主: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 軍主力。
- It was the main military force.
- 主な内容
- Contents
- Main contents
- The primary contents
- 主な作者付
- Popular sakushazuke
- 府連の主張
- The Kyoto Federation's argument
- 台湾民主国
- Republic of Formosa
- 勧告の主旨
- Gist of the Recommendation
- 天主復元案
- Ideas for the restoration of the castle tower
- いたずら坊主
- mischievous boy
- troublemaker
- pesky kids
- 主要評価項目
- main outcome measure
- primary outcome measure
- 皇室自律主義
- Imperial Family Autonomy System
- 研究所の主張
- The Institute's argument
- 主な参戦武将
- The main busho (military commanders) participated in the battle
- 立憲主義の要素
- Factors of constitutionalism
- 減封の主な理由
- Main Reasons for Diminishing Territory
- 改易の主な理由
- Major reasons for applying kaieki
- 開発領主の位置
- Position of kaihatsu-ryoshu
- 主な三事兼帯者
- Principal Sanji kentai holders
- 武士在地領主論
- The theory of the bushi lord of a manor
- 開発領主の地位
- The ranks of kaihatsu-ryoshu
- 三刀屋氏歴代当主
- Chronicle List of heads of Mitoya clan
- 天主・本丸の焼失
- Burnt down of castle tower and Honmaru
- 「主者施行せよ。」
- Those who are responsible, enforce the new system accordingly.'
- 中世以前の主従関係
- The relationship between master and vassal until the medieval period
- 豪族的領主と少領主
- The gozoku type lords and small lords
- 官軍主力の鹿児島連絡
- Contact of Main Government Forces with Other Government Forces in Kagoshima
- ─ 指揮長河野主一郎
- - Commander: Shuichiro KONO
- ─ 小隊長河野主一郎
- - The platoon leader: Shuichiro KONO
- 民本主義と天皇機関説
- Democracy and the Emperor as Organ Theory
- 開発領主の重層的結合
- The multilayered combination of kaihatsu-ryoshu
- 藩主家は津田氏である。
- The head family of the domain was the Tsuda family.
- 内務省主導政治の始まり
- Beginning of Politics led by Ministry of Interior
- 開拓使の庁とその主任官
- Offices and chief magistrates of the Hokkaido Development Commission
- 主な戦い(日付=旧暦)
- Important battles (Date according to old lunar calendar)
- 条約の主な内容は次の通り
- The outline of the treat is as follows.
- 薩軍主力北部進出と長囲策
- Northward March of the Main Force of the Satsuma Army and Drawn-Out Siege Plan
- 謀反人とされた主な著名人
- Well-known people who were considered as rebels
- 「開発領主」と「武士団」
- The 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' and 'bushidan'
- 在地領主論への疑問・異論
- Doubts and objection against the theory of the lord of the manor
- 日向国国主伊東義祐の孫。
- The grandson of Yoshisuke ITO, Governor of Hyuga Province.
- 主に奈良盆地を本拠とした。
- It was mainly based in the Nara basin.
- 大浦天主堂(長崎県長崎市)
- Ouratenshu-do (Oura church) (Nagasaki City, Nagasaki Prefecture)
- 町立安土城天主信長の館受付
- Information desk of Azuchi Municipal 'Azuchi-jo Tenshu, Nobunaga no Yakata'
- 主に呉服について用いられた。
- It was mainly used for clothing related measurement.
- 主に呉服について用いられる。
- Mainly used for the measurement related with kimono.
- 大日本帝国憲法第1条 天皇主権
- Article 1. The emperor's sovereignty
- - 詳細は地主神社、清水寺参照
- For more information, refer to sections for Jishu-jinja Shrine and Kiyomizu-dera Temple.
- 当主の三沢為忠は討死している。
- Tametada MISAWA, the head of Misawa clan, died in battle during the Meitoku War.
- 次に「現成良知」を主張した点。
- Second, he advocated 'gensei ryochi' ('xiancheng liangzhi' in Chinese)
- 主に武家法において用いられた。
- It was used mainly in the context of Bukeho (the law system for the samurai society and the military government).
- 領主は賀茂御祖神社(下鴨社)。
- Kamomioya-jinja Shrine (Shimogamo-jinja Shrine) was the landlord for the manor.
- 以下、主な朱子学との相違を記す。
- The major differences in interpretation between Yomei-gaku and Shushi-gaku are described below.
- 天主復元のために参考にされる史料
- Historical materials referred to the restoration of the castle tower
- 城名: 吹田城、城主名: 吹田村氏
- Castle: Suita-jo Castle; castellan: Murauji SUITA
- 城名: 高槻城、城主名: 高山右近
- Castle: Takatsuki-jo Castle; castellan: Ukon TAKAYAMA
- 城名: 茨木城、城主名: 中川清秀
- Castle: Ibaraki-jo Castle; castellan: Kiyohide NAKAGAWA
- 城名: 多田城、城主名: 塩川国満
- Castle: Tada-jo Castle; castellan: Kunimitsu SHIOKAWA
- 城名: 三田城、城主名: 荒木重堅
- Castle: Sanda-jo Castle; castellan: Shigekata ARAKI
- 城名: 能勢城、城主名: 能勢頼道
- Castle: Nose-jo Castle; castellan: Yorimichi NOSE
- 城名: 花隈城、城主名: 荒木村正
- Castle: Hanakuma-jo Castle; castellan: Muramasa ARAKI
- 城主には一門の浅井井演を任命した。
- Ihiro Azai, from the clan, was appointed as the lord of the castle.
- また主な者の妻23人を磔にかけた。
- In addition, 23 wives of the important persons were crucified.
- 党薩諸隊 ()内は主な隊長・指揮者
- Tosatsu troops: main commanders and leaders are parenthesized.
- まず1つは賦課の主体によるものである。
- One is categorized based upon who had the initiative on imposing the taxation.
- 立憲主義の要素としては、次の諸点がある。
- The following are factors of constitutionalism.
- 城名: 大和田城、城主名: 安部仁佐衛門
- Castle: Owada-jo Castle; castellan: Nizaemon ABE
- この時は、主上御直衣に御指貫を著御あり。
- At this time, the Emperor will wear noshi sashinuki.
- しかし当時の武士の主従には2種類がある。
- However, there were two types of master and servant relationships of the bushi at that time.
- ─ 別働第3旅団(警視隊を主体として編成)
- - Detached 3rd brigade (whose members were mostly those of the Keishi-tai troop)
- 内地延長主義時期(1915年-1937年)
- Inland territorial expansionism period (1915-1937)
- 明治初期の大日本帝国陸軍の主力小銃となる。
- It became the main rifle used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the early Meiji period.
- 城名: 尼崎城 (本城)、城主名: 荒木村次
- Castle: Amagasaki-jo Castle (main castle); castellan: Muratsugu ARAKI
- 城名: 有明城 (本城)、城主名: 荒木村重
- Castle: Arioka-jo Castle (main castle); castellan: Murashige ARAKI
- しかし、その株主の中には外国人投資家もいた。
- But, among the shareholders there were some foreign investors.
- 以下に江戸に含まれる主な歴史的地名をあげる。
- The following is a list of historical place names in Edo.
- 合戦後の書状でも、双方が勝利を主張している。
- In letters written after the battle, both sides claimed victory.
- 摂家当主の御教書は「殿下御教書」と呼ばれる。
- Migyosho issued by the head of the Sekke (the top five Fujiwara families whose members were eligible for the positions of Sessho and Kanpaku) were called 'Denka Migyosho.'
- 地主神社(じしゅじんじゃ)〔京都市東山区清水〕
- Jishu-jinja Shrine [Kiyomizu, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City]
- このような固定された君主の家系を王朝と称する。
- Such a fixed lineage of a monarch is called a dynasty.
- 歴代当主は美濃国守あるいは甲斐守に任ぜられた。
- The head of the clan was traditionally designated as the lord of either Mino Province or Kai Province.
- こうして官軍主力と鹿児島上陸軍の連絡がついた。
- In this way, the main government forces came into contact with their forces landed in Kagoshima.
- 律令制の形成は北朝を主舞台としていたのである。
- As such, the Ritsuryo system was formed during the Northern Dynasties.
- 町衆主導で行われてきた祇園祭は翌年中止された。
- The Gion-matsuri Festival, which was led by townspeople, was suspended the next year.
- 「武士在地領主論」と呼ばれるものがそれである。
- It was called 'the theory of bushi, lord of the manor.'
- 主として四書五経などの儒教の経典が講義された。
- The main subjects that a Jidoku lectured on were from Confucian scriptures, including the Shishogokyo (Four Books and Five Classics of Confucianism, the Nine Chinese Classics).
- あくまで焼失したのは、天主、本丸などであった。
- However, the burnt down structures were limited to the castle tower, Honmaru and so on.
- その後の出雲侵攻には毛利軍の主力として活動した。
- Upon Mori's further invasion into Izumo, the Misawa clan acted as the main force behind the Mori army.
- この永山策には山野田一輔・河野主一郎が同調した。
- Ippo YAMANODA and Shuichiro KONO agreed with NAGAYAMA.
- これに対し原敬などは『内地延長主義』を提唱した。
- The opposing view was held by Takashi HARA, who advocated 'inland territorial expansionism.'
- 天台座主・明雲は早くから大衆の説得をあきらめた。
- Myoun of Tendai-zasu quickly gave up trying to persuade the daishu.
- 遣明船は当初、幕府が直接船主となり運航していた。
- Originally, the bakufu was the shipowner of Kenminsen and directly operated them.
- これら主戸が税負担に耐えかねて逃亡(逃戸)した。
- These families could no longer bear the burden of taxes and fled (fleeing families).
- 従って政権崩壊の主要因は後継者の死亡との説である。
- According to one theory, therefore, the main reason for the fall of the government was the death of the successor.
- 都城には旧領主であった北郷氏が復帰し乱は終結した。
- Miyakonoshiro was returned to the original lord the Hokugo clan, which was the end of the rebellion.
- 能勢氏(のせし)は、摂津国(北摂地方)の大身領主。
- The Nose clan was a taishin ryoshu (noble land owner) in Settsu Province (Hokusetsu region).
- 替わって河野主一郎の中隊が逆襲して官軍を撃破した。
- Then the company led by Shuichiro KONO took the place, and counterattacked and defeated the government army.
- ─ 河野主一郎指揮5個中隊及び延岡隊(約750名)
- - Five companies led by Shuichiro KONO and the Nobeoka-tai troop (approx 750 soldiers)
- ─ 越山休蔵(3個小隊)、池辺吉十郎(熊本隊主力)
- Kyuzo KOSHIYAMA (three platoons), Kichijuro IKEBE (main force of the Kumamoto-tai troop)
- 第1が後藤新平などに代表される特別統治主義である。
- One is the special governance approach represented by Shinpei GOTO and others.
- ただし当初の一進会の党是は韓国の自主独立であった。
- However, the Iljinhoe's original party platform was to secure the independence and sovereignty of Korea.
- したがってそれらに基づく行動も善悪無しと主張した。
- Accordingly, they asserted that action based on them was also free from good and evil.
- 武士の主従関係とはけして絶対的なものではなかった。
- As such, the relationship between master and vassal among samurai was not absolute.
- 特に室町幕府財政において主要な財源の1つであった。
- It was the main source of revenue, especially for the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 同時に封建された貴族は君主の名目的な支配下に入る。
- At the same time, the authorized nobility falls under the control of the monarchy.
- 天主台下から焼失建物とともに多数の遺物を発見する。
- In 1998, a lot of relics were discovered along with burnt down structures from the foot of the mound on which the castle was constructed.
- 百々橋口道及び主郭部周辺をめぐる周回路を調査する。
- In 1995, Dodobashiguchi-michi Road and roads running around the castle were investigated.
- 19世紀中期まで銃の装塡は、主にこの方法で行われた。
- Until the mid 19th century, loading a gun was done mostly by this method.
- 鉄砲場見廻役は、地元の村々の名主などから任命された。
- The patrolmen of the firing range were assigned by the head of the local village, etc.
