ・ガンジーは1869年に生まれた。
- Mahatma Gandhi, the apostle of nonviolence, was born in 1869.
- あなたの質問に正直に答えるかどうかは、彼の主義の問題だ。
- It is a matter of principle with him to answer your questions honestly.
- この言葉を、光秀の合理主義の表れであるという意見がある。
- Some say that these words display his rationalism.
- このような日本側の姿勢は「てんびん棒帝国主義」と評された。
- This attitude of Japan was described as 'Balanced Imperialism.'
- 遠山は、「脱亜論」を日本帝国主義のアジア侵略論と紹介した。
- Toyama introduced 'Datsu-A Ron' as a thesis about an Asian invasion because of Japan's Imperialism.
- それはいちじるしく形式主義的な官制となってあらわれている。
- This resulted in remarkably formalistic rules on administrative organizations.
- 民主主義とは、人民の、人民による、人民のための政治である。
- Democracy is the government of the people, by the people, and for the people.
- 私はハリウッド映画の商業主義に懸念を抱かずにはいられない。
- I cannot help but be concerned about the commercialism of Hollywood movies.
- 日本敗戦後も帰国出来ず、共産主義革命が進行する中国に残留。
- After the defeat of Imperial Japan at the end of World War II, he was unable to return home and remained in China during the midst of the communist revolution.
- なにが起きろうとも、私は最後まで、私の主義を守るつもりだ。
- Whatever happens, I'll stick to my principles to the bitter end.
- なにが起ころうとも、私は最後まで、私の主義を守るつもりだ。
- Whatever happens, I'll stick to my principles to the bitter end.
- 良くも悪くも実力主義の武家社会が親家の命を救ったと言える。
- Chikaie's life was saved because of the power-centered philosophy of the samurai society, for better or worse.
- 白樺派の作家であるが、作品には自然主義の影響も指摘される。
- Although he was a novelist of the Shirakaba school, some critics have pointed out that his work also shows the influence of naturalism.
- 第十八世紀仏蘭西文化史・社会主義運動史 富山房, 1922
- Dai Juhachi Seiki Furansu Bunka-shi, Shakaishugi Undo-shi (History of French culture and Socialism Movement of the 18th Century), Fuzambo, 1922
- 民主主義は食料とかセメントのようには輸出できるものではない。
- Democracy is not exportable like food or cement.
- 一匹の妖怪がヨーロッパを徘徊している。共産主義という妖怪が。
- A spectre is haunting Europe ― the spectre of communism.
- しかし日清戦争後、蘇峰は帝国主義へと転向して論調が一変した。
- However, after the Sino-Japanese War, Soho turned to Imperialism and his tone of work changed drastically.
- 反良妻賢母主義を危険思想だと見る文部省は取り締まり強化した。
- At that time, the Ministry of Education was strengthening the censorship of ideas because the Ministry regarded any ideas as dangerous if they argued that an ideal woman was not a dutiful wife and devoted mother.
- 政治評論については反共産主義、反ソ連の立場から論陣を張った。
- As a political critic, she commented from the perspective of anti-communism and anti-USSR.
- 悪化する幕府の財政赤字を食い止めるべく、重商主義政策を採る。
- The shogunate government adopted a policy of mercantilism to bring down the accumulated budget deficit.
- その功績を評価される一方、あまりに初代鴈治郎中心主義だった。
- While Matsujiro's achievements were much appreciated, he solely focused on Ganjiro I.
- 歴史学が実証主義を重視しすぎ、歴史認識や史学方法論を軽んじた。
- History had placed too much importance on positivism and treated recognition of history and methodologies of history lightly.
- しかし、同時に治安維持法が制定され共産主義への弾圧が行われた。
- However, Maintenance of Public Order Law was enacted at the same time, oppressing communism.
- 戦前には、国粋主義と結びついて皇国史観という歴史観を形成した。
- During the prewar period, this belief was integrated with nationalism, and it resulted in forming the historical view of Kokoku Shikan (emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto).
- 教育理念は、「自由自治」「国際主義」「凝集教育」「人間形成」。
- The philosophies on education are 'liberal autonomy,' 'international principle,' 'cohesive education' and 'foundation of the human being.'
- 山縣は政党政治を嫌い、議会勢力と一貫して敵対した(超然主義)。
- Yamagata disliked party politics and continued to oppose national diet political forces (a doctrine of superiority).
- 明治時代中期になると、正岡子規の写生主義がでて歌論を風靡した。
- In the mid-Meiji period, Shiki MATSUOKA's theory of Shaseishugi (realism) first came out, and it shook the world of karon to its foundations.
- それらによって国粋主義を主張し、当時の社会に影響を波及させる。
- Through these means, he advocated nationalism, which influenced the society at that time.
- 国体論と社会主義の野合として、北一輝は痛烈な批判を加えている。
- Ikki KITA severely criticized the publication, saying that it was merely an illicit combination of the national policy theory and socialism.
- が、政府が超然主義を採ったため存在意義を失い、翌年に解党した。
- However, since the government adopted the doctrine of superiority, it lost the significance of existence, so it dismissed in the following year.
- 実は帝国憲法そのものが超然主義を前提に制定されたものでなかった。
- After all, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan was never designed to be aligned with transcendentalism.
- その中でも実証主義史学と特に唯物史観史学の2つが主潮流をなした。
- In particular, positivism-based history and materialistic view-based history have become dominant.
- この憲法は、立憲主義の要素と国体の要素を併せ持つ欽定憲法である。
- The Constitution of Japan was a constitution enacted by the emperor based on factors of constitutionalism and the national polity.
- 全体として朱子学を擁護して、朱子学至上主義の史観が貫かれている。
- On the whole, the book defends Shushigaku (Sogaku: Neo- Confucianism founded on the doctrines of ZHU Xi) and sticks to the view of history to consider Shushigaku to be supreme.
- 評論家たちは、保護貿易主義について人騒がせのうそを言っています。
- Critics are just crying wolf about protectionism.
- 国家的社会主義の国では、労働は、この国よりもいっそう危険である。
- Work is, if anything, more dangerous in the state-socialist countries than it is here.
- 外交政略としては早くから強硬な討露主義と朝鮮半島進出を主張した。
- As for diplomatic measures he strongly insisted on beating Russia and advancement to Korean Peninsular from the beginning.
- 日本は開国により帝国主義時代の欧米列強と国際関係を持つこととなる。
- By opening the country, Japan established international relationships with the allied western powers of imperialism.
- 自由貿易の流れを汲むものとアジア主義の流れを汲むものに大別される。
- It was roughly divided into two: one branch deriving from free trade and the other from Asianism.
- 結果責任によって犯罪の成立が論じられる客観主義的な要素が強かった。
- Objectivism, which judges a crime based on accountability, was a strong factor.
- 帝国主義時代に入った欧米列強の進出・侵略の手は東アジアにも迫った。
- In the age of imperialism, the great powers of Europe and the United States started to advance into and occupy East Asia.
- 田沼は、それまでの農業依存体質を改め、重商主義政策を実行に移した。
- Tanuma reformed a conventional structure depending on agriculture, and put a Mercantilism policy into action.
- 万人祭司主義のため、役員もあくまでも役職であり特別な職種ではない。
- Based on the principle of universal priesthood, executive position is regarded as a role, not a post.
- その民主主義者は、自分の目指すことを達成させようと一人で努力した。
- The democrat endeavored to accomplish his aim by himself.
- 日本における自然主義文学、また私小説の出発点に位置する作品である。
- This work has been regarded as the pioneer of Japanese naturalist literature and 'I' novel genre found in Japanese literally works, which is often based on the author's own life.
- 藤村が小説に転向した最初の作品で、日本自然主義文学の先陣を切った。
- It was Toson's first work after he turned to writing novels, and stood at the vanguard of Japanese naturalist literature.
- 千載和歌集でみられた芸術至上主義がさらに進み、技巧は極致に達した。
- The principle of art for art's sake, as seen in Senzai wakashu, was further refined, and poetic devices reached their culmination.
- 権威主義的な美術体制に対して、絵で闘うことを宣言し武闘派を旗揚げ。
- He declared to fight against the authoritarian community of artists with his paintings and launched the Butoha faction.
- これによって朝鮮は、帝国主義が渦巻く世界へ開国していくことになった。
- As a result, Korea was opened to the world of imperialism.
- 欧米による帝国主義時代・開港による植民地化を目的とした寄港拠点の確保
- The Age of Imperialism, led by Europe and the United States, was a time of opening ports and securing footholds for colonization.
- 理想主義的な哲人政治を志向したが、書物としての教育論は残していない。
- He intended to conduct idealistic policy based on philosophy, but he left no written theory regarding education.
- やがて社内の商業主義監督たちとの対立により「俳優学校」が廃止された。
- In the meantime, 'Shochiku Cinema School of Acting' was closed due to confrontations with in-house directors who were focused on commercialism.
- 弟子思いの師として有名であるが、権威主義的であるとの批判も残される。
- Although he was famous as a teacher who well cared about his disciples, there are some criticism that he was authoritarian.
- この頃から厭世主義、神経衰弱 (精神疾患)に陥り始めたともいわれる。
- It is considered to be during this period that Soseki began to be pessimistic and suffer from nervous breakdown (psychiatric disorder).
- この心理的写実主義によって日本の近現代文学史の誕生に大きく貢献した。
- He made a huge contribution to the establishment of literary history in both modern times and the present day by this psychological realism.
- 同年4月の「文芸の主義」(原題:文芸断片)では、次のように記述した。
- In April of the same year, he put the following statement in 'Bungei no Shugi' (Principle of Literature) (original title : Literary Fragments).
- 明治8年(1875年)、16代当主義宜の病死を受けて当主を再承した。
- Since the 16th family head Yoshinori died of disease in 1875, Yoshikatsu succeeded to the family head again.
- 仏教主義的な作品が減り、代わりに人間中心、現世的な作風が見受けられる。
- Fewer works based on Buddhist themes were produced, with newer works focusing more on human beings and prepared in a more modern style.
- 朝鮮民主主義人民共和国(北朝鮮) - 朝鮮半島南部の大韓民国との対比。
- The term can also be used to describe the contrast between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) versus the Republic of Korea (South Korea) located in the southern half of the Korean peninsula.
- なお、明治の社会主義者・幸徳秋水は幸徳井家の傍流の子孫とする説がある。
- There is a theory that Shusui KOTOKU, a socialist during the Meiji Period, was a descendant from a branch of the KOTOKUI family.
- 「大正デモクラシー」つまり民本主義が台頭(民衆と女性の地位向上)した。
- Taisho democracy' emerged and the social status of ordinary people and women improved.
- 万世一系は、戦前において、共和制や共産主義革命を否定する根拠とされた。
- The theory of the unbroken Imperial line was used as a reason for defying republican institutions and communist revolutions.
- また研究姿勢に対しては類推的とか、進化主義的であるとかの批判もされる。
- The approach to the study is sometimes criticized to be analogical or evolutional.
- アメリカの修正論主義者は日本との関係について強硬な態度をとっています。
- U.S. revisionists take a hard-line approach to Japanese relations.
- オバマ候補の経済政策チームはどうやら錚々たる新自由主義者たちのようだ。
- Presidential candidate Obama's economics team seems to be made up of distinguished neoliberals.
- 帰国した時には皇族のなかでも自由主義者として知られるようになっていた。
- Upon returning to Japan, he became known as a liberal within the Imperial family.
- 1906年頃より大石誠之助らと共に和歌山県新宮市で社会主義運動を行う。
- He initiated socialist movement in Shingu City, Wakayama Prefecture around 1906 with some other members including Seinosuke OISHI.
- コンピュータ神秘主義者の約束に関して、我々はもっと懐疑的になるべきだ。
- We should be more than sceptical about the promises of the computer mystics.
- 国粋主義者たちは、明治政府が推進する漸進的な条約改正路線を批判していた。
- Nationalists were critical of the idea of the Meiji Government promoting step-by-step revisions to the treaties.
- この結果、無政府主義者やそれに近い者が社会運動の主流派を占めるに至った。
- As a result, anarchists and those close to anarchism became the majority in the socialist movement.
- 憲法改正後は、憲法学者らによって外見的立憲主義、王権神授説的と評された。
- After the amendment, the constitution was criticized as being based on pretended constitutionalism and a doctrine of royal absolutism by constitutional scholars.
- 立憲主義によって議会制度が定められ、国体によって議会の権限が制限された。
- The assembly system was established based on constitutionalism, and assembly's authority was limited according to the national polity.
- プロジェクト主義教育による人材育成 「プロデュース・テクノロジー」の創成
- Creation of 'Produce Technology,' human resources training by Project Based Learning
- 生産性至上主義者の神々に属するマルクス(彼に悪意はなかったとしても)さえ
- Even Marx, who belongs (for all his good intentions) in the productivist pantheon, observed that
- 規律(Discipline)は、職場の全体主義的管理の総体から成る −
- Discipline consists of the totality of totalitarian controls at the workplace --
- 結果、天台座主義円が還俗して足利義教として将軍職を継承することとなった。
- As a result, Gien who was Tendai-Zasu (head priest of the Tendaishu sect) quitted the priesthood and became the successor to the shogunate.
- 少なくとも撮影所には採用人事の学閥重視を一蹴するような実力主義が見られる。
- It can be said that the recruitment process for studio staff seems to prioritise ability over academic clique.
- 舞鶴港は、朝鮮民主主義人民共和国からの入港隻数が252隻と国内最多である。
- The total number of vessels entering the Maizuru Port from the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was 252, the largest in Japan.
- 国家主義的な歴史観のくびきから解かれた戦後史学は多くの重要な実績を残した。
- After the war, history has been released from the restrictions of nationalistic views of history and has achieved many important results.
- 第二次世界大戦後の占領軍は、軍国主義につながるものすべてを禁止していった。
- After World War Ⅱ, the occupation forces banned everything which was linked to militarism.
- 同時にドイツ浪漫派主義の作風に影響を受け、世紀末趣味にも強い関心を示した。
- At the same time, he was influenced by the style of German romanticism, and also showed a strong interest in fin-de-siècle taste.
- 清・朝関係は、近代的国際法から見ると極めてファジーな属人主義的関係であった。
- From the viewpoint of modern international law, the relationship between the Qing dynasty and Korea was extremely ambiguous on the personal principle.
- また、重商主義政策の放棄により、田沼時代に健全化した財政は再び悪化に転じた。
- In addition, the abandonment of mercantile policy again deteriorated the economy which had been recovered during the Tanuma period.
- 反体制指導者らは、共産主義者が少数野党に転落することもあり得るとしています。
- Opposition leaders say it's possible the Communists could end up in a small minority.
- 頑張れさえすれば体力や知力がなくても何でもできるという一種の精神主義もある。
- There is also one type of idealism that says even without strength or intelligence you can do anything if you can merely persist.
- アメリカ人がファシズムを受け入れないのは、共産主義を受け入れないのと同じだ。
- The Americans don't accept Fascism any more than they do Communism.
- 父の篤麿はアジア主義を唱え、東亜同文会を興すなど活発な政治活動を行っていた。
- His father, Atsumaro, was a supporter of Pan-Asianism and was politically active, involved in the founding of groups such as the East Asia Common Culture Society (Toa Dobunkai).
- 日本で最初に実証主義を提唱した日本歴史学研究の泰斗、また日本最初の文学博士。
- He was a person of authority in Japanese history studies, who advocated positivism for the first time in Japan, and the first PhD in literature in Japan.
- 自身も国粋主義的な面を持ち、日本の象徴である勇美な富士山を好んで題材とした。
- He himself had an ultranationalistic aspect and preferably sought subject matter in the heroic and beautiful Mt. Fuji, which symbolizes Japan.
- 研究会は山県―清浦が主導する超然主義を支持して政党政治を否定する路線を取った。
- Kenkyukai adopted a policy of denying party politics, supporting the nonparty doctrine advocated by YAMAGATA and KIYOURA.
- 民党は「民力休養・政費節減」を掲げて、超然主義を唱える政府と対決姿勢を示した。
- With the slogan 'Recovery of the National Power and Reduction of the Administrative Expenditure,' Minto showed a strong attitude toward the government which advocated the doctrine of detachment.
- 第一次世界大戦末期にロシア11月革命が発生し、史上初の社会主義政権が誕生した。
- At the end of the WWI, the Russian November Revolution broke out, which led to the birth of the first ever socialist regime.
- 茂山千五郎家の家訓として知られる「お豆腐主義」は正重の代に確立したものである。
- 'Otofu-shugi' (the tofu principle: like tofu, which is loved by everybody and used in both high class food and home cuisine, the Shigeyama people willingly performed their Kyogen anywhere they were asked to) was established as the Sengoro SHIGEYAMA family precept in Masashige's generation.
- 欧米の進んだ文化だけでなく、民主主義の不完全性や危険性まで洞察して帰って来る。
- Observing advanced Western culture, he also realized that democracy was not perfect and even dangerous when he came home.
- 楽観主義者は鏡をのぞきこんでますます楽天的に、悲観論者はますます悲観的になる。
- The optimist looks into a mirror and becomes more optimistic, the pessimist more pessimistic.
- 先の『詞花』に反して当代重視主義に戻り、同時代の入集歌数は全体の半数に及んだ。
- In opposition to the preceding anthology titled 'Shika,' the contemporary poets were considered important again, and the number of selected poems by contemporary poets comprised half the total number offered in the work.
- 仏教主義に基づく京都女子専門学校(現・京都女子学園、京都女子大学)を設立した。
- She founded Kyoto Joshi Senmon Gakko (Kyoto Women's College; present Kyoto Joshi Gakuen (Kyoto Women's Educational Institution), Kyoto Women's University), basing it on Buddhist principles.
- その結果、海軍・陸軍、官僚、国家主義団体などを中心に政党政治への不満が高まった。
- Consequently, there was increasing disaffection with party government among the Navy, the Army, the bureaucracy, nationalist organizations, etc.
- 天皇制絶対主義とは、講座派による日本近代における近代天皇制の体制を定義した言葉。
- Tennosei absolutism is the word which defined the modern Tennosei in modern day Japan by Kozaha (a group of Marxians).
- 南下の矛先は再びバルカンに向かい、ロシアは汎スラヴ主義を全面に唱えることになる。
- Russia refocussed its southward expansion to the Balkans, advocating Pan-Slavism in the process.
- 「客観主義」というものは、決して、想像されるほど、シンプルで磐石なものではない。
- 'Objectivization' is never simple nor absolute as it is assumed.
- 友淳(ともあつ/のち高須藩三代藩主義淳、さらに宗家を継ぎ、尾張藩八代藩主徳川宗勝)
- Tomoatsu (later, the third lord of Takasu Domain, Yoshiatsu; then, succeeded to the main family to become the eighth lord of Owari Domain, Munekatsu TOKUGAWA)
- 文明開化を経て封建主義や鎖国の影響も影をひそめ、欧米から近代文化がどっと流入する。
- After civilization and enlightenment, the influence of feudalism and national isolation seemed to disappear and modern culture flooded into Japan from Western countries.
- 帰国後李承晩政権の国務委員を勤めるが、朝鮮戦争の際、朝鮮民主主義人民共和国へ連行。
- After going back to Korea, he served as the commissioner of internal affairs of the Syngman Rhee administration, but was later taken to Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) during the Korean War.
- このように敗戦後の初期には支配層は五箇条の御誓文は民主主義の原理であると主張した。
- As the example above, shortly after the war, the ruling class claimed that Charter Oath of Five Articles was the principle of democracy.
- 民主主義の精神がわれわれの日常生活の中に浸透するには相当の年月がかかると思います。
- I believe it will be quite a long time before the spirit of democracy pervades our daily life.
- 特に後者の実証主義的な姿勢は古典研究を高い学問水準に高めた事で高く評価されている。
- In particular, the tendency towards positivism seen in Keichu's work was greatly praised for raising the academic standards of research into the Classics.
- 産業主義のさらなる進展は、ハリー・ブレイブマンが労働の退廃と呼んだ現象を拡大した。
- The further evolution of industrialism has accentuated what Harry Braverman called the degradation of work.
- 大正デモクラシーの時流の中で時代遅れとなった超然主義に存立の余地は無かったのである。
- There was no room for transcendentalism to continue its existence since it became obsolete during Taisho Democracy.
- かつては反ユダヤ主義の正当化に用いられ、ユダヤ陰謀論者には現在でも評価する者がいる。
- It was used to justify anti-Semitism in the past and there are some persons who value this document among people insisting the existence of a Jewish plot.
- また、出生地主義国のアメリカで生まれた子は自動的にアメリカ国籍になった子供達も指す。
- Also it refers to the children who automatically became U.S. citizens because they were born in the U.S., which has adopted the principle of birthright citizenship.
- マカートニーは主権平等主義に立つヨーロッパ外交に基づいて清と条約を結ぶことを望んだ。
- Macartney requested the Qing dynasty to conclude a treaty based on the principle of European diplomacy, namely the principle of sovereign equality.
- 韓国、朝鮮民主主義人民共和国、中国延辺朝鮮族自治州(中国。他、同国内の満州族居住地)
- Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in China (China. Other areas in the country where Manchu people live)
- 同志社創立125周年を記念して「キリスト教主義教育・国際交流」を目的に作られた施設。
- It is a venue for 'Christian education and international exchange,' having been constructed as a project to commemorate the Doshisha's 125th anniversary.
- 個人主義がより行き渡っている国では、人中での喫煙に対する個人的反対が普通尊重される。
- In a country where individualism is more common, personal objections to smoking in public are usually respected.
- 戦前の軍国主義華やかりし頃、大正元年・小学校唱歌「八幡太郎」に織り込まれた義家の歌。
- This was an elementary school song from 1912, when militarism was rife, that incorporates one of Yoshiie's tanka.
- 山縣有朋の系統につながる議員を結集し、貴族院における官僚派・反政党主義の牙城となった。
- They gathered councilors with connection to the line of Aritomo YAMAGATA and the group became stronghold of bureaucracy and anti-political party system.
- だが、超然主義者の前首相山縣有朋を始め、松方自身が率いる薩摩藩藩閥からも反対論が出た。
- However, there was opposing argument from the previous prime minister, Aritomo YAMAGATA holding on to the doctrine of superiority as well as Satsuma Domain clique led by MATSUKATA himself.
- 1900年に立憲政友会を旗揚げして政府の内側から超然主義を否定する動きに出たのである。
- In 1900, he established the Rikken Seiyukai party to start denying transcendentalism within the government.
- しかし沖縄や清国といった抗議する側が反差別主義的であったかというと、実はそうではない。
- However, those who opposed, such as in Okinawa and Qing, were not anti-discriminatory, as a matter of fact.
- 政府は当初、検地が農民からの反発を受けることを懸念し、農民からの自己申告主義を採った。
- The government initially ordered individual farmers to report details on their land because the government was concerned about farmers' objection on the nationwide land survey.
- 西園寺は社会主義をみだりに弾圧することを避け、穏健派の存在は容認する方針を打ち出した。
- SAIONJI announced a policy of tolerating the moderates, avoiding cracking down on socialism indiscriminately.
- 有司専制(ゆうしせんせい)とは、明治政府の藩閥官僚中心・超然主義の政府を批判した言葉。
- Yushi Sensei is a term criticizing the Meiji government for their domain cliques and transcendentalism.
- 1950年代から1960年代には、共産主義者を中心に天皇制の廃止を訴える意見もあった。
- Between the 1950s and 1960s, there was a movement for the abolition of the Tennosei mainly from the communists.
- また日本国憲法施行後は国民主権主義に基づき皇籍離脱(こうせきりだつ)の語が用いられる。
- There is also a description of 'Kosekiridatsu' (secession of a prince from the Imperial Family) based upon national sovereignty rights under the Constitution of Japan.
- また棄捐令を発して旗本・御家人らの救済を図るなど、保守的、理想主義的な傾向が強かった。
- It had a strong conservative and idealistic orientation, such as debt cancellation orders to give relief to direct vassals of the shogunate (hatamoto) and low-level retainers.
- 11月30日早朝、鍋山貞親ら50名余りの社会主義者は、出迎えのため高山のもとに赴いた。
- In the early morning of November 30, about 50 socialists including Sadachika NABEYAMA went to meet Takayama.
- 彼は社会主義者だと言っている。しかしながら、家を2軒とロールスロイスの車を持っている。
- He claims to be a socialist, and yet he has two houses and a Rolls Royce.
- 芝中学校・高等学校、水戸高等学校 (旧制) 時代よりマルクス主義と映画に傾倒していた。
- He had devoted himself to Marxism and films since Shiba Junior High School and Mito High School under the old system.
- サーリンスが言うように、大規模な非熟練労働は産業主義の下でなければ不可能なのである。
- unskilled labor on any large scale, as Sahlins says, is impossible except under industrialism.
- いかに異常だったとしても、ポルポト体制は少なくとも平等主義社会のビジョンを持っていた。
- The Pol Pot regime at least had a vision, however blurred, of an egalitarian society.
- 生産性至上主義のために、我々が、彼らよりはるかに遅れた社会にいることは明白ではないか。
- Controlling for productivity, we are obviously far behind these backward societies.
- 公式見解では、我々はすべて民主主義国家に住み、様々な権利を持っていることになっている。
- The official line is that we all have rights and live in a democracy.
- 仁斎はそのような要素を儒学にとって不純なものとみなし、いわば実証主義的な方法を用いた。
- Jinsai regarded such factors as impurities for Confucianism and employed a rather positivist approach.
- 自らの属する集団に自発的に献身する「集団主義」が、日本人同士のつながり方を特徴づける。
- The relationships between Japanese people are characterized by 'groupism;' Japanese spontaneously devote themselves to the group which they belong to.
- その壮絶な死は「烈女勇子」と国家主義者が喧伝して世間に広まり、盛大な追悼式が行われた。
- The news about her brave death was spread among people by some nationalists praising her as 'the chaste and strong-minded woman Yuko' and a grand memorial service for her was held.
- 自由主義経済への批判や、国家による労働者の保護および金銀複本位制度などの提唱を行った。
- He criticized free economy and advocated the gold and silver bimetallism and the protection of workers by the nation.
- 上京後商業図案などを学ぶかたわら、ドイツ表現主義の影響を受けつつ独自の版画様式を確立。
- When he was in Tokyo, he studied commercial designs and the like, while established a unique woodblock style under the influence of German expressionism.
- 社会民主党(しゃかいみんしゅとう)は1901年に結成された日本最初の社会主義政党である。
- The Shakai minshuto is the first socialist party in Japan, which was formed in 1901.
- 重要港湾指定の舞鶴港を擁しており、経済制裁前は朝鮮民主主義人民共和国船の入港が多かった。
- With Maizuru-ko Port designated as an important port/harbor, many ships from the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) used this port before economic sanctions were enforced.
- 西郷は新政府に必要なのは士族を中心とした軍備強化と農本主義的な国家経営であると主張した。
- Saigo argued that what was necessary for the new government was a strong military power based on samurai and an agriculture-oriented nation management.
- 装飾趣味の弊害を打破し、尚古主義を唱え、秦漢の正しい篆法に則った篆刻に立ち戻ろうとした。
- It tried to eliminate the negative effect of the decorative trend, advocate primitivism and a return to the tenkoku by following the correct method from the Qin and Han dynasties.
- 新制東京大学教養学部の設置は旧制高等学校の教養主義的な伝統をのこそうとしたうごきである。
- The establishment of the University of Tokyo, Faculty of Liberal Arts under the new system was a movement to preserve the tradition of liberalism in the former higher schools.
- 1918年(大正7年)に、雑誌『日本及日本人』に論文「英米本位の平和主義を排す」を執筆。
- In 1918, he authored an article, 'Reject Anglo-American-Based Pacifism' in 'Japan and the Japanese' magazine.
- この後、「光」、日刊「平民新聞」に諷刺画などの絵を掲載し、社会主義者らとの親交も深めた。
- After that, his illustrations, including his caricatures, appeared in other newspapers, 'Hikari'(Light) and the daily 'Heimin Shimbun' (People's Newspaper), and he also became acquainted with socialists.
- 当時としては画期的であると評される軍令で、師直の合理主義者的側面を証明する実例とされる。
- The command was described as revolutionary at that time and it was a good example of Moronao's rationalism.
- 具体的には、大半の会派において、不偏不党と「一人一党」主義を謳い、党議拘束を行わなかった。
- In most groups, they advocate neutrality and the principle of 'one party for one person' and did not place restrictions on party debate.
- その意味で、地租改正は日本における資本主義体制の確立を基礎づける重要な一歩であるといえる。
- In this sense, it can be said that land-tax reform is the first important step in establishing the foundation of capitalism system in Japan.
- そのため好む好まざるとに関わらず近代の資本主義が席巻する世界に巻き込まれていくことになる。
- Because of this Korea would be dragged into the world of sweeping modern capitalism whether it liked it or not.
- これに乗じて1月28日、初の合法的社会主義政党「日本社会党 (1906年)」が結成された。
- Supported by this policy, the first legal socialist party 'Japan Socialist Party' was established on January 28.
- 民主主義国家に住む利点の一つは、自分が考えていることを何でもいうことが許されることである。
- One of the advantages of living in a democracy is that one is permitted to say whatever he thinks.
- 1949年、石坂洋次郎原作で民主主義を謳歌した青春映画『青い山脈 (映画)』前後篇を監督。
- In 1949, Imai directed the two-part youth film 'Aoi Sanmyaku' (The Green Mountains) which, based on Yojiro ISHIZAKA's work, celebrated democracy.
- ウェーバーがその登場を宗教・カルヴァン主義に結び付けた時、彼は多分何かに気づいたであろう。
- and perhaps Weber was on to something when he tied its appearance to a religion, Calvinism,
- だが、自然主義文学の口語文小説が一般化すると、その美文がかえって古めかしいものと思われた。
- However, once the naturalist literature in colloquial style became popular, its elegant prose was considered as old-fashioned.
- が、写実主義の描写と言文一致の文体で当時の文学者たちに大きな影響を与えたことは事実である。
- Nevertheless, it is true that both his realistic description and his writing style that unified colloquial and literature language made a great impact on men of literature in those days.
- 日本の資本主義がこのようにして発展していったため、農村の貧困状態は改善されることがなかった。
- Since the Japanese capitalism had developed in this way, the poverty of the farmers was never improved.
- 現在では議会制民主主義(間接民主制)の制度を取り入れている諸国の内閣が政党内閣の形態である。
- Today, countries which practice a parliamentary democracy, or an indirect democracy, have a party cabinet.
- 美濃部達吉や佐々木惣一らの立憲学派は、議会を中心とした立憲主義に重きを置いて学説を構成した。
- People in the Constitutional school such as Tatsukichi MINOBE and Soichi SASAKI focused on the constitutionalism centered around the diet to establish the theory.
- この官僚的合理主義に基づいた神社合祀政策は、必ずしも氏子崇敬者の意に即して行なわれなかった。
- This shrine merger policy based on bureaucratic pragmatism did not necessarily reflect the will of shrine parishioners and worshippers.
- 信仰の問題を考えると、30年代、および西欧の共産主義との恋愛ということに向かわざるをえない。
- The problem of faith brings us to the Thirties and the Western love-affair with communism.
- 再度、ソビエト連邦共産党や国家社会主義ドイツ労働者党をモデルにした独裁政党の結成を目指した。
- Again, he aimed to set up a totalitarian party, modeled on the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the National Socialist German Workers Party (the Nazi Party).
- 新村 忠雄(にいむら ただお、1887年4月26日 - 1911年1月24日)は社会主義者。
- Tadao NIIMURA (April 26, 1887 - January 24, 1911) was a socialist.
- 帰国後、早稲田大学文学部教授となり「早稲田文学」を主宰して自然主義運動のため大いに活躍する。
- After he came back to Japan, he became a professor of the School of Letters, Arts and Sciences at Waseda University and edited 'Waseda Bungaku,' actively involved in the naturalist movement.
- ちょん髷を反西洋・保守主義の象徴とみなし、その形状がピストルに似ていたことから出た話である。
- The story came out from regarding chonmage, which looked like a pistol, as a symbol of anti-westernism/conservatism.
- この明治憲法が抱えていた欠陥がより終戦に至るまでの日本の国家社会主義化を助長した点は否めない。
- It cannot deny that the defect of the Meiji Constitution more promoted national socialization in Japan by the end of the war.
- 昭和期に入ると国粋主義的な天皇を中心とする歴史観(皇国史観)や勧善懲悪史観が隆盛するに至った。
- Then, entering the Showa period, nationalistic views of history centered on the Emperor (Kokoku Shikan, that is emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto) and poetic justice views of history became prosperous.
- 芸術作品にはアール・ヌーボーやアール・デコ、表現主義など世紀末芸術から影響を受けたものも多い。
- In the field of art, many works were influenced by fin-de-siècle (end of the century) arts, including art nouveau, art deco, or expressionism.
- たとえそうだったとしても、労働は、人間的な、そして民主主義的な念願を全てを嘲笑することだろう。
- Even then, work would still make a mockery of all humanistic and democratic aspirations,
- 西園寺は思想的に自由主義を自称し、衆議院での多数派政党が内閣を組織する憲政の常道を慣例にした。
- Saionji ideologically proclaimed liberalism, and he established the constitutional practice of the majority party in the House of Representatives forming the Parliament.
- しかし「からごころ」排撃は、のちに国粋主義的皇国史観、神話の絶対化に変容されたとの見方もある。
- However, there is a view that the elimination of `kara-gokoro,' Chinese mentality, was later transformed to Kokoku Shikan - emperor-centered historiography based on state Shinto) based on a nationalistic view, or absolutizing mythology.
- 深田祐介、ロナルド・フィリップ・ドーア『日本型資本主義なくしてなんの日本か』光文社 1993年
- 'What kind of Japan would it be without Japanese-style capitalism' by Yusuke FUKADA and Ronald Philip Dore, Kobunsha Co., Ltd., 1993
- 宮下 太吉(みやした たきち、1875年9月30日 - 1911年1月24日)は無政府主義者。
- Takichi MIYASHITA (September 30, 1875 - January 24, 1911) was an anarchist.
- 森近 運平(もりちか うんぺい、1881年1月20日 - 1911年1月24日)は社会主義者。
- Unpei MORICHIKA (January 20, 1881 - January 24, 1911) was a socialist.
- 松尾 卯一太(まつお ういった、1879年1月27日 - 1911年1月24日)は社会主義者。
- Uitta MATSUO (January 27, 1879 - January 24, 1911) was a socialist.
- この創刊号には、内村鑑三への公開状ともいうぺき「余は何故に帝国主義の信者たる乎」が掲載された。
- This issue carried an article titled 'Why Do I Have Faith in Imperialism,' which could be taken as an open letter addressed to Kanzo UCHIMURA.
- 福岡では漢学を亀井暘春、国学を富永漸斎に学び、尚古主義(日本本来の古制を尊ぶ思想)に傾倒する。
- In Fukuoka, he learned Sinology from 亀井暘春, studied Japanese classical literature under Zensai TOMINAGA, and was devoted to Shoko Shugi (ideology in harmony with Japan's traditional values).
- なお、旧制高等学校の中には第四高等学校 (旧制)をはじめとして「超然主義」を標榜した学校がある。
- Some senior high schools under the education system that existed until 1950, such as the Dai Yon (Fourth) Senior High School, claimed to be 'transcendentalist' schools.
- 健康と安全の見地から言えば、経済が自由競争主義に最も近付いた日に、労働は最悪のものとなったのだ。
- From a health and safety standpoint, among others, work was at its worst in the days when the economy most closely approximated laissez-faire.
- また、中岡が龍馬の西洋的な議会主義的思想にどの程度まで理解を示したのかも今日まで不明な点が多い。
- It remains unclear as to how much of Ryoma's western legislative ideology Nakaoka agreed with.
- 生きるための悪という人間の利己主義を克明に描き出し、又、作者の解釈を加えた作品として著名である。
- This story is famous for its detailed description of the human egotism displayed by acts of evil in the name of survival.
- 古河 力作(ふるかわ りきさく、1884年6月14日 - 1911年1月24日)は無政府主義者。
- Rikisaku FURUKAWA (June 14, 1884 - January 24, 1911) was an anarchist.
- 例えば井上哲次郎に代表される国家主義者たちは武士道を日本民族の道徳、国民道徳と同一視しようとした。
- For example, nationalists as typified by Tetsujido INOUE tried to identify Bushido as the national morality of Japanese.
- 一方知識の広さのために不自然な融合を示し、宣長学派の実証主義から逸脱し複雑難解なものとなっている。
- On the other hand, his wide range of knowledge resulted in strained harmony, which deviated from positivism of Norinaga School and became complicated and unintelligible.
- 例えば高柳光寿は著書『明智光秀』の中で、合理主義者同士、光秀と信長は気が合っただろうと述べている。
- For example, Mitsutoshi TAKAYANAGI says in his book 'Mitsuhide AKECHI' that Mitsuhide and Nobunaga, who were both rationalists, could have gotten along well.
- 成石 平四郎(なるいし へいしろう、1882年8月12日 - 1911年1月24日)は社会主義者。
- Heishiro NARUISHI (August 12, 1882 - January 24, 1911) was a socialist.
- 星は、積極財政をすすめて地域への利益誘導をはかり、支持獲得を目指す積極主義という政治手法をとった。
- HOSHI took a positive political approach in which he promoted an expansionary fiscal policy to develop pork barrel politics, trying to obtain appropriations for his own district, with an aim to gain support.
- 古典『太平記』では、師直は神仏を畏れない現実主義的な人物であるとのエピソードが幾つか記されている。
- In one of the Japanese classics: 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace), some episodes state that Moronao was a realist who had no respect for Shinto and Buddhist deities.
- 内閣職権を廃して内閣官制を導入、「大宰相主義」を否定して内閣総理大臣を「同輩中の首席」と位置づけた。
- He abolished the Naikaku Shokken and introduced the Naikaku Kansei, to deny 'Dai saiso (great prime minister)-ism' and position the prime minister as 'the top among colleagues'.
- 19世紀半ばから20世紀初頭における博覧会は「帝国主義の巨大なディスプレイ装置」であったといわれる。
- The exhibitions of the middle 19th century to the early 20th century are said to have served as a 'giant system to display Imperialism.'
- その運動は、社会主義協会 (1900年)(社会民主党結成以前から存在)と平民社に受け継がれていった。
- Their movement was passed on to the Shakaishugi kyokai (the Socialist Association), which was formed in 1900 prior to the Shakai minshuto's establishment, and the Heiminsha (the newspaper company that published the Heimin Shinbun, the Commoner's News).
- 南郷や平田のもとで茶話会は清浦奎吾の研究会_(貴族院)とともに山縣有朋を支持して、超然主義を奉じた。
- Under Nango and Hirata, Sawakai joined Keigo KIYOURA's Kenkyukai (a study group) in supporting Aritomo YAMAGATA, supporting Yamagata's doctrine of transcendence.
- 一方、山縣有朋系の議員が多かった茶話会も超然主義を支持しており、両会派の政策に大きな違いがなかった。
- On the other hand, the Tea Party group, which mainly consisted of the members of Aritomo YAMAGATA faction, also supported the doctrine of superiority, so there was no big difference between both groups.
- 田沼は、それまでの農業依存の幕府経済を改め、重商主義的な改革を行うことによって財政の立て直しを図る。
- Tanuma tried to reconstruct finance of the Edo bakufu by reducing its conventional dependence on agriculture and implementing mercantilistic reforms.
- しかし、実証主義には歴史哲学を軽視するという弱点が、唯物史観には教条的になりがちという弱点があった。
- However, positivism-based history has a weak point that it treats philosophy of history lightly, and materialistic view-based history has also a weak point in that it has the tendency of becoming dogmatic.
- 皇室自律主義を採り、旧皇室典範などの重要な憲法的規律を憲法典から分離し、議会に関与させなかったこと。
- Japan introduced the Imperial Family autonomy system, and important rules related to the Imperial Family such as the Imperial House Law were independent from the constitution, and the cabinet could not handle issues of the Imperial Family.
- 利休の茶の湯の重要な点は、名物を尊ぶ既成の価値観を否定したところにあり、一面では禁欲主義ともいえる。
- The fundamental point of Rikyu's tea was to deny the importance placed on meibutsu (famous works of art and craft), and it could be called a kind of asceticism.
- 実物写生への移行は、当時の本草学の流行にみられる実証主義的気運の高まりの影響も受けていると言われる。
- His transition to sketches was affected by the heightened momentum for positivism, as was seen in the trend for Honzogaku (Chinese botany).
- 明治33年(1900年)、鉄幹は『明星』を創刊し、与謝野晶子を擁して浪漫主義短歌の全盛時代を築いた。
- Tekkan launched the publication called 'Myojo' in 1900, and with Akiko YOSANO at his side, he was able to create the golden age of romantic tanka.
- このような社会の先達としての貴族主義から、転じて彼の政治姿勢は、藩閥に対して批判的であったとされる。
- Because he espoused aristocratism and thought nobles should lead society, it is said he had a critical attitude to domain cliques.
- 1931年総選挙で共和主義派が勝利したのを受けてブルボン家のアルフォンソ13世 (スペイン王)が退位。
- In 1931, when a party of republicans won the general election, Alfonso XIII (King of Spain) stepped down from the throne.
- 憲法施行当初は超然主義を唱えた藩閥政治家や官僚らにより天皇主権を中心とした君権学派の解釈が重用された。
- Initially, when the Constitution took effect, interpretation by the monarch school sect focusing on imperial sovereignty was valued by domain clique politicians and bureaucrats who promulgated the idea of the doctrine of superiority.
- 昭和に入ると、国家主義の高まりとともに新版本・解説書が刊行されて教育勅語の補完を目的として採用された。
- In the Showa period when nationalism was promoted, a new edition of the book and an instruction manual were published and they were used to compliment the Imperial Rescript on Education.
- 赤旗事件(あかはたじけん)とは、1908年(明治41年)6月22日に発生した社会主義者弾圧事件である。
- Aka-hata Jiken is an incident that clamped down on socialists, occurred on June 22, 1908.
- これは商業に従事する神人・供御人を抑制し、本来の神事を興行しようとする重農主義的施策と評価されている。
- This policy is appreciated as embodying physiocracy, restraining the influence of Shinjin and Kugonin engaging in commerce and encouraging the performance of true religious rituals.
- 戦後、思想、信条の自由が保障されると、戦前は取り締まりの対象であったマルクス主義の唯物史観が興隆する。
- After the War, the freedom of thought and religion was secured, the historical materialism of Marxist became popular which was targeted by regulations.
- 実証主義的な国学は明治の小中村清矩らの手によって近代以降の日本文学研究や国語学、民俗学の基礎となった。
- Kokugaku, which stressed positivism became the basis of modern Japanese Literature, National Language, and Ethnology studies because of the work of Kiyonori KONAKAMURA.
- しかしこの期待は第二次世界大戦が始まったとき、単なる楽観主義の表明に過ぎなかったことが明らかとなった。
- That proved to be no more than an expression of optimism when World War II began.
- どの官庁もお役所主義にはまり込まないで、仕事のスピードアップをはかるという点において問題があるようだ。
- Every government office seems to have problems in expediting matters without entanglement in its red tape system.
- 啄木は、自分の経済的な苦しみの原因は社会にあると考え、社会主義思想に関心を持ち国禁の書を読みふけった。
- Takuboku believed his economic problems were caused by society, developed an interest in the socialist ideology and would immerse himself in books that had been banned by the state.
- 新美 卯一郎(にいみ ういちろう、1879年1月12日 - 1911年1月24日)は明治の社会主義者。
- Uichiro NIIMI (January 12, 1879 - January 24, 1911) was a socialist of the Meiji Period.
- 長男・由正は歴史家・幣原坦の次女・澄江と結婚し、次男・古在由重はマルクス主義哲学者として知られている。
- His eldest son Yoshimasa married Sumie, who was the second daughter of a historian Taira SHIDEHARA, and his second son Yoshishige KOZAI is known as a Marxian philosopher.
- また、親政府勢力と見られた温和派(吏党)も国粋主義色を強めるにつれて政府と対決姿勢を見せる事例も現れた。
- In the meantime, some of the members of the Onwa faction (called Rito) that had been believed to be pro-government political force became strongly nationalistic and started to have conflicts with the government.
- 1906年初め、第1次西園寺内閣が成立すると、同政権の融和政策のもとで社会主義政党設立の気運が高まった。
- The first Saionji Cabinet was formed at the beginning of 1906; under the appeasement policy of the cabinet, there was a growing tendency among socialists to establish political parties.
- 明治以後は国家神道を支える理念的思想となるとともに欧化・近代化路線に対抗する国粋主義と結びつく事になる。
- After the Meiji period, national shinto was supported and at the same time it was patriotic to go against Europeanized thought and the route to modernism.
- この握手は、国際的連帯の成果として週刊『平民新聞』はもちろん、各国の社会主義陣営の機関誌等で報道された。
- This handshake was reported in the bulletins of the socialist camp of each country, needless to say in the weekly 'Heimin-shinbun', as a success of international solidarity.
- この一件によって、日本が立憲国家・法治国家として法治主義と司法権の独立を確立させたことを世に知らしめた。
- Due to this incident, Japan was known as a constitutional/law-abiding country which realized that Law and judicial power were independent.
- 現実の資本主義の世界では、組織支配が危機になると、生産性や利益の合理的な追求でさえ従属させられるのだ。
- But capitalism in the real world subordinates the rational maximization of productivity and profit to the exigencies of organizational control.
- 国臣の尚古主義は止まず、安政4年(1857年)には藩主に犬追物の復活を直訴し、無礼として幽閉されている。
- Kuniomi's interest in Shoko-shugi never stopped, and in 1857, he made a direct appeal to the lord of the domain about the revival of inuoumono (a dog-hunting event), leading him to be confined due to his rude manners.
- そうした日本の博覧会に「帝国主義の視線」という博覧会の負の側面が見え始めたのが、第5回大阪博覧会であった。
- The fifth Osaka Exhibition revealed its negative side of 'point of view of Imperialism'.
- また、欧化主義によって日本の文化を旧態依然の古い物とする考え方も登場し、伝統文化が危機に陥った事もあった。
- The idea of Japanese culture being old-fashioned was born due to the theory of Europeanization, jeopardizing Japanese traditional culture.
- 1898年、それまで別組織であった東亜会 (アジア主義団体)と同文会が合体して東京・赤坂溜池に設立された。
- The Toa-kai (Asianism group) and Dobun-kai that had been different structures joined to be founded in Akasakatameike, Tokyo in 1898.
- 1901年5月18日に結成し、党則の第1条に「我党は社会主義を実行するを以て目的とす」という一文を掲げた。
- When the party was founded on May 18, 1901, the sentence 'The objective of the party shall be to practice socialism' was adopted as Article 1 of its party constitution.
- 憲法施行に際し、時の黒田清隆首相らは、政府は政党の外に立って政策遂行にあたるべきだと主張した(超然主義)。
- In enforcing the Constitution, the then Prime Minister Kiyotaka KURODA and others insisted that the government should execute its policies without being influenced by political parties, which was called Chozen shugi (Transcendentalism).
- しかし欧米の研究者たちは、義和団は帝国主義に自覚的でなく単に外国人恐怖症からくる排外運動だと主張している。
- However, researchers from Europe and the US emphasized that Boxers were unaware of the empire doctrine, and the anti-foreign movement was born from simple xenophobia.
- 日本の軍事史(にほんのぐんじし)は、国内安定から長い封建的な戦いと帝国主義による海外遠征に特徴づけられる。
- Japanese military history is characterized by the long feudal battles inside the nation and the overseas expedition during the age of imperialism.
- 1898年から1906年にかけて民政長官を務めた後藤新平は自らの特別統治主義に基づいた台湾政策を実施した。
- Shinpei GOTO, who served as Chief of Home Affairs from 1898 to 1906, introduced the governing policy of Taiwan based upon his own special governance.
- たとえばマルクス主義的な発展段階論においては周代中国を奴隷社会であるか古代荘園社会であるかが論争となった。
- For example, in the development stage theory of Marx, it is argued whether China in the Zhou period was a slavery society or an ancient manor-based society, therefore, it is not easy to settle the dispute.
- リベラル派や保守派・リバータリアンは全体主義を批判するけれども、まったく詐欺師・偽善者もいいところである。
- The liberals and conservatives and libertarians who lament totalitarianism are phonies and hypocrites.
- 兇徒が所持していた「斬奸状」は、大村襲撃の理由が彼の急進開化主義に対する強い反感にあったことを表している。
- According to the assassins' 'Zankan-jo,' or statement of reasons for carrying out an assassination, they were strongly opposed to Omura's radical reforms.
- 民友社は政府主導の鹿鳴館文化を貴族的欧化であると見なし、平民的欧化主義の立場から政府批判を繰り返していた。
- Minyu-sha saw the Rokumeikan-bunka Culture, led by the government, as an aristocratic Europeanism and continued to criticize the government from the position of the commoners' Europeanism.
- こうした「人間の展示」の背後には、当時席巻していた社会進化論と人種差別主義というイデオロギーが介在していた。
- Behind those 'human exhibition', there were ideologies such as evolutionism and racism which spread globally at that time.
- 岩倉の命令を受けた井上はドイツ帝国を樹立したプロシア王国式に倣った君権主義国家が妥当とする意見書を作成した。
- Inoue made a proposal that a state system modeled after the Kingdom of Prussia, which established German Empire and had the royal prerogative, was appropriate.
- 明治末期には、ドイツ歴史学派の影響による発展段階史観が唱えられ、またマルクス主義による唯物史観が紹介された。
- Towards the end of the Meiji period, evolution phase-based views of history was advocated affected by the German historical school, and materialistic views of history based on Marxism was introduced to Japan as well.
- 一方、明治政府の立場からは、天皇を中心とする国民国家を建設するため、国家主義的な歴史叙述が構築されていった。
- On the other hand, from the viewpoint of building a nation-state centered on the Emperor, the Meiji government developed nationalistic descriptions of history.
- 明治5年(1872年)には徴兵制度を採用し、国民皆兵主義となったため、士族による軍事的職業の独占は破られた。
- Since the government introduced a conscription system in 1872 and Japan became a nation with universal conscription, the military forces were no longer monopolized by the warrior class.
- 同年は一年のうちに10作を製作するなど多作なところを見せ、その内容も探偵劇から表現主義風までと様々であった。
- Producing ten films that year, Mizoguchi demonstrated that he was a prolific director: their genres were mixed, ranging from a detective story to an expressionist style.
- 学生運動の経験もあり、安保反対・米軍撤退を主張しているが、既成の左翼の権力主義的な行動を激しく論難し続けた。
- While Oshima experienced campus activism, showing objections against a security alliance and insists on the withdrawal of U.S. troops, he strongly continues to criticize authoritarian activities of the conventional left wing.
- 現代では資本主義列強の日本に対する圧力や外資進出などこれまでの常識を覆す存在の代名詞的に用いられることがある。
- Today, the term is used at times to symbolize external pressure on Japan, such as by capitalist powers, or entry of foreign capital in the country that can destroy existing conventions.
- 両書は「脱亜論」へのコメントを含む新書版であったため、以来、「脱亜論」は日本帝国主義の理論として有名になった。
- Because both of them were paperbacks containing comments on 'Datsu-A Ron,' the editorial became notorious as the theory of Japanese Imperialism since then.
- 明治20年に実証主義史学の祖レオポルト・フォン・ランケの弟子に当たるルードビヒ・リースが帝国大学に招聘された。
- In 1887, Ludwig Riess, a disciple of Leopold von Ranke, the founder of positivism-based history, was invited to Imperial University.
- 第二次世界大戦が終わると、共産主義や近代政治学(前記の丸山眞男ら)の立場などから天皇制批判が数多く提議された。
- After World War II, there came numerous criticisms of the Tennosei from the perspective of communism and modern political science (from people such as Masao MARUYAMA who was mentioned above).
- こうした皇室制度は、国民から隔絶した絶対的な権力を有する天皇制天皇制絶対主義であると規定する学者も少なくない。
- There are many scholars that define this system of Imperial Household as the system of absolutism by the Emperor, which holds absolute powers that are isolated from the people.
- また土地調査事業は、申告主義による所有権確立が目的だったが、周知の不徹底や課税を恐れ不申告の土地が多数有った。
- Though the land research project aimed at establishing ownership by declaration, there were a large number of lands undeclared due to insufficient announcement and fear of taxation.
- この時代は農本主義のため、幕府・大名の拠点のある城を中心とした町(城下町)の他は基本的に農村と考えられていた。
- Due to the agricultural fundamentalism of this period, places other than towns around castles (castle town), the base of the shogunate government or each daimyo, were basically considered to be agricultural communities.
- 神勅については、近世以前まではことさらな国粋主義的国学者などを別にすれば特に強調されることのない概念であった。
- Shinchoku was a concept that received less emphasis, except for nationalistic scholars of the Japanese classics, before modern times.
- 桃水とけじめをつけるかのように全く異なる幸田露伴風の理想主義的な小説『うもれ木』を刊行し、一葉の出世作となる。
- As if to emphasize the end of her relationship with Tosui, she published 'Umoregi' (literally, Buried Wood), an idealistic novel in the style of Rohan KODA; it was completely different from her previous works, and it became the one that made her career.
- また、古典では従来の研究を集大成し、宋学の影響を受け、一種の合理主義的な立場から、神仏儒教の三教一致を説いた。
- In addition, he extended the earlier research on Japanese classics and, influenced by the Sung Study, lectured on Unity of the Three Creeds of Shinto, Buddhism, and Confucianism from his stance on one aspect of Rationalism.
- この「大臣」とは森のことではないのかと、急進的な洋化主義者であった森は人々から疑いの目が向けられる事となった。
- People suspected that the 'Minister' could be Mori because he was a radical westernizationist.
- しかし1889年(明治22年)の大日本帝国憲法発布式典の当日、国粋主義者・西野文太郎により刺殺されてしまった。
- On the day when the Constitution of the Empire of Japan was issued in 1889, however, he was stabbed to death by a nationalist, Buntaro NISHINO.
- 他方で政党に対しても批判を加えることを忘れず、政党が猟官主義に走る単なる「徒党」と化していることを嘆いていた。
- On the other hand, he criticized other political parties, because political parties acted on the spoils system and became mere cliques.
- 1900年(明治33年)9月15日、超然主義の破綻と政党政治の必要性を感じた伊藤博文が自らの与党として組織した。
- On September 15, 1900, Hirobumi ITO organized it as his ruling party since he became aware of the collapse of the doctrine of superiority and the necessity of party government.
- また重商主義政策の放棄により、田沼時代に健全化した財政は再び悪化に転じ、もはや倹約令ごときでは回復不能であった。
- And his abandonment of mercantilistic policy turned bakufu finance, which had been healthy in the Tanuma period, for the worse once again, and the finance was degraded to the level that was not reversible merely by a sumptuary decree or the like.
- 1946年 連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指導により軍国主義の温床として解散、人員や財産は財団法人國學院大學が吸収
- 1946: Koten Kokyujo was defined as a hotbed of militarism by, and dissolved under the guidance of, the General Headquarters, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, and its staff and assets were absorbed by the Incorporated Foundation Kokugakuin University.
- 青春の哀歓を謳歌した抒情歌が多く、自然主義の歌人として牧水の名を広め、ついには歌壇的地位を獲得するまでに至った。
- There were many lyric poems singing the praise of joys and sorrows of youth in Betsuri that made Bokusui a prominent naturalistic poet who ultimately came to acquire a status in the circle of poets.