- 川中島の戦いの主な戦闘は、計5回、12年余りに及ぶ。
- The Battle of Kawanakajima included five major battles, covering slightly more than twelve years in total.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると、武士の間の主従関係が重要になった。
- In the Kamakura Period, the relationship between the lord and the vassal among samurai became important.
- また、「三十六卦大例所主法第廿六」の末尾にある文章。
- Another example is the last sentence of 'Sanjurokke daireishoho dainijuroku.'
- 開発領主が多数「武士」となったのはこの段階であろう。
- This was probably a period when many kaihatsu-ryoshu became 'samurai.'
- 丹波道主命は、古事記によると開化天皇の子、彦坐王の子。
- According to the Kojiki, Tanbamichi nushi no mikoto was a son of Hikoimasu no miko, a prince of Emperor Kaika.
- 命中精度も高かったため、両軍の主力銃として用いられた。
- This type of rifle was used both by the bakufu and the imperial forces as the accuracy of fire was high.
- それを知った盟主である足利義澄が失意のうちに病死する。
- Moreover, Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA, the leader of the alliance, learned of the situation and died from an illness in despair.
- 主に、将軍の私的な用向を伝える書状として機能していた。
- It was initially issued mainly for the purpose of conveying the private business of the shogun.
- 更にその周囲には、他の開発領主が隙あらばと狙っている。
- In addition, other kaihatsu-ryoshu around them looked for an opportunity to take over the position.
- 主要な古墳は、山が二つあるタイプの古墳であることが多い。
- Major kofun usually have two tumuli.
- 本項では、主要ないくつかの作者付の内容についても述べる。
- This article describes the content of some of the popular sakushazuke.
- 律は刑罰法令、令は律以外の法令(主に行政法)に相当する。
- Lu ('律')corresponds to the penalty codes, while Li ('令'or '例') indicates the codes of law (mainly the administrative law) other than the penalty codes.
- 徳川家康は戦後処理や論功行賞を主導するなど実権を握った。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, by playing an important role in postwar processing, deciding postwar grants of honors and so on, seized real powers.
- このため天保通寳は金座主導で鋳造が行われることとなった。
- For this reason, the minting of the Tenpo-tsuho coin came to be led by the kin-za.
- 更にその周囲には、他の開発領主が、隙あらばと狙っている。
- Furthermore, other kaihatsu-ryoshu around the regions were watching for a chance.
- 主に院司が受領に任じられて任国に下って知行国を支配した。
- Officials of the retired emperor's office were usually appointed to zuryo then travelled down to the province and took control of it.
- また、年貢・公事の滞納者に対して領主が行うこともあった。
- Kojichi was also levied by feudal lords against those delinquent in payments of nengu (land tax) and kuji (public duties).
- 次いで、飛鳥時代になると「大倭」の用字が主流となっていく。
- The word '大倭' (Oyamato) was mainly used in the Asuka period.
- 別働第五旅団の主力は4月20日、保田窪地区の薩軍を攻めた。
- On April 20, the main part of the detached 5th brigade attacked the Satsuma army in the Hotakubo area.
- また、洋風建築の国宝は大浦天主堂(長崎県)1件のみである。
- Additionally, there is only one example of Western-style architecture, namely the Oura church in Nagasaki, that has been designated a national treasure.
- 銀座といえば主に徳川家康が開いた江戸幕府の銀座が知られた。
- The most famous was the Edo shogunate ginza that was opened by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- また主戦派の浪人たちが埋められた堀を掘り返したりしている。
- With negotiations broken down, th Toyotomi side, realizing that the second war could not be avoided, distributed gold and silver to ronin shu and began to prepare arms.
- この時代に「住人」というのはその地の開発領主の意味である。
- The term, 'junin,' at that time was defined as the kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land) who developed that area.
- 藩主から庄屋などへ与えられた給田は、年貢が免除されていた。
- Kyuden given to Shoya from the domain lord were exempt from land tax.
- 戦国時代 (日本)に英主・蘆名盛氏が現われ最盛期を迎えた。
- During the Warring States period (Japan), the wise lord Moriuji ASHINA brought the family to the height of its prosperity.
- 現在、復元天主は安土城天主信長の館に保管、展示されている。
- The restored castle tower is now preserved and exhibited at Azuchi-jo Tenshu Nobunaga no Yakata (house of Nobunaga in the replicated Azuchi-jo Castle keep).
- この勅諭を発することにより、政府は政局の主導権を取り戻した。
- The government retrieved its political initiative with this rescript.
- 23日に「野田城・福島城の戦い」から織田軍主力を撤退させた。
- On the November 1, he withdrew his main force from 'the Battle of Noda-jo Castle and Fukushima-jo Castle.'
- そしてそれが、国家の維持と国威発揚に必要であると主張された。
- And those were essential for keeping national power and boosting national prestige.
- また大きな村では複数名の名主、庄屋が寄合を開いて村を治めた。
- In a large community, several headmen (nanushi or shoya) held a meeting, and governed the community.
- 時の宇都宮当主、宇都宮持綱を自領の幸岡原に狩りに招いて殺害。
- They invited Mochitsuna UTSUNOMIYA, who was then the family head of the UTSUNOMIYA clan, to go hunting in the Koka-hara plain, in their own domain, and there they killed him.
- 同日、高台院の侍女孝蔵主を貝塚本願寺へ派遣し、親睦を深めた。
- On the same day, he dispatched Kozosu, a waiting woman of Kodaiin, to the Kaizuka Hongan-ji Temple and got acquainted.
- 遺構の残る主郭部の近くには、「蒲生氏郷公産湯の井戸」がある。
- The water well for the first bath of baby Ujisato GAMO' is located near the main area, where remnants exist.
- この時点では倒幕派公家は朝廷内の主導権を掌握していなかった。
- At that point, the court nobles of tobakuha had not held initiative in the Imperial Court.
- 事実、徳川宗家当主が家督相続直後には単に「上様」と呼ばれた。
- In fact, the head of the Tokugawa head family was simply called 'Ue-sama' (lord) right after the succession.
- 室町幕府の武家役は主に守護大名と京都の市民に対して課された。
- The bukeyaku by the Muromachi bakufu was mainly imposed on Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) and the citizens of Kyoto.
- これは征夷大将軍宗尊親王の主導によって出されたものであった。
- It was issued by main leadership of Imperial Prince Munetaka, who was a seii taishogun (the great general who subdues the barbarians).
- しかし、西国の国人領主の大半を動員した大内軍は強大であった。
- However, Ouchi's forces, which included most Kokujin in Saigoku (western part of Japan - esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki), were mighty.
- また日本国内でも一部の保守派に絶対君主制を目指す動きがあった。
- Even in Japan, some conservative activists aimed at an absolute monarchy.
- 以後雑賀は旧反織田派の土橋氏らによって主導されることとなった。
- After that, Saiga was lead by the former anti-Oda groups such as the Dobashi clan.
- 主な鋳造所は幕府の江戸と近江国坂本 (大津市)の銭座であった。
- A main minting factory was zeniza located in Edo where the bakufu existed, and in Sakamoto (Otsu City), Omi Province.
- 永正年間に京都の指物師又四郎が定めたとされ、大工が主に用いた。
- It is said to be invented by a sashimonoshi (cabinetmaker) Matashiro in Kyoto during Eisho era (1504 to 1520) and was mainly used among carpenters.
- - 戦後初期における自由民主党 (日本)のフィクサー、陽明学者
- A fixer for the Liberal Democratic Party in the early post-war period, Yomei-gaku scholar
- その一方で、本所の配下になることを忌避する百姓神主も存在した。
- There also were hyakusho priests who refused to serve under honjo.
- そこで荘園領主は現地の名主と結びついて一円支配の確立に努めた。
- Under such circumstances, lords of Shoen strived for the establishment of ichien-shihai (complete rule over people and land of Shoen) in collusion with local myoshu (owner of the rice fields).
- 国一揆が形成される契機として主に以下のような要因が挙げられる。
- Kuni ikki were formed primarily as a result from the following factors:
- 近世には主に庄屋をはじめとする村役人に対して給田が設定された。
- In the modern ages, kyuden were designated mainly for village officials such as Shoya.
- この憲法は、立憲主義の要素と国体の要素を併せ持つ欽定憲法である。
- The Constitution of Japan was a constitution enacted by the emperor based on factors of constitutionalism and the national polity.
- 主として有功の将士に対する褒章用の貨幣であり、金銭と銀銭がある。
- They were used mainly as rewards to honor military officers, and there were gold coins and silver coins.
- これによって官軍主力は「田原坂突破」一本に的を絞ることが出来た。
- That enabled the main force of the government army to focus on 'breaking through Tabaru Slope.'
- それから、平原村で河野主一郎部隊の守備を突破し、庄内を占領した。
- Then in Hirahara Village, the government army broke through the defense by Shuichiro KONO's troop and seized Shonai.
- ─ 指揮長池上四郎、一番小隊隊長河野主一郎、十番小隊長児玉八之進
- Commander: Shiro IKEGAMI, Leader of the 1st platoon: Shuichiro KONO, Leader of the 10th platoon: Hachinoshin KODAMA
- 前総統の李登輝は国民党の独裁政治を廃し台湾内での民主化を導いた。
- Teng-hui LEE, the former President of the Republic of China, stopped the dictatorship of the Kuomintang Party and promoted democratic reforms in Taiwan.
- その一方で富を蓄積した百姓は、村方地主から豪農に成長していった。
- On the other hand, hyakusho who accumulated wealth grew from murakata-jinushi (influential landowners in the villages) to be wealthy farmers.
- 内裏にいたのは高倉天皇、摂政・松殿基房、天台座主・明雲であった、
- Emperor Takakura, Sessho (regent) MATSUDONO no Motofusa, and Myoun of Tendai-zasu (head priest of the Tendai sect) were in the dairi.
- 後に領主権力も自己を領民の庇護者としての恩恵(国恩)を強調した。
- Later, feudal lords claimed to be the protectors of the people of the domain and stressed the benefit of the existence of such protectors (kokuon (benefit given by the lord of domain)).
- 主に外記や神祇官、大学寮や陰陽寮に属する諸道の学者などが行った。
- Such a survey was principally conducted by Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State), Jingikan (department of worship) and scholars of Shodo (various fields of academy) belonged to Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) or Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination).
- そこで言う「社会的・階級的特質」が「在地領主的性格」なのである。
- This 'social and social class aspect' was ' characteristic of a lord of a manor.'
- 主に伊勢平氏の一門及びその郎党、平家方に加担した者が挙げられる。
- This term principally refers to the family and retainers, as well as followers of Ise-Heishi (Taira clan).
- 田沼は、それまでの農業依存体質を改め、重商主義政策を実行に移した。
- Tanuma reformed a conventional structure depending on agriculture, and put a Mercantilism policy into action.
- 10月25日払暁に、山縣有朋率いる第1軍主力は渡河作戦を開始した。
- At dawn on October 25, the first main force led by Aritomo YAMAGATA started a river crossing operation.
- そのため幕府の経済政策の主力は米相場を安定させる事が中心になった。
- Therefore, the economic policy of the shogunate government focused on the stabilization of rice price.
- 越中国では木舟城が地震で倒壊、城主前田秀継夫妻など多数が死亡した。
- In Ecchu Province, the Kifune-jo Castle collapsed due to the earthquake, and the castellan Hidetsugu MAEDA, his wife and others died.
- 個人事業主者の子が親の家業を引き継ぐことはごく一般的なことである。
- It is common practice for children to inherit the trade or family business of their parents.
- この時参加した唐の水軍も、その主力は女真族で構成されていたという。
- The Joshin tribe comprised the main force of Tang's sea warriors in the Battle of Hakusukinoe.
- 藩は県となって知藩事(旧藩主)は失職し、東京への移住が命じられた。
- Domains became prefectures, and chihanji (former lords) lost their jobs and were ordered to move to Tokyo.
- この「入札」の結果を参考にして、主要閣僚は以下のように決定された。
- Referring to the results of the 'bid', primary cabinet members were selected as follows.
- 主として関西で行われたため、銀納を普通としたが、金納の地もあった。
- Payment in silver was the standard as the practice was mainly conducted in the Kansai region, but there were also areas in which payment was in gold.
- また、農民側から荘園領主に対して直務代官の派遣を求める例もあった。
- Moreover, the farmers might demand that the lord of the manor send a jikimu daikan.
- もし婦人が犯あり、あるいは他主の家人奴婢を殺す者は移す限りでない。
- However, if the criminal is a woman or if a Kenin or Nuhi of a another house is murdered, the criminal shall not be removed to another province.
- 布施屋の運営主体は大きく分けて「寺院」と「国府」の2つに分かれる。
- The management of Fuseya mainly constituted either 'temples' or 'kokufu' (provincial offices).
- 天正10年の焼失以前に一度天主が倒壊したとの説も近年出されている。
- On the other hand, a new theory has been formed in recent years that the castle tower had once collapsed before it was burnt down in 1582.
- 当時の人々からは主に大政奉還と廃藩置県を指して御一新と呼ばれていた。
- Until then, it had been called the 'Restoration' (Goisshin), mainly referring to Haihan-chiken (the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) and Taisei-hokan (transfer of power back to the emperor).
- 陵戸は諸陵寮(諸陵司)、官戸と官奴婢は官奴司のちに主殿寮が管轄した。
- Ryoko were under the control of Shoryoryo (the Bureau of Imperial Mausolea) (or Shoryoji), and Kanko and Kunuhi were under the control of Yakko-no-tsukasa (director in charge of registers of male and female public slaves, and their allotment lands), later Tonomori-no-tsukasa (Bureau of Household).
- 官軍は田原坂防衛線突破のため、3月11日、軍を主力と別働隊に分けた。
- On March 11, in order to break through the line of defense at Tabaru Slope, the government army was divided into the main force and the detached force.
- 池辺の熊本隊主力は佐々らの部隊が苦戦中という誤報を得て寺田に進んだ。
- Having misreported that the platoons led by SASSA and others were putting up a hard battle, the main force of the Kumamoto-tai troop led by IKEBE headed toward Terada.
- 幕藩領主は普請・掃除・交通などのために、領民に人足役を賦課していた。
- Lords in the shogunate system imposed ninsokuyaku (physical labor) for construction, cleanup and traffic on the people inhabiting a fief.
- その戦後初期の武士在地領主論では、武士を武士団と同義ととらえている。
- The theory of bushi lord of manor in early post-war period considered bushi the same as bushidan.
- 輩行名(はいこうめい)は、主に日本における男性の名前の種類のひとつ。
- A haikomei is a type of name for men used mostly in Japan.
- 室町時代に至ると、武家の主従関係はそれ以前よりは強固とな関係となる。
- As it became the Muromachi period, the relationship between master and vassal among samurai became comparably stronger to earlier times.
- 帳台試といふは、主上自ら大師の局に出御なりて、舞姫を御覧する事なり。
- Chodai no kokoromi means that the Emperor goes to daishi no tsubone to view the gosechi dancers by himself.
- おそらく彼らは在地においては国衙領の小さな郷の領主であったのだろう。
- Perhaps they were lords of the small village owned by Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) concerning their residence.
- 島津忠恒は、島津氏宗家当主、島津義久の弟である島津義弘の三男であった。
- Tadatsune SHIMAZU was the third son of Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, who was a younger brother of Yoshihisa SHIMAZU, the head of the main family of the Shimazu clan.
- 宝永元年(1704年)甲府城主15万1200石となり、甲府藩主となる。
- In 1704, he became the lord of Kofu-jo Castle with 151,200 koku and also became the lord of Kai.
- 7月24日、第3旅団は河野主一郎らの破竹隊を攻撃し、庄内を陥落させた。
- On July 24, the 3rd brigade attacked Hachiku-tai led by Shuichiro KONO and others, and conquered Shonai.
- そのため、差出人も家司であるが、必要に応じて主が袖判を加える事もある。
- As a result, the sender was also a Keishi and the master would add their sodeban (signature) when necessary.
- 憲法改正後は、憲法学者らによって外見的立憲主義、王権神授説的と評された。
- After the amendment, the constitution was criticized as being based on pretended constitutionalism and a doctrine of royal absolutism by constitutional scholars.
- 立憲主義によって議会制度が定められ、国体によって議会の権限が制限された。
- The assembly system was established based on constitutionalism, and assembly's authority was limited according to the national polity.
- 築城された年に大津城主戸田一西を3万石で入城させここに膳所藩が成立した。
- In the year it was built, Kazuaki TODA, the lord of Otsu-jo Castle, was allowed to settle in it and have a territory worth 30,000 koku crop yields, which marked the establishment of the Zeze Domain.
- 太田城の開城に伴い死を与えられた者たちは、一揆の主導層である地侍である。
- Those who were killed at the time of surrender of Ota-jo Castle were jizamurai who led ikki.
- 攻める上方勢は羽柴秀次を主将に堀秀政・筒井定次・長谷川秀一の諸将だった。
- The attacking Kamigata army included Hidemasa HORI, Sadatsugu TSUTSUI and Shuichi HASEGAWA with the general commander Hidetsugu HASHIBA.
- さらにニコライ2世やアレクセイ・クロパトキン陸軍大臣も主戦論に同調した。
- Furthermore, both Nicholai II and the Minister of the Army, Aleksei Kuropatkin advocated war.
- 熊本鎮台の城外出撃は薩軍主力が北部戦線に移動した2月27日から始まった。
- On February 27 when the main force of the Satsuma army was transferred to the north front, Kumamoto Garrison started to make a sortie.
- ただし、永年の居住はなお禁じられており季節の出稼ぎが主だったようである。
- However, living in the Ezo area for a long time was still prohibited for Japanese, and they seemed to stay there only as seasonal migrant laborers.
- その国の政府が正統と認め、対外的に主張し、また教育する自国の政治の流れ。
- 'Seishi' can also refer to an 'official history' in the sense of the orthodox view of history endorsed by a country's government, the version they promote abroad, or the government's stance on history taught in that country's schools.
- 中世以前の武士の主従関係において武門の棟梁に従属する武士を家人と称した。
- Until the medieval period, samurai within a master and vassal relationship who were subordinate to a Bumon no toryo (leader of samurai families) were called Kenin.
- また、開発領主の直営地である佃・堀ノ内・門田なども給田として認められた。
- In addition, land that was directly under the development landholder's control, such as Tsukuda, Horinouchi and Monden, was also recognized as Kyuden.
- 関東の開発領主の連合は、婚姻関係によって維持されていた形跡が極めて強い。
- The kaihatsu-ryoshu union of the Kanto region had a strong inclination to be maintained by marriage.
- そうした不安定な状態を確実なものにしようと、開発領主は荘園の寄進を行う。
- The kaihatsu-ryoshu donated manors in order to stabilized that unstable condition.
- 中国王朝でおこなわれた封建制は君主が貴族に領域支配を名目的に認める制度。
- In the Hoken system operated under Chinese dynasties, a monarchy nominally authorizes the nobility to rule the domain.
- 井伊が暗殺されると主に諸藩の下級武士を中心とする尊攘派の活動が激化した。
- Once Ii was assassinated, the Sonjo Movement led by the lower ranking warriors from various clans became more violent.
- ちなみに1882年の朝清商民水陸貿易章程では清の宗主権が明文化されている。
- As a side note, Korea-Qing Land and Commercial Sea Activity Treaty singed in 1882 explicitly expressed Qing's suzerainty.
- 攻撃主力隊は豪雨と霧に紛れながら、二股から谷を越え、田原坂付近に接近した。
- The main force of the attacking army approached Tabaru Slope via a valley from Futamata by taking advantage of downpour and fog.
- 山内らは慶喜の出席を強く主張して両者譲らず、遂に中山忠能が休憩を宣言した。
- Yamauchi and his comrades strongly demanded the participation of Yoshinobu, and while both groups stuck to their own demands, Tadayasu NAKAYAMA eventually declared a pause.
- 主に駿府城の蓄財としての分銅銀、丁銀を鋳造することが目的であったとされる。
- The objective is believed to be the minting of silver ingots and chogin silver that had been stored in Sunpu Castle.
- 唐律でも養老律でも、謀反に加わった者は、主犯・従犯を問わずみな斬とされた。
- According to both Toritsu and Yororitsu, those who were involved with muhon, principal offenders or accomplices, would be decapitated.
- 特に曙山は平賀源内や薩摩藩主島津重豪から絶賛されるほどの画才にめぐまれた。
- Shozan in particular was highly praised by Gennai HIRAGA and the lord of the Satsuma clan Shigehide SHIMAZU for his painting talent.
- 主に本文の訓読に関する記述が多いが、中には内容にまで踏み込んだものもある。
- The contents of the notes were mainly about kun-doku (the word-for-word translating method from Chinese to Japanese) of the main text of the 'Nihonshoki' but some of them delved into the comprehension of it.
- また、摂関家や将軍家の当主に学問を教授する学者も侍読と呼ばれるようになる。
- Scholars who tutored the family heads of the Sekkan-ke (families which produced regents) and the family of the Shogun also came to be called Jidoku.
- そういわれたその「大名」は、その「大武士団」を率いた「豪族的領主」である。
- The 'daimyo' mentioned was a 'gozoku-style lord' that led that 'daibushidan.'
- また、重商主義政策の放棄により、田沼時代に健全化した財政は再び悪化に転じた。
- In addition, the abandonment of mercantile policy again deteriorated the economy which had been recovered during the Tanuma period.
- と攻撃主力を部署し、西部の可愛岳(えのたけ)山麓には以下のように配備された。
- The main attacking forces were deployed as described above, and the other forces were deployed at the foot of Mt. Eno in the western part as follows:
- 日露戦争の戦場であった満州(東三省・現在の中国東北部)は清の主権下にあった。
- Manchuria (Dongsan Province, part of present day northeastern China), where the Russo-Japanese War was fought over was Qing territory.
- 用捨が許される理由としては、居城の火災、飢饉、藩主の病気、代替りなどがある。
- Yosha applied when the castle of a daimyo was destroyed by fire, famine occurred, the lord of domain was sick, or a new lord took over the domain and so on.
- 後には人口が多い平民が主流になり、その出身地は東北と北陸地方とが多くなった。
- In later years, the mainstream of immigrants was shifted to commoners, the most populous social class, from Tohoku and Hokuriku regions.
- これらは神祇信仰の主流派の教義となっていき、神道としての教義確立に貢献した。
- They served as doctrine of the mainstream faction of Jingi belief, and contributed to the doctrine establishment of Shintoism.
- 戦国時代以降も、主従関係において利害の共有が重要であることに違いはなかった。
- The importance of common interests in a relationship of master and vassal did not change in the Sengoku period.
- 幕府はその惣領と御恩・奉公による主従関係を結び、間接的には庶子をも支配した。
- The soryo made a master and servant relationship with bakufu through favor and service, and indirectly ruled over illegitimate children.
- 荘園領主が荘官や地頭を更迭して新たに所務を担当する所務代官を募る例もあった。
- The lord of the manor might dismiss a shokan or a jito and recruit a shomu daikan who would take charge of land management.
- 冷媒用途が主になっており、産業界の計画的な取り組みに任されている状況である。
- This material is mainly used as a cooling medium, and its reduction is up to plans and activities of the industry.
- このため、これらの矛盾を説明するために「八月革命説」が主張されるようになった。
- To resolve the contradiction, 'the August Revolution Theory' was crated.
- それらの主張は尊王攘夷運動と明治初期の薩長藩閥政府にも少なからぬ影響を与えた。
- These claims did not by any means have a small influences on the Sonno Joi Movement (the movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and the policies of the government led by Saccho (the Satsuma and Choshu Domains) during the early Meiji period.
- 文禄4年(1595年)2月、会津若松の城主・蒲生氏郷が40歳の若さで死去した。
- Ujisato GAMO, the lord of the castle of Aizu-wakamatsu, passed away at age 40 in March 1595.
- 「施」の字はなぜか読まれないことが多く、中世以降は主に「やくいん」と呼ばれた。
- Apparently for no reason, the first character of 'se (施)' is often silent, and Seyaku-in has been generally referred to as 'Yakuin' since the medieval period.
- 関ヶ原の合戦では当初は西軍につくが、主戦場で小早川秀秋に同調して東軍に寝返る。
- In the Battle of Sekigahara, he initially fought for the Western Camp, but later, on the main battle field, he followed Hideaki KOBAYAKAWA's example and defected to the Eastern Camp.