- 1940年には米内内閣が畑俊六陸相の単独辞職により崩壊するなど、日本の軍国主義の深刻化に拍車をかけることになった。
- The single resignation of War Minister Shunroku HATA in 1940 caused the Yonai Cabinet to fail and spurred Japanese militarism to further intensify.
- 多くは天明の大飢饉や江戸幕府の重商主義政策による農業の破綻により、農村で生活を営むことが不可能になった百姓だった。
- Yet, many of them were farmers who became impossible to live in the farm village because of the Tenmei Famine or agricultural failure caused by the Mercantilism policy of Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 美濃部の著書である『憲法撮要』『逐条憲法精義』『日本国憲法ノ基本主義』の3冊は、出版法違反として発禁処分となった。
- His three books, 'Kenpo Satsuyo' (Compendium of the Constitution), 'Chikujo Kenpo Seigi' (Additional Commentaries on the Constitution), and 'Nihonkoku Kenpo no Kihon Shugi' (Fundamental principle of the Constitution of Japan) were banned for violation of Publishing Act.
- 京都赤旗事件(きょうとあかはたじけん)とは、1920年(大正9年)11月30日に発生した社会主義者弾圧事件である。
- The Kyoto Red Flag Incident was a crackdown on socialists that occurred on November 30, 1920.
- 宣長の『古事記伝』は、近世における古事記研究の頂点をなし、最初の実証主義的かつ文献学的な研究として評価されている。
- Norinaga's 'Kojikiden' is regarded as a top-level study of Kojiki in the pre-modern period and appreciated as the first positivist, philological work.
- 意次が大胆な重商主義政策を推進し得たのも家治の後援あってのことであり、後述する通り家治の死によって意次は失脚する。
- Okitsugu was able to promote a daring mercantilism policy due entirely to Ieharu's support and, as mentioned later, Okitsugu lost his position upon the death of Ieharu.
- しかし、社会の初期資本主義化によって、町人・役人の生活が金銭中心のものとなり、そのために事実として賄賂が横行した。
- However, due to this early capitalism of their society, the lives of the townspeople and officials became focused on money, and bribes were rampant.
- ドイツ留学中に知ったドイツロマン主義の画家、カスパー・ダーヴィト・フリードリヒを日本に初めて紹介したのも彼である。
- It was he who introduced for the first time to Japan, Caspar David Friedrich, a German romanticist painter he had become acquainted with during his time studying in Germany.
- また、伊藤は超然主義を放棄して自由党 (明治)総裁板垣退助を内務大臣 (日本)として入閣させて、同党の与党化を図る。
- In addition, ITO gave up the doctrine of superiority and took Taisuke ITAGAKI, the president of the Liberal Party (Meiji period) into the Cabinet as the Minister of Home Affairs (Japan), to include this party to the ruling party.
- 嫡系皇位継承法説の根拠としては、文武以降の皇位継承が嫡系継承であること、律令が嫡系主義をとっていることが挙げられる。
- Imperial Legitimate Child Succession Code Theory stands on the basis that since after Monmu, the Imperial Throne had been succeeded by imperial legitimate children, and that Ritsuryo (the legal codes of the Nara and Heian Periods) support the legitimate child succession principle.
- 朱子学は支配イデオロギーとなったが、それ故に体制擁護としての作用が肥大化し、かつての道徳主義の側面が失われていった。
- As Shushigaku became the dominant ideology, its function of protecting the regime became increasingly emphasized, and as a result, the element of moralism was getting lost.
- ただし書物だけにとらわれず自分の足で歩き目で見、手で触り、あるいは口にすることで確かめるという実証主義的な面を持つ。
- Having been a positivist, he gained knowledge not only from books, but also from his experience through walking, seeing, using hands and tasting.
- 超然主義を取って議会との対立を続けるよりも自らが目指す近代国家の方向性を実現させるための政党結成に乗り出す事を考えた。
- He started to think of forming a new political party that would lead a modern nation that he wished to create instead of supporting transcendentalism and continuing to have a conflict with the Diet.
- 後に谷干城の懇話会や民党の立憲改進党などと連携して対外硬路線を採り、政府の超然主義・藩閥政治・条約改正路線を批判した。
- Later it supported a hard-line foreign policy collaborating with the Konwa-kai of Tateki TANI and the Constitutional Progressive Party of minto, and criticized government for its policy of transcendentalism, han-dominated politics and treaty revision.
- そのため、日本経済も着実な資本の蓄積よりも投機に流れるようになり、日本の近代資本主義の形成が阻害される結果ともなった。
- For this reason, the Japanese economy shifted its focus from the steady accumulation of capital to the speculation, which ended up hindering Japan from establishing itself as a modern capitalistic nation.
- 更に、農村は綿織物業等に従事した女性労働力に代表されるように低賃金労働力を創出し、日本の資本主義の発達を大いに促した。
- Moreover, agricultural villages provided cheap labor, as typified by the female labor that worked in cotton textile industry, and promoted the development of the Japanese capitalism.
- 1900年にやはり安部らが結成した社会主義協会 (1900年)は、4年後に第1次桂内閣により解散の憂き目に遭っている。
- The Socialist Association, established by ABE and others in 1900, was also forced into dissolution by the first Katsura Cabinet four years after the establishment.
- 私はそれに引き付けられて、それを採用し、ぶっきらぼうな反対や真正面からの議論を止め、謙遜な探究者、懐疑主義者を装った。
- I was charmed with it, adopted it, dropped my abrupt contradiction and positive argumentation, and put on the humble inquirer and doubter.
- 大観は、熱烈な勤王派であった父・捨彦、思想家としても著名であり国粋主義者とも称された師・岡倉天心の影響を色濃く受けた。
- Taikan was strongly affected by Sutehiko, his father and an ardent loyalist, and his teacher, Tenshin OKAKURA, who was well known as a thinker and was characterized as an ultranationalist.
- 数多くの作品をコンスタントに生み出す原動力となったのは、岡田茂体勢で確立した利益優先主義による作品の多ジャンル化である。
- The driving force for the constant production of films in a variety of genres was the profit-oriented business philosophy during the leadership of company president Shigeru OKADA.
- 清朝廷中心の中華思想、小中華思想への急激な回帰、事大主義政治の復活が起き、そうして金玉均などの開化派は危機的状況に陥る。
- With the movement to a sudden return to Sinocentrism and petit Shinocentrism to have the Qing Dynasty in the middle and revival of the administration based on the Sadaejuui policy, members of the Progressive group such as Ok-gyun KIM were in trouble.
- 戊申詔書による風紀引き締めと同時に社会主義運動を弾圧、幸徳事件の摘発や南北朝正閏問題への介入、出版物の取締強化を行った。
- The cabinet not only enforced discipline by Boshin Shosho (imperial edict, decree issued in 1908) but also cracked down on socialism, conducted the prosecution of Kotoku Incident (The High Treason Incident), intervened the legitimacy of the Northern and Southern Dynasties and strictly regulated publishing.
- 明治維新後の政治体制を、絶対王政とみなし「絶対主義天皇制」と規定したのは、主に唯物史観を取り入れた左派の歴史学者である。
- It was the left-wing historians with the materialist concept who called the political system after the Meiji Restoration as 'Absolute Tennosei' regarding it as absolute monarchism.
- 天皇を除けば、すべての身分・階層が法のもとに拘束される原則が支配している点で、律令法は一種の法治主義の特色をもっている。
- Ritsuryo law can be characterized as a kind of nomocracy, in that the dominant principle was that all classes and ranks other than the Emperor are bound by law.
- 戦後は21年に絹代出演の民主主義的映画「女性の勝利」で復帰したが、「元禄忠臣蔵」での大失敗が尾を引いたのか不調が続いた。
- In 1946 after World War II, he came back with the democracy film 'Josei no shori' (The Victory of Women) featuring Kinuyo, but his movies remained unsuccessful, possibly affected by his utter failure of 'Genroku chushingura.'
- カルヴァン主義は、もしそれが四世紀前でなく今日出現したなら、すぐにそして適切に、カルトというラベルをはられたに違いない。
- which if it emerged today instead of four centuries ago would immediately and appropriately be labeled a cult.
- 中には、マルクス主義や大半のアナキズムのように、ほかに信じられるものがないので、一層頑なに労働を信仰するものさえある。
- Some of them, like Marxism and most brands of anarchism, believe in work all the more fiercely because they believe in so little else.
- 1887年~91年の間に出された写実主義小説『浮雲 (二葉亭四迷)』は言文一致体で書かれ、日本の近代小説の先駆となった。
- His realistic novel 'Ukigumo'(the drifting cloud), published from 1887 to 1891, was written in a style unifying written and spoken language, and became the forerunner of modern Japanese novels.
- 特に新渡戸はキリスト教徒の多いアメリカの現実、拝金主義や人種差別に衝撃をうけ同時にキリスト者の倫理観の高さに感銘を受けた。
- Especially Nidobe was struck by the realty of America where many Christians lived, such as mammonism and racism and were also impressed by the ethics of the Christians.
- そして国防方針は外交で国家の発展を確保し、その上で有事においては先制主義と短期決戦を軍事ドクトリンとすることが定められた。
- And the policy for national defense stated to ensure national development in diplomacy and to set first-strike principal and short-term operation in a military contingency as the military doctrine.
- それまでの日本に存在しなかった個人主義に基づく小説という文学が登場するなど、江戸時代以前とは大きく異なった文化が展開した。
- Culture largely different from that during the Edo period or before developed: For example, the literature called novels based on individualism, had not existed until then in Japan, were introduced.
- 帝国主義の国として欧米列強と肩を並べ、勢いを得て第一次世界大戦にも参戦、勝利の側につき国中が国威の発揚に沸いた時代である。
- During this period, as a country of imperialism, Japan ranked with the western powers, which invigorated them to join the victorious side in World War I, and the whole nation were thrilled with the enhancement of the national prestige.
- 顕昭と定家の説に大きな違いはないものの、考証主義的な六条藤家と芸術的解釈の御子左家の観点の違いが反映された部分も見られる。
- Although there is no significant difference between Kensho's views and Teika's, some parts reflect differences in the bases of viewpoints between the Rokujo Toke who favored the historical authenticity and the Mikohidari family who favored the artistic interpretation.
- 国文学者らは悪しき実証主義に陥って明言を避けているが、文学者らは藤原定家がその作者であるということは明々白々であるとする。
- Experts on Japanese literature avoid definite statements because they are trapped in positivism, but literature experts say it is clear that Sadaie FUJIWARA is the author.
- だが、研究会主流派は1927年に研究会規則を緩めて決議拘束主義の適用除外特例を定めたものの、根本的な改革については拒絶した。
- The mainstream group in the Kenkyukai relaxed regulations of the group in 1927 to admit special cases to which Ketsugi kosoku shugi was not applied, but refused radical reform.
- 中国・大韓民国では、「脱亜論」は「アジア蔑視および侵略肯定論」であり、福澤諭吉は侵略主義者として批判的に取り上げられている。
- In China and South Korea, 'Datsu-A Ron' is 'a theory of disrespecting Asia and approving foreign invasion' and Yukichi FUKUZAWA has been treated critically as a person who supported aggressive foreign policy.
- さらに、戦後大きく後退していた日本の歴史の独自性を強調する立場が、平成初年頃から自由主義史観と称してその主張を展開している。
- In addition, the power of strongly insisting on the uniqueness of Japanese history, which has become considerably weaker after the war, has insisted its views as liberalism-based views of history.
- 百錬鉄火 - 鎬を削るような厳しい訓練や戦闘の数々という意味で、軍国主義にあった時代に、百戦錬磨に掛けて使われた言葉である。
- Hyakuren Tekka - is a word that was used to describe various hard trainings and battles in which people engage with a fierce struggle, and it was used during the period of militarism, playing on words linked with hyakusen renma (experiencing various battles to become battle-wised).
- 生涯で残した全57本の作品は、「強烈な自我を持ち、愛憎のためなら死をも厭わない個人主義」=ヨーロッパ的人間観に貫かれている。
- All the 57 films he directed in his life consistently demonstrate a sort of European perspective of humans, that conceives 'an individualism with a strong self that enables a man to sacrifice his life for love and hate.'
- 同年10月、アメリカン・ボード海外伝道部の年次大会で日本でキリスト教主義大学の設立を訴え、5,000ドルの寄付の約束を得る。
- In October of the same year, at the annual meeting of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Joe requested funding to establish a Christian university in Japan, and secured the promise of a donation of 5000 dollars.
- 小栗風葉は「中年の恋」という主題にのみ着目して、「蒲団」に続いて「恋ざめ」を書いたが、自然主義陣営の仲間入りはできなかった。
- Fuyo OGURI wrote 'Koizame' in his attempt to follow after Katai's 'Futon' by focusing on the 'love of a middle-aged person', yet this theme was partial compared to the dense themes of 'Futon' and OGURI could not participate in the community of naturalism movement.
- 2人の婚礼からはじまり、主人公民間党員(官民協和論者)、政党不要論者、過激共産主義者などが登場するが、主人公の勝利におわる。
- The story began with the wedding of Motoi and Oharu followed by the appearance of various characters such as an advocate for getting rid of political parties and a radical communist in addition to the leading character of the story, a civil party member (a harmonious public-private relationship advocate), who was victorious at the end.
- また同年来日した清国の洋務運動知識人の王韜との交遊を契機に、翌年結成された日本最初の本格的アジア主義団体・興亜会に参加した。
- He formed a friendship with Wang Tao, a Qing's intellectual involved in the Western Affairs Movement, who came to Japan in the same year (1879), and influenced by the association with Wang, he took part in Koakai group, the first organization of full-blown Asianism in Japan founded the following year.
- 第一国立銀行や王子製紙・日本郵船・東京証券取引所などといった多種多様の企業の設立・経営に関わり、日本資本主義の父と呼ばれる。
- He was involved in the establishment and management of a variety of companies including the First National Bank, Oji Paper, Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha (NYK Line) and the Tokyo Stock Exchange and was called the father of capitalism in Japan.
- この頃に国臣の尚古主義は本格的になっており、安政元年(1854年)に帰国する際に古制の袴を着て、古風な太刀を差して出立した。
- At this time, Kuniomi was seriously absorbed in Shoko Shugi, and on his returning home in 1854, he left Edo wearing old hakama (loose-legged pleated trousers for formal wear) and an antique sword.
- 殖産興業(しょくさんこうぎょう)とは、明治政府が西洋諸国に対抗し、産業、資本主義育成により国家の近代化を推進した諸政策を指す。
- Shokusan-kogyo is the policies in which the Meiji government accelerated modernization of the nation by encouraging industry and nurturing capitalism in order to compete with Western countries.
- 1898年のいわゆる「隈板内閣」の成立に危機感を抱いた超然主義者の貴族院議員が無所属団を発足させて幸倶楽部内に事務所を設けた。
- Some members of the House of Peers with the doctrine of superiority, who had a sense of crisis about the establishment of so-called Okuma-Itagaki cabinet in 1898, set up an independent group and maintained its office in the Saiwai-club building.
- 彼は歌舞伎の根底に流れているのが危険な軍国主義ではなく人間のドラマであることを知っていたので、次々に禁止演目を縮小していった。
- As he was aware that the basis of kabuki was a human drama rather than dangerous militarism, he reduced the number of prohibited programs one after another.
- しかし、政党政治の不全が顕著になり、議会の統制を受けない軍部が台頭すると、軍国主義が主張され、天皇を絶対視する思想が広まった。
- However, when malfunction of the party government became pronounced and the military which wasn't controlled by the diet gained power, the militarism was insisted and the concept accepting the emperor as holy writ prevailed.
- 朝鮮民主主義人民共和国での黄砂の実態は、同国に関する情報が対外的にほとんど発表されていないため、あまり詳細にはわかっていない。
- The reality of Kosa in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) is little known, because almost all of the information about the nation is not announced externally.
- また1902年末に抗日運動を制圧した後は、台湾総督府は日本の内地法を超越した存在として、特別統治主義が採用されることとなった。
- After the anti-Japanese movement was put down at the end of 1902, the Sotoku-fu became an entity not subject to Japanese law and the special governance approach was adopted.
- 後の洋装の写真などから、歳三は合理主義者で便利なものは便利と受け取る柔軟さをもっており、舶来の懐中時計なども持っていたという。
- As can be seen from his photo of a later year dressed in western clothing, it is said that Toshizo was a rationalist and had the flexibility to accept useful things; for example, he owned a western pocket watch, etc.
- やがてこのような実力主義社会から地方的な公権力として戦国大名が各地に領国を形成し、限られた範囲内での「公儀」=公権力を形成した。
- Under such society based on meritocracy, sengoku daimyo (warring lords) established their own territories at various places and formed 'kogi'(authorities) equaling the official authority effective only inside their territories.
- 近年では朝鮮民主主義人民共和国の工作船事件などで軍事上の重要度が高まり、舞鶴飛行場が建設され舞鶴航空隊や特別警備隊が配備された。
- In recent years, its military importance is increasing due to incidences involving North Korean covert-operation boats; therefore the Maizuru Air Port was built to deploy the Maizuru Fleet Air Force and the Special Boarding Unit
- 「天皇制」という用語は「君主制」を意味するドイツ語のMonarchieの和訳とされ、本来はマルクス主義者が使用した造語であった。
- The word 'Tennosei' was a translated term of the German word 'Monarchie' which means 'monarchy' in English and was originally a new word Marxists coined.
- 大正デモクラシーは戦後民主主義を形成する遺産として大きな意味を持ったと指摘する論者もエドウィン・O・ライシャワーをはじめ数多い。
- There are many, including Edwin O. REISCHAUER, who argue that the Taisho Democracy holds great significance as the heritage that laid the foundation for postwar democracy in Japan.
- 特筆すべきは検索が容易な平安前期の史書で特に先例を調べるのに便宜を図っており、原文主義をとって余計な文章の改変を一切排している。
- It is worth noting that the book provides convenience for referring the precedents in the texts of the early Heian period in particular which are easy for searching, and unnecessary modifications to the text were all avoided true to the original text.
- 敗戦後、護国神社は軍国主義施設と見なされ、存続を図るために名称から「護国神社」の文字を外して地名などを元に改称を余儀なくされた。
- After the war, Gokoku-jinja Shrines were deemed to be militaristic institutions and thus were forced to change names based on, e.g., the name of the place, deleting 'Gokoku-jinja,' to survive.
- その一方で、超然主義を支持する他会派とは違い、自由民権運動系の政党への敵意は弱く、第1次大隈内閣に対しては好意的な中立を維持した。
- On the other hand, it was different from other factions that supported the nonparty principle, and with less hostility toward parties for the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, it favorably maintained neutrality toward the first Okuma Cabinet.
- 戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は、日本の軍国主義の温床となった寄生地主制を改革するために農地改革を断行し、自作農が多く誕生した。
- After the war, the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) pushed through the farmland reform to reform the parasitic landlord system which had become a hotbed of Japanese militarism, and it turned many farmers into land-owning farmers.
- 大川周明は、共産主義革命に対抗して天皇を頂点とする「錦旗革命(きんきかくめい)」を起こして、日本を正しい方向に導くべきだと唱えた。
- Against the communist revolution, Shumei OKAWA argued for 'Kinki Revolution' that aimed to steer Japan in the right direction with an emperor at the top.
- 戦後は連合国軍最高司令官総司令部(GHQ)の占領下に置かれ、象徴天皇制、国民主権、平和主義などに基づく日本国憲法を新たに制定した。
- After the war, Japan was placed under control of General Headquarters (GHQ), and enacted the Constitution of Japan based upon the national system with Emperor as a symbol of the unity of the people, on popular sovereignty and on pacifism.
- このことが汎ゲルマン主義を唱えるドイツや、同じくバルカンへの侵略を企むオーストリアとの対立を招き、第一次世界大戦の引き金となった。
- This led Russia into a direct confrontation with Germany, which advocated Pan-Germanism and Austria which planned to invade the Balkans the conditions that would set off the First World War was set.
- ヨーロッパ文学に精通した島崎藤村や平田禿木などと知り合い自然主義文学に触れあった一葉は、「雪の日」など複数作品を「文學界」で発表。
- Ichiyo became acquainted with Toson SHIMAZAKI and Tokuboku HIRATA, both of whom were well-versed in European literature; having come into contact with naturalistic literature, Ichiyo published multiple works including 'Yuki no Hi' (literally, Snowy Day) in 'Bungakukai.'
- 若いころマルクス主義に傾倒し、キリスト教にも触れた近藤の社会の現実に触れた鋭い眼差しと清新な抒情は社会派歌人と言われるに相応しい。
- The sharp eye and fresh lyricism of Kondo, who admired Marxism when he was young and who also came into contact with Christianity, are ideally suited for someone who can be said to be poet of the social school of thought.
- 1888年、志賀重昂・杉浦重剛らと政教社を設立し、国粋主義の立場を主張する為、『日本人』を創刊する(後に『日本及日本人』に改題)。
- In 1888, he established a publishing company Seikyosha together with Shigetaka SHIGA and Jugo SUGIURA, and started a new magazine named 'Nipponjin' (Japanese, later changed to 'Nippon oyobi Nipponjin' Japan and Japanese) to advocate nationalism.
- ちなみに、そのドイツ三部作をめぐって石橋忍月と論争を、また『しがらみ草紙』上で坪内逍遥の記実主義を批判して没理想論争を繰り広げた。
- Furthermore, he had a dispute with Ningetsu ISHIBASHI about his three books on Germany, and also instigated a dispute on 'anti-idealism,' by publishing critical comments in his 'Shigarami Soshi' (Constraint Brochure) about realism as advocated by Shoyo TSUBOUCHI.
- 政治運動に命をかけるという人物モデルにもなり、自由民権運動の活動家や、明治社会主義者の一部にも「志士」という理想像が共有されていた。
- The term 'Shishi' came to symbolize a person who puts his life towards political activity, such as the activists for Civic Rights, and Meiji Period socialists.
- 儒教は本来合理的な思考を有しており、儒教思想の興隆は合理主義的な歴史叙述、例えば新井白石の『読史余論』『古史通』などとして結実した。
- Confucianism is originally provided with rational thinking, and the state of Confucian thought being widely accepted produced descriptions of history based on something like rationalism: Tokushi Yoron (lessons from History) and Koshitsu (study book about ancient history), both of which were written by Hakuseki ARAI, are such examples.
- 続く文久の改革によって銃術・砲術を修めた旗本たちの中から実力主義によって士官が選抜されるなどの急速な軍制改革が行われるようになった。
- In the following Bunkyu Reforms (reforms in the Bunkyu era [1861 - 1864]), the military system was reformed rapidly: For example, military officers were selected among the hatamoto who had completed the training of rifle shooting and gunnery, based on their competence.
- また、パナマのマヌエル・ノリエガ、イラクのサッダーム・フセイン、朝鮮民主主義人民共和国の金日成・金正日父子なども「将軍」と呼ばれた。
- Also, Manuel Noriega of Panama, Saddam Hussein of Iraq and Kim Il Song and son Kim Jong Il of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea were called 'shogun.'
- 関東大震災後の改組問題で雪嶺が退社したのちの政教社は、五百木良三・三井甲之ら日本主義者によって牛耳られるようになり、4月に解散した。
- After Setsurei resigned from Seikyo-sha in a reorganization after the Great Kanto Earthquake, Seikyo-sha began to be dominated by nationalists such as Ryozo IOGI and Koshi MITSUI, and was finally dissolved in April.
- 紅葉の作品は、その華麗な文章によって世に迎えられ、欧化主義に批判的な潮流から、井原西鶴を思わせる風俗描写の巧みさによって評価された。
- Koyo's novels were favorably received by the public for their elegant style and valued by those who were critical of Europeanism for the skillful descriptions of customs and manners that reminded them of Saikaku IHARA.
- 戦時中は短文「シンガポール陥落」等を発表して当時の軍国主義的風潮に流される傾向にあったにもかかわらず、敗戦後は掌を返したように変節。
- He published short essays ('The Fall of Singapore' and others) during the war, and tended to follow the militaristic trend of the time; however, after the defeat, he changed his attitude completely.
- また、超然主義に対しても行き過ぎた議会軽視であると批判的であり、法制局長官としては議会に有利な判断を下すことも多かったとされている。
- It is said that he also criticized the doctrine of superiority due to its excessive disrespect for the parliament, and he made a lot of judgments in favor of the parliament for his position, Director General of the Cabinet Legislation Bureau.
- 一方、逆説的であるが興亜論(後の時代では「大アジア主義」)の考えこそが、中国・朝鮮への進出を押し進めたという説も有力に主張されている。
- On the other hand, paradoxically, there is a widely-accepted theory that Pan-Asianism (a movement that Asian nations unite and solidify and create a continental identity to defeat the designs of the Western nations to perpetuate hegemony) led Japan to the invasions of China and Korea.
- すなわちそのスタンスの違いから愛国主義だったといえるのか、あるいはナショナリズムの覚醒と言えるのかという点で論者の意見が分かれている。
- In other words, each debater has a different opinion on whether the Boxers had a patriotic doctrine or were the stimulant for nationalism.
- 律令制には一種の罪刑法定主義の原則があって、裁判は成文の法規に準拠しなければならなかったが、天皇は法によって拘束されない存在であった。
- There was a kind of legality principle in the ritsuryo system, which required trials to comply with statutory law while the Emperor was not bound by law.
- 朝鮮王朝は農本主義を国是としており、本来なら国内で産出することの無い必要最小限の物資の入手を除けば外国との交易を必要としていなかった。
- The Korean Dynasty maintained the government policy that the agriculture should be the base of the country's economy, and they basically had no need to trade with foreign countries except for some materials which were not produced within the country.
- これら戦後の歴史学は一般的に「戦後史学」と呼ばれ、こうした戦後民主主義の流れの中で、従来の価値観である皇国史観も衰退することとなった。
- This historical studies after the War are generally called 'History after the War,' and the Kokokushikan, which was the existing concept of values, decayed during the stream of post modern democracy.
- - 「教育基本法改正に伴い愛国心の表現を盛り込む事が、戦前の国家主義的な教育への転換になるのでは」という在日外国報道協会代表質問に対し
- This remark was made in reply to the question from representative of Foreign Press in Japan, 'Will including the expression of patriotism following the revision of the Fundamental Law of Education result in the conversion of the education style to the prewar nationalistic education?'
- 後のプロレタリア作家徳永直が感謝の言葉を綴っており、社会主義者片山潜から村田に宛てた手紙が『新映画』一九二三年七月号に掲載されている。
- Sunao TOKUNAGA who became a proletarian writer later wrote appreciative words, and a letter from Sen KATAYAMA, a socialist to Murata was published in 'Shin eiga' (literally 'New Movie') in July 1923 issue.
- 彼の思想は江戸時代後期の尊皇攘夷思想にも影響し、日本固有の文化を求めるため、日本の優越性を主張する国粋主義や皇国史観にも影響を与えた。
- Atsutane's ideas influenced both the development of the Sonno joi (revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians) ideology at the end of the Edo period as well as the principle of Kokujun (keeping Japan's culture pure) and Kokokukan (the theory that Japanese history is centered around Japan's Emperors), both of which stressed the preeminence of Japan.
- 5月5日には、支那事変のためとして、国家総動員法や電力国家管理法を成立させ、経済の戦時体制を導入し、日本の国家社会主義化が開始された。
- On May 5, with the enactment of the National Mobilization Act and the Government Control of Power Act and the introduction of wartime economics, Japan entered a period of national socialization.
- ところが、日清戦争を機に国粋主義に傾倒していった蘇峰を竹越が批判したことから対立し、明治28年(1895年)12月に民友社を退社する。
- However, the criticism that Takekoshi made to Soho's commitment to nationalism after the Sino-Japanese War caused a conflict between them, and Takekoshi left Minyu-sha in December 1895.