- 根来・雑賀衆は畠山貞政を名目上の盟主に立て、さらに紀南の湯河氏の支援も受けた。
- Negoro and Saiga shu worked respectfully for Sadamasa HATAKEYAMA as a nominal master and also received the support of the Yukawa clan in Kinan (southern part of Wakayama Prefecture).
- 大本営と海軍の執拗な主張を受け入れ、攻撃目標を要塞北西の203高地に絞り込む。
- Accepting the obstinate insistence of Imperial headquarters and the Navy, he narrowed his objective to 203 Highlands northwest of the fortress.
- これを探知した新聞社は、払い下げの主役を薩摩の政商五代友厚だと考えて攻撃した。
- However, it was uncovered by newspaper companies and the media attacked Tomoatsu GODAI, a Satsuma businessman with political ties, as a leading player of the matter.
- その学風は考証学の一派、浙東学派となって清朝の主要な思潮となっていくのである。
- His approach developed into the Zhedong Xue School, a faction of Koshogaku, which was to form the main trend of thought during the Qing period.
- ただし、判示部分の意味については、争いがあり、主に以下の2つの見解が存在した。
- However, the judgment caused arguments mainly with the two opinions as follows.
- 寄進に際して、開発領主は新領主から荘官に任じられるとともに、給田を与えられた。
- Upon donation, the development landholders were appointed as shokan by the new landholder and were given kyuden.
- そこで、開発領主らは開発所領を有力寺社や有力貴族へ寄進し、田地は荘園となった。
- Therefore the development landholders donated their kaihatsu shoryo to prominent temples, shrines or aristocrats and the rice fields became part of a shoen.
- 豊臣秀吉の九州征伐の際は、豊臣氏と島津氏の兵力の違いを認識し早期降伏を主張した。
- When Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI started his conquest of Kyushu, he recognized the difference in military force between the Toyotomi clan and the Shimazu clan and therefore recommended an early surrender.
- 細川高国軍は、主力として鳥羽から鷺の森辺まで川沿いに隙間無く一文字に陣をしいた。
- The army of Takakuni HOSOKAWA deployed their main force in a line along the river from Toba to Saginomori leaving no space between soldieres.
- 江戸時代には、主に大坂を中心とした西日本および北陸、東北と広域に亘って流通した。
- In the Edo period, Chogin were circulated widely in western Japan mainly in the Osaka and Hokuriku and Tohoku regions.
- 東アジア諸国において、主に国家によって公式に編纂された王朝の歴史書のことである。
- In various countries in East Asia, seishi are history books officially compiled by the ruling dynasties of their respective countries.
- 南下の矛先は再びバルカンに向かい、ロシアは汎スラヴ主義を全面に唱えることになる。
- Russia refocussed its southward expansion to the Balkans, advocating Pan-Slavism in the process.
- 中世に入ると荘園領主や公家・武士・僧侶達によって多くの目録が作られるようになる。
- In medieval times, many mokuroku were drawn up by the lords of shoen (manors), court nobles, samurai and Buddhist monks.
- 大坂の役以後、戦争が無くなると、世嗣断絶と幕法違反による改易が主なものとなった。
- During the war-free period after the Siege of Osaka, kaieki was mainly applied as punishments for the extinction of a family line or breach of the Shogunate law.
- 寺社はこの時期に荘園領主として発展しており、各地で国司と紛争を引き起こしていた。
- In this period, temples and shrines had prospered as a lord of a manor and had caused disputes with kokushi (provincial governors).
- 更に弘安7年(1284年)には、安達泰盛主導の武家新制である弘安新制が出された。
- Furthermore, Koan shinsei (new law issued in the Koan period), which was the Buke shinsei led by Yasumori ADACHI, was promulgated in 1284.
- 国人領主も幕府の奉公衆の地位を得て守護の干渉を防いだり逆に牽制することもあった。
- A number of Kokujin ryoshu protected themselves from intervention by a Shugo or checked the movements of Shugo by obtaining the status of bakufu hokoshu (a military post of the bakufu).
- そしてのそ戦乱の危機を領主達が、逃れられないものとして受け入れた時期とも言える。
- This was the same period when lords began to accept the turmoil or war as something that they could not escape from.
- 織田信雄軍が明智の残党を炙り出すために城下に放火したのが天主に延焼したという説。
- A theory suggests that when the troops of Nobukatsu ODA set a fire at the foot of the castle to burn out the remnants of the Akechi's party, it spread to the castle tower.
- その後、「大倭」と「大和」の併用が見られるが、次第に「大和」が主流となっていった。
- Subsequently both '大倭' and '大和' were used, but '大和' became the mainstream gradually.
- 室町時代以降も日本の武器製造技術は進歩し、その主要輸出先はオスマントルコであった。
- Japanese manufacturing technology of firearms continued to improve after the Muromachi period, and Ottoman Turks were a major importer of Japanese firearms.
- このように敗戦後の初期には支配層は五箇条の御誓文は民主主義の原理であると主張した。
- As the example above, shortly after the war, the ruling class claimed that Charter Oath of Five Articles was the principle of democracy.
- 租税義務のともなう輸租田を主とするものであり、初期荘園(墾田地系荘園)と呼ばれる。
- Shoen were mainly Yusoden, which were rice fields subject to taxation, and known as shoki shoen (literally, shoen in initial stage).
- しかし、その最後の当主である塩谷温綱に子が無かったため、直系は明治時代に断絶する。
- However, the last family head, Harutsuna SHIONOYA, had no child and thus the direct line discontinued during the Meiji period.
- 1960年代前半、部落解放同盟中央は、共産党系幹部主導による運動が進められてきた。
- In the early 1960s, led by the Japanese Communist Party leaning executives, the Buraku Liberation League Headquarter was promoting movement.
- その後、安忠は上野国館林藩主(現在の群馬県館林市)徳川綱吉に仕えて勘定頭を務めた。
- Yasutada later became a retainer of Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, who was the lord of Tatebayashi, Kozuke no kuni Province (the present-day Tatebayashi City, Gunma Prefecture) and became kanjo gashira (chief treasurer).
- 政変後の朝廷は関白に就任した二条斉敬と久邇宮朝彦親王によって主導されることになる。
- After the Coup, Nariyuki NIJO was appointed to Kanpaku (Chief adviser to the Emperor), and he and Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko led the Imperial Court.
- 関ヶ原の戦いで花房氏は主君に反し東軍に付いたため江戸時代には旗本に取り立てられた。
- Since the Hanabusa clan acted against its lord and joined the East squad at the Battle of Sekigahara, they were promoted to hatamoto (direct retainer of the bakufu) in the Edo period.
- しかし、久光は薩軍に荷担することはしないが、旧主の恩顧を以てしても効がないとした。
- Hisamatsu answered, however, that he would not support the Satsuma army, but even a favor of the former lord would not be effective any longer.
- この時、桐野・篠原・村田・別府らが率いる薩軍主力は大窪(熊本市北)に集結中だった。
- At this moment, the main force of the Satsuma army led by KIRINO, SHINOHARA, MURATA, and BEPPU was assembling in Okubo (north of Kumamoto City.)
- しかし、池上は刺殺を企む政府が上京途中に危難を加える虞れがあると主張して反対した。
- IKEGAMI opposed NAGAYAMA for the reason that the government, which was planning the assassination, might attack the party on their way to Tokyo.
- 10月下旬に劉永福が大陸に逃亡、日本軍が台南を占領したことで台湾民主国は崩壊した。
- At the end of October, Yung-fu LIU fled to the continent and the Japanese army occupied Tainan, which events marked the collapse of the Republic of Formosa.
- しかし12月には台湾北部で清朝の郷勇が台湾民主国の延長としての抗日運動を開始した。
- In December, however, the anti-Japanese movements led by the volunteer forces of the Qing dynasty started in northern Taiwan in the form of an extension of the armed resistance of the Republic of Formosa.
- 律令制(りつりょうせい)は、主に古代東アジアで見られた中央集権的な統治制度である。
- The Ritsuryo system is the Japanese term for the system of centralized government seen mainly in ancient East Asia.
- こうした変化の背景には、地方の新興地主層による大土地所有や官僚進出の進展があった。
- Against the backdrop of these changes, there occurred developments such as the emerging regional landholders gaining large tracts of land and the rise of the bureaucrats.
- 主導国はロシアであったが、ドイツの参加がなければ干渉が実現しなかったとも言われる。
- The effort was lead by Russia, but it is said that without Germany, the intervention could not be realized.
- 帰国後李承晩政権の国務委員を勤めるが、朝鮮戦争の際、朝鮮民主主義人民共和国へ連行。
- After going back to Korea, he served as the commissioner of internal affairs of the Syngman Rhee administration, but was later taken to Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) during the Korean War.
- 3月30日、官軍主力は三ノ岳の熊本隊を攻撃し、4月1日には半高山、吉次峠を占領した。
- On March 30, the main force of the government army attacked the Kumamoto-tai troop on Mt. Sannotake, and on April 1, occupied Mt. Hanko and Kichij Pass.
- 更に睨み合いが続き、士気の低下を恐れた武田氏の重臣たちは、上杉軍との決戦を主張する。
- As the confrontation state extended further, senior vassals of the Takeda clan, fearing demoralization of its forces, insisted that they should start a decisive battle with Uesugi's forces.
- また、書博士の職務も本科(後の明経道)の学生に書を教えることが主であったようである。
- It also appears to be the case that the main duty of sho hakase was to teach calligraphy (which later became myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics)) to students.
- ただし、いずれも当時の学術の主流であった紀伝道系の漢文学・漢詩に関する書籍であった。
- However, all the textbooks were about Chinese classics and Chinese poetry of Kidendo (History), which was the main discipline at that time.
- その結果、領主としての武士は官僚・役人としての武士としての性格を強めることとなった。
- This resulted in the nature of samurai changing from ryoshu to bureaucrats and officials.
- 主に日本の戦国時代 (日本)の合戦では、敵軍に対し最初に槍で勝利をあげた者を指した。
- In battles during the Sengoku period (Japan), Ichiban-yari usually referred to the first warrior to defeat an enemy with a spear.
- また棄捐令を発して旗本・御家人らの救済を図るなど、保守的、理想主義的な傾向が強かった。
- It had a strong conservative and idealistic orientation, such as debt cancellation orders to give relief to direct vassals of the shogunate (hatamoto) and low-level retainers.
- 11月30日早朝、鍋山貞親ら50名余りの社会主義者は、出迎えのため高山のもとに赴いた。
- In the early morning of November 30, about 50 socialists including Sadachika NABEYAMA went to meet Takayama.
- 豊臣政権は、前政権の織田政権と同じく、君主である秀吉に権力が集中する形態を取っている。
- Like the former government, the Oda government, the Toyotomi government was organized so that Hideyoshi, the monarch, held all of the power by himself.
- 天正11年(1583年)、義光は武藤氏重臣・東禅寺城主東禅寺義長を利用して義氏を暗殺。
- In 1583, using Yoshinaga TOZENJI, a senior vassal of the Muto clan and the lord of Tozen-ji Castle, Yoshiaki assassinated Yoshiuji.
- 紀伝道(きでんどう)とは、日本律令制の大学寮において、歴史(主に中国史)を教えた学科。
- Kidendo is a subject in the daigakuryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code)) in Japan under the Ritsuryo system in which history (mainly Chinese history) was taught.
- なおこの制度は、君主の権威を肯定するものであるとして、元号廃止論の理由にもなっている。
- This system, however, is used as an excuse for the abolitionism of an era name because it can be regarded as what advocates the monarch's authority.
- また、絶対君主制(ツァーリズム)を続ける国に対する立憲君主国の勝利という側面もあった。
- Furthermore, the Russo-Japanese War could also be viewed as a victory of a constitutional monarchy over an absolute monarchy (czarism).
- また陽明学の個性尊重の側面を受け継ぎ、「自治・自立・自主」に重きを置いた学説を説いた。
- He adopted the aspect of respecting individuality advocated in Yomeigaku, and advocated a theory emphasizing 'autonomy, self-reliance, and independence.'
- このため、荘園領主たちは更に効力が強い官省符荘や勅免荘への認定を期待するようになった。
- Therefore, the lords of shoen wanted their lands to be granted a much stronger Kanshofu sho (a shoen enjoying immunity from taxation by virtue of having official documents from both the Council of State and the Ministry of Popular Affairs) or Chokumen sho (imperially exempted manor).
- 平家盛が上陸して当地の領主となり、宇久氏(後の福江藩主五島氏の前身)を名乗ったという。
- It is said that Taira no Iemori landed here, became the landlord of this area and called himself the Uku clan (the predecessor of the lord of Fukue domain Goto clan).
- その主従関係は、後の時代の『吾妻鏡』や、御家人の伝承の中にしか見いだすことが出来ない。
- This master and servant relationship was not found other than in 'Azuma Kagami' of later periods and what was passed down through gokenin.
- いわば、主人の会社の終身雇用の社員ではなくて、契約に基づく協力会社、下請け企業である。
- In other words, it was the subcontracted company that worked together under a contract unlike a life time worker that served their master's company.
- 打ち上げ花火等(飛しょうすること、打ち上げること、爆発音を出すことを主とする煙火)の禁止
- Use of fireworks and other similar acts (using smoke and fire to propel objects, shoot off objects and make explosions) prohibited.
- すなわち、元老院、大審院、地方官会議を置き、段階的に立憲君主制に移行することを宣言した。
- In a word, the emperor declared the establishment of Genro-in, Daishin-in, and local administrative assemblies and gradual shift to the constitutional system of government.
- そして、この北陸方面軍の一員として、近江国大津城の城主・京極高次が加わっていたのである。
- And as a member of the Hokuriku area force Takatsugu KYOGOKU, the lord of Otsu-jo Castle in Omi Province, was part of the Yoshitsugu army.
- ただし、全国の主要金山・銀山を支配していたため、財政的には豊臣氏が徳川氏を圧倒していた。
- However, as the Toyotomi clan owned the major gold and silver mines, they financially overpowered the Tokugawa clan.
- 根来衆の主要兵力は和泉の戦線に出払っていて、寺には戦闘に耐えうる者はほとんどいなかった。
- The main force of Negoro shu went out to the battle line of Izumi and few people who could fight stayed at the temple.
- 装飾趣味の弊害を打破し、尚古主義を唱え、秦漢の正しい篆法に則った篆刻に立ち戻ろうとした。
- It tried to eliminate the negative effect of the decorative trend, advocate primitivism and a return to the tenkoku by following the correct method from the Qin and Han dynasties.
- 在地領主蛎崎氏改め松前氏は安東氏の配下であったが、豊臣秀吉に直接仕え安東氏から独立した。
- The lord in the area, the Matsumae clan, the former Kakizaki clan was originally under the Ando clan, but directly served for Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI., and became independent from the Ando clan.
- その一方で、一部の大地主や財閥は資本を蓄積し、その中から初期資本家が現れる契機となった。
- On the other hand, some large landowners and Zaibatsu accumulated capital, taking the opportunity to become primitive stage capitalists.
- 当初ロシアは強硬姿勢を貫き下記のような主張を行っていたため、交渉は暗礁に乗り上げていた。
- Russia initially took a vigorous attitude, insisting the following opinions, and it hindered the negotiation process.
- 廃藩置県によって旧藩の債務は旧藩主家からは切り離されて新政府が一括処理することとなった。
- After haihan-chiken, domains' debts were separated from the families of former lords and the new government became responsible to repay these debts.
- 西郷は新政府に必要なのは士族を中心とした軍備強化と農本主義的な国家経営であると主張した。
- Saigo argued that what was necessary for the new government was a strong military power based on samurai and an agriculture-oriented nation management.
- これが幕末の開国以後日本が急速に自主的な近代化を達成しえた基盤のひとつになったといえる。
- This became the basis of Japan's rapid and independent attainment of modernization after the Bakufu opened the country during the end of Edo period.
- 榎本らは「蝦夷共和国」と名乗ったことはなく、また独立主権国家たると宣言したわけでもない。
- ENOMOTO and others did not called it 'Ezo Republic', nor declared it was an independent sovereign state.
- 山崎の戦いの後、明智秀満率いる明智軍の退却後、天主とその周辺建物(主に本丸)を焼失した。
- After the Battle of Yamazaki, following the withdrawal of Akechi's army led by Hidemitsu AKECHI from Azuchi-jo Castle, castle tower and surrounding structures (mainly Honmaru) were burnt down.
- 元文2年(1737年)に光圀死後の事業を主導してきた安積澹泊が死去すると事業は休止する。
- The enterprise became inactive when ASAKA Tanpaku who had lead it since Mitsukuni, died in 1737
- 分国法が規定する主な事項には、領民支配、家臣統制、寺社支配、所領相論、軍役、などがある。
- Main items that Bunkokuho regulated were control over farmers, discipline for retainers, control over temples and shrines, lawsuits about land, military service, and so on.
- また、加賀藩大工に伝わる「天守指図」等があり、それを安土城天主の平面設計図であるとした。
- There are also various historical materials, including 'Tenshu sashizu' that has been handed down among carpenters in the Kaga Domain, which are believed to be blueprints of the Azuchi-jo Castle keep.
- 主唱者であり、貴族院議員でもあった美濃部達吉は、反論の演説をするも攻撃の声は止まなかった。
- An advocator of the emperor organ theory, Tatsukichi MINOBE made a speech to refute Kikuchi's claim, but it could not stop the blame on him.
- そののち、満洲平野にて第三軍、第四軍を加えた四個軍でもって、ロシア軍主力を早めに殲滅する。
- After that, the Fourth Army would regroup with the Third Army and annihilate Russia's main force in the Manchurian plains.
- これは当主の三沢為幸の手引きによる行動で、独立した動きを取る兄と弟を封じ込める策であった。
- This was a scheme by Tameyuki MISAWA, the head of MISAWA clan, who tried to contain the independent movements by his elder and younger sons.
- 一方で開発領主たちは国衙や郡衙から令制国住人として軍役を課せられ、在庁官人として出仕した。
- In the meantime, the local nobles who developed the land, as a resident of the province, was made to offer military service by the district government office and presented himself for duty as the local officials.
- 主力は田原坂・吉次峠の突破のために、別働隊は山鹿の桐野部隊の動きを封じ込むためにおかれた。
- The main force was deployed to break through Tabaru Slope and Kichiji Pass, and the detached force was deployed to contain the movements of the KIRINO's troop in Yamaga.
- 御前沙汰(ごぜんさた)とは、室町幕府において征夷大将軍が主宰・臨席した非公式な評定のこと。
- Gozen-sata was an informal consultation chaired and attended by Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') in the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun.)
- そのため、それを一刻も早く君主が把握する事は、国政の運営上重要な事であると考えられていた。
- Based on that idea, it was considered that the monarch should be informed of such movements as soon as possible because it was vital to the management of the national administration.
- 二人は身の潔白を主張したが聞き入れられず、11月12日にそろって毒を飲んで心中したという。
- Though two persons insisted on their innocence, it was not accepted and they poisoned themselves on December 18.
- 島主歳遣船(宗氏本宗家が毎年遣わす使送船)を嘉吉条約における50隻から半分の25隻に削減。
- Reducing the number of toshu saikensen (ships of head family of the So clan to dispatch an annual envoy to Korea) from fifty, which number was determined in the Kakitsu Treaty, to twenty-five.
- 義稙方の将としては、主将である細川高国と大内義興の他、能登畠山氏の畠山義元が中核であった。
- As core busho on Yoshitane's side, there were Captain Takakuni HOSOKAWA, OUCHI Yoshioki, and Yoshimoto HATAKEYAMA of Noto Province.
- そして家臣団が揉めに揉めた末、佐竹義重 (十八代当主)の子・蘆名義広を蘆名家当主に迎えた。
- After these problems, the vassals received Yoshihiro ASHINA, a son of Yoshishige SATAKE (the eighteenth head of the clan) as the head of the Ashina clan.
- 主力決戦に敗れた島津義久は戦意を失い、剃髪して龍伯と号した上で5月8日に豊臣秀吉に降伏した。
- The defeat in the major battle broke the morale of Yoshihisa SHIMAZU, who then took the tonsure, called himself Ryuhaku and surrendered to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI on June 13.
- この海戦で連合艦隊は旅順艦隊の巡洋艦3隻他を撃沈したが、主力艦を撃沈することはできなかった。
- The Combined Fleet sank three cruisers and others vessels of the Lushun Fleet, but was not able to sink any of its capital ships.
- 道中の枚方宿では、準備のために七里飛脚や紀州藩士が藩主が到着する数ヶ月前から来宿したという。
- Shichiri-bikyaku (express messengers) and feudal retainers of the Kishu clan reportedly arrived at Hirakata-juku Station, one station along the trip, for preparation several months earlier than the lord would do.
- また美濃部達吉は天皇機関説を提唱し、国家が統治権の主体であるべきと主張し政党内閣を支持した。
- In addition, Tatsukichi MINOBE proposed the 'Emperor-as-organ' theory, arguing that the nation should be the body holding sovereignty, and supported cabinet formation by political parties.
- しかし、領主との関係、あるいは出自などの由緒によって '浪人' として扱われる場合もあった。
- However, there were cases where they were treated as 'ronin' (masterless samurai), depending on the relationship with a feudal lord or history such as one's origin (roots).
- また、荘民が結合して惣村などの村落共同体が形成されて荘園領主側との対立を起こすこともあった。
- Moreover, people living in shoen might be united to create a village community, such as soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association), and confront the lord of the manor's side.
- 福田豊彦は「私営田領主」を「一口でいえば、広い土地を自分で直接経営する大土地所有者」とする。
- Toyohiko FUKUDA stated that a 'lord of shieiden' is 'the huge estate owner that directly managed a large parcel land, summarized in just a few words.'
- 福田富彦は、後者をひとつの郷、荘園、郡を基礎とした領主と区別して「豪族的領主」と呼んでいる。
- Tomihiko FUKUDA called the latter 'Gozoku' (local ruling family) to separate them from a lord that based himself in villages, manors, and districts.
- 軍役(ぐんやく、ぐんえき)は、戦時、武士が主君に拠出すべく課せられる軍事力や兵糧その他である。
- Gunyaku (also known as Guneki) was a military service and provisions that was imposed by the lord on a retainer to offer in wartime.
- 井上左太夫貞高(幕府鉄砲方)と、江川太郎左衛門(当主)と、鉄砲場見廻役(地元住民)で運営した。
- It was managed by Sadayu Sadataka INOUE (the government official of Teppo Kata), Tarozaemon EGAWA (family head) and the patrolmen of the firing range (local residents).
- 武家政権の時代においては、征夷大将軍が主宰する政府(幕府)についても「朝廷」と言うことがある。
- In the period of military government, a bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was sometimes called 'Chotei', too.
- 斬と絞の区別は無視され、主犯だけが死刑になり、縁座者への刑は律の規定より軽くなる傾向があった。
- There was a tendency that differentiation between decapitation and hanging were disregarded, and only the principal offenders were killed, while enza convicts had lighter punishment than specified in the ritsu provisions.
- このような朝廷の下では、大政奉還後の新政権も徳川慶喜が主導するものになることが当然予想された。
- Under such Imperial Court, it was naturally expected that the new government after Taisei Hokan would be led by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA.
- その中で次第に家臣団が支配下の領主群から、大名家の奉公集団への性格を強めることになっていった。
- Under these circumstances, the nature of Kashindan changed from a group of ryoshu (feudal lords) to a group of employees serving a daimyo family.
- このような落人の子孫を主張する村は全国で132箇所もありその殆どが信憑性に欠けると考えられる。
- Though 132 villages throughout the nation insist that their residents are the descendants of Ochudo, almost all of their arguments are considered to be incredible.
- 雑役免は、国衙と給主(寺社・貴族)が官物・雑役を分け合う体制で、半不輸(はんふゆ)とも言った。
- Zoekimen was a system where the Kokuga and Kyunushi (temple/shrine, aristocrat) divided Kanmotsu and Zoeki and is also called Hanfuyu.