- 一方、元田の理念はそのままの形では実現されなかったものの、その儒教的・絶対的な天皇中心主義は『教育勅語』という形で実現することになった。
- On the other hand, Motoda's idea was not realized in its original form but his Confucian and absolute Imperialism was realized in the form of the 'Kyoiku Chokugo' (Imperial Rescript on Education).
- 表現主義映画「カリガリ博士」公開、「借地法・借家法」「メートル法」公布、「大日本蹴球協会」(現・日本サッカー協会)創立、「足尾銅山争議」
- Release of an expressionism movie 'Come Back, Dr. Caligari,' proclamation of 'Land Lease and House Lease Act' and of the metric system, foundation of 'Dainihon Shukyu Kyokai' (Japan Football Association) (present Japan Football Association), and 'Ashio Copper Mine Mineral Pollution Incident'
- 理由はいろいろ考えられるが、最も大きな理由はマルクス主義の魅力が薄れ、中国史に発展段階論を当てはめることの意義を疑い始めたからであろう。
- Various reasons can be cited, but the biggest reason is that Marxism became less appealing and people are now skeptical about the significance of applying development stage theory to Chinese history.
- 本書は、著者自身の見解を叙述するのではなく、律令格式や国史の記事、和漢の典籍を引用することによって語らしむ引証主義的方法を採用している。
- This document was not described based on the author's own opinions, but was written using the reference-based method in which explanations were made by citing laws of codes and ethics (conduct), descriptions in national histories and Japanese/Chinese dictionaries.
- 旧来の人道主義路線に戻り、ホームドラマの傑作『雪割草』、自身が被爆者であることの思いを込めて原爆を扱った『長崎の歌は忘れじ』を発表した。
- Returning to his former humanitarian path, Tasaka released the family drama masterpiece 'Yukiwariso' (Hepatica), and 'Nagasaki no Uta wa Wasureji' (I'll Never Forget the Song of Nagasaki) into which he incorporated his own experiences as an atomic bomb victim to raise the issue of the atomic bomb.
- 新体制運動を展開し、全政党を自主的に解散させ、8月15日の民政党の解散をもって、日本に政党が存在しなくなり、議会制民主主義は死を迎えた。
- As the new order movement developed, all political parties were made to disband, and with the August 15th dissolution of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Minseito), the last political party in Japan disappeared and parliamentary democracy came to an end.
- 倹約の奨励や富の蓄積を天命の実現と見る考え方はアメリカの社会学者ロバート・ニーリ・ベラーによってカルヴァン主義商業倫理の日本版とされた。
- Since he encouraged thrifty and regarded accumulation of wealth as achievement of God's will, American sociologist Robert Neelly Bellah saw his thought as Japanese version of Calvinism commercial ethics.
- 内山 愚童(うちやま ぐどう、1874年5月17日 - 1911年1月24日)は、日本の仏教者・僧(曹洞宗林泉寺住職)・社会主義運動家。
- Gudo UCHIYAMA (May 17, 1874-January 24, 1911) was a Japanese Buddhist, a monk (the chief priest of Rinsen-ji Temple, Soto sect), and a socialist activist.
- これに対して、児島は津田の行為は大逆罪の構成要件に該当しない(罪刑法定主義を参照)との信念のもと、担当司法官一人ひとりの説得に当たった。
- On the other hand, KOJIMA, under a belief that TSUDA's act did not constitute high treason (cf. the principle of 'nulla poena sine lege'; the principle of legality), tried to persuade the judicial officers in charge to support him one by one.
- 明治日本の「文明」日本という自己表象に、西欧列強との同化願望があったことは否定できず、その点で差別主義的であったことは夙に指摘されている。
- It is not to be denied that Japan in Meiji period, which represented itself as being 'civilized', desired to assimilate into the powerful countries of Western Europe, and it has been pointed out that this attitude was discriminatory.
- しかし清浦内閣はほぼ全ての閣僚が貴族院 (日本)議員から選出された超然主義であり、国民の間で再び憲政擁護を求める第二次護憲運動が起こった。
- The cabinet consisting of nearly all of the members of the House of Peers was clearly detached from the principles of constitutional rule and sparked the second Movement to Protect Constitutional Government among the people.
- 1910年(明治43年)5月25日、信州の社会主義者宮下太吉ら4名による明治天皇暗殺計画が発覚し逮捕された「信州明科爆裂弾事件」が起こる。
- On May 25, 1910, 'Shinshu Akashina Bomb Incident' occurred, in which a socialist in the Shinshu region, Takichi MIYASHITA, and other three socialists were arrested for plotting to kill the Meiji Emperor.
- やがて近代化が一段落すると、今度は国粋主義や、民族国家としての民族独自の美術を求める動きが起こり、再び日本美術に目が向けられるようになる。
- After a while, the modernization of Japanese society reached a certain point, and instead, there occurred a movement in the opposite direction, such as nationalism and the pursuit of art unique to Japanese that has a nation-state of its own, so Japanese art attracted people's attention once again.
- 他にも、織田政権が崩壊した理由には、極端な能力主義を採ったために、信長死後の羽柴秀吉による織田家の簒奪を許したことが主要因との意見もある。
- Another theory suggests that the Oda government collapsed because Nobunaga adopted a system of radical meritocracy, which allowed Hideyoshi HASHIBA to usurp the position of the Oda clan after Nobunaga's death.
- この伝記は虚実とりまぜた内容だったが、伝三郎は自身の主義として、一切抗議も弁明もしなかったから、事実としてまかり通ることになってしまった。
- Although the biography included both fact and fiction, it was accepted as fact since Denzaburo, true to his principles, didn't protest or offer any explanation.
- そのような状況下で歌壇では文芸至上主義の傾向が強まり、ついには歌道の秘伝化・神秘化が発生して、中世以後の和歌における歌道の絶対化に至った。
- Under such circumstances, literature supremacy theory intensified in the poetry circles, and finally, Kado started to take on themes of the occult and mystics, which led to absolutization of Kado in waka after the medieval period.
- 山形監獄に収容された陸奥は、せっせと妻亮子に手紙を書く一方で、自著をあらわし、イギリスの功利主義哲学者ベンサムの著作の翻訳にも打ち込んだ。
- Mutsu, who was kept under restraint in Yamagata Prison, busily wrote letters to his wife Ryoko; on the other hand, he wrote a book and also devoted to translating a work by Bentham, a utilitarian philosopher of England.
- 陸奥宗光が、藩閥打倒、議会制民主主義の未達成を嘆きつつ死んだ時、西園寺公望は以下のとおり言って、周囲の見る目も痛わしいほど落胆したという。
- When Munemitsu MUTSU died while regretting over the failure to overthrow domain cliques and to accomplish parliamentary democracy, Kinmochi SAIONJI, who was said to have became so downhearted that those who saw him felt sorry, said as follows.
- その形式主義的な機構は、行政の慣行と経験に基づいて形づくられた武家法の官制といちじるしく相違しており、律令法の基本的特徴の一つをなしている。
- Such a formalistic structure was markedly different from the rules on administrative organizations under samurai law, which were based on administrative practices and experiences, and is one of the basic features of ritsuryo law.
- 反対の立場からは、歌詞は天皇崇拝の意味合いが強く(君=天皇)、軍国主義を象徴しており、君主制ではない日本にはふさわしくないとする意見がある。
- From the opposing standpoints, there is the opinion that the words have too strong a shade of meaning of worshiping the emperor ('kimi' = the emperor) and it symbolizes militarism and, therefore, it is not fit to Japan which is not a monarchy.
- この背景には、19世紀後半にヨーロッパで興った文芸における耽美主義や同時代のダダイズム、あるいは政治思想であるアナキズムなどの影響もあろう。
- Behind this, there were the influences from aestheticism and dadaism, both of which emerged in Europe during the late 19th century, or anarchism (a political thought).
- 日本國政府及韓國政府ハ兩帝國ヲ結合スル利害共通ノ主義ヲ鞏固ナラシメムコトヲ欲シ韓國ノ富強ノ實ヲ認ムル時ニ至ル迄此目的ヲ以テ左ノ條款ヲ約定セリ
- The Governments of Japan and Corea, desiring to strengthen the principle of solidarity which unites the two Empires, have with that object in view agreed upon and concluded the following stipulations to serve until the moment arrives when it is recognized that Corea has attained national strength: -
- 彼らは資本主義の発展にともなって鉄道経営が大きな利益をもたらすとともに、産業支配と鉄道支配との間に密接な関連性があることをよく認識していた。
- They were well aware that railway management would bring a huge profit along with the development of capitalism and there is close relationship between the control of industries and the control of railways.
- この台湾銀行を通して日本資本が大量に台湾に投下され、台湾の資本主義が発達したと共に、更に台湾より中国や東南アジアへの資金が投資されていった。
- Through the Bank of Taiwan, a large amount of Japanese capital was put into Taiwan, which economic policy contributed to the development of capitalism in Taiwan, and further investment in China and the Southeast Asian countries from Taiwan.
- 『青い山脈』の成功で手に入れた資金をもとに、東宝から独立してフリーの監督として民主主義の社会の到来を高らかに謳いあげる作品を次々と発表した。
- With the funds earned form the success of 'Aoi Sanmyaku,' he left Toho to work as a freelance director and produced a series of films that celebrated the arrival of a democratic society.
- 自由放任主義のエコノミスト − ミルトン・フリードマン、マレー・ロスランド 、リチャード・ポズナー らの示すどんな数字にも、それは現れない。
- It does not figure in any text by any laissez-faire economist -- Milton Friedman, Murray Rothbard, Richard Posner
- 子規の理論には文学を豊かに育ててゆく方向へは向かいにくい部分もあるという批判もあるが、「写生」は明治という近代主義とも重なった主張であった。
- While there was criticism that Shiki's theory was not heading in the right direction of fostering literature, the 'shasei' theory was one which overlapped with the modernism of the Meiji Era.
- 例えば戦後の荒廃時は、民主主義国として再構築を目指す中、日本に残る独特な封建的な制度・習慣がアメリカや西欧諸国と比較され批判的に検証された。
- For example, in the desolated days after the war, while Japan was aiming at reconstruction as a democratic nation, unique feudal system and custom left in Japan were critically inspected, being compared with those in the U.S. and the Western European countries.
- 帝国議会開設当初は、超然主義を唱える藩閥政府と衆議院に依拠する政党勢力が鋭く対立衝突したが、天皇はしばしば詔勅を発し、調停者的機能を発揮した。
- In the beginning of the opening of the Imperial Diet, there was often conflict between the Han-dominated government who support the detached policy, and the government force who was based on the House of Representatives, the Emperor sometimes issued an order and worked as an arbitrator.
- 「日露戦争で最も儲けた」シフは、ロシア帝国のポグロム(反ユダヤ主義)への報復が融資の動機といわれ、のちレーニンやトロツキーにも資金援助をした。
- Schiff who is said to have 'profited the most from the Russo-Japanese War,' is said to have financed Japan out of retaliation for Russian pogrom (anti-Semitic purges), and is known to have financed Lenin and Trotsky.
- 他宗教と比べて現世主義的であり、性善説的であり、まつられるもの(神)とまつるもの(信奉者)との間の連体意識が強い、などといった特徴がみられる。
- As compared with other religions, shinto religion is more inclined to secularism and belief in the innate goodness of man and seems to have a characteristic that a strong sense of solidarity has been built up between an enshrined subject (Kami (God)) and worshipers (believers).
- 勧善懲悪を否定し、写実主義を主張した文学論『小説神髄』の執筆に続いて、明治18年4月に書き始め、6月に『一読三歎 当世書生気質』第1巻を刊行。
- After writing in 'Shosetsu shinzui' (The essence of the novel), about a literary criticism that refused to accept didacticism and advocated realism, he began to write 'Ichidoku santan Tosei shosei katagi' (literally, 'the character of modern students that makes you sigh three times every time you read it') in April 1885 and published the first volume in June.
- その中でも伝統主義を重視しつつ和歌の実作と理論を有機的に結びつけた御子左家が他の家を圧倒した結果、「歌道師範家」として家職を確立させていった。
- Among others, the Mikohidari family, who organically linked practical composition and theories of waka while valuing traditionalism, overpowered other families, and as a result, the family eventually established Kashoku (one's trade or profession) as 'kadoshihanke' (lecturer on the art of waka poetry).
- 南北朝時代 (日本)ごろから、和歌は僧侶や武士を中心に詠まれるようになるが、地方武士にも普及する一方で、形式主義に流れた和歌は衰退していった。
- Since around the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), waka came to be composed mainly by monks and samurai, while the composition of waka spread to local samurai, and some of the waka that lapsed into formalism declined.
- 宮崎 弥蔵(みやざき・やぞう、慶応3年4月8日 (旧暦)(1867年5月11日)-明治29年(1896年)7月4日)は、明治期のアジア主義者。
- Yazo MIYAZAKI (May 11, 1867 - July 4, 1896) was an Asianism activist.
- そうした閉塞感がただよう年に『ファスチェス』(発禁問題)、『沈黙の塔』(学問と芸術)、『食堂』(クロポトキンや無政府主義等を記述)などを発表。
- In such stifling year, he published 'ファスチェス' (about the issue of the ban), 'Chinmoku no to' (The Tower of Silence) (about learning and art), 'Shokudo' (diner) (covering Kropotkin, anarchism and so on).
- 娯楽主義のヤクザ映画としては、『極道シリーズ』と『緋牡丹博徒』シリーズを混ぜ合わせたような『シルクハットの大親分』(1970年)も監督している。
- He also directed 'Shirukuhatto no Ooyabun' (The Boss of Silk Hat) (1970) which seemed like a mixture of the 'Gokudo Series' (Mafia Series) and the 'Hibotanbakuto' as an entertaining yakuza film.
- 平成16年度の現代的教育ニーズ取組支援プログラムに「プロジェクト主義教育による人材育成 『プロデュース・テクノロジー』の創成」として採択された。
- The project was chosen as 'Creation of 'Produce Technology,' human resources training by Project Based Learning,' in the Contemporary Education Needs Initiative Support Program in the 2004 academic year.
- だが、真淵の門人であった村田春海らのように契沖以来の実証主義的な古典研究を重視する立場から平田国学に否定的な学派もあり、その内情は複雑であった。
- However, some--including Harumi MURATA, a disciple of Mabuchi--belonged to schools of thought that criticized Atsutane's Kokugaku from the standpoint of, since the time of Keichu, espousing positivism and placing great value on the study of classic works, arguing that internally it was more complex than that.
- 多くは明治期の国粋主義に基づく国家神道の流れにより、既に一体化した存在であったものも強制的に神社・寺院に分離させられ一方が廃されることも起きた。
- State Shinto which was based on Meiji era nationalism forced combined shrines and temples to become separated, sometimes resulting in one of the other becoming closed.
- だが、たとえば清の兵士をブタになぞらえた論説など、差別主義的内容のものは、石河の論説であり、全集編纂時に、福澤のものと偽って収録したのだという。
- Discriminatory remarks such as the article, in which the Qing soldiers are called swans, were written by ISHIKAWA, who compiled the articles under the name of FUKUZAWA in 'Fukuzawa zenshu.'
- 明治維新後、政府は幕府や諸藩の造船所や鉱山などの事業を引き継ぐとともに、工部省などが官営模範工場を新たに開設し、日本の近代化、資本主義化を図った。
- After Meiji Restoration, the government took over bakufu's (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and feudal clans' businesses such as dockyards and mines, and Kobusho (the Ministry of Industry) and other institutes established government-run factories to modernize Japan and make the transition to capitalism.
- しかし、いわゆるミッション系大学とは性質が異なり、キリスト教伝道を主たる目的としない(教育そのものを伝道の手段としない)キリスト教主義大学である。
- But it is different from Universities that are called Mission schools, and it does not mainly propagate Christianity (education itself is not for the propagation of Christianity); this is a university based upon Christian principles.
- またヨーロッパにおける十九世紀自然主義の影響を受けて写生・写実による現実密着型の生活詠を主張したことが、俳句における新たな詩情を開拓するに至った。
- He also developed a new poetic sentiment in Haiku based on his theoretical beliefs which were closely connected to reality via life drawing and realism due to being influenced by the naturalism of the 19th century in Europe.
- 特に太平洋戦争前は、秀吉の朝鮮出兵(文禄・慶長の役)が大日本帝国における、帝国主義的な領土拡大と合致し、「朝鮮征伐」と称されるほど是とされていた。
- In particular, before the Pacific War, the dispatch of troops to Korea by Hideyoshi (the Bunroku-Keicho War) was considered right to the extent that it was called 'the subjugation of Korea,' because it met the trend of imperialistic territory expansion in Empire of Japan at that time.
- 特に当時文壇の注目を集めていたフランス象徴主義に代表される詩人の作品を、象徴詩として紹介している点で有名であり、日本の象徴詩の隆盛の一端を担った。
- He is well known especially as the one who introduced the poems of those representative French symbolists receiving attention of literary circles in those days, and took a part in the establishment and development of Japanese symbolical poetry.
- しかし、法治国家・立憲主義の原則を重んじて、その原則で保障された国民の権利は国家といえども正当な法的根拠がない限り奪うことが出来ないと考えていた。
- However, he valued the principals of a law-abiding country and constitutionalism, and he thought that even the nation could not deprive people of their rights guaranteed by the principals without a justifiable legal basis.
- 藩閥は議会政治に対する抵抗勢力であり、民本主義もしくは一君万民論的な理想論とは相容れない情実的システムであるため、当時から批判的に取り扱われてきた。
- Domain clique has been treated critically since then because it is the resistance forces against parliamentary government and is also the preferential system that conflicts with democracy or an idealism such as ikkunbanmin-ron (the theory where constitutional authority was given only to one ruler and any discrimination and distinction of social status were generally not allowed among others).
- また、鎌倉時代後期以後に公家社会にも受容された背景には幕府・朝廷ともに徳政を通じた徳治主義の実現という共通した政治目標が存在したことも指摘している。
- Also since the late Kamakura period, it was also accepted by the court noble society, he pointed out that the back ground was the common policy goal of bakufu and Imperial Court to realize the principle of the rule by virtue of the sovereign through benevolent rule.
- ところが、1910年(同43年)の教師用教科書改訂にあたって問題化し始め、同年に幸徳秋水ら社会主義者が起こしたとされた幸徳事件がこれに拍車をかけた。
- However, this became problematic around 1910 when the textbooks for teachers was revised, and this movement was further fueled by the 'Kotoku Incident,' which is said to have been caused by socialists such as Shusui KOTOKU and others.
- なお、明治以降から終戦までの天皇制は従来の天皇制と異なるとして、絶対主義的天皇制、近代天皇制という語が用いられることもある(天皇制ファシズム参照)。
- Because the Tennosei from the Meiji period until the end of World War II was different from traditional Tennosei, it is also called Zettaishugiteki Tennosei (Absolutistic Emperor System) or Kindai Tennosei (Emperor System of Meiji) (Refer to the section of 'Emperor System and Fascism').
- 特に一般には1910,1911年(明治42,43年)に社会主義者幸徳秋水らが天皇暗殺計画を企てたとして検挙された事件を指す(幸徳事件ともいわれる)。
- Generally, Taigyaku Jiken especially refers to the so-called Kotoku Incident in which Shusui KOTOKU, a socialist, was prosecuted for trying to kill then-Emperor in 1910 and 1911.
- 田は同化政策とは内地延長主義であり、台湾民衆を完全な日本国民とし、皇室に忠誠な国民とするための教化と国家国民としての観念を涵養するものと述べている。
- Den stated that an assimilation policy was inland territorial expansionism and that the Taiwanese would be educated to understand their role and responsibilities as Japanese subjects loyal to the Imperial family.
- 絶対王政期には、国王及び貴族の優位性を確立することと重商主義の観点から輸入を抑制して国産品の消費を拡大させるために民衆に対して奢侈禁止令が出された。
- At the time of absolute monarchy, sumptuary laws were issued to the public in order to limit exports and to boost consumption of domestic products, thus enabling Kings and nobles to establish their superiority as well as to promote Mercantilism.
- その後も貴族院_(日本)では、山県側近の清浦奎吾の研究会_(貴族院)と平田東助の茶話会という2大会派が超然主義を奉じて、政党政治の排除の動きを行った。
- In the Kizokuin (the House of Peers), the two major factions, the study group led by Keigo KIYOURA, who was the close associate of Yamagata, and the Sawakai led by Tosuke HIRATA, continued to believe in transcendentalism and tried to eliminate party politics.
- そのため大化の改新・建武の新政・明治維新が最も重要な改革に位置づけられ、こうした国家主義的な歴史観はとりわけ歴史教育の現場へ積極的に導入されていった。
- Therefore, the Taika Reforms, Kenmu Restoration and Meiji Restoration were positioned as the most important reformations, and these nationalistic views of history had been actively introduced, in particular, into actual education of history.
- 「紅忠」は開店と同時に店法を定め、利益三分主義をとり、店の純利益は本家納め、本店積立金と店員配当に分かち、五、三、二の配分率で「三つ割銀」といわれた。
- Upon Benichu's open, he established a store law and employed Rieki-sanbun-shugi (a financial system dividing profits to three categories) to allot the 50% of the net profit to his family, 30% to reserve fund of the main store and 20% to employee's salary, and it was called 'Mitsuwarigin.'
- 漱石の作品は世俗を忘れ、人生をゆったりと眺めようとする低徊趣味(漱石の造語)的要素が強く、当時の主流であった自然主義文学とは対立する余裕派と呼ばれた。
- Soseki's works are categorized in the Yoyuha school, which was in contrast with the naturalist literature, the mainstream of literature in those days, because his novels have full of 'Teikai shumi,' coined by Soseki, which means dilettantism to be relaxed in thinking about one's life instead of being occupied with mundane affairs.
- 1882年(明治15年)3月、「在廷臣僚」として参議・伊藤博文らは、政府の命を受けてヨーロッパに渡り、ドイツ系立憲主義の理論と実際について調査を始めた。
- A councilor, Hirobumi ITO and others went to Europe as 'government officials' on orders from the government in March, 1882, and started investigating theory and practice of German constitutionalism.
- その反面、信長のように身分や序列を無視した徹底的な能力主義をとることはなく、秀吉のように自らのカリスマ性や金、領地を餌に釣って家臣を増やす事もなかった。
- On the other hand, he did not employ complete meritocracy as Nobunaga did, where social statuses and social orders were ignored, nor did he increase his retainers as Hideyoshi did, based on his own charisma, or by using money or a territory as a lure.
- 一方、実証主義的観点から、記紀や『上宮記』を全面的に信用することは出来ないとして、継体天皇以前の大王の名や系図等は信頼性に乏しいという慎重な意見もある。
- On the other hand, there is another cautious opinion that because the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki, and 'Joguki' (Record of the Crown Prince) can not be relied on completely from the viewpoint of positivism, the names and family trees of Okimi (king) before the Emperor Keitai are unreliable.
- 8項目からなる党の理想とは人類同胞主義、軍備全廃、階級制度全廃、土地・資本の公有、交通機関の公有、公平な財富の分配、参政権の平等、教育の公費負担であった。
- The eight ideals were as follows: universal fraternity, total disarmament, complete abolition of class system, public ownership of land and capital, public ownership of transportation facilities, equitable distribution of wealth, equality of political rights, and education at public expense.
- 前身は1898年から開催された社会主義研究会で、安部磯雄を会長とし河上清、片山潜、堺利彦、幸徳秋水、木下尚江、西川光二郎により1900年1月に結成された。
- Its predecessor was a socialism study group which had been held since 1898, and it was established by Isoo ABE, a chairman, and Kiyoshi KAWAKAMI, Sen KATAYAMA, Toshihiko SAKAI, Shusui KOTOKU, Naoe KINOSHITA, and Kojiro NISHIKAWA in January 1900.
- 明治44年(1911年)には大逆事件が生じ、時の政権から社会主義者弾圧の口実に使用され、明治天皇を暗殺しようとしたとして幸徳秋水ら12人が死刑に処された。
- In 1911, the Taigyaku Jiken (a case of high treason) was developed and was used as an excuse to oppress socialists by the government at that time, and 12 people, including Shusui KOTOKU, were executed for attempting to assassinate Emperor Meiji.
- 大日本帝国憲法の解釈は、当初、東京大学教授・穂積八束らによる天皇主権説が支配的で、藩閥官僚による専制的な支配構造(いわゆる超然主義)を理論の面から支えた。
- For the interpretation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the imperial sovereignty theory suggested by Yatsuka HOZUMI, a professor of the University of Tokyo, was dominating and theoretically supported the autocratic ruling structure (what is called the doctrine of superiority) by domain clique bureaucrat.
- アーネスト・フェノロサに付いて日本美術の調査をしたのをきっかけに日本に目覚めた著者が、帝国主義全盛時代の欧米に、茶を通して自己充足の在り方を投げかけた書。
- He investigated Japanese art following Ernest Fenollosa, which led him to be aware of Japan, and in this book he throw a question of the way that self-containment should be through tea ceremony to the United States and European countries, which were in a golden age of imperialism.
- また論争は法律論にとどまらず資本主義経済の矛盾の問題、国家思想や国体の位置づけなどにも及び、商法典論争と相まって一種の政治対立の様相さえ呈するようになった。
- Moreover, the disputes, ranging from legal theories to contradictions of capitalist economy, national ideology and positioning of the national structure and so on and combined with the disputes over the Commercial Code, came to present a kind of political confrontation.
- その後、江戸時代に入り、商工業の発展や社会に浸透していた文書主義などにより、実務教育の需要が一層高まり、先ず江戸や京都などの都市部に寺子屋が普及して行った。
- Later, in the Edo period, with the development of commerce and trade, and with the rise in importance of documents, the demand for practical education grew, which led to the spread of Terakoya initially in city areas such as Edo and Kyoto.
- 太平の世が続くと、番方と呼ばれる警備や軍事に関する役職は家柄で選ばれる一方で、役方と呼ばれた行政職(文官)は能力主義を加味した人事が行われる傾向が出てきた。
- As a piping time of peace continued, the following trend appeared; while officers in the governmental posts concerned with guard or military affairs called bankata were selected on a family status basis, civil officers called yakugata were selected considering their competence as well.
- さらに啓蒙主義者であった森有礼が文部大臣に就任したことで下賜・下付希望が減少し、1887年に版権が宮内省から吉川弘文館に移されて翌年に下賜・下付が停止された。
- With the number of requests of the grant decreasing after Arinori MORI, an Illuminati, took office as the Minister of Education, and the copyright's transfer from the Imperial Household Department to Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. in 1887, the grants were suspended in the following year.
- 部落解放同盟京都府連合会委員長であった朝田善之助は、「アメリカ帝国主義とそれに従属する日本独占資本」への対決に収斂しようとする共産党系の運動論を強く批判した。
- Zennosuke ASADA, who was a chairman of the Buraku Liberation League, Kyoto Federation, strongly accused the Communist Party of the leaning movement that led to the conclusion of the confrontation against 'American imperialism and its subservient Japanese monopoly capital.'
- こうして完成した『玉葉集』は、持明院統・京極派優先主義を貫き、大覚寺統・二条派の者に関しては過度なまでに冷遇し、二条為氏(16首)以下、形ばかりの入集である。
- 'Gyokuyo wakashu' was compiled in such a way as to prioritize the Jimyo-in line and the Kyogoku faction throughout, treating the Daikakuji line and the Nijo faction almost too coldly, including only a token amount their poems, with no more than 16 even for Tameuji NIJO.
- 当時の李氏朝鮮は、壬午軍乱(1882年)で興宣大院君が清へ連れ去られており、閔妃をはじめとする驪興閔氏一族は、親日派政策から清への事大主義へと方向転換していた。
- At that time in the Joseon Dynasty of Korea, as Heungseon Daewongun was abducted to Qing under the Imo Incident (1882), the Min clan of Yeoheung, including the Empress Myeongseong, had turned to serving the great Qing from the pro-Japanese policy.