- そのため、本来なら一代限りの契約であった主従関係が、次第に世襲・固定化されていくようになった。
- Consequently, the master-and-servant relationship, which is originally an agreement for just one generation, gradually became hereditary and fixed.
- 穢多は、死牛馬(「屠殺」は禁止されていた)の皮革加工、履物職人、非人の管理などを主な生業とした。
- The main regular occupations of Eta were the leather processing of dead livestock ('slaughter' was prohibited) as well as the management of footwear craftsmen and Hinin (a group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system).
- 文禄元年6月15日、葦北を治める肥後熊本城主加藤清正の朝鮮出征中の隙を突く形で佐敷城を占拠する。
- On July 23, 1592, he seized the Sashiki-jo Castle while the castellan of the Higo-Kumamoto area, Kiyomasa KATO, who controlled Ashikita, was away fighting in Korea.
- 3月24日にも官軍は再び木留を攻撃し、3月25日には植木に柵塁を設け、攻撃の主力を木留に移した。
- On March 24, the government army attacked Kitome again, and on 25th, put up a fenced fort in Ueki and transferred its main force of the attacking army to Kitome.
- 日本統治時代、台湾の主要産業は農業であり、水利施設の拡充は台湾経済発展に重要な地位を占めていた。
- The main industry of Taiwan under Japanese rule was agriculture, so the fulfillment of water facilities was important in order to develop the Taiwanese economy.
- 太平洋戦争による敗戦を経ても現代でも続く、長州藩閥の影響による内務省族主導の政治体制が始まった。
- Politics led by the lawmakers representing the interests of the Ministry of Interior, which has been dominated by the faction from the Choshu domain even after the defeat in the Pacific War, started.
- しかし、松方デフレで農民の小作人化が進み(小作農率の全国平均38%→47%)、大地主が発生した。
- However, due to the Matsukata deflation (also known as the Matsukata finance, a financial measure to induce deflation to eliminate inflation generated by raising funds for the war cost of the Seinan War), more and more farmers became tenant farmers (the ratio of the tenant farmers to all of the farmers increased from 38% to 47%), generating large landowners.
- 議会を構成する私設鉄道の株主でもある華族や資本家、地主たちによって完全に骨抜きにされてしまった。
- The act was watered down completely because the Diet was composed of the peerages, capitalists, and land owners who were also the shareholders of private railways.
- 1907年には山縣の主導によって平時25師団体制を確保するとした「帝国国防方針」案が纏められる。
- In 1907, under the leadership of Yamagata, the 'Imperial Defense Policy' proposal was prepared to secure a 25 division formation during times of peace.
- 国司は、完全に名目だけの官職となり、戦国大名が領国支配の正当性を主張するために欲するようになる。
- The post of provincial governor became perfectly the nominal, and warlords came to want that post in order to insist the legitimacy of controlling their territories.
- まず、開発領主の領地領有とは、郡司、郷司という、役職において国衙から保証されたものだということ。
- First, possession of a territory by kaihatsu-ryoshu was guaranteed by kokuga in association with the positions such as gunji and goji.
- 焙烙玉の導火線に火を点けて、火縄銃の30匁筒など大筒に詰めて放ち、敵兵の殺傷を主目的とした兵器。
- A Horokudama was a weapon designed to wound and kill enemies by lighting its fuse, putting it into a large gun, such as the 112-gram matchlock, and firing it off.
- 本来、武士においては主君は家臣に対してその所領の一部を知行地として与える地方知行が基本であった。
- Samurai society was originally based on Jigatachigyo (feudal governments or domains providing land to retainers as salary), where lords would give a portion of their shoryo (territory) to vassals as their chigyo-chi.
- 「内裏に集まって幼主を驚かせ奉るのは不当であり、院御所に来れば要求を聞く」と再三に渡って伝える。
- The message was conveyed and repeated: 'It is unfair to gather at the dairi to frighten a young sovereign; Goshirakawa will listen to the claim if you come to In-no-gosho (the retired Emperor's court).'
- セビリア万国博覧会に、「天主指図」を基に復元された安土城天主の一部(5・6階部分)が出展された。
- In 1992, a part of Azuchi-jo Castle tower (the fifth and sixth floors), which had been restored referring to 'Tenshu sashizu' (a blueprint of Azuchi-jo Castle keep), was exhibited at the World Exposition in Seville.
- この戦いで真田昌幸は主に上田城に籠もり戦ったことから、上田城の戦い、上田城攻防戦などとも呼ばれる。
- In this battle, Masayuki SANADA was mainly secluded in Ueda-jo Castle to fight, so it is also called the Battle of Ueda-jo Castle or the Siege of Ueda-jo Castle.
- しかし、版籍奉還後の藩知事にも藩主同様の世襲が認めれていたことから、事実上の改易であったと言える。
- This was generally considered to be kaieki because the governor position could be hereditary like the lord position even after lands and people were returned to the Emperor.
- 7月17日、辺見は奇兵隊を率いてきた別府九郎と本営の伝令使としてやってきた河野主一郎らと合流した。
- On July 17, Henmi joined Kuro BEPPU, who came leading Kiheitai, and Shuichiro KONO, who came from the headquarters as a messenger.
- 各所で苛烈な近距離戦闘が発生した第二次上海事変での日本兵の主な武器は手榴弾や十年式擲弾筒であった。
- In the Second Shanghai Jihen (Shanghai incident), in which short-distance battles occurred in various places, the main arms of the Japanese soldiers were grenades and tenth-year (Taisho 10, or 1921) type grenade launchers.
- これは日本の国際協調気運を高め、民主主義的な運動・自由主義的な運動をさらに激化させることとなった。
- This built the momentum for international cooperation in Japan and intensified the movements for democracy and liberalism.
- こうして荘官、郡司、郷司、保司の資格のもと、武士が在地領主として国内百姓の支配を行う形が確立する。
- Consequently, there emerged an established scheme in which with the qualifications of shokan, gunji, goji, and hoji, samurai dominated local hyakusho as a resident landlord.
- 直務(じきむ)とは、荘園領主(本所・領家)が荘務権を直接執行して荘園の直接支配(所務)を行うこと。
- Jikimu refers to immediate dominance of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) by the lord of the manor (honjo [the administrative headquarters of a shoen] and ryoke [virtual proprietor of manor]), executing Shomuken (the authority of the jurisdiction and the administration of Shoen).
- 義澄方の将としては、主将である細川澄元の他、細川政賢、松田頼亮など、幕府の直臣といえる人物が多い。
- As busho on Yoshizumi's side, there were many great vassals of the bakufu, such as captain Sumimoto HOSOKAWA, Masataka HOSOKAWA and Yorisuke MATSUDA.
- 検田権は国衙の側にあり、官物徴収のため国検田使の入部も多く、給主の権利は国衙に対して不安定だった。
- Kendenken (right to survey land) belonged to Kokuga and Kokukendenshi (inspector) would often enter the fields to collect Kanmotsu and the rights of the Kyunushi to the Kokuga were often unstable.
- 前述したように、安土城天主及びその周辺の本丸等の建造物は、山崎の戦いの後まもなくして焼失している。
- As mentioned above, the castle tower of Azuchi-jo Castle and surrounding structures including Honmaru were burnt down soon after the Battle of Yamazaki.
- その後、大手門跡等に標石を建てたり、二の丸跡の復旧、城内石段の改修や天主・本丸跡の発掘調査を行う。
- Afterwards, Shiga Prefecture erected stone markers at the site of Ote-mon Gate and other places, as well as restored the site of Ninomaru, and excavated and investigated the sites of castle tower and Honmaru.
- 安土城は現在の安土山に建造され、大型の天守(現地では「天主」と表記)を初めて持つなど威容を誇った。
- Azuchi-jo Castle was built on now Mt. Azuchi, presenting dignified appearance for its unprecedented large-scaled castle tower (or Azuchi-jo Castle keep) and others.
- 皇室自律主義を採り、旧皇室典範などの重要な憲法的規律を憲法典から分離し、議会に関与させなかったこと。
- Japan introduced the Imperial Family autonomy system, and important rules related to the Imperial Family such as the Imperial House Law were independent from the constitution, and the cabinet could not handle issues of the Imperial Family.
- 主な改革としては、学制、地租改正、徴兵令、グレゴリオ暦の採用、司法制度の整備、散髪脱刀令などがある。
- The members of the 'Rusu-seifu' mainly reformed the educational system, the land-tax system, the conscription ordinance, the calendar (they adopted the Gregorian Calendar), the administration of justice, and introduced rules allowing freedom of hairstyle and banning the carrying of swords.
- 近・現代の日本とスペインの関係は、むしろ文化・芸術・スポーツ面の関心や影響、往来が主であるといえる。
- In modern times, Spain and Japan are mainly related to each other concerning interest, influence and exchange in the fields of culture, art and sports.
- 意味は、君主・主君にそむくことである(ただし、厳密には後述のように謀反と謀叛には微妙な差異がある)。
- 'Muhon' means 'betraying one's master' (although there's a slight difference in the meaning of '謀反' and '謀叛' to be exact).
- 中世に入ると、寺院などに教育の主体が移り、武士や庶民の子弟が寺院などで教育を受けるようになっていく。
- During the Medieval period, education was increasingly offered in temples, and samurais as well as common people were able to send their children tom temples to receive their education.
- そこで荘園領主が直接あるいは自己の直臣より任命した代官(直務代官)を派遣して現地を直接支配を行った。
- Then, the lord of the manor sent a local governor (jikimu daikan), who was assigned directly or by his own great vassal, and held direct rule for the site.
- 三位以下の公家や守護大名クラスの武士の家司・家僕が主の意思を奉じて発給した同形式の文書は奉書という。
- Documents with the same style issued by Keishi or Kaboku (servant) of nobilities with a rank lower than Jusanmi or Shugodaimyo (military governor) used for conveying their masters' intention was called hosho.
- 土地を媒介とした国王・領主・家臣の間の緩い主従関係により形成され、近世以降の絶対王政の中で消失した。
- It consisted of loose, land mediated relations of master to servant among king, feudal lord, and retainer, and disappeared under absolute monarchy in the early-modern times.
- 天主のその具体的な姿については長年研究が続けられており、多数の研究者から復元案の発表が相次いでいる。
- Studies on the substantial appearance of the castle tower have been pursued for many years, and many researchers have proposed various ideas for restoration one after another.
- 1895年に日本が清に勝利すると下関条約が締結され、日本は清に朝鮮が自主独立国であることを認めさせた。
- When Japan beat China in 1895, the Treaty of Shimonoseki was concluded in which Japan had Korea recognize the independence and autonomy of Korea.
- 木戸は後日、「天下の侯伯と誓い、億兆の向ふ所を知らしめ、藩主をして其責に任ぜんと欲し」たと述べている。
- Kido stated later that he aimed 'to pledge with kohaku (nobles), show the direction for people and give the lords of domains responsibilities.'
- 困窮した零細農民の土地を集積するなど地主的な側面の強くなる近世後期には後者の面を持つものが多くなった。
- In a second half of the early-modern times, as headmen (naushi or shoya) accumulated lands of impoverished petty peasants, their landowner-like character grew, and those with the latter aspcet increased.
- 一部の国主の藩を除いて、藩の領地は中心城と城下町周辺と、その他は少し離れた飛び地を持っていた(相給)。
- Except some domains of feudal lords owning more than one fief, the territory of a domain lay around the castle at the center and the castle town with enclaves a little apart (villages under control of several feudal lords).
- (この間の経緯は一般に沖縄県の歴史琉球処分と称される。旧琉球国王の尚氏も旧藩主と同様、華族となった。)
- (For what happened in Okinawa during the period, refer to 'Historical Ryukyu Annexation of Okinawa Prefecture'. The Sho clan, who dominated the old Ryukyu Kingdom, became the nobility as did other former domain governors.)
- また、『常陸国風土記』では武渟川別が、『丹後国風土記』では丹波道主命の父である彦坐王が記述されている。
- Takenunakawa wake no mikoto was also written about in the 'Hitachi no kuni fudoki' (the topography of Hitachi Province), as well as Hikoimasu no miko, father of Tanbamichi nushi no mikoto, who was referred to in 'Tango no kuni fudoki' (the topography of Tango Province).
- その頃出雲国では守護代の尼子清定が各地の反乱を鎮圧し、主家の京極氏をしのぐほど権力を持つようになった。
- Meanwhile in Izumo Province, shugodai Kiyosada AMAGO had suppressed local rebellions to grow as influential as the Kyogoku clan, its master's house.
- 山田少将が指揮する別働第2旅団の主力部隊は5月30日、五家荘道・照岳道などから人吉に向かって進撃した。
- On May 30, the main troop of the detached 2nd brigade led by Major General YAMADA started advancing towards Hitoyoshi along several roads including the Gokanosho-do Road and along the Shogaku-do Road.
- 辺見・中島・河野主一郎・相良長良らの防戦により官軍は苦しい戦いになったが、やっとの思いでこれを抜いた。
- The government army fought a tough fight against the defending troops of HENMI, NAKAJIMA, Shuichiro KONO, and Nagayoshi SAGARA, and managed to break through the defense.
- 彼にいたって、朱子学が唱えた読書による人欲の排除といった理学の基本概念とは全く正反対の主張がなされた。
- Unlike his predecessors, Li Zhuowu advocated an idea that was completely opposite to the basic concept of rigaku advocated by Shushigaku to remove desire by reading.
- 及び、京においては他の軍事貴族(京武者)と同盟し、あるいは盟主として、彼らを郎党ともしていた為である。
- In addition, they allied with other military aristocrats (kyobusha - Busha in Kyoto) or made them leader or a retainer in Kyoto.
- また、源頼信の郎党・藤原則経は、主人の命令によって河内国坂門御牧の住人・藤原公則の養子になったとある。
- FUJIWARA no Noritsune of roto (retainer) of MINAMOTO no Yorinobu was adopted by FUJIWARA no Kinnori, who had the title of junin Sakamonnomaki, Kawachi Province by the orders of his master.
- この一件によって、日本が立憲国家・法治国家として法治主義と司法権の独立を確立させたことを世に知らしめた。
- Due to this incident, Japan was known as a constitutional/law-abiding country which realized that Law and judicial power were independent.
- 武蔵国忍藩(埼玉県行田市)そして川越藩主(同県川越市)であり智慧伊豆と謳われる松平信綱は大河内氏である。
- Nobutsuna MATSUDAIRA, who was the lord of the Oshi domain in Musashi Prrovince (Gyoda City, Saitama Prefecture) and of the Kawagoe domain (Kawagoe City, Saitama Prefecture), and who was revered as the 'Wisdom of Izu,' was a member of the Okochi clan.
- こうした工業基盤の有無も、一地方に過ぎない鹿児島と中央政府の力関係を均衡させていた主要因のひとつだった。
- The presence of the industrial base was one of the main reasons that Kagoshima, a mere region, was comparable with the central government in power.
- この握手は、国際的連帯の成果として週刊『平民新聞』はもちろん、各国の社会主義陣営の機関誌等で報道された。
- This handshake was reported in the bulletins of the socialist camp of each country, needless to say in the weekly 'Heimin-shinbun', as a success of international solidarity.
- 明治4年(1871年)には薩長土を主体とする御親兵とする軍事力を持って廃藩置県を行い、府県制が確立する。
- In 1871, Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) took place with a military force by Goshimpei (army to convoy the Emperor) mainly consisting of samurai of Sacho (Satsuma and Choshu domains), leading to the establishment of a prefecture system.
- この中で、鉄道の用途は国道と同様であって、これを民営に委ねるべきでないことを原則とすると自説を主張した。
- In the written opinion, Inoue claimed that in principle railways should not be left to the private sectors because the purpose of the railways use was the same with one of National Route.
- 安土桃山時代と江戸時代には、地方統治は大小多様の大名と、大名に準ずる領主、江戸幕府の直轄領に分割された。
- In Azuchi-Momoyama period and Edo period, the control of local areas was divided by daimyos of various sizes, feudal lords equivalent to daimyos and direct control of Edo shogunate.
- 即ち、中世以前の武家の主従関係は利害を共有することにより成立し、けして絶対的なものではなかったのである。
- As shown above, the relationship of master and vassal among samurai until the medieval period was based only on the common interests of both parties and was not absolute.
- 主なものに、千葉県長生郡長南町給田、東京都世田谷区給田 (世田谷区)、静岡県沼津市下香貫給田などがある。
- Main examples are Kyuden, Chonan-cho, Chosei-gun, Chiba Prefecture, Kyuden, Sedagaya Ward, Tokyo, Kyuden, Shimokanuki, Numazu City, Shizuoka Prefecture.
- 主に戦国時代 (日本)の合戦で用いられた言葉であるが、現代社会においても最初に手柄をあげた人の事を指す。
- Although it was primarily used in reference to battles during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), in modern society it refers to the first person to distinguish themselves.
- 債務者を発見次第直ちに債務者が持つ債権額相当分の財産(主として動産)のみを差し押さえることになっていた。
- A kojichi allowed creditors to attach a debtor's properties (mainly movable properties) equivalent to the total amount of credit only, whenever and wherever they found such debtors.
- しかし、開発領主らの持つ収取権(開発所領)は不安定なものであり、常に国衙から剥奪される危険を伴っていた。
- However the income rights of the development landholders (kaihatsu shoryo) were unstable and always in danger of being taken away by the Kokuga.
- 崩壊の最も大きな原因は、均田制および府兵制を支える主戸(戸籍に登録された戸)が急速に減少したことにある。
- The main reason for the collapse was the rapid decrease in the number of shuko (families registered in the family registry) that sustained the equal-field system and the divisional militia system.
- ポルトガル人イエズス会宣教師であるルイス・フロイスは著書『日本史』に、天主に関して次のように記している。
- Portuguese Jesuit missionary Luis FROIS described the castle tower in his book 'Nihonshi' as follows.
- また、「壹與(ゐよ)」(「台与」)は、中国風の名「(倭)與」を名乗った最初の倭王であるなどと主張している。
- He also claimed that 'Iyo' (Toyo) was the first ruler of Wa, who assumed the Chinese-style name of '[Wa] Yo.'
- その後、徳川を盟主とする旧幕府勢力と薩長を主体とする新政府が対立し、鳥羽・伏見の戦いを機に戊辰戦争が勃発。
- After this, the conflict between the old shogunate forces in command of the Tokugawa clan and the new government led by Satsuma and Choshu domains mainly led to the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, the beginning of the Boshin Civil War.
- 幕末期には病弱であった明治天皇も、士族による養育のためか健康も回復し、西洋的立憲君主としての心得も学んだ。
- Although Emperor Meiji was in poor health when he was a child, he recovered thanks to the education by warrior class palace staff, and then he learned how to be a western-style constitutional monarch.
- 天長2年(825年)には、別当、院使、判官、主典、医師の各1名を置く職制が定められ、延喜式でも継続された。
- In 825, an office-rank system was instituted, consisting of a groom, an administrator, a secretary, a clerk and a doctor, and this system was described in the Engishiki (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers).
- 紀北の地侍たちは高野山や根来寺に坊院を建立し、子弟を出家させてその坊院の門主に送り込む行為を盛んに行った。
- Jizamurai (local samurai) in Kihoku (northern part of Wakayama Prefecture) had priest's houses built in the Koyasan Temple and the Negoro-ji Temple and actively made their children become priests and sent them to those chief priests.
- また、飛騨国帰雲城は帰雲山の山崩れによって埋没、城主内ヶ島氏理とその一族は全員死亡し、内ヶ島氏は滅亡した。
- The Kaerikumo-jo Castle in Hida Province was destroyed by the landslides from Kaerikumo-san Mountain, and the castellan Ujimasa UCHIGASHIMA and all his family died, which also meant the extinction of the Uchigashima clan.
- 攻略には至らなかったがこの攻撃で籠城側は抗戦を断念し、翌22日、主だった者53人の首を差し出して降伏した。
- The besiegers could not capture the castle, but the besieged gave up resistance with this attack and surrendered, submitting 53 heads of important persons on the following day, the 2nd.
- 薩軍主力は大窪で左・中・右3翼に分かれ、次の方向から高瀬及び高瀬に進撃しつつある官軍を挟撃する計画でいた。
- Against the government army marching toward Takase and the government army in Takase, the main force of the Satsuma army was planning to be divided into three flanks of left, center, and right to make a pincer attack from the areas shown below.
- 一世一元の制(いっせいいちげんのせい)とは、元号を君主(天皇、皇帝、国王)の在位中には変えない制度をいう。
- Isse ichigen no sei (system of one era per Emperor) refers to the system where an era name will not be changed during the reign of a monarch (Emperor or king).
- 1898年から1906年にかけて民政長官を務めた後藤新平は自らの特別統治主義に基づいた台湾政策を実施した。
- Shinpei GOTO, who served as Chief of Home Affairs from 1898 to 1906, introduced the governing policy of Taiwan based upon his own special governance.
- 慶長5年(1600年)若桜城主・木下重堅は関ヶ原の戦いで西軍に属し、敗戦とともに自害したため廃絶となった。
- In 1600 the lord of the Wakasa-jo Castle, Shigekata KINOSHITA, joined the western army during the Battle of Sekigahara, and with the defeat in war he committed suicide causing the abolition of the domain.
- しかし1927年、左派が協会の主導権を握ると右派の離脱を惹起し、台湾における社会運動は分裂することになる。
- In 1927, however, the left wing took control of the association and the right wing withdrew from the association, which incident resulted in a split of the social movement in Taiwan.
- 丁銀(ちょうぎん)とは、日本国内において主に商取引用として室町時代後期から明治維新まで流通した銀貨である。
- Chogin is the name of the silver coins which were in circulation, mainly for business transaction, from the late Muromachi period to the Meiji Restoration in Japan.
- 廃藩置県の主目的は年貢を新政府にて取り総める、即ち中央集権を確立して国家財政の安定を目的としたものである。
- The main objective of haihan-chiken was to enable the new government to collect nengu (land tax), in other words to establish a centralized administrative system and stabilize state finance.
- 延長 (元号)2年(924年)には藤原彰子が主催しているが、これは明らかに中宮の権力誇示を目的としていた。
- In 924 it was hosted by FUJIWARA no Shoshi, which was clearly intended as a display of power for the Chugu (Palace of the Empress).
- 白河別業(しらかわべつぎょう)は、9世紀から11世紀頃まで代々の藤原氏摂関家当主により使用されていた別業。
- Shirakawa betsugyo was a villa used by the head of the Regents' House of the Fujiwara clan for generations from the ninth century to about the eleventh century.
- 17日には延暦寺所司・日吉社所司が尾張国知行国主・藤原成親の遠流と目代・政友の禁獄を訴えた(『兵範記』)。
- On January 12th, Deputy Chief of the Board of Retainers of Enryaku-ji Temple and Deputy Chief of the Board of Retainers of Hiyoshi-sha Shrine appealed to exile Kokushu (kokushu daimyo, a rank of territorial load during the Edo period) of the enfeoffment of the Owari Province FUJIWARA no Narichika and imprison Mokudai Masatomo (according to 'Heihanki' (Diary of TAIRA no Nobunori)).
- もっとも代表的なものとして株仲間の結成時に領主から独占的な営業特権を認められた代償として納める冥加がある。
- The most well known example of Myoga was the one that was imposed by lords in for the exclusive business right of kabunakama.
- その結果、当主である六角高頼が義澄方への与力をあくまで主張する守護代の伊庭氏を抑えて足利義稙方に寝返った。
- As a result, Takayori ROKKAKU, family head of the ROKKAKU, revolted to Yoshitane ASHIKAGA's side, despite the Iba clan, shugodai (deputy of Shugo, provincial constable), who insisted to assist Yoshizumi's side.
- つまり「武士」と呼べるのは、地方経済が「私営田経営」から「開発領主」の段階に移行してからだというのである。
- As a result, one could be referred to as 'bushi' once the local economics shifted from the 'management of Shieiden' to 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' step.
- その惣領制、分割相続制が、嫡男による単独相続に変化するのは主に鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)である。
- That soryo system and divided succession system transformed into a single inheritance by a legitimate son mainly from the end of the Kamakura period to period of Southern and Northern Courts (Japan).