- これは議会政治とは全く関係なく、「栄華の巷低く見て」という第一高等学校 (旧制)寮歌「嗚呼玉杯」の一節に代表されるように、超然主義の本来の意味に近いものである。
- Schools being transcendentalist had no relation to the parliamentary politics; their transcendentalism was close to what it originally meant, as represented in the phrase 'Eiga no Chimata Hikku Mite (looking down on the flourishing lower world)' of a dorm song of Dai Ichi (First) High School (of the old-education-system) called 'Aa Gyokuhai.'
- 翌年にはさらに、井上馨による欧化主義を基本とした外交政策に対し、外交策の転換・言論集会の自由・地租軽減を要求した三大事件建白運動が起り民権運動は激しさを増した。
- The movement further intensified as the 1887 political movement broke out, calling for the switch of the foreign policy, freedom of speech and assembly, the land-tax reduction, in responses to Kaoru INOUE's foreign policy that placed importance on Westernization.
- 19世紀から20世紀初頭にかけて、帝国主義列強はアジア諸国に対して、条約港の割譲や在留外国人の治外法権承認、領土の割譲や租借など不平等な内容の条約を押し付けた。
- From the 19th century to the early 20th century, powerful imperialist countries imposed on Asian countries treaties containing unequal provisions including the cession of treaty ports, approval of extraterritoriality of foreign residents, and cession or lease of territory.
- そこへ来て10月18日には、馬車で外相官邸に入ろうとした大隈に国家主義団体玄洋社団員来島恒喜が爆烈弾を投げつけ、大隈が右脚切断の重傷を負うという椿事が発生した。
- Following this, on October 18, Tsuneki KURUSHIMA, a member of the Genyosha Nationalism Organization, threw a bomb at OKUMA, who was about to enter the official residence for the Minister of Foreign Affairs by carriage; the bomb severely injured OKUMA and he had to have his right leg amputated.
- このような中にあって、1908年6月22日、東京・神田 (千代田区)の映画館「錦輝館(きんきかん)」に社会主義者数十名が集い、山口孤剣の出獄歓迎会が開催された。
- In such a situation, tens of socialists gathered at a movie theater in Kanda, Tokyo (Chiyoda-ku) called 'Kinki-kan Theater' on June 22, 1908, in order to welcome Koken YAMAGUCHI, who had just been discharged from prison.
- 当時の李氏朝鮮は、壬午事変(1882年)で興宣大院君が清へ連れ去られており、閔妃をはじめとする閔氏一族は、親日派政策から清への事大主義政策へと方向転換していた。
- In the Joseon Dynasty at that time, Heungseon Daewongun was taken to China after the Imo Incident (1882) and the Min family including Queen Min were changing their policies from pro-Japanese to Sadaejuui (Loving and admiring the great and powerful).
- それらから大韓民国や朝鮮民主主義人民共和国には、そもそも本協約が結ばれた1905年の段階で既に無効であった、すなわち当初から効力が発生していないとする説がある。
- Because of these arguments, there exists a claim in the Republic of Korea and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea that the treaty was already invalid in the first place at the stage of 1905, when it was concluded, i.e. it did not come into force from the beginning.
- 「戦前の日本で天皇の王朝の非常な古さが国家主義的に悪用されたことに強く反発する戦後の歴史家は、日本における天皇制と天皇家の異例な長命さという意義を軽んじてきた。
- 'There were historians during the postwar period who strongly criticized the government for wrongfully using the Imperial family's long duration to promote nationalism during the prewar period, and these historians made light of such a long duration of the Japanese emperor system and the Imperial family.'
- 1863年から李朝第26代高宗 (朝鮮王)(在位1863年 - 1907年)の父で摂政の興宣大院君による政権時代、迫り来る帝国主義列強を排除する政策をとっていた。
- In 1863, Heungseon Daewongun, regent of the regime of the father of the 26th king of Yi Dynasty of Gao Zong (reign 1863 – 1907), implemented a policy to exclude the coming powerful countries of imperialism.
- その結果、平和主義や一揆の禁止などを説きながらも、教団を守るために一向一揆を組織し、更には守護などの世俗権力との連携をするという難しい選択に迫られることになった。
- As a result, on one hand he preached pacifism and the prohibition of uprisings, but on the other hand he had to make a hard decision to organize the Ikko-Ikki army to protect the religious community and furthermore to receive the cooperation from the secular powers such as provincial governors.
- つくる会など保守派について自慰史観または歴史修正主義とする立場から、神話と史実とを峻別せず、天皇や国家へ無批判であるとして「皇国史観の復活」だと批判する声もある。
- The conservative group, like the creative group, did not separate mythology and historical fact, as they believed in the concept of self-consolation and the principle to amend the history, some people said it is 'the revival of the Kokokushikan' since there was no criticism of the Emperor and the nation.
- この二作は、当時の社会主義思想の影響を受けた「傾向映画」とされるもので、『一殺多生剣』は内務省の検閲によって、完成フィルムから300フィート余りが削除されている。
- These two works were referred to as 'Keiko Eiga' (trend film), influenced by socialist thought at that time, and more than 300 feet of the completed film of 'Issatsu Tasho Ken' was censored by the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs.
- また、大阪側は本来高麗橋を起点とする予定が大阪市の圧力で天満橋に変更を余儀なくされ(市営モンロー主義の項目を参照)、それ以来中心部への乗り入れは京阪の悲願となる。
- On the other hand, in the Osaka area, at the outset the company had a plan to construct a station at Koraibashi as the starting point; however, it was obliged to change it to Tenmabashi under the pressure imposed by Osaka City (see the section on Municipal Monroe Doctrine), and since then the line's extension to the center of the city has been the company's long-cherished wish.
- 晶子は『中央公論』大正8年(1919年)5月号に「教育の国民化を望む」(単行本『激動の中を行く』にした時『教育の民主主義化を要求す』と改題)という文を書いている。
- Akiko contributed an article to the May issue of the Chuo koron in May 1919 entitled 'Expecting national education' (the title was altered to 'Demanding for the democratization of education' when it was included in a book 'Gekido no naka o yuku' (Going through Turbulent Times)).
- 管野 スガ(かんの すが、1881年(明治14年)6月7日 - 1911年(明治44年)1月25日)は、明治時代の新聞記者・著作家・女性解放運動・社会主義運動家。
- Suga KANNO (June 7, 1881 - January 25, 1911) was a newspaper journalist, writer, feminist and socialist activist in the Meiji era.
- ヨッフェは当時モスクワに滞在していたアメリカ共産党員・片山潜の推薦を受けて派遣されたもので、仲介したのは黎明会を組織した内藤民治と田口運蔵等の社会主義者であった。
- Joffe was sent by the recommendation of Sen KATAYAMA who had been staying in Moscow at the time as a member of the Communist Party of the USA, and the meeting was mediated by Tamiji NAITO and Unzo TAGUCHI, socialists who organized the Reimei-kai Organization.
- 松尾尊兌は、ここに始まる大正デモクラシーが一部の都市知識人による脆弱な輸入思想ではなく,戦後民主主義に直結する性質を有する、広汎な民衆運動であったことを説いている。
- Takayoshi MATSUO (a Japanese historian) argues that Taisho Democracy, starting with the Taisho Seihen, was not a vulnerable foreign idea superficially scooped by some urban intellectuals but a widespread popular movement that had some characteristic directly reflected in the Japanese democracy after World War Ⅱ.
- 表向きは健康上の問題によるとされたが、山縣有朋が「事件は社会主義者に対する融和の結果発生した。これは西園寺内閣の失策である」と奏上したのが直接の原因といわれている。
- The official reason of the resignation was Saionji's failing health, but it is said that the direct cause of the resignation was Arimoto YAMAGATA's report to the Emperor that said 'The incident occurred as a result of a move to reconcile with socialists by the Saionji's cabinet, so it was a blunder by the cabinet.'
- 週刊『平民新聞』は、第1面に英文欄を設け、アメリカ合衆国やイギリス、さらに日本にとっては敵国であるロシアの社会主義者らへ情報の発信をおこない、国際的な連帯を訴えた。
- The weekly 'Heimin-shinbun', having an English column on the first page, provided information to socialists in the United States of America, the United Kingdom and even Russia, which was a hostile country to Japan, and appealed to them for solidarity.
- 自由民権運動の指導者であるため、一般には近代立憲的な自由主義の思想を持っていたとされ、また中江兆民がルソーを翻訳したことから、近代思想の輸入者というイメージもある。
- As he was the leader of Jiyu Minken Undo, Itagaki has been generally regarded as having the philosophy of modern constitutional liberalism, and also, he has the image of an importer of modern philosophy like Chomin NAKAE, who translated the works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau into Japanese.
- また井上が「徹頭徹尾民間が出来る業をお役人がやる事は非能率で民間の業を圧迫妨害する...」ものと考えていたことを紹介し、井上の合理主義者としての一面を評価している。
- In addition, Tokutomi introduced rationalistic side of Inoue as 'government official's business that private firms could do from beginning to an end is inefficient and hinders private business.'
- 韓国併合(かんこくへいごう)は、1910年8月22日、日韓併合条約に基づいて日本が大韓帝国(今日の大韓民国と朝鮮民主主義人民共和国に相当する地域)を併合した事を指す。
- The annexation of Korea refers to the Japanese annexation of the Korean Empire (which currently corresponds to the area of the Republic of Korea and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea), based on the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty on August 22, 1910.
- 彼らは、輸入学問であった近代農学とは独立して、近世以前の在来農学の蓄積に基づき、単なる個人の経験の寄せ集めという段階を越えた実証主義的な態度からの技術改良を志向した。
- Being independent of the modern agriculture studies imported from abroad, they intended to make improvements on techniques from the viewpoint of positivism, based on the accumulation of the conventional agriculture studies before modern times, which was beyond the phase of the mere collection of personal experiences.
- 東アジアにおける伝統的な華夷秩序、朝鮮では事大主義というが、に留まることを望む朝鮮側と条約に基づく国際関係を求める日本側では公使派遣をめぐっても対立していたのである。
- Kaichitsujo, which is traditional in East Asia is called in Korea Jidai shugi (serving-the-Great-ism) and Korean side wished to maintain the situation, but on the other hand Japan side wished for international relationship based on treaties and the two countries was opposed to each other regarding dispatch of ministries.
- 帝国主義の発想を持つ欧米のアジアへの接近(侵略・進出・植民地化)により、それまでの江戸の天下泰平の世の中(鎖国体制下の社会)を維持したいという発想として盛り上がった。
- This theory was made widely known during the Edo period of Japan so as to maintain its society's peaceful state (sakoku society, where foreigners were not allowed to enter the nation) as a way to avoid the imperialism of Europe and America, who were, in those days, approaching Asia for the purpose of invasion, expansion, and colonization.
- 文化人類学、社会学的研究としての日本人論もある一方で、民族主義的心情に基づく日本人自身による自国、自民族の特殊性を殊更強調するように書いた論考も数多く出版されている。
- There are discourses on Japanese people from the view of cultural anthropology or the study of sociology, while many books are also written by Japanese writers and published in order to emphasize especially their own peculiarity based on their feelings of nationalism.
- しかしそれは、半年間の期限付の内閣であると見なされていたこと、清浦内閣を支持する勢力が衆議院でいなければ社会主義者などの過激な運動が高まる危険性を恐れてのことであった。
- However, TAKAHASHI rather supported the cabinet because he thought the KIYOURA cabinet was believed to be in power for only a limited period of time and feared that if the incumbent cabinet lost support in the House of Representatives, it might increase risks of radicalists including socialists gaining momentum.
- 役所で取り扱う文書には元号を使うこと、印鑑を押すこと、定められた形式に従って作成された文書以外は受理しないこと等々の、文書と手続きの形式を重視した文書主義が導入された。
- A document-based principle, attaching importance to the format of documents and procedures was introduced, which gave regulations such as using only the era name in the documents handled by government offices, affixing seals, accepting only the documents created in accordance with the predetermined format, and so on.
- 日露戦争における日本の勝利はアジア諸国における国際的緊張関係の緩和要因となり、には東京で中国同盟会が結成されるなど民主主義的自由の獲得を目指した運動が本格化していった。
- Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War brought relaxation of international tensions in Asia, leading to the formation of the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmenghui) in Tokyo in 1905 and other movements aspiring to winning democratic freedom.
- 公式の場において使われることはないが、現代の中華人民共和国や大韓民国・朝鮮民主主義人民共和国などでは、日本や日本人に対して侮蔑的な意味を込めて「倭」を用いることがある。
- Wa' is no longer used officially but is sometimes used as a contemptuous meaning in the Chinese Republic, Korean Republic and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
- 学連はまたたくまに会員1600名を擁する大組織に成長し、マルクス主義の普及・研究を標榜するとともに労働争議や労働者教育運動(京都労働学校など)への支援を積極的に行った。
- The Gakuren expanded rapidly to have 1600 members, advocated diffusion and studies of Marxism, as well as actively supported labor dispute and educational movement for laborers (Kyoto Rodo Gakko [Kyoto Labor School]) and so forth.
- これに対して日英通商航海条約の締結を間近に控えた第2次伊藤内閣は警戒感を強め、また衆議院第1党の自由党も条約改正に関しては政府の漸進主義に賛同していたために反発を強めた。
- The second Ito cabinet became wary of the situation with the signing of the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation near at hand, and the Liberal Party, which was the first party of the House of Representatives, strengthened the opposition from supporting the government's idea of step-by-step revisions to the treaty.
- 学制以来の明治政府の啓蒙主義的な教育政策を否定し、明治以前の儒教中心の教育に戻すこと、庶民教育は読み書き算盤を主体とする実学と儒教的徳目育成のみで十分とする趣旨であった。
- Opposed to the thought-provoking education policy of the Meiji government that had been in place since the Government Order of Education in Japan, Kyogaku Seishi wanted to return to the type of Confucian-centered educational system that had been pursued prior to the Meiji period; he believed that just practical learning with the main focus on reading, writing and arithmetic combined with the teaching of Confucian-type virtues was sufficient for the masses.
- 旧皇室典範は当初は永世皇族主義を本則として採用する一方、明治40年(1907年)に公布された皇室典範増補は、王が勅旨または情願により華族に列せられるべきことを定めていた。
- While the former Imperial Family (Household) Law was adopted to use Permanent Imperial Family regulations as a base, the enlarged Imperial Family (Household) Law issued in 1907 was to regulate a Prince's membership in the Imperial family by issuing an Imperial order or Jogan.
- だが、中世以降次第に百姓の本分を農とすべきとする、実態とは必ずしも符合しない農本主義的理念が浸透・普及し、明治時代以降は、一般的に農民の事を指すと理解されるようになった。
- However, a principle of agricultural fundamentalism stating that the sphere of hyakusho should be agriculture, which did not always match the reality, was gradually passed through and spread since the medieval period, and the term was begun to be understood generally as a person engaged in agriculture.
- 10月に洋画科を置かないまま東京藝術大学が設立されると(ただし開校したのは1889年2月)、11月に直次郎は岡倉天心とフェノロサの支持母体で国粋主義的な龍池会に入会した。
- Following the foundation of Tokyo University of the Arts without a Western-style painting department in October (it opened in February 1889), Naojiro joined the nationalistic Ryuchi kai (Ryuchi party) in November, which was the base for Tenshin OKAKURA and Fenollosa.
- その後、仏堂の中に神社が設けられた事に反発した廃仏主義者の旧薩摩藩士によって明治7年(1874年)1月1日に放火され、旧増上寺本堂は全焼したが神体はかろうじて助け出された。
- On January 1, 1874, a former Satsuma clan member, who believed in the abolition of Buddhism, set fire to Zojo-ji Temple opposing a shrine set up in the temple, and thus the main hall of former Zojo-ji Temple was totally burned down while its shintai (a sacred object) was barely saved.
- また国立銀行条例による国立銀行 (日本)(ナショナルバンク)を経て、通貨発行権を独占する中央銀行としての日本銀行設立(1882年)など、資本主義的金融制度の整備も行われた。
- Also, the capitalistic financial system was organized, including the foundation of the Bank of Japan in 1882, formerly the National Bank of Japan under the National Bank Act, which dominates the right of issuing currency as the central bank.
- 「自家優先主義」との批判もあるが、これにより結果的には260年以上続く長期安定政権の基盤を確立し、「天下泰平」という日本語が生まれるほどの相対的平和状態を日本にもたらした。
- Although being criticized for the 'favoritism to relatives,' it resulted in establishing the basis for the long-term stable government which lasted more than 260 years, and in bringing about such a relatively peaceful state in Japan as a set phrase, 'Tenkataihei' (the peaceful and tranquil world), coined.
- 杉浦 重剛(すぎうら じゅうごう、安政2年3月3日 (旧暦)(1855年4月19日)- 大正13年(1924年2月13日)は、明治時代・大正時代の国粋主義的教育者・思想家。
- Jugo SUGIURA (April 19, 1855 - February 13, 1924) was a nationalistic educator and thinker of the Meiji period and the Taisho period.
- 更に1960年代頃から朝鮮半島で広がった民族主義の影響もあり、特に朝鮮半島の研究者により、記紀に記されているヤマト朝廷の直接的な任那支配は誇張されたものだとの主張がなされた。
- Furthermore, due to the influence of nationalism which spread in the Korean Peninsula from the 1960s, researchers, especially those in the Korean Peninsula, insisted that the records in Kiki (Kojiki [A Record of Ancient Matter] and Nihonshoki), which say that Yamato Dynasty directly controlled the Mimana, were exaggerated.
- 19世紀を中心にヨーロッパで展開した精神運動である「ロマン主義」の影響を受け、大正時代の個人の解放や新しい時代への理想に満ちた風潮にかぶせて、このように呼ばれるようになった。
- The idealistic trend in hoping for a new era and the liberation of an individual, which were affected by the 'romanticism' of Europe around the 19th century, began to be referred to as 'Taisho Roman.'
- 幕末には経済学者佐藤信淵は土地国有化と海外進出を行う絶対主義国家を論じ、吉田松陰は幽囚録で蝦夷地開拓とともにカムチャッカ半島、朝鮮、台湾、満州等への侵略統治論を展開していた。
- In the closing days of the Tokugawa Shogunate, Nobuhiro SATO, an economist argued absolutism of nationalizing lands and finding ways into foreign countries, while Shoin YOSHIDA argued in his book titled yuin-roku (descriptions in prison) reclamation of Ezo and invasion for the control of such as the Kamchatkan Peninsula, Korea, Taiwan, and Manchuria.
- その後、軍国主義が激しさを増すと、天皇家を多く題材とした能には厳しい目が注がれるようになり、1939年(昭和14年)、警視庁保安課は不敬を理由に「大原御幸」を上演禁止とした。
- With militarism gaining momentum, Noh came under scrutiny since many of its stories featured the Imperial family and the Safety Division of the Metropolitan Police Department banned in 1939 the performance of 'Ohara Goko' on the grounds of irreverence for the Emperor.
- 今日の文学は世の好尚のために書く文学と云つて島田氏は嘆かれ、今の文学者に一機軸を出すものが無いとて福沢翁は呟かれ、其他の人は今日の文学を拝金主義の下に立つものと評されました。
- Mr. SHIMADA said sadly that literature today had been written for the public taste, the revered old Mr. FUKUZAWA sighed that no person of letters now had been able to produce new ideas and thoughts, and other people criticized that literature today was based on mammonism.
- 14歳の時からは単身で藍葉の仕入れに出かけるようになり、この時の経験がヨーロッパ時代の経済システムを吸収しやすい素地を作り出し、後の現実的な合理主義思想につながったとされる。
- When he was fourteen, he started to go to purchase indigo plants by himself, which created the foundation on which he could easily absorb economic systems in the Europe era and later brought about his thoughts of realistic rationalism.
- 1896年7月、開化派の流れを汲む人たちが朝鮮の自主独立、法治主義の確立、新教育の振興、農業の改良、工業の育成、愛国心、君主への忠誠心の培養を訴え李完用らが独立協会を設立した。
- In July 1896, the people following Kaika group called for the independence of Korea, establishment of legalism, promotion of new education, improvement of agriculture, encouragement of industry and raising of patriotism and loyalty to monarch, and Lee, Wan-yong and others founded the Independence Club.
- 新政の当初は院政を行わず、摂政・関白や征夷大将軍などを設置せずに政治権力の一元化を目指しており、表面的には復古王政を装いつつ、内実は先例主義を否定する革新的な政治路線であった。
- In the beginning, the new government did not have any separate government by retired emperors, nor did it make the usual appointments of regent, chief advisor, or Seii taishogun, instead aiming to centralize all political power; superficially, the government was dressed in the guise of a restoration to direct Imperial rule, but in fact it was a government set on a truly progressive course, one that rejected the old principle of putting precedent first.
- 摂関政治が確立し始めた9世紀後期から10世紀初頭にかけては、国外へは鎖国主義を採り、国内でも蝦夷侵略がほぼ終結するなど、国内外に大きな脅威がなくなり、国政も安定期に入っていた。
- In the period from the late ninth century to the beginning of the tenth century, when the regency became established, there were no particular threats either at home or abroad because the country took an isolationist policy toward foreign countries, and domestically, the subjugation of the Emishi (Japanese northerners) was almost completed, and the administration had entered a period of stability.
- こうした歴史学の発展の一方で、歴史学と国家主義的な歴史観との衝突も発生していた(「神道は祭天の古俗」事件、南北朝時代 (日本)南北朝正閏論と後世への影響、天皇機関説事件など)。
- While history advanced in this way, collisions between history and nationalistic views of history occurred (for example, the incident of 'Shinto is a remnant of the ancient custom of worshiping heaven,' Nanbokucho-Seijunron (an argument on legitimacy of either Northern or Southern Dynasty) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), and the incident of the emperor-as-organ theory).
- 永原慶二『皇国史観』(岩波ブックレット・1983年)は皇国史観を超国家主義の国家政策の一環とし、「周到な国家的スケールのもとに創出されたいわば国定の虚偽観念の体系」としている。
- According to 'Kokoku Shikan', which was written by Keiji NAGAHARA (Iwanami Booklet, 1983), the Kokokushikan was considered to be a part of the national policy of extreme nationalism and 'was a system of false national concepts created and carefully prepared on a national scale.'
- 、石田友治らによって言論雑誌『第三帝国 (雑誌)』が刊行され、またには東京大学の吉野作造により民本主義による政治が提唱された事を背景に、次第に普通選挙運動が活発になっていった。
- With the publication of the political magazine 'Daisan Teikoku' (The Third Empire) by Tomoji ISHIDA and others and the proposal of government founded on democracy by Sakuzo YOSHINO of Tokyo Imperial University, the movement calling for popular elections began to grow.
- マルクス主義歴史学(唯物史観)においては、生産力と生産関係の矛盾を基盤として普遍的な歴史法則を見いだそうとするため、この理論的枠組みを非ヨーロッパ地域にも適用して説明が試みた。
- Marxist history (materialistic concept of history) tries to find out a universal rule of history based on the contradiction between the productive force and the relation of production, and the logical framework was applied to non-European regions as an explanation.
- 特に大義名分論は西郷の行動の規範になったもので、日本古来の文化・伝統(天皇も含む)・道徳を大義とし、これを帝国主義諸国の侵略から守り、育てることが、その実践であると考えていた。
- Especially the theory of legitimate reasons was a model of Saigo's activity, and he thought that the ancient culture of Japan, tradition (including the Emperor) and morality were these legitimate reasons, and in protecting them from invasion by imperialistic countries, and that he was brought up for that.
- むしろ、実質的な経済政策の多く、特に貨幣政策における高品位主義、また長崎貿易の政策は吉宗もその方針の正しさを認識しており、正徳の治で行なわれた改革の内容はそのまま承継されている。
- On the other hand, since Yoshimune recognized the righteousness in many of the economic policies, especially the principle of high grade currency policy as well as the trading policy in Nagasaki, he took over such reforms from Shotoku no chi.
- この場合、明治維新から第2次世界大戦までの日本の政治体制は絶対主義であり、明治維新はブルジョワ的市民革命ではなく、不十分な改革であったと評価される、社会経済史理論の一形態である。
- This is a theory of socioeconomic history to say that the political system in Japan from the Meiji Restoration until World War II was to be absolutism and that the Meiji Restoration was not a bourgeois revolution but an unfinished reform.
- 大正10年(1921年):原敬首相東京駅で暗殺、ワシントン会議 (1922年)(日英米仏四カ国条約成立)、アドルフ・ヒトラーが国家社会主義ドイツ労働者党党首に、中国共産党創立大会
- 1921: Assassination of the prime minister Takashi HARA at Tokyo Station, the Washington Conference (1922) (conclusion of the Four-Power Treaty by Japan, England, France and the United States), Adolf Hitler's becoming the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party, the first congress of the Chinese Communist Party
- 明治30年(1897年)、前年まで外務大臣を務めた陸奥宗光が、山縣を中心とする藩閥の打倒と議会制民主主義の未達成を嘆きつつ死んだ時、西園寺は「陸奥もとうとう冥土に往ってしまった。
- When Munemitsu MUTSU (who had served as Minister of Foreign Affairs until the year before) died in 1897, Saionji said, 'even Mutsu finally went to the land of the dead,' lamenting the defeat of the Han clique headed by Yamagata and the failure to establish parliamentary democracy.
- 山岡荘八の小説『徳川家康』では、幼い頃から我慢に我慢を重ねて、逆境や困難にも決して屈することもなく先見の明をもって勝利を勝ち取った人物、平和を求める理想主義者として描かれている。
- In 'Ieyasu TOKUGAWA,' a novel by Sohachi YAMAOKA, Ieyasu was depicted as a person who restrained himself again and again from an early age, endured adversity and difficulties, and won victories with foresight, or as a realist seeking peace.
- 原勝郎が1898年(明治31年)に『吾妻鏡の性質及其史料としての價値』を表してから15年経っても、まだ当時の歴史学会には吾妻鏡絶対主義とでもいうような風潮がかなりあったのだろう。
- Even 15 years after Katsuro HARA came out with 'The Nature of Azuma Kagami and Its Value as a Historical Material' in 1898, there seemed to be a great tendency to regard Azuma Kagami as absolute truth.
- この他にも、謙信の侍女として仕えていた直江景綱の長女や、近衛前久の妹・絶姫との間にほぼ同様の逸話があり、このような悲痛な経験が謙信を独身主義へと導く一端になったと仄めかしている。
- In addition to the above, there are almost similar anecdotes of falling in love with the first daughter of Kagetsuna NAOE who served as a waiting woman of Kenshin, and with Taehime who was a younger sister of Sakihisa KONOE, and it is suggested that such heartbreaking experiences were a contributing factor which led Kenshin to become a celibate.
- 1875年(明治8年)10月、土佐の板垣退助が明治6年の政変に続いて明治政府を再び離脱し、国民を教化しつつ明治政府の外から自由主義的な議会制度を準備する運動を起こす道を歩み始めた。
- In October, 1875, Taisuke ITAGAKI from Tosa resigned from the Meiji Government for the second time following the political change which had happened in 1873, and while educating the nation's people, he initiated a course of action to prepare for the liberalization of parliamentary procedure from outside of the Meiji Government.
- このため明治政府は条約改正に努力したものの、逆に国粋主義者の一部には外国人を居留地に閉じ込めて、日本の伝統・文化を守るべきだと言う対外硬運動も起きて複雑な展開を見せることもあった。
- The Meiji government exerted great effort to revise the treaties in order to regain sovereignty over the remaining settlements, but one nationalist faction began a movement to insist that on the contrary, Japanese tradition and culture would be best protected by continuing to confine foreigners to the settlements, rendering the situation still more complex.
- その意志とは、一つには、とかく学問に縁遠い当時の婦女子にも読めるようにという事において、二つには物質文明を支える知識学識万能主義に対する警告として、であると現在では理解されている。
- It is now understood that the will means to make it possible for the women of the day who were far from study to read it in part, and to warn against the principle depending only on knowledge and learning backing up the material civilization in another part.
- 日本における「神道」は中国道教の「真道」「聖道」といった進化に対して保守的であり、「鬼」が蔑称文字とされても「祈祷」の字を代用するなど、他の宗教の原理主義に近い状態を維持している。
- Shinto' in Japan is more conservative than Chinese Taoism with the advanced phases of '真道' and '聖道,' and remains in the situation close to fundamentalism of other religions by substituting '祈祷' for '鬼' even if '鬼' was considered a derogatory term.
- 博覧会は元々その開催国の国力を誇示するという性格を有していたが、帝国主義列強の植民地支配が拡大すると、その支配領域の広大さを内外に示すために様々な物品が集められ展示されるようになる。
- Originally exhibitions were held to show off the power of host countries, but as the imperialist powers extended their colonies, they began to collect and display various items to show the vastness of their territories to their nation and the outside the world.
- また韓国の考古学者の中にも、民族主義の影響を強く受けた従来の自国の研究者の学説を厳しく批判し、この時期の韓半島と日本列島の交流が極めて密接なものであったことを指摘する者が現れている。
- Some South Korean archaeologists now sharply criticize conventional theories by Korean researchers strongly affected by nationalism and they point out that the interaction between the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago at the time was extremely inseparable.
- 中国や日本では、欧米及び日本の帝国主義に反対する愛国運動という捉え方をするのに対し、アメリカなどでは闇雲に外国人を攻撃した排外運動という捉え方をしている(エシェリックやコーエン等)。
- China and Japan perceived the Boxers as a nationalistic movement against the doctrine of the West and the Japanese empire, but it was interpreted as a reckless anti-foreign movement that attacked foreigners in nations such as the United States (by Esherick, Cohen, and others).
- 日本統治の第2期は西来庵事件の1915年から1937年の盧溝橋事件であり、国際情勢の変化、特に第一次世界大戦の結果、西洋諸国の植民地統治の権威が失墜し、民族主義が高揚した時期である。
- The second phase of Japanese rule was from 1915 when the Silaian Incident broke out to 1937 when the Marco Polo Bridge Incident occurred, during which time the authority of colonialism by the Western countries fell and nationalism emerged due to the change of the world situation, especially after World War I.
- 第二次世界大戦終了後日本を占領した連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は、国家のための自己犠牲を奨励していた皇民化教育が軍国主義国家形成に果たした役割が大きかったと考え、教育改革に乗り出した。
- The General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) which occupied Japan after the Second World War worked on education reform, thinking that Japanization education, which promoted sacrificing oneself for the nation, played a big role in forming the militarism nation.
- 貴族院は、衆議院における政党政治の防波堤となり、国権主義の保持に寄与するという建前上、院内に政党を置くことはなく、政党に参加した議員は不文律として貴族院議員を辞職することになっていた。
- Because they were the defenders of the party government by the House of Representatives and their role in supporting national sovereignty, they never set up a political party within Kizokuin and members who joined a party had to quit the Kizokuin councilor's position based on unwritten rules.
- ところが大航海時代以降世界に進出、支配領域を拡大したヨーロッパ、続く帝国主義の波に乗ったアメリカ合衆国によるアフリカ・アジア進出・侵略・植民地化は、東アジア各国にとっても脅威となった。
- However, European countries which started to explore the world after the Age of Geographical Discovery to expand their areas of dominance and the USA which rode on the wave of continuous Imperialism and made a foray into Africa and Asia for incursions and colonization became a threat for East Asian countries.
- 自検断権の象徴たるこれらの膨大な刀槍、銃器が完全に廃棄されたのは、第二次世界大戦の敗戦後、警察が軍国主義の排除という名目と占領軍の武力と威光を背景に、没収の実行に成功してからであった。
- It was after losing in the World War II when the police succeeded in confiscating and destroying completely these large amount of swords, spears, and firearms, the symbols of the right of Jikendan, under the guise of elimination of militarism and backed by the force and prestige of the occupation forces.
- 当時『仁義なき戦い』シリーズなどで硬派なヤクザを多く演じていた菅原文太にとっても新境地を開くきっかけとなり、やがて徹底した娯楽主義で大ヒットとなった『トラック野郎』シリーズに結実する。
- It opened up other possibilities for Bunta SUGAWARA, who played many rough yakuza roles in the 'Jingi naki Tatakai' (War Without a Code) series, and starred in the entertaining and popular 'Torakku yaro' series.
- いわゆる日本主義者が、『日本 (新聞)』を舞台に政府の外交方針と自由民権運動の民力休養路線の双方を批判して、強硬的な外交政策による不平等条約解消とその裏付けとなる軍事力の拡張を主張した。
- So-called 'Japanese nationalist' criticized the line of reducing the national burden which were the government diplomatic policies and the Freedom and People's Rights Movement in 'Japan (newspaper)' and advocated dissolution of unequal treaty with the forceful diplomacy and to expand the military force.
- その後、朝露密約がされるが、そのような経緯の中で井上角五郎等から具に事情を聞いた福澤諭吉らは、ここに至り事大主義、小中華思想で、平等や義や独立の精神に反する朝鮮王朝政府に見切りをつけた。
- Later on, when a secret agreement was signed between Korea and Russia and Yukichi FUKUZAWA and others who heard about it from Kakugoro INOUE, they gave up on the government of the Korean Dynasties that were against equality, righteousness and independence with their Sadaejuui policy and petit Sinocentrism.
- 同年5月、連合映画芸術家協会の伊藤大輔との競作『日輪』では、ロシア構成主義者村山知義の抽象画風の装置を演出に取り入れ話題となり、第3回(1926年度)キネマ旬報ベストテンで第2位に選出。
- In May of the same year, he was nominated as the second winner in the Third Kinema Junpo Top Ten (1926) because he used the setting featuring the abstract painting style of Tomoyoshi MURAYAMA as Russian Constructivism in a movie 'Nichirin' a joint film with Daisuke ITO and drew a lot of attention.
- 大名貸は言うなれば、石高制・儒教的農本主義に基づく米納年貢制による歳入制度と商品経済・貨幣経済の発展によって信用経済の発生までみていた貨幣制度による歳出制度の矛盾を補完する制度であった。
- Daimyogashi can be explained as a system which complemented discrepancy between the annual revenue system that was based on the system of Kokudaka (tax system based on rice) and Confucian physiocracy, and annual expenditure system that was even experiencing occurrence of credit economy as a result of the development of commodity economy and monetary economy.
- 早くから鉄道国有化の必要を唱え、鉄道局長時代の1881年に工部卿佐々木高行に対し、民営鉄道の利益優先主義と競合は鉄道発展にマイナスとなるとする「私設鉄道に対する鉄道局長論旨」を提出する。
- He advocated the need for nationalization of the railways from early on, and in 1881 during his time as the Director General of the Railway Agency, he submitted to Takayuki SASAKI, the Minister of Industry then, a written opinion titled 'Argument against Private Railways from Director General of Railway Agency' stating that profit-oriented buisiness and competition of private railways would adversely affect the development of railways.
- その原点は、幕末の攘夷論や明治初期の征韓論などに求めることも可能であるが、直接的な原因としては、明治政府が条約改正に際して採った欧化政策とそれに対する反発としての国粋主義の高揚が上げられる。
- The origin can be considered the principle of excluding foreigners in the end of the Edo Period or Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea) in the early Meiji Period, however, the direct causes were that a policy of Europeanization at the revision of a treaty by the Meiji government and a nationalist fervor against the Europeanization.
- 1907年1月、陸羯南の発行していた新聞日本 (新聞)が経営難に陥り、陸羯南が社長を退いたことで社員の多くが新社長・伊藤欽亮の経営第一主義に反発し、羯南の盟友であった三宅の『日本人』に合流。
- In January 1907, Shinbun Nihon (a newspaper) fell into financial difficulties and when the president Katsunan KUGA resigned, many of the employees revolted against the profit-chasing style of Kinsuke ITO, the new president, and joined 'Nihonjin' edited by MIYAKE, who was a close friend of Katsunan.
- 大町桂月は『太陽』誌上で論文『詩歌の骨髄』を掲載し「皇室中心主義の眼を以て、晶子の詩を検すれば、乱臣なり賊子なり、国家の刑罰を加ふべき罪人なりと絶叫せざるを得ざるものなり」と激しく非難した。
- In the magazine 'Taiyo,' Keigetsu OMACHI published a thesis 'Shiika no kotsuzui' (Bone marrow of poetry) to fiercely criticize Akiko, stating 'If you scrutinize Akiko's poetry from a perspective of imperial centrism, you can't help but scream that she is a traitor, betrayer, and offender who should be punished by the state.'
- 第10回衆議院議員総選挙において過半数に迫る187議席を獲得したものの、政友会の基盤が確固たるものになることを警戒した山縣有朋から財政政策の不備と社会主義取締の緩さを問題視する上奏が行われた。
- In the tenth general election of members of the House of Representatives, the Seiyu party won 187 seats, and almost became the majority; Aritomo YAMAGATA, who feared the stability of the party, reported to the throne that the cabinet was not effective in its financial policy or regulation of socialism.
- 東宝では指示がなくても数日前から霧吹きして伸ばしておくのが常識だったと言われるが、撮影所間の勢質の違いと量産体制に徹するあまり完全主義の黒澤に合わせることができなかった当時の社風を伝えている。
- This anecdote illustrates Toei's culture at that time which was at odds with the perfectionist nature of Kurosawa, because Toei's top priority was mass-production; this was quite different from rival Toho where the curtains were always sprayed and made smooth without any specific instruction even a few days before filming.
- 1901年5月20日、安部磯雄、片山潜、幸徳秋水、西川光次郎ら6名を発起人として、日本初の社会主義政党「社会民主党 (日本 1901年)」が結成されるが、第4次伊藤内閣は直後にこれを禁止した。
- The Social Democratic Party, which is the first socialist party in Japan, was established by six founders, including Iso ABE, Sen KATAYAMA, Shusui KOTOKU, Kojiro NISHIKAWA, on May 20, 1901 but was banned by the fourth Ito Cabinet immediately after the establishment.
- 11代将軍徳川家斉の大御所時代に、水野忠友の子水野忠成と、田沼意次の四男田沼意正らによって重商主義に基づく政策は一時見直されるが、大御所家斉の浪費のためほとんど効果を上げることはできなかった。
- In the Ogosho period, where the retired (but still de facto) shogun (ogosho) of Ienari TOKUGAWA, the 11th shogun, held power, Tadaakira MIZUNO, the son of Tadatomo MIZUNO, and Okimasa TANUMA, the fourth son of Okitsugu TANUMA, temporarily reevaluated policies based on mercantilism, but due to the extravagance of Ogosho Ienari, they produced little effect.
- だが、自由民権運動の弾圧、松方財政による深刻なデフレーションの状況下でのこの欧化の動きは国内的には「貴族主義的」あるいは「上からの欧化」と見られてやがて左右の反政府派の攻撃の格好の標的となった。
- At the same time, this movement of Europeanization later made a fat target for attacks by right and left wings of an antigovernment party as it was domestically considered as 'aristocratic-ism' or 'Europeanization from above,' under the oppression of Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right) and under the circumstance of the serious deflation caused by the Matsukata Finance.
- 武田家自らが場当たりの利己主義で滅亡の遠因を作ったともされる一方で、景虎が上杉氏を継いだ場合でも将来的に武田領が北条勢力によって南北から挟撃される危険性もあり、選択肢がなかったとする見方もある。
- The Takeda family's haphazard egoism is considered to have brought about the underlying cause of the fall, but on the other hand, some people think that there was no option because even if Kagekatsu succeeded the Uesugi clan, the Takeda territory was in danger of a pincer attack from south and north by the Hojo forces in the future.
- だが、翌年黒田が行った「超然主義演説」や山縣有朋らの反対、条約改正を巡る井上自身と黒田との対立もあって運動は低調となり、1889年夏には事実上計画は中止され、『自治新報』も1890年に廃刊された。
- However, the movement cooled down due to 'the doctrine of superiority' of Kuroda, the opposition of Aritomo YAMAGATA, as well as the conflict between Inoue and Kuroda regarding the treaty revision, and the plan was abolished in the summer of 1889 while 'Jichisei Shinpo' discontinued publication in 1890.
- 中国での『万国公法』の受容は、その当初こそ前述したように儒教的道徳を媒介とした自然法的理解からなされたが、帝国主義が大手を振ってまかり通る世界情勢とのギャップが次第に認識されるようになっていった。
- 'Bankoku Koho' started being accepted in China as understanding of natural law through Confucian morality as mentioned above; however, a gap between 'Bankoku Koho' and actual global situation, in which imperialism worked anywhere was gradually recognized.
- かつてのソ連や、中華人民共和国など、共産圏の多民族国家での、分離主義を抑制し、強い政治的統合を意図した用語である、ソヴィエト民族、中華民族といった呼称については、日本語でも民族の語で訳されている。
- Terms such as the 'Soviet race' or the 'Chinese race', which were employed by multiethnic states in the communist bloc such as the former Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China with an intention of suppressing the separatism in order to maintain the tight political integration, are translated into Japanese using the term 'minzoku' which means race.
- 当初、幼少の義村の後見人として、老臣の浦上則宗が赤松家中を牛耳っていたが、文亀2年、則宗が死ぬと、洞松院が当主義村の義母として後見となり、弟・細川政元の支援もあり、赤松家中での発言力を高めていく。
- At first, when Yoshimura was still a child, Roju (member of shogun's council of elders), Norimune URAGAMI controlled the domestic affaires of the Akamatsu family as a guardian, but after Norimune's death, Tosho-in became the guardian of the family head, Yoshimura, as his mother-in-law, and backed by her brother, Masamoto HOSOKAWA, she gradually expanded her influence in the Akamatsu family.
- この報告書によれば、1952年に京都大学の教授陣を対象にした反共工作が行われ服部峻治郎総長とUSIS神戸支部が、吉川幸次郎文学部教授、高坂正顕教育学部教授らを米国に派遣し反共主義者として教育した。
- According to the report, the anti-communism campaign targeting the professors of Kyoto University was launched in 1952, whereby Shunjiro HATTORI, the president of Kyoto University, and the USIS Kobe office dispatched Kojiro YOSHIKAWA, a professor of literature, Masaaki KOSAKA, a professor of education, and others to the United States to train them as anticommunists.
- また摂家筆頭という血筋や、貴公子然とした端正な風貌(当時の日本人にあっては長身であった)に加えて、対英米協調外交に反対する現状打破主義的主張で、大衆的な人気も獲得し、早くから首相待望論が聞かれた。
- Furthermore, in addition to his noble and handsome appearance (he was quite tall for a Japanese of the time) and the fact that he was from the top-ranking Sekke family, he advocated overturning the diplomatic status quo and was popular with the public and was soon being mentioned as a Prime Minister-in-waiting.
- ここで論壇に登場した女性解放思想家山川菊栄は、保護(平塚)か経済的自立(与謝野)かの対立に、婦人運動の歴史的文脈を明らかにし、差別のない社会でしか婦人の解放はありえないと社会主義の立場で整理した。
- Here a women's liberation activist Kikue YAMAKAWA participated in this dispute of protection (Hiratsuka) versus financial independence (Yosano) by clarifying the historical context of feminist movement and arguing logically from a socialist viewpoint that women's liberation could be achieved only in a society without discrimination.
- 翌明治12年(1879年)に大蔵省を辞職し、翻訳業を手がけつつ新聞への投書や著述活動を行い、同年にはイギリスの『エコノミスト』誌を範とした『東京経済雑誌』を創刊し、自由主義の立場での論陣を張った。
- In 1879 he left the Ministry of Finance and wrote editorials and articles for newspapers while working as a translator, eventually launching his own magazine, the liberally aligned 'Tokyo Keizai Zasshi' (Tokyo Economics Magazine) modelled on the British 'Economist' magazine in the same year.
- 安政2年(1855年)に長崎勤務となり、ここで有職故実家坂田諸遠の門人となり、その影響で国臣の尚古主義はさらに激しいものとなり、福岡に戻ると仲間とともに烏帽子、直垂の異風な姿で出歩くようになった。
- In 1855, he was posted to Nagasaki, and became a disciple of Moroto SAKATA, the head of Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past), thus causing him to intensify his Shoko shugi, and after returning to Fukuoka, he went out with his friends in strange attire, wearing eboshi (formal headwear for court nobles) and hitatare (a kind of ancient court dress).
- ヨーロッパ諸国が主導して形成した近代外交体制は基本的に主権平等主義に基づき、対等国同士の外交という形式を取っていたため、この外交体制の拡大とともに華夷秩序も徐々に変容あるいは解体されることとなった。
- Since the modern system of foreign relations that had been forged by European countries was based on the principle of sovereign equality, in other words, the diplomacy between independent nations, the order of kai was forced to change or dissolve according to the development of such system of foreign relations.
- 明治維新は欧米列強に抑圧されたアジア諸国にとって近代化革命の模範ともなったが、やがて日本自身が列強側の国家として、帝国主義的な領土・権益獲得の立場となったことから、かえって反発を呼ぶことにもなった。
- The Meiji Restoration in Japan was a model for the modern revolution of the various Asian countries which were suppressed by powerful western countries, but Japan also received resistance from them because Japan itself became a powerful imperialistic country trying to obtain lands and interests.
- 1998年の憲政党による第1次大隈内閣の成立した事に危機感を抱いた高橋新吉_(英学者)・坊城俊章・有地品之允ら少数の純無所属議員が政党内閣に反対して超然主義を擁護するために結成した集団が原点であった。
- It was based on a group which was formed against party cabinet and for protecting the nonparty principle by a small number of the Pure Independents such as Shinkichi TAKAHASHI (scholar), Toshiaya BOJO and Shinanojo ARICHI who had felt a crisis of the establishment of the first Okuma Cabinet by the Kenseito (Constitutional Party) in 1898.
- 一方、資本主義の急速な発展と成長は日本の一般市民に政治的・市民的自由を自覚させ、様々な課題を掲げた自主集団が設立され自由と権利の獲得、抑圧からの解放に対して声高に叫ばれる時代背景ができ上がっていった。
- Simultaneously, Japan's rapid development of capitalism and economic growth raised political and civic awareness in the general public and resulted in the formation of various voluntary groups to address a variety of issues and cultivation of a social climate that encouraged action to win freedom and human rights and to liberate people from suppression.
- 板垣は日本の民主主義発展に大きな功績を残したが、彼自身は無欲恬淡、金銭欲も淡白でしたたかさがなく(端的に言えば「いい人」)、清濁合わせ呑むことが要求される政治家としては必ずしも有能だったとは言えない。
- While there is no doubt that Itagaki immensely contributed to the growth of Japan's democracy, however, because of his selfless character with no thirst for money and with no wiliness (that is to say, he was simply 'a nice person'), he was not necessarily an adept politician, a profession that requires to be broad-minded enough to deal with all sorts of good and evil.
- これは貴族階級である官人層とそれ以外の被支配階級である平民の身分上の格差を定めるものではあったが、同時に能力主義によってその役割を定めるものであり、本来的には世襲制的な法構造を持つものではないといえる。
- While this system was to define disparity of positions between government officials who are in the noble class and the other commoners who are in the subordinate class, it was, at the same time, to determine one's role based on meritocracy, and did not have hereditary law structure inherently.
- すなわち強国が弱小国を併呑していく当時の世界情勢(帝国主義時代)は、自然の摂理であると受け取られ、『万国公法』の説く「万国並立」「万国対峙」という理念は建前に過ぎないといったシニカルな受容をもたらした。
- Namely the world situation, in which strong countries annexed small countries (age of imperialism) was considered natural providence and resulted in believe that principles of 'Bankoku Koho,' such as '万国並立' or '万国対峙' (equality of countries) were mere slogans.
- 今日の多く個人主義の日に発達し、ニヒリストさへ輩出する時代に於ては特に緊要重大にして欠くべからず」という論が出され、これを機に南北朝のどちらの皇統が正統であるかを巡り帝国議会での政治論争にまで発展した。
- In these days of individualism, where even nihilists are appearing, this is a matter of great urgency and importance,' which led to a political debate in the Imperial Diet about whether the Southern or the Northern Court was legitimate.
- 民本主義と共に、議院内閣制の慣行・政党政治と大正デモクラシーを支え、また、美濃部の著書が高等文官試験受験者の必読書ともなり、大正時代半ばから昭和の初期にかけては、天皇機関説が国家公認の憲法学説となった。
- Along with the democracy, the Emperor Organ Theory supported practices in the parliamentary Cabinet system, and party government and Taisho Democracy, and also because Minobe's book became a bible of examinees for high civil officers, the theory became a constitutional doctrine approved by the state from the middle of Taisho period through early Showa period.
- だが、明治になってから逆に国粋主義の立場から儒教や仏教、異端視された伊勢神道の影響を受けすぎているという理由で“重訂”という名の改竄(親房思想の否定)を行う動きも起こったが、これは定着には至らなかった。
- Beginning in the Meiji period, however, when looked at from an ultranationalist point of view, Chikafusa's book was denounced as far too heavily influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism, and the Ise sect of Shinto--which were all considered heretical--and for that reason, efforts were made to alter the text (to criticize Chikafusa's opinions) under the name of 'the re-revision,' but such efforts never really took root.
- 義塾の卒業生は800名近くにのぼり、朝日新聞の自由主義評論家清沢冽や銀座ワシントン靴店店主東条たかし、百姓をしながら評論家であった斎藤茂など、評論家、実業家、芸術家、学者として名の知られた人も輩出した。
- The number of graduates from Kenseigijuku was about 800, and the school produced some famous commentators, business people, artists and scholars, such as Kiyoshi KIYOSAWA, a liberal commentator of the Asahi Shinbun, Takashi TOJO, a store owner of Washington Shoe Co., Ltd., and Shigeru SAITO, a peasant and commentator.
- 小中華主義は明代中国に流行しながら朝鮮では流行しなかった陽明学を異端視する風潮、清朝による中国支配を「中国が夷狄の支配に服するもの」と規定する認識となり、朝鮮こそが中華の本流であるという思想をはぐくんだ。
- The philosophy of sho-chuka brought the trend to regard Yomei-gaku (Neo-Confucianism based on the teachings of Wang Yangming), which was popular in China in the Ming dynasty but was not so in Korea, as a heresy, as well as the cognition to define China ruled under the Qing dynasty as 'China subjugated by iteki (barbarians),' and accordingly it promoted the idea that Korea is the mainstream of chuka (China).
- 近年の京都府出身の有力国会議員では、野中広務(旧園部町出身)や前原誠司(京都市出身)などがおり、党派では、野中は利益分配路線で「旧来の地域ボス型」、前原は新自由主義路線で「新来の若手ネオコン型」に当たる。
- Recently, Hiromu NONAKA (from former Sonobe-cho) and Seiji MAEHARA (from Kyoto City) are influential diet members from Kyoto Prefecture, politically with NONAKA being a politician of 'the conventional local boss type' using profits-distributing policies and MAEHARA being a politician of 'the new young neo-conservatism type' using policies based on neoliberalism.
- 日本が太平洋戦争(第二次世界大戦)で敗戦し連合国の占領下に置かれた時に日本を統治した連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の最高司令官ダグラス・マッカーサーは、寄生地主が日本の軍国主義に加担したとして農地改革を行った。
- Douglas MACARTHUR, the Supreme Commander of the General Headquarters (GHQ) of the Allied Powers, who governed Japan while Japan was under the Allied occupation after Japan had lost the Pacific War (the World War Ⅱ), implemented a land reform because he thought that the parasitic landlords had supported Japanese militarism.
- また、文部大臣在任中に教育ニ関スル勅語の改訂を試みるなど昭和初期の国家主義的政治家とは一線を画す言動を散発的に見せるが、軍部の勢力拡大に抵抗したものの、彼だけの力では戦争回避を成し遂げることはできなかった。
- Furthermore, while he was Minister of Education he sporadically showed behavior that clearly distinguished him from nationalistic politicians of the early Showa period, such as making an attempt to revise the Ordinance on Education, but even though he resisted the expansion of military influence, his power alone could not successfully prevent the war.
- 7月17日、美智子妃を伴いひめゆりの塔に献花のため訪れたところ、その場に潜んでいた過激派二人(沖縄解放同盟準備会メンバーの知念功と共産主義者同盟のメンバー二人)から火炎瓶を投げつけられる(ひめゆりの塔事件。)
- When he and the Crown Princess Michiko visited Himeyuri-no-to Tower (The Tower of Lilies) for offering flowers on July 17, two members of radical parties (Isao CHINEN belonging to the preparatory society for Okinawa liberation alliance and the other belonging to the communist alliance) lurking at the spot hurled a Molotov cocktail at the Imperial couple (so-called 'The incident at Himeyuri-no-to Tower.')
- 都市の商業資本家・知識人層・三菱を支持基盤として、「王室の尊栄」・「人民の幸福」を2大方針として政治漸進主義を唱え、イギリス流立憲君主制・二院制議会・財産制限選挙制・国権拡張などの穏健な立憲政治を目標に掲げた。
- Supported by commercial capitalists and intellectuals of big cities, and Mitsubishi, the party maintained the political gradualism with the two pillars of ideas of 'flourishing of the imperial family' and 'people's happiness,' setting a goal to establish the moderate constitutionalism based on British constitutional monarchy, bicameral system, suffrage restricted by property, and the expansion of sovereign right.
- 近代になり西洋近代歴史学が導入されるとマルクス主義史観に代表される発展段階史観の概念に基づいた過去の日本の歴史の分析が行われるようになり、歴史的百姓身分を封建制段階における農奴身分と規定することが通説となった。
- In the modern times when western modern history was introduced, analysis of Japanese history based on the idea of the evolution phase concept of history, exemplified by Marxist history, was carried out, and it became a common theory that the historical hyakusho rank was defined as a serfdom in the feudalism phase.
- 同志社は1875年、新島襄によって創立されたキリスト教プロテスタント(会衆派)に基づくキリスト教主義の学校で、大学から幼稚園まで「同志社」の名を冠する9つの教育機関を有する総合学園である(2005年4月現在)。
- Founded by Joseph Hardy Neesima (Jo NIIJIMA) in 1875, the Doshisha had nine educational institutions as of April 2005, ranging from kindergarten to university, all of which use the name 'Doshisha.' These are Christian institutions that are run based on the principles of Protestantism (Congregationalism).
- だが、その後、同党からの入閣の約束を一方的に反故にして、文官任用令改正を行い、続いて文官分限令・文官懲戒令・治安警察法の制定、軍部大臣現役武官制の導入などで、政党を政府から排して超然主義による国家運営を目指した。
- However after that, he unilaterally broke the promise to take the members of this party into the Cabinet and implemented revision of the Civil Service Appointment Ordinance followed by enactment of the ordinance on the status of civil servant, the ordinance on reprimand of civil servant and the Security Police Law, as well as introduction of Military ministers to be officers on active-duty rule to eliminate political parties from the government and aim for running the country by the doctrine of superiority.
- しかし、明治後期以降、急速な近代化の進展にともなって、共和政体や共産主義を志向する勢力の伸張や、天皇機関説が憲法学説において主流をなすようになると、これに対抗するための論理的根拠として用いられることが多くなった。
- However, after the end of the Meiji period, with Japan's modernization advancing rapidly, the movements aiming to introduce a communist system of government and those aiming to introduce a republican one expanded, resulting in the theory that the Emperor was an organ of the state becoming the mainstream of Constitutional Theory; as a result, Shinchoku was often used as a rationale for opposing these movements.
- 明治30年代当時は、欧化主義の進展によって日本の道徳倫理あるいは武士道精神といったものが退廃にさらされていると考え、それらを陽明学で蘇らせようという風潮が日本にはあったが、これが明治期における陽明学熱の背景である。
- Around the turn of the century, it was considered that Europeanism was advancing to the detriment of Japanese moral ethics and the samurai spirit, which led Japan to recover these moral ethics and spirit through Yomeigaku; this was background to the Japanese people's enthusiasm for studying Yomeigaku during the Meiji period.
- こうして、アジアでは初の本格的な立憲君主制・議会制民主主義国家が完成した(正確にはオスマン帝国のタンジマート改革における1876年ミドハト憲法公布がアジア初の立憲制ではあるが、同国は直後に君主専制に回帰している)。
- Thus, a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy was completed for the first time in Asia (precisely speaking, the Midhat Constitution in 1876 of Tanzimat Reform in the Ottoman Empire was the first Asian constitutional monarchy, but the country returned to a monarchy in the same year).
- しかし、市営モンロー主義を採る大阪市が市域外に新線を建設することに難色を示したため、1974年に大阪府の提案で最終的に大阪市が東大阪市長田駅 (大阪府)までを建設し、そこから先は近鉄が建設することで話がまとまった。
- However, Osaka City, which had taken a position on municipal management that was reminiscent of the Monroe Doctrine, was reluctant to construct a line outside Osaka City, and finally, based on Osaka Prefecture's proposal, it was decided in 1974 that Osaka City should construct a line up to Nagata Station (Osaka Prefecture) in Higashi-Osaka City and Kintetsu should construct a line extending from the station.
- 情を排する冷徹な現実主義者との評価がある一方、三方ヶ原の戦いで家康の身代わりとなって討死した夏目吉信の子が規律違反を犯しても超法規的に赦し、本多忠勝の決死の嘆願で真田昌幸を助命するなど、感情に流されるケースもある。
- Although he was evaluated as a cool-headed realist, there were also the cases, as described in the following, in which he was swayed by emotion: When a child of Yoshinobu NATSUME, who had been killed in place of Ieyasu in the Battle of Mikatagahara, violated a rule, Ieyasu pardoned him by a special procedure beyond the law, and Ieyasu also spared Masayuki SANADA's life responding to Tadakatsu HONDA's desperate appeal.
- 続いて前総理・松方正義と進歩党 (日本)党首の大隈重信の入閣を計画するが、これに大隈にライバル意識を抱く板垣と超然主義を固守する山縣が反発、これを見た伊藤はこれ以上の政権維持は困難であるとみて辞表を提出したのである。
- Subsequently, ITO schemed to take the previous prime minister Masayoshi MATSUKATA and the leader of the Progressive Party (Japan), Shigenobu OKUMA into the Cabinet, but ITAGAKII who had a strong rivalry against OKUMA and YAMAGATA who persisted in the doctrine of superiority rebelled against this, and as a result, ITO considered that it was difficult to keep administration anymore and submitted the letter of resignation.
- しかし官人層内部での地位格差が広がり、律令体制が本来意図していた能力主義とは異質に、特定の氏族から世襲的に官人が供給されるようになると、官人の役割をその属する家系ごとに措定するようになり、家系ごとの専門化がすすんだ。
- However, as disparity of positions within government officials became wider and government officials became to be supplied from certain clans by heredity, not by meritocracy as intended by the ritsuryo system, roles of government officials became to be determined by the family lines to which they belonged and role of each family line became specialized.
- また、農本主義的に思われている家康だが、実際には織田信長、豊臣秀吉と同時代の人間であり、また信長の徹底的な規制緩和による経済振興策をその目で見てきていることからも、成長重視の経済振興派であった可能性が指摘されている。
- Even though Ieyasu was believed to be an agricultural fundamentalist, it is pointed that Ieyasu was, in effect, likely to pursue the growth-oriented economic promotion because he actually lived in the same period as Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and witnessed Nobunaga's economic promotion policy by thorough deregulation.
- 中世ヨーロッパにおける神秘主義の中には、そういった商人の作り上げた嘘が真に受けられたと考えられる物品も数多く伝わっており、例えば「ウニコール」(イッカクの牙)がユニコーンの伝説と関連付けられ、解毒薬として流通していた。
- In mysticism of the Medieval Period of Europe, many goods with lies spread, which were created by merchants and thought to be accepted, for example, 'Unicorne' (fangs of unicorns) circulated as antidotes, related to a legend of unicorns.
- この二つの文書は、1901年に幸徳らによって結成されながらも、ただちに禁止された社会民主党 (日本 1901年)の「社会民主党宣言書」の精神を引き継ぎ、その後の日本における社会主義運動に大きな影響を与えたものであった。
- These two documents succeeded the spirit of the 'Declaration of the Social Democratic Party of Japan' of the Social Democratic Party of Japan, which was established by KOTOKU and others in 1901, but was prohibited right away (in Japan in 1901), giving great influences on the subsequent socialistic movements in Japan.
- 大日本帝国憲法(だいにほんていこくけんぽう、だいにっぽんていこくけんぽう、大日本帝國憲法)は、1889年(明治22年)2月11日に発布、1890年(明治23年)11月29日に施行された、近代立憲主義に基づく日本の憲法。
- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan was the organic law of the Empire of Japan based on the idea of modern constitutionalism, promulgated on February 11, 1889, and came into effect on November 29, 1890.
- 同年 黒田清隆が組閣すると大隈は留任するが、外国人判事を導入するという条約案が反対派の抵抗に遭い、明治22年(1889年)には国家主義組織玄洋社の一員である来島恒喜に爆弾による襲撃を受け、右脚を失うとともに、辞職した。
- When Kiyotaka KURODA formed a cabinet in the same year, Okuma continued in office, but the treaty plan which included the introduction of foreign judges was resisted by opposing factions, and Okuma was attacked with a bomb by Tsuneki KURUSIMA, a member of the Nationalist organization Genyosha in 1889, lost his right leg and resigned.
- 「自分の映画の方法論は、近代的人間像を日本映画にうちたてるためのものだ」と主張し、成瀬巳喜男を、『日本の社会をそのまま認め、はかなき小市民の「情緒」を描く自然主義的風速映画』と、今井正もの当時の巨匠たちを痛烈に批判した。
- And he argued that 'my cimematographic methodology is to establish a modern image of a man,' and he roundly criticized the renowned film directors of the time such as the master director Tadashi IMAMURA, and referring to Mikio NARUSE, he wrote 'his films, which come to terms with the actual Japanese Society and depict the ephemeral 'sentiment' of petit bourgeois can be called naturalistic velocity movies.'
- 明治38年8月には、斯波貞吉、中村大八郎らと「国家社会党」を創立し、その宣言書には、古代における我国の皇室が或る意味における社会主義の実行者であると説き、「我国民は宜しく皇室の力に依りて官費の専横を抑制すべし」と論じた。
- In August 1905, he founded 'Kokka Shakaito,' or the National Socialist Party, with Teikichi SHIBA, Daihachiro NAKAMURA and others, and in the party's manifesto, they said that the members of the Imperial Family in ancient times had virtually practiced socialism, and that 'We must stop wasting government expenses using appropriate assistance from the Imperial family.'
- いまや徹底した反共主義の持ち主であった朴は在日本朝鮮人連盟(朝連、在日本朝鮮人総聯合会の前身)への参加を避け、1946年10月に在日本大韓民国民団の前身となる在日本朝鮮居留民団を結成し、初代団長を1949年2月まで勤めた。
- Bokuretsu who came out of prison as a committed anticommunist did not join Zai Nihon Chosenjin Renmei (present-day, Chongryon or General Association of Korean Residents in Japan) but formed Zai Nihon Chosen Kyoryumindan (present-day, Mindan or Korean Residents Union in Japan) in October 1946 and presided as the first organization head until February 1949.
- この条文の解釈や憲法全体の解釈運用にあたっては天皇主権(君権)を重んじる穂積八束や上杉慎吉ら君権学派(神権学派とも言う)と議会制を中心とした立憲主義を重んじる美濃部達吉や佐々木惣一ら立憲学派の二大学派に分かれて論じ合われた。
- The interpretation of this article and the interpretation and operation of the overall Constitution were divided and discussed by two large schools; one is the monarchism school, (also called the theocracy sect) led by Yatsuka HOZUMI, Shinkichi UESUGI, etc., who valued imperial sovereignty (monarchism) and the other was the constitutional school, led by Tatsukichi MINOBE, Soichi SASAKI, etc., who valued constitutionalism, with a focus on the parliament system.
- 施行を翌年に控えた1892年(明治25年)、法典論争はピークに達し、施行延期派は天皇制に絡めて日本の伝統を基にした論陣をはり個人主義的な施行断行派を批判し、施行断行派はフランス法的自然法思想と市民法理論をもって反論を加えた。
- In 1892, one year before the effectuation, the dispute over legal codes reached its peak: Seko-danko-ha Group, taking a firm stand on Japanese tradition related to the Emperor system, criticized individualistic Seko-enki-ha Group, while Seko-danko-ha Group put up an argument with the thought of French law-like natural law and the civil code theory.
- 当時ドイツ帝国の科学的植民地主義に傾倒していた後藤は生物学の観点から植民地の同化は困難であり、英国政府の植民地政策を採用し、日本内地の外に存在する植民地として内地法を適用せず、独立した特殊な方式により統治するというものである。
- Goto, who was inclined towards scientific imperialism of Germany, claimed that it was difficult to assimilate the natives of colonies from a biological viewpoint and that Japan should follow the British colonial policies; the colony outside Japan should not be subject to Japanese law and should be governed under a special approach independent from Japan.
- また、マルクス主義の立場をとる研究者からも、在地の地主に裁判権などの権力が備わっておらず、それらが国家権力の手に集中されており、封建制の重要な内容である領主権力が存在しないため、中国史における封建制概念を否定する見解が出された。
- Even some Marxist scholars denied the concept of the Hoken system in Chinese history based on the fact that local land lords had no powers such as jurisdiction, and those powers were controlled by the state and there was no seniority that was an important aspect of the Hoken system.
- 欧化主義(おうかしゅぎ)とは、1880年代の日本において、明治政府が日本の文物・制度・風俗・習慣をヨーロッパ風にして欧米諸国に日本の近代化を認めてもらおうとして採った政策(欧化政策)とこれに関連して盛んに行われた思潮・風俗の動き。
- Europeanism is a policy (a policy of Europeanization) which the Meiji Government implemented to make an impression on Western countries by modernizing Japan, that is to say, by Europeanizing Japanese things, regulations, folkways, and customs in Japan in 1880s, and an active movement of thought and folkways of the times related to the policy.
- 一定の成功を収めた例としては、パラグアイのカルロス・アントニオ・ロペス大統領による改革、タイ王国のチャクリー改革、トルコのケマル・アタテュルクによるアタテュルク主義、エジプトのエジプト革命、メキシコのベニート・フアレスが挙げられる。
- The examples of successful reforms are as follows: the Reform of Carlos Antonio López in Paraguay; the Reform of Chakri Dynasty in Kingdom of Thailand; the Reform of Kemal Ataturk in Turkey; the Egypt Revolution of 1919; and the Reform of Benito Juárez in Mexico.
- このような中での大正12年(1923年)12月27日、帝国議会の開院式に望んだ摂政裕仁親王(後の昭和天皇)が、自称共産主義者の難波大助という青年によって狙撃されるという事件が起こったが、幸いにして裕仁親王は無傷であった(虎ノ門事件)。
- Against such background, on December 27, 1923, an attempted assassination occurred where Prince Hirohito (who later became Emperor Showa) was sniped by a young man, Daisuke NANBA, a self-proclaimed communist, when the Prince was on his way to open the new Imperial Diet session, but fortunately he was unhurt (the Toranomon Incident).
- ところが支那学形成の中心が京都帝国大学であった事からこれに反発する東京大学関係者や古来日本が文明を取り入れた中国と当時の列強による半植民地状態の中国を意図的に分離を図る国粋主義者の中には依然として「漢学」という呼称を用いる者があった。
- However, because Chinology had been developed mainly in Kyoto Imperial University, the term 'kangaku' was still used by members of the University of Tokyo who were opposed to Kyoto Imperial University and ultranationalists who were trying to establish a distinction between the China from which ancient Japan had imported its civilization and the China of that time, which had been almost entirely colonized by more powerful countries.
- 松井須磨子後追い自殺、「民本主義」創刊、「カルピス」発売開始、「帝国美術院」が発足し「帝国美術院展覧会(現在の日本美術展覧会)」開催、「キネマ旬報」創刊、「道路法」(道路・街路構造令、自動車取締令)発令、「建築基準法」「都市計画法」公布
- The follow-up suicide by Sumako MATSUI, the first publication of 'Minponshugi' (democracy), the start of sales of CALPIS, inauguration of the 'Imperial Art Academy' and holding of 'Exhibition of the Imperial Fine Arts Academy' (present The Japan Fine Arts Exhibition), the first publication of 'Kinema Junpo,' accouchement of the 'Road Act' (the act of road and street structures and the regulation law of automobiles), and promulgation of 'Building Standard Law' and 'City Planning Act'
- しかし、江戸時代中期に入り港町や宿場町などの発展、換金性の高い綿が栽培され始めるなど農村部に資本主義が流入され、また(これが最も大きいのだろうが)大名への献金が過重になり過ぎて商家の一部がつぶれるなど、城下町の衰退が目立つようになった。
- Since the middle of the Edo period, however, the decline of castle towns had been given stark expression in the development of port towns and post towns, the influx of capitalism into agricultural communities, such as the cultivation of cotton, one of readily redeemable goods, and bankruptcies of the merchants due to the excessive financial contribution to feudal lords (daimyo), (which might be the biggest cause of the decline).
- 明治政府の外交政策にとって、この是正は重要な課題のひとつとなるが、逆に一部の国粋主義者からは居留地の存在が外国の思想や宗教から日本の伝統・文化を守る防壁になっているという見地からの存続論も登場して複雑な論争を招くことになった(内地雑居)。
- While this change was an important policy issue for the Meiji government, complicated disputes arose among some nationalists as to whether the settlements acted as a bulwark protecting Japanese tradition and culture from foreign ideas and religion.
- 被告人は、京都市公安条例は憲法違反(憲法21条違反)であること、巡査による写真撮影は、被告人の意思に反するものであり、肖像権を侵害し(憲法13条違反)、かつ、令状を得て行われたものではないから、令状主義にも反する(憲法35条)と主張した。
- The defendant claimed that Kyoto City Ordinance was in violation of Article 21 of the Constitution and the police officer's act of photographing the defendant against his will and the violation of the right of portrait (violation of Article 13 of the Constitution) without a warrant issued by a judge are also in violation of Article 35 of the Constitution which provides for the principle of warrant.
- 1943年、朝鮮を舞台に日本の武装警官隊と抗日ゲリラとの戦いを描いたプロバガンダ映画『望楼の決死隊』が、西部劇さながらのアクション・シーンを取り入れ、はじめて今井の名が注目を集めたのは皮肉なことに植民地支配を正当化した軍国主義映画だった。
- The propaganda film 'Boro no kesshitai' (Suicide Troops of the Watchtower) that depicted the battle between Japanese armed police and anti-Japanese guerrillas set in Korea in 1943 included action scenes only seen in western films and spotlighted Imai for the first time; ironically, it was a militaristic film that justified colonialism.
- 明治時代になると、明治政府の立場から天皇を中心とする国民国家を建設するため、国家主義的な歴史観が構築されていったが、それは大政奉還・王政復古を正当化する歴史観であり、そのため大化の改新・建武の中興・明治維新が最も重要な改革に位置づけられた。
- After the Meiji period, the Meiji government sought to establish a nation-state which set the emperor in the center of the nation. This produced a nationalistic view of history, which justified Taisei Hokan and Osei Fukko, and so the Taika Reforms, Kenmu no Chuko (=Kenmu restoration) and Meiji Restoration were ranked as the most important reforms.
- これに対し、妊娠・出産を国庫に補助させようとする平塚らいてうの唱える母性中心主義は、形を変えた新たな良妻賢母にすぎないと論評し、平塚らいてう、山田わからを相手に母性保護論争を挑んで「婦人は男子にも国家にも寄りかかるべきではない」と主張した。
- On the other hand, Raicho HIRATSUKA supported maternity-centrism and demanded that the National Treasury should cover all the costs of pregnancy and delivery; Akiko criticized, however, that maternity-centrism was merely an alternative approach of supporting the concept of a dutiful wife and devoted mother, and argued against Hiratsuka and Waka YAMADA about maternal care stating 'women should not depend on men or the nation.'
- 学芸自由同盟も翌年には活動停止状態となったが、前記の中井、久野などこの運動に参加した学生のなかから『土曜日 (雑誌)』『学生評論』『世界文化』など反ファシズムを標榜する雑誌メディアが生まれ、自由主義的文化運動は「非常時」下でなおも命脈を保った。
- The Gakugei Jiyu Domei also ceased its activities the next year but students such as the aforementioned Nakai and Kuno who participated in this movement started magazines supporting anti-fascism such as 'Doyobi' (Saturaday), 'Gakusei Hyoron' (Student Editorials), 'Sekai Bunka' (World Culture), and even under 'emergency situation (war period),' the liberal cultural movement continued.
- 建物は小さくても、そこには、「学生の多数を望まず、校舎の壮大なるを望まず」、「一人の教師が一人の生徒と信頼をもって相対」するという確固たる教育精神があり、キリスト教に基づいた人格主義教育をめざし、「偉い人」でなく「善い人」になることが説かれた。
- Although the building was small, the school had firm educational spirits, 'Do not desire a lot of students and a bigger building' and 'One teacher faces one student with trust'; and the school aimed for the Personalism education based on Christianity and taught the students to be a 'good person' not a 'big man.'
- 「鴎外漁史とは誰ぞ」(文壇時評)、「原田直次郎」(日本の近代西洋絵画)、「潦休録」(近代芸術)、「我をして九州の富人たらしめば」(社会問題)、「義和団の乱の一面の観察」(講演録)、「新社会合評」(矢野竜渓『新社会』の評論で社会主義などを記述)。
- Who is Ogai Gyoshi ?' (criticism on the literary world), 'Naojiro HARADA' (about western painting in the modern period of Japan), 'Ryokyuroku' (about modern art), 'If I were a wealthy man in Kyushu' (about social issues), 'Observations on one aspect of the Boxer Uprising' (lecture records), 'Joint review on new society' (a criticism of 'New Society' written by Ryukei YANO, in which mentioned socialism and so on).
- ちょうどその頃、上総国菊間から大浜出張所(碧海郡に16ヶ村幡豆郡に5ヶ村、計21ヶ村は、大浜領と呼ばれ、菊間藩の大浜出張所に支配されていた。)に赴任してきた服部純は、明治政府の方針に従い村法の改正や勤王主義教育、神仏分離などの宗教改革を実施した。
- At precisely the same time, Jun HATTORI who was transferred to an Ohama branch office (16 villages in Aomi County, 5 villages in Hazu County, 21 villages in total were called Ohama territory and were controlled by Ohama branch office in Kikuma Domain) from Kikuma, Kazusa Province, implemented the revision of village law, the imperialism education, and the religious transformation such as separation of Buddhism and Shintoism by following the policy of the Meiji Government.
- 唐の律令の継受も、このような土台のうえに可能となったのであるが、秦・漢以来の歴代の専制主義的法制を集大成した唐の律令と大化前代の日本の法とでは、段階の差が、あまりにはげしかったので、律令法は継受法としての性格を強くもたざるをえなかったとみられる。
- Adopting the Tang ritsuryo was possible based upon such a foundation, but the difference between the Tang ritsuryo, which was a comprehensive compilation of successive despotic legal systems since Qin and Han, and the Japanese law of the pre-Taika era, was so great that ritsuryo law could not avoid becoming, basically, an adopted law by nature.
- 東亜同文会はアジア主義的色彩の強い立場に立脚し、中国・朝鮮の保護と日本の権益保護のため、外務省・軍部と密接に提携しながら、1900年(明治33年)に南京同文書院(後の東亜同文書院、その後身愛知大学)を設立するなど対中政治・文化活動の推進を図っていく。
- Toadobunkai stood on the ground strongly influenced by Asianism, and closely cooperated with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the military to protect China, Korea and interests of Japan, then led cultural and political activities related to China including establishment of Nankindobunshoin (a school in Nanjing, later became Toadobunshoin and then Aichi University).
- 現在、これらを前身として存続している銀行のうち、国立銀行時代のナンバーを引き継いでいないところのほとんどは、1930年代から1940年代前半の政府の施策として、銀行の1県1行主義に伴う戦時統合により、新たな法人として設立されているところが多くみられる。
- Currently, many of the surviving banks which used to be the National Banks but did not take over the numbers at the time were established as new legal entities by the integration in wartime according to the principle of one bank per one prefecture under the government measures of 1930 to early 1940.
- しかしながら日本とペルーの間では当時二国間条約が締結されておらず、政府内には国際紛争をペルーとの間で引き起こすと国際関係上不利であるとの意見もあったが、副島は人道主義と日本の主権独立を主張し、マリア・ルスに乗船している清国人救出のため法手続きを決定した。
- However, no bilateral treaty was signed between Japan and Peru in those days, and some government officials argued that causing a dispute with Peru could result in a disadvantage for Japan in international relations; nonetheless, Soejima resolved to take legal steps to rescue the Qing people in the name of humanitarianism and Japan's sovereignty.
- 世界恐慌を経て軍国主義が台頭するに及び、昭和10年(1935年)、美濃部達吉の天皇機関説が学会では主流であったにも拘らず問題視されて発禁処分となり、昭和15年(1940年)には早稲田大学教授津田左右吉の記紀神話への批判が問題となり著作が発禁処分となった。
- With the growth of militarism after the Great Depression of the 1930s, although Tatsukichi MINOBE's theory that the Emperor was an organ of the state was the main theme at academic conferences, it was regarded as questionable and books on this subject were banned in 1935, and then in 1940, criticism of the mythology of the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki by Sokichi TSUDA, a professor of Waseda University, became an issue so the publication of books on this subject was also banned.
- 1900年(明治33年)に成立した同法は、日本の資本主義は発達するに従って、中小零細企業が大資本に圧倒されている現状から、零細企業救済のため、加入脱退の自由、議決権平等、出資利子制限、利用分量配当といった協同組合原則の基本を組み入れた法律として制定された。
- The act was passed in 1990, and in order to help small enterprises, it was established as a law which had principles of cooperative association such as freedom of entering and leaving, the equal voting right, restraint of investing interest, and the dividend in accordance with the amount of use, under the circumstances in which tiny, small and medium enterprises were getting overwhelmed by big capitals as the Japanese capitalism grew.
- その成果のひとつは、戦争中の1904年8月にアムステルダムで開催された第二インターナショナルの第6回大会で、片山潜とロシア代表のゲオルギー・プレハーノフがともに副議長に選出されて会議場で握手を交わし、社会主義者の国境を越えた連帯と協力を確認したことである。
- One of the results was that Sen KATAYAMA and the Russian representative, Georgii PLEKHANOV, were elected as vice-chairmen and shook their hands in the 6th convention of the Second International held in Amsterdam during the war in August, 1904 and then they confirmed socialist's solidarity and cooperation across the border.
- 第二次世界大戦後はマルクス主義的な歴史認識により、武士を支配階級、農民を被支配階級と定義し、農民生活の悲惨さとそれに由来する階級闘争の存在が強調され、商人は財産(資本)を蓄積したブルジョワ階級であり、近代への幕を開く歴史的存在として捉えられるようになった。
- After World War II, Marxian history began to define samurai as the ruling class and the peasants as the ruled class, emphasizing the misery of the peasants' life and the existence of a class struggle derived from this misery, with merchants as the bourgeoisies who accumulated property (capital) which ushered in the modern age.
- 更に宮中の保守派や政教社の三宅雪嶺らを中心とした国粋主義者も井上が進める外国人裁判官の起用といった条約改正交渉に対する批判も加えて政府を攻撃し、これに内大臣三条実美の周辺(東久世通禧・土方久元・尾崎三良ら)や政府の要人である井上毅や谷干城までが乗ったのである。
- Furthermore, nationalists such as the conservatives of the Imperial Court or Setsurei MIYAKE of Seikyo-sha also attacked the government by adding the criticism for treaty revision negotiation such as hiring foreign judges INOUE proceeded with, and people around Sanetomi SANJO known as the Minister of the Interior (including Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE, Hisamoto HIJIKATA, and Saburo OZAKI) or even Kowashi INOUE and Tateki TANI, who were the important persons of the government, joined them.
- ダーヴィニズムの「適者生存」説 − トーマス・ハクスレー<注9>の説 − は、アナーキストのクロポトキンが彼の著書「相互扶助論」「進化の要因」で指摘したように、自然淘汰というよりも、ビクトリア朝時代のイギリスの経済状態(つまり帝国主義)を反映したものであった。
- The 'survival of the fittest' version -- the Thomas Huxley version -- of Darwinism was a better account of economic conditions in Victorian England than it was of natural selection, as the anarchist Kropotkin showed in his book Mutual Aid, A Factor of Evolution.
- 「新婦人協会」結成、雑誌「新青年」創刊、日本最初のメーデー、「日本社会主義同盟」結成、活動写真会社「松竹」「帝国キネマ」設立、両国「新国技館」落成、東京市街自動車に女性車掌(バスガール)が登場、慶應義塾・早稲田に私立大学設立許可、「松竹蒲田撮影所」設立、第1回「国勢調査」
- Formation of 'Shin fujin kyokai' (the New Women's Association), the first publication of a magazine 'Shinseinen' (new youth), the first May Day in Japan, formation of 'Japan Socialist League,' establishment of moving-picture companies 'Shochiku Co., Ltd.' and 'Teikoku kinema' (Imperial Cinema Entertainment Co. Ltd.), completion of the 'Shin (new) Kokugikan' in Ryogoku, the first 'bus girl' (conductress) appeared in Tokyo City Tram, approval for the establishment of private universities of Keio Gijuku and Waseda, establishment of 'Shochiku Kamata Studio,' and the first 'national census'
- 戦後民主主義教育について、近代の戦争と植民地支配への反省を過度に強調する歴史教科書は歴史認識を誤認させ、敗戦を節目として神話時代から続いている日本の伝統ある歴史を貶める「自虐史観」(東京裁判史観)または「暗黒史観」であるとして、つくる会による『新しい歴史教科書』が作られた。
- Some say that recent textbooks reflect on the War and colonial control too much and that this is done prevent people from learning the historical reality about when Japan lost the War, and these textbooks have also caused a misunderstanding of Japanese traditional history, which has continued from the mythological age, by presenting a 'masochistic view of Japanese history' or a ' dark history' so the Tsukuru kai published their 'new history textbook.'
- 1932年のコミンテルンテーゼ(いわゆる32年テーゼ)は、共産主義革命を日本で行うため日本の君主制をロシア帝国の絶対君主制であるツァーリズムになぞらえて「天皇制」と表記し、天皇制と封建階級(寄生地主)・ブルジョワジー(独占資本)との結合が日本の権力機構の本質であると規定した。
- Comintern These of 1932 (so-called these of 32) likened the Japanese monarchism to the tsarism of Russia which was the absolute monarchy and rendered the Japanese monarchism as 'Tennosei' (Emperor System) and defined that the combination of the Emperor system, parasitic landowners (privileged people under the feudal system) and bourgeoisie (monopolistic capitalists) is the essence of the Japanese power mechanism.
- 晶子は『明星』11月号に『ひらきぶみ』を発表、「桂月様たいさう危険なる思想と仰せられ候へど、当節のやうに死ねよ死ねよと申し候こと、またなにごとにも忠君愛国の文字や、畏おほき教育御勅語などを引きて論ずることの流行は、この方かへつて危険と申すものに候はずや」と国粋主義を非難した。
- Akiko published 'Hirakibumi' in the November issue of 'Myojo' to criticize extreme patriotism by stating 'Dear Mr. Keigetsu, you said that I had very dangerous ideas, but don't you think that it is far more dangerous to tell young men to die for the country, and to cite loyalty, patriotism and the Imperial Ordinance on Education in any discussions, don't you?'
- だが、依然として超然主義を奉じる貴族院_(日本)最大会派の研究会_(貴族院)は伊藤の入党要請を拒絶する会派決議を行ったばかりでなく、1901年北清事変の軍費捻出のための増税案を他の5会派(茶話会・朝日倶楽部・庚子会・木曜会・無所属団)を糾合して否決、伊藤内閣を総辞職に追い込んだ。
- However, the study group (the House of Peers), which is the largest parliamentary faction in the House of Peers (Japan) and which still believed in the doctrine of superiority, not only passed a resolution to refuse Ito's request to join his party, but also rallied five factions (sawa kai, asahi kurabu, koshi kai, mokuyo kai, mushozoku dan) and rejected a tax-increase bill to raise military expenditure for the Boxer Rebellion in 1901, which forced the Ito Cabinet to resign en masse.
- しかしたとえ『万国公法』を非常に効果的に活用する場面があったとしても、次第にフランス帝国主義が浸透し、最後には天津条約によって清朝がベトナムに対する宗主権を放棄したことにより、完全にフランスの植民地となったという歴史の大勢に変わりはなく、それは後世のわれわれがよく知るところである。
- However, even if there was a chance for effective use of 'Bankoku Koho' it did not affect later history, French imperialism became widespread and after the Qing dynasty gave up suzerainty of Vietnam under the Treaty of Tianjin, Vietnam entirely became a colony of France.
- 幕末は、徳川宗家の当主が征夷大将軍職に就き、幕府の主宰者として君臨する幕藩体制が変質し、崩壊していく過程であり、また、鎖国すなわち海禁政策を抛棄して開港し、外国との通商貿易の開始によって日本が世界的な資本主義市場経済に組み込まれ、社会そのもののあり方が劇的に変化していく過程でもある。
- The bakumatsu can be described as the period in which the feudal system characteristic of the shogunage by the head of the Tokugawa family collapsed, or the period in which the social structure dramatically changed as the country abolished the long-held closed-door policy and started trading with foreign countries, eventually becoming a member of the global capitalist market economy.
- 事件は、京都帝国大学法学部の瀧川幸辰教授が、1932年10月中央大学法学部で行った講演「『復活』を通して見たるトルストイの刑法観」の内容(レフ・トルストイの思想について「犯罪は国家の組織が悪いから出る」などと説明)が無政府主義的として文部省および司法省内で問題化したことに端を発する。
- The incident started when a lecture, 'Tolstoy's view on penal law through his novel, 'Resurrection'' in October 1932 by Professor Yukitoki TAKIGAWA of the Faculty of Law, Kyoto Imperial University explained in his talk that 'Criminal offenses occur when organization of the national governmental is bad,' which was considered problematic by the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Law as being anarchist.
- 18世紀には、主にロシア、イギリス、フランスなど帝国主義時代の欧米列強が日本へも接近し、日本人漂流民の返還のために蝦夷地へ来日したアダム・ラクスマンの来航(寛政4年(1792年))といった諸外国が通商を求める出来事や、1811年(文化8)のゴローニン事件といった摩擦・紛争が起こり始めた。
- In the 18th century, the allied western powers of imperialism such as Russia, England and France approached Japan thus some issues and disputes started to occur such as the arrival of Adam Kirillovich Laksman who came to Ezo to return Japanese castaways in 1792 and the Golovnin Incident of 1811.
- 明治政府が進める富国強兵路線を継承する次世代の政治家を育てる手段として中等以上の財産家を集めて新党を結成して地方自治において主導権を握るとともに、彼らに政治的経験を積ませて中央に進出させ、穏健な保守勢力を形成させることで、過激な自由民権派や国粋主義者の台頭を食い止める構想を打ち明けている。
- He also introduced the concept of collecting the wealthy men above the middle class to establish a new political party having the central power in local districts, make them have seasoned political experience before dispatching to central political district to develop moderate conservative power to prevent the increase of school of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement and nationalist as means of providing the politicians of the next generation who will continue the policy of enhancing the wealth and military strength of a country sought by the Meiji government
- その後も田近陽一郎が『高千穂古文字伝』(1876年)を著すなど一部の研究者はにわかに活気づいたが、教部省主導ということからも伺えるように軍人や政治家の国粋主義宣伝の材料にされてしまい、また原本が学会ではまったく認知されていない神代文字で書かれていたことから、一般の学会ではほとんど無視された。
- After that, Yoichiro TAJIKA wrote 'Takachiho Komoji Den (Takachiho ancient characters history)' in 1876 and some researchers were suddenly fueled, but this was used by military men and statesmen as advertisement of nationalism, as you can see from the introduche, and also because the original book was written in ancient Japanese characters not recognized by the academic society, it was mostly ignored in general academic societies.
- 外国との貿易を黒字化させて国内の金保有量を高め、さらには北方においてロシア帝国との貿易も行おうとしていたほか、平賀源内などと親交を持ち、蘭学を手厚く保護し、士農工商の別にとらわれない実力主義に基づく人材登用も試みたが、これらの急激な改革が身分制度や朱子学を重視する保守的な幕府閣僚の反発を買い、
- He tried to expand Japan's trade surplus, increase gold holdings, and open trade with the Russian Empire; he also made friends with Gennai HIRAGA and others, protected Western learning, and took on men of talent based on a merit system regardless of the hereditary four-class order consisting of warrior-rulers, peasants, artisans, and merchants (shinokosho), but these sudden reformations provoked a backlash among conservatives in the shogunate cabinet.
- その三連目で「すめらみことは戦いに おおみずからは出でまさね(天皇は戦争に自ら出かけられない)」と唱い、晶子と親交の深い歌人であったが国粋主義者であった文芸批評家の大町桂月はこれに対して「家が大事也、妻が大事也、国は亡びてもよし、商人は戦ふべき義務なしといふは、余りに大胆すぐる言葉」と批判した。
- In the third verse of the poem she wrote that the Emperor was not allowed to join the war himself; a literary critique Keigetsu OMACHI who was a close friend of Akiko, but at the same time a nationalist, criticized her by stating 'it was too audacious to say that what matters to you is your family and wife, that it doesn't matter if your country is destroyed, and that merchants are not bound to fight in the war.'
- 大日本帝国憲法、衆議院議員選挙法が公布された翌日(1889年(明治22年)2月12日)、黒田は鹿鳴館で開催された午餐会の席上において「超然主義演説」を行って政党との徹底対決の姿勢を示したが、その一方で立憲改進党前総裁(実質は党首)で外務大臣 (日本)の大隈重信を留任させて条約改正の任にあたらせた。
- The day after the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the election law of the members of the House of Representatives were issued (February 12, 1889), KURODA made the speech called 'speech of the doctrine of superiority' in order to show his attitude to cope with the political parties to the bottom in the luncheon held at Rokumeikan, and on the other hand, he had Shigenobu OKUMA, who was also the former president of the Constitutional Progressive Party, stay in the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan) to assign the mission to revise the treaty.
- 貴族や官人の官職及び官位を改廃する権限、令外官(りょうげのかん)の設置権、官人の叙位および任用権限、五衛府(ごえふ)や軍団兵士に対するすべての指揮命令権、罪刑法定主義を原則とする律の刑罰に対して勅断権と大赦権、外国の使者や外国へ派遣する使者に対する詔勅の使用などの外交権、皇位継承の決定権などである。
- The authority to establish and abolish government posts and official court ranks for nobles and officials, the right to appoint Ryoge no kan (a new governmental post), the authority to bestow court rank and to appoint officials, all rights of leadership and command towards army corps, soldiers and goefu (Palace guards), the right to make imperial judgment and right to grant general amnesty with respect to punishments under ritsu codes - these were based on the principle of legality, diplomatic rights such as right to use shochoku (the Imperial edict) on envoys to and from foreign countries and right to decide on succession to the Imperial Throne.
- ここでの「悪友」とは、福澤諭吉らの「平等」や「義」や「独立心」を重んずる思想と違って、福澤らから見れば、閨閥、門閥政治、小中華思想(日本蔑視思想)などの旧弊に固執し血なまぐさい権力闘争を繰り返し、事大主義で外交において信義がなく、外交方針がころころ変わる清国や李氏朝鮮という認識で用いられた言葉である。
- Unlike the thought which put a high value on 'Equality,' 'Righteousness' and 'Independence' by Yukichi FUKUZAWA and others, 'Bad friends' in the 'Datsu-A Ron' was the word used meaning the Qing and Joseon Dynasty Korea where, adhering to their old customs of Keibatsu (network by blood connection), lineage government and petit Sinocentrism (idea of disrespect for Japan), bloody strifes over authority were repeated, being Sadaejuui (Loving and admiring the great and powerful) and faithless in diplomacy and diplomatic policies changed so often.
- 同宣言には「日本国政府ハ日本国国民ノ間ニ於ケル民主主義的傾向ノ復活強化ニ対スル一切ノ障礙ヲ除去スベシ」「言論、宗教及思想ノ自由並ニ基本的人権ノ尊重ハ確立セラルベシ」等と定められたため、ダグラス・マッカーサー率いる連合国軍最高司令官総司令部(GHQ/SCAP)は、大日本帝国憲法の改正を日本政府に求めた。
- According to the sentences of the declaration, 'the Japanese government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people' and 'Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established,' the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP) led by Douglas MACARTHUR demanded modification of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 明治31年(1898年)には、第一次大隈重信内閣の文部大臣尾崎行雄が、ある教育会の席上で藩閥勢力の拝金主義を攻撃した演説に「日本で共和制が実施されれば、三井・三菱は大統領となるだろう」とあったため問題となり、皇室制度の下にあって共和制を想定することは不敬にあたるとして辞任に追い込まれた(共和演説事件)。
- In 1898, Yukio OZAKI, the Minister of Education in the first Okuma Shigenobu Cabinet, made a speech in an educational meeting, attacking the greed of the domain clique by saying 'If a republic is established in Japan, Mitsui and Mitsubishi would be the president.' and this became a problem, because making an assumption of a republic under the system of Imperial Household was disrespectful, and he was forced into resignation (Kyowaenzetsu Jiken, or republic speech incident).
- 全寮制の師範学校の寮生活は大日本帝国陸軍の内務班そのままで、上級生への絶対服従を植えつけるため下級生へのいじめ、しごきは日常茶飯事であり、古事記の記述を盲目的に正史として教えるなど教育内容にも問題が多く、その卒業生たちが軍国主義教育の担い手となり、教え子を続々と戦地に送り続けてきたという批判が出たのである。
- People began to criticize normal schools; the dormitory life of the normal school was quite the same as that of a naimu-han (internal affairs corps) of the Imperial Japanese Army with seniors always teasing and hazing juniors to teach them absolute obedience to their seniors, and the education content also had a lot of problems such as teaching what was described in 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) as an authentic history, and the graduates, as supporters of the militarist education, kept sending their students to the front.
- その後、総理となった犬養毅が軍縮をしようとしたところ、五・一五事件で決起将校に殺害され政党政治が終結を迎え、戦時中には軍の圧力により逼塞状態にあった鳩山一郎が、戦後に総理就任を目前で連合国軍最高司令官総司令部からこの時の事を追及されて、軍部の台頭に協力した軍国主義者として公職追放となるなど皮肉な歴史を辿る事となった。
- Later, ironic histories were repeated, which means that Tshuyoshi INUKAI, who became Prime Minister tried to do disarmament, was killed by an officer who rose in revolt at the May 15th Incident, then the party government came to an end, and Ichiro HATOYAMA who was confined during the war by the military pressure was accused by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers and purged as a militarist cooperated the rise of the military just before the assumption of the Prime Minister after the war.
- 呉善花は、著書『韓国併合への道』で「少なくとも民族の尊厳の確保に賭けて大アジア主義を掲げ、国内で最大限の努力を傾けた李容九らを売国奴と決めつけ、国内で表立った活動をすることもなく外国で抗日活動を展開した安昌浩や李承晩らを愛国者・抗日の闘士と高く評価するバランス・シートは、私にはまったく不当なものである」と評価している。
- O Seonhwa placed a mention in her book 'Road to the Japan's annexation of Korea', saying, 'it is completely unreasonable for me that, in a balance-sheet, the persons like 李容九 (이용구) who strived in the country to get back our nation's dignity aimed at Asianism are regarded as betrayers, while the persons like Ahn Chang-ho and Syngman Rhee (I Seung-man) who rolled out their anti-Japanese activities out of Korea without taking any particular actions in the country are praised as a patriot or anti-Japanese warrior'.
- しかし、これらの政党は対外政策では一定の一致をみていたものの、国内政策では国粋主義的な大日本協会や国民協会から自由民権運動の中でも急進派である東洋自由党まで幅広い勢力を含んでいたために、政府あるいは衆議院第2党の自由党 (明治)あるいは後に同党と伊藤博文系官僚勢力が合同した立憲政友会に対する批判でしか一致をみなかった。
- Although these political parties agreed certain points in external policy, in the internal policy these parties, which included nationalistic Dainihon Association, National Association, and the East Liberal Party which was a leftist among the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, agreed each other only in the point of criticism against the government, the Liberal Party which was the second party of House of Representatives (in Meiji Period), or the Rikken seiyukai (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO) which was established from the alliance of the Liberal Party and the governmental bureaucratic in the side of Hirobumi ITO.
- だが、次第に研究会との勢力争いによって摩擦が生じるようになり、鰻香内閣騒動や研究会と立憲政友会との連携などを経て茶話会と研究会は次第に対立し、政友会の原内閣に研究会が閣僚を送ると、茶話会も超然主義を放棄して反対党である憲政会と連携する一方、研究会以外の他の貴族院の各会派と連携して研究会を包囲する動きを見せた(幸四派)。
- But the struggle for power with the Kenkyukai gradually began to produce friction, and after the turmoil of the Manko cabinet, the cooperation between the Kenkyukai and the Rikken Seiyukai (the Friends of Constitutional Government Party, or 'Seiyukai' for short) and other challenges, the struggle for influence between the Tea Party and the Kenkyukai gradually developed into open hostility, and when some of the members of Hara's Seiyukai cabinet were chosen from the Kenkyukai, not only did the Tea Party abandon the doctrine of transcendence and join forces with the opposition Kenseikai (Constitutional Government Party), they also formed links with the various other factions among non-Kenkyukai House of Peers members in an effort to isolate and surround the Kenkyukai.
- アヘン戦争(1840年 - 1842年)の敗北により結ばれた南京条約の締結(1842年)に続き、アロー号戦争(1857年 - 1860年)、清仏戦争(1884年 - 1885年)、日清戦争(1894年 - 1895年)、義和団の乱(19世紀末 - 20世紀初頭)といった事件が起こっていき、帝国主義列強に侵略されていくことになる。
- After concluding the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842 following the Opium War (1840 – 1842), China endured the Arrow War (1857 – 1860), the Sino-French War (1884 – 1885), the Sino-Japanese War (1894 – 1895) and the Giwadan War (late 19th century – early 20th century) before being invaded by powerful countries of imperialism.
- 平民社(へいみんしゃ)は、1903年11月に、日露戦争を開戦しようとする動きに対して非戦論を主張していた『萬朝報』が、社論を開戦論へと転換したときに、非戦論を訴えつづけていた同紙記者の幸徳秋水と堺利彦(枯川)が、非戦論の主張を貫くために朝報社を退社し、あらたに非戦論を訴え、社会主義思想の宣伝・普及をおこなうために開業した新聞社。
- Heiminsha is a newspaper company established by newspaper reporters of 'Yorozu-choho' newspaper company, Shusui KOTOKU and Toshihiko SAKAI (KOSEN), to promote and spread socialist thoughts, who retired from the Choho press company in order to insist their claim of pacifism, when the company, which had been claiming pacifism against the move to the Russo-Japanese War, shifted its policy from pacifism to the theory of making war.
- 逍遥の言葉「・・・要するに、彼の貴族的な、英雄本位、淑女本位の高尚がりの活歴派に対しては、それとは反対の、平民的な、不作法な、凡人沢山、風情沢山の丸本式、草双紙式を発揚し、厳格な、窮屈な外国の審美論に対しては、無主義の、放埒な、いわば不即不離の国劇式を、暗に擁護しようという主張と抱負とが内心にあって、彼の作を書き始めたのである。」
- Shoyo said, 'In short, I started to write this work with a view and ambition in my mind to inspire noble, hero- and lady-oriented, intellectual audience, who like historical dramas, the maruhon shiki (style of complete set of books) and kusazoshi-style featuring common, rude people and having a lot of ordinary and interesting scenes--contrary to the characteristics of those audiences--and imply my ambition to support the so-called kokugeki shiki (national drama style)--a non-doctorine, loose, and neutral style--to foreign aesthetes, who hold a strict and rigid view.'
- 最終戦争即ち王道・覇道の決勝戦は結局、天皇を信仰するものと然らざるものの決勝戦であり、具体的には天皇が世界の天皇とならせられるか、西洋の大統領が世界の指導者となるかを決定するところの、人類歴史の中で空前絶後の大事件である。と極論を展開するなど、昭和維新運動以後の軍国主義の台頭によって、天皇の威を借りた軍部による政治介入が頻発した。
- The final battle, that is, the decisive war between righteous monarchy and military rule, is the final battle between those who worship the Emperor and those who do not; specifically, it will be the most important incident in the history of mankind, determining whether the Emperor will be the Emperor of the world or whether Western presidents will lead the world' and with the rise of militarism after the Showa Restoration movement, the military appropriated the authority of the Emperor to intervene in politics.
- しかし、松方デフレ等の影響で没落した農家・地主たちや疲弊した地方を尻目に官営事業の払下げで急速に力をつけてきた政商資本家の台頭という資本主義経済における自由競争の負の部分が顕在化しつつあった当時の状況や、大日本帝国憲法では天皇制を定め、近代天皇制国家の形成が進められていたことから、施行延期派を支持する声が段々と強まるようになっていく。
- However, more and more people supported the Seko-enki-ha Group, because of the then situation that in spite of peasants and landowners who were brought to ruin and local regions impoverished by Matsukata Deflation, and the appearance of businessmen with political ties who were rapidly increasing power by getting government properties cheaply, a negative part of free competition in capitalist economy, and the fact that in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan the Emperor system was adopted and the formation of the modern Emperor-system nation was on going.
- 朝鮮民主主義人民共和国・大韓民国では文禄の役を壬辰倭乱(じんしんわらん、、イムジンウェラン、戦役総称として使う場合もあり)、慶長の役を丁酉倭乱(ていゆうわらん、、チョンユウェラン)または丁酉再乱(ていゆうさいらん、、チョンユヂェラン)と呼んでいる(北朝鮮では壬辰祖国戦争(じんしんそこくせんそう、、イムジンチョグクチョンジェン)と呼ばれる場合もある)。
- In the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea, the Bunroku War is called Imjin Waeran (It is also used as the generic name of the Wars), and the Keicho War is called Chonyu Ueran or Chonyu Jeran (In the North Korea, in certain cases it is also called Imjin chogukuchonjen).
- ところが、国民協会の中で国粋主義者の占める割合が強くなると、次第に政府との関係は悪化し、特に第2次伊藤内閣期に入ると、民党の中核であった自由党_(日本)が政府と接近して共同歩調を取る一方で、逆に国民協会が同内閣が進める条約改正を批判して立憲改進党と共同して硬六派を組織するなど、吏党・民党がそれぞれ「親政府」・「反政府」を意味するものではなくなっていった。
- However, their relationship with the government gradually soured as the Kokumin Kyokai had the highest percentage of nationalists, and especially during the Second Ito Cabinet, the Kokumin Kyokai conversely organized the Koroppa (hard-line six parties) cooperating with the Rikken Kaishinto by accusing the Cabinet of forwarding the revision of a treaty while the Jiyuto (Liberal Party of Japan), the hard core of the Minto party, approached the government and took concerted action, and thus the Rito party and Minto party were no long entirely 'pro-government' or 'anti-government'.
- この会派は陸軍右派として排除された「四将軍派」のうち谷・曾我・鳥尾が揃った(残りの三浦梧楼は三曜会に属した)事に代表されるように国粋主義色の強い右派が多く、藩閥政府――特に伊藤博文に対しては国家の混乱を招いた人物として敵対意識が強く、また山縣有朋系の会派に移行した研究会の方針に不満を抱いて懇話会の結成に参加した者もおり、この両者に対する反発が根強かった。
- In this faction, there were many members with right wing who had strong nationalism including the 'four Shogun group' such as TANI, SOGA and TORIO (but Goro MIURA belonged to the Sanyo-kai) who had been removed as army right wing and they felt hostile toward the Hanbatsu Government, especially Hirobumi ITO as a person who led to national disruption, and also there were some members who were dissatisfied with the Kenkyu-kai policy that was shifted into that of the faction with Aritomo YAMAGATA.
- 14世紀から18世紀まで存在したヨーロッパ史有数の巨大国家であるポーランド・リトアニア連合(俗に「ポーランド」と呼ばれる)では、「黄金の自由」と呼ばれた貴族民主主義の政治システムの体制下で、国王(すなわち中央政府)と大貴族(マグナート)たち、国王と貴族(シュラフタ)たち、ポーランド国会(セイム)と一部の少数派貴族たちの間で利害の対立が深刻化した際にしばしば大規模な強訴が発生した。
- The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth magnate, which existed from the 14th century to the 18th century and was one of the greatest nations in the history of Europe, often experienced large-scale goso when conflicts of interests intensified between the King (the central government) and the major nobles (magnate), the King and the nobles (szlachta), and the parliament (Sejm) and some of the minor nobles.
- つまり、門閥、閨閥政治や中華思想また小中華思想など民族(人種)差別、日本蔑視思想で、「平等」の精神に真っ向から反する思想、親子(姑、嫁)が血みどろの権力闘争を繰り広げ、そのために事大主義に走り独立心がなく外交の一貫性がないこと、と福澤諭吉らから見れば、そう見える朝鮮王朝政府に対し、「天は人の上に人をつくらず...」(『学問のすゝめ』)とする思想を重んじる立場から「脱亜論」に至ったのだ、という解釈がある。
- For Fukuzawa, the government of the Korean Dynasties appeared to be totally against 'Equality' by discrimination by putting too much value on lineage and Keibatsu blood connection, Sinocentrism or petit Sinocentrism and disrespect for Japan as well as families repeating bloody strife over authority, no intention to be independent with their Sadaejuui policy and no consistency in their diplomacy; these things led him to write 'Datsu-A Ron' with his standpoint of 'ten wa hito no ue ni hito o tsukurazu...' (The heavens do not create Man above his station...) ('Gakumon no Susume' [An Encouragement of Learning]).
- 「日本の憲法は御承知のごとく五箇条の御誓文から出発したものと云ってもよいのでありますが、いわゆる五箇条の御誓文なるものは、日本の歴史、日本の国情をただ文字に現わしただけの話でありまして、御誓文の精神、それが日本国の国体であります。日本国そのものであったのであります。この御誓文を見ましても、日本国は民主主義であり、デモクラシーそのものであり、あえて君権政治とか、あるいは圧制政治の国体でなかったことは明瞭であります」と答弁した。
- He answered 'As you know, it can be said that the Constitution of Japan started from Charter Oath. So-called Charter Oath of Five Articles was just written expressing the history and the state of affairs of Japan. The spirit of Charter Oath itself is the national policy of Japan and what Japan is. Seeing Charter Oath, Japan is a democratic country and democracy itself. It is obvious that the national policy was not monarchy or repressive government.'
- ところが、清浦と同じく山県側近であった平田東助の茶話会(幸倶楽部とも)との主導権争いが始まり、内部では清浦によって形成された他会派にはない「決議拘束主義」と呼ばれる絶対的な会派拘束(会の決議には全員従う事・会の決議なくして研究会以外の議員提出の法案・決議などに賛成してはならない事、これらに反したものは除名する事)に対する反発より千家尊福派(主として男爵議員)の離脱(1898年)、創設メンバーである堀田正養の第1次西園寺内閣(政友会)への入閣と除名騒動とこれに反発した議員の脱会(1909年)などが発生した。
- However, Kenkyukai faced problems one after another: the leadership struggle with Sawakai led by Tosuke HIRATA, another aide to YAMAGATA; withdrawal from the faction by the group led by Takatomi SENGE (in 1898) because of the opposition to the policy of absolute adhesion to the faction decision called 'Ketsugi kosoku shugi' under which all members had to follow the faction decision and were not allowed to support bills proposed by non-kenkyukai members without resolution by the faction, and those who broke the rules were expelled from the faction; and the stifle over the expulsion of a founding member, Masayasu Hotta after his entry into the first SAIONJI Cabinet (Seiyu-kai Party) followed by the withdrawal from the faction by members who opposed to the expulsion (in 1909).
- アイスランド、アゼルバイジャン、アラブ首長国連邦、アルジェリア、アルバニア、アルメニア、イエメン、イラン、インド、ウガンダ、エチオピア、エリトリア、オマーン、ガイアナ、ガーナ共和国、カーボヴェルデ、カタール、ガボン、カメルーン、ガンビア、カンボジア、朝鮮民主主義人民共和国、ギニア、ギニアビサウ、キプロス、キリバス、キルギス共和国、クウェート、グルジア、グレナダ、ケニア、コートジボワール、コンゴ共和国、コンゴ民主共和国、コロンビア、サウジアラビア、シエラレオネ、ジブチ、ジャマイカ、シリア、シンガポール、スーダン、スリナム、スリランカ、スワジランド、赤道ギニア、セネガル、タンザニア、チュニジア、トーゴ、ドミニカ国、ドミニカ共和国、ナイジェリア、ナウル、ナミビア、ネパール、ハイチ、パキスタン、バヌアツ、バハマ、パラオ、バーレーン、バルバドス、ハンガリー、バングラデシュ、ブータン、ブルキナファソ、ブルンジ、ベナン、ベネズエラ、ベラルーシ、ベリーズ、ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ、ボツワナ共和国、マケドニア共和国、マダガスカル、マラウィ、南アフリカ、ミャンマー、モーリシャス、モーリタニア、モザンビーク、モルドバ、モロッコ、モンゴル、ヨルダン、ラオス人民民主共和国、リビア、リベリア共和国、ルワンダ、レソト、レバノン
- Iceland, Republic of Azerbaijan, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Albania, Almenia, Yemen, Iran, India, Uganda, Ethiopia, Eritoria, Oman, Gaiana, Republic of Ghana, Republic of Cape Verde, Qatar, Gabonese Republic, Republic of Cameroon, Republic of The Gambia, Cambodia, North Korea, Republic of Guinea, Republic of Guinea-Bissau, Republic of Cyprus, Republic of Kiribati, Kyrgyz Republic, State of Kuwait, Georgia, Grenada, Republic of Kenya, Republic of Cote d'Ivoire, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of Colombia, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Republic of Sierra Leone, Republic of Djibouti, Jamaica, Syrian Arab Republic, Singapore, Sudan, Republic of Suriname, Sri Lanka, Kingdom of Swaziland, Republic of Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Senegal, United Republic of Tanzania, Republic of Tunisia, Republic of Togo, Commonwealth of Dominica, Dominican Republic, Nigeria, Republic of Nauru, Republic of Namibia, Nepal, Haiti, Pakistan, Republic of Vanuatu, Commonwealth of The Bahamas, Republic of Palau, Kingdom of Bahrain, Barbados, Hungary, People's Republic of Bangladesh, Butan, Burkina Faso, Republic of Burundi, Republic of Benin, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Republic of Belarus, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Botswana, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Malawi, Republic of South Africa, Union of Myanmar, Republic of Mauritius, Islamic Republic of Mauritania, Republic of Mozambique, Republic of Moldova, Kingdom of Morocco, Mongolia, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libya, Republic of Liberia, Republic of Rwanda, Kingdom of Lesotho, Republic of Lebanon