- 平家は数十ヵ国の知行国主となるとともに、平家の家人となった武士団を通じて、他の武士団・開発領主を圧迫する。
- The Taira clan became the head of several dozen chigyo-kokushu (provincial proprietor) and put the pressure on other bushidan and kaihatsu-ryoshu through bushidan consisting of Taira clan servants.
- たとえばマルクス主義的な発展段階論においては周代中国を奴隷社会であるか古代荘園社会であるかが論争となった。
- For example, in the development stage theory of Marx, it is argued whether China in the Zhou period was a slavery society or an ancient manor-based society, therefore, it is not easy to settle the dispute.
- 徳川家茂と孝明天皇が死去すると効果を示さなくなり、京都では尊攘派が主流となり幕府に対して攘夷決行を求めた。
- However, the effects of the arrangement were lost once Iemochi TOKUGAWA and Emperor Komei died, and the Sonjo group became dominant in Kyoto and led others in demanding that the Shogunate eliminate contact with foreigners.
- 明治5年(1872年)には徴兵制度を採用し、国民皆兵主義となったため、士族による軍事的職業の独占は破られた。
- Since the government introduced a conscription system in 1872 and Japan became a nation with universal conscription, the military forces were no longer monopolized by the warrior class.
- 渤海の成立後に唐との関係が好転した新羅は、やがて対等外交を主張するようになったが、日本はこれを認めなかった。
- After the formation of Balhae, relations between Silla and Tang developed favorably and Silla began insisting on equal diplomatic relations, but Japan did not consent.
- 天正元年(1573年)には天台座主補任問題にも関わり、正親町天皇より毛氈鞍覆弓袋などの使用許可を受けている。
- In 1573, he was involved in appointing the head priest of the Tendai sect and was granted the rights of using the things including the felt saddle-blanke) and the bag for keeping a bow by the Emperor Ogimachi.
- 城中の糧食が尽きるのを待って陥落させるという長囲策を採る薩軍が対砲戦を主としたので、守城側はそれに苦しんだ。
- The besieged army of Kumamoto Castle was helpless against the Satsuma army, which attacked the castle mainly with counterbattery activities while laying a long drawn-out siege to make the besieged army run out of the provisions and fall.
- ついで西郷隆盛が明治4年(1871年)から明治6年(1873年)にかけて士族による北方警備と開拓を主唱した。
- Then, Takamori SAIGO advocated from 1871 to 1873 that the northern territory should be guarded and reclaimed by shizoku (family or persons with samurai ancestors).
- その他、職業も記載様式に含まれており、華族、士族では主に禄高を、平民では農工商雑と記され、業種も記載された。
- Besides, trades were also included in the registration form, Rokudaka (stipends) were mainly described for the peerage and the warrior class and commoners were described as farmers, craftsmen, merchants or others, including their job types.
- 系譜としては奈良時代以前の「家人(けにん)」の流れを引くものであり、主家へ累代一身専属するのが普通であった。
- Shoju were descended from 'Kenin' (houseman) that existed before the Nara period, and usually belonged to the master's house by themselves from generation to generation.
- なお、菅家廊下という呼称は主に道真没後に菅原氏に学んだ人々やそれ以外の文人たちの間で用いられている例が多い。
- The name Kanke Roka was mostly used among those who studied from the Sugawara clan as well as other men of letters mainly after Michizane died.
- 更に算博士も必ず主税寮か主計寮の頭か助を兼務して更に2名中1名は五位史を兼ねることになった(『官職秘抄』)。
- Furthermore, San hakase always had additional duties as heads or assistants in the Shuzeiryo (Bureau of Taxation) or Syukeiryo (Bureau of Popular Affairs), and one in two also worked as Goinosakan (the lowest class official in four class officials) ('Kanshoku hisho' (a text describing rules of ceremony and etiquette to be observed in the Imperial Court and by samurai that was written during the early Heian period in around 1200)).
- その半分を口入りの神主(領家に相当)・荒木田延明がとり、半分を供祭料の名目で一の禰宜(本家に相当)元親が取る
- Nobuaki ARAKIDA, a mediator Shinto priest (corresponding to ryoke [a lord of the manor]) took half of the donation, and the other half was taken in the form of an offering of money for festivals by the top negi ([one comprehensive term for shrine priests]; corresponding to the honke [head family]) Motochika.
- このなかには、かねてから学内自治を主張していた谷本富文科大学(現・京大文学部)教授(教育学)が含まれていた。
- Tomeri TANIMOTO, a professor of the literature school (current literature department of Kyoto University) (pedagogy) who had been advocating university autonomy for some time, was one of them.
- 本来こうした荘園の取り分である雑役が国衙が官物とともに一括徴収していたが、負所では荘園領主に直接納入された。
- Zatsueki gained from such Shoen was originally collected by Kokuga together with Kanmotsu, but in the case of Ossho, it was directly delivered to the lords of Shoen.
- 顧炎武は「封建の意を郡県に寓す」という郡県制のなかに封建制を組み込ませ、地方分権型の政治体制を主張している。
- Ko Enbu incorporates the Hoken system into the Gun Ken system as the saying goes 'Using the gist of Hoken as a pretext of Gun ken,' advocating the centralized political form.
- 15代将軍となった慶喜により大政奉還が行われるが、王政復古 (日本)、小御所会議を経て討幕運動が主流となる。
- The ruling power was relinquished by Yoshinobu (formerly Keiki) TOKUGAWA, who had become the 15th Shogun but the anti-Shogunate movement became more dominant with the restoration of Imperial rule and the establishment of the national political council held at Kogosho in Kyoto.
- これは、義務達成を難しいと考え、しかも緑被率の比較的高い国である日本、カナダが主張し、採用されたものである。
- Japan and Canada, who thought it difficult to achieve the goal of obligation and whose green coverage ratio is relatively high, insisted the adoption and eventually approved.
- 6月27日 (旧暦)(7月16日)、当主を失った織田氏の後継者を決定する会議が清洲城で開かれた(清洲会議)。
- On July 26, a conference was held in Kiyosu-jo Castle to determine the successor of the Oda clan, which had lost its leader (the Kiyosu conference).
- 前方後円墳の分布は4世紀後葉前まで、主に畿内~瀬戸内海沿岸(吉備国など)~北九州(筑紫国など)に集中していた。
- Before the latter half of the fourth century, keyhole-shaped mounds were mainly seen in the Kinai, Seto Inland Sea (such as Kibi County) and northern Kyushu (such as Chikushi County) regions.
- この時代は農本主義のため、幕府・大名の拠点のある城を中心とした町(城下町)の他は基本的に農村と考えられていた。
- Due to the agricultural fundamentalism of this period, places other than towns around castles (castle town), the base of the shogunate government or each daimyo, were basically considered to be agricultural communities.
- 信長の後ろ盾を得た孫一主導の下、雑賀衆は織田信孝の四国攻めに船百艘を提供するなど、織田氏との関係を強めていく。
- The Saiga shu led by Magoichi who was supported by Nobunaga had strengthened the relationship with the Oda clan, for example, it provided 100 ships for the attack against the Shikoku region by Nobutaka ODA.
- 内藤信成・信正が城主になるが1615年(元和 (日本)元年)に廃城になり資材の大半は彦根城の築城に流用された。
- Then Nobunari NAITO followed by Nobumasa NAITO became the lords of the castle, but it was torn down in 1615 and most of the material was used for building the Hikone-jo Castle.
- しかし、秀吉はこれを拒否して「五国割譲と城主・清水宗治の切腹」を要求したため、交渉はいったん物別れに終わった。
- But Hideyoshi declined it and demanded 'the cession of the five countries and the seppuku of Muneharu SHIMIZU,' which failed to produce an agreement.
- いっぽう、長州藩の長井雅楽が主導する「航海遠略策」が朝廷・幕府の賛同を得て、公武一和の具体策として急浮上する。
- Meanwhile, a policy that recommended improving Japan's navigational skills to communicate with foreign nations, advocated by Uta NAGAI of Choshu clan, was approved by both the imperial court and the bakufu, and emerged as a tool to unite the court and the shogunate.
- 1932年の北村建信ら「二回説」を主張する研究者の理屈にも一定の説得力があるといえるが、一般的とは言いがたい。
- The logic used by the researchers advocating the 'two-battles theory,' such as Tatenobu KITAMURA in 1932 and others, can be said persuasive to a certain extent but cannot be said universal.
- 山内豊信ら公議政体派は、徳川慶喜の出席が許されていないことを非難し、慶喜を議長とする諸侯会議の政体を主張した。
- Toyoshige YAMAUCHI and other members of the pro-parliamentary regime criticized the fact Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA was not allowed to participate in the meeting and suggested an Assembly of Feudal Lords chaired by Yoshinobu.
- 大正デモクラシーとは、日本の大正時代に現れた政治・社会・文化の各方面における民主主義、自由主義的な運動を指す。
- Taisho Democracy refers to the movements that emerged in Japan's Taisho period, urging for greater freedom and democracy in politics, society and culture.
- 一方で血縁と伝統的な主従関係の下に成立した譜代の家臣と実力を買われ登用された新参の軋轢も生まれることもあった。
- On the other hand, there were also conflicts between hereditary vassals, who held their status based on bloodline or traditional master-vassal relationships, and individuals who were newly appointed due to their abilities.
- 但し、室町時代以前の守護大名や守護代、国人領主と戦国大名の大きな違いは強固な家臣団を形成し得たかどうかにある。
- The big difference between the Sengoku daimyo and the Shugo daimyo (military governors), Shugodai and Kokujin ryoshu from the Muromachi period, however, was in whether or not they could organize strong Kashindan.
- 封建制(ほうけんせい)とは、中国など漢字文化圏における政治思想において主張された、周王朝を規範とする政治制度。
- The Hoken system is a political system modeled after the Shu Dynasty in China, which was advocated in the political thought of Kanji using nations, such as China.
- 同時代の君主国憲法の多くが、立法権を君主と国会が共有する権能としていたことと比すると特異な立法例であると言える。
- Given that many of the other monarchial constitutions of the same period defined that a monarch and a government should share legislative power, it could be said that the Japanese constitution was a rare case.
- 初期は倹約と藩札発布が主であったが、18世紀中盤になると塩・陶器などの土地産物の専売制がかなりの藩で実施される。
- Initial policies were mainly the order to encourage a frugal life and the issue of local paper currency, but in the middle of the 18th century a monopoly system of local specialties, such as salt and ceramics, was introduced in many domains.
- これに対し官軍は、薩軍主力の北進を知らず、前面の薩軍が未だ優勢でないとの判断にもとづき、次のように部署を定めた。
- On the other hand, since the government army was unaware of the main force of the Satsuma army heading north, it judged that the Satsuma army in front of them was not dominating over them and took the formation as below.
- 初期の松前藩の収入は、藩主・家臣ともにアイヌとの交易にあったため、松前藩は他の日本人とアイヌとの取引を禁止した。
- Revenue of the Matsumae clan including the lord and retainers in its early days, was from the trade with Ainu, therefore, the Matsumae clan prohibited the trade between other Japanese and Ainu.
- 主なもので東寺金堂・延暦寺横川中堂・熱田神宮・石清水八幡宮・北野天満宮・鞍馬寺毘沙門堂など、85件にものぼった。
- The major of them came up to 85 in number including Kondo hall of To-ji Temple/Enryaku-ji Temple Yokawa Chudo/ Atsuta Jingu Shrine/ Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine/Kitano Temmangu Shrine/Kurama Temple/Bishamon-do Temple and so on.
- またこの時期、薩摩藩主の父で前藩主斉彬の弟・島津久光が、亡き兄の遺志を継ぎ、幕政改革を志して兵を率いて上京した。
- In the same period, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, brother of the former lord and father of the current lord of the Satsuma clan, went to Kyoto with his troops, aiming to help the reformation of the government and fulfill the dying wish of his brother.
- この政権は単に箱館政権とも称されるが、主権的な独立や地方割拠を目論んだわけではないので、この呼称は適切ではない。
- This political power is also just called Hakodate Government, but this naming is not appropriate because it did never aim at a sovereign independence nor defending local authority.
- 10世紀頃には宮中行事とは別に太上天皇や東宮(皇太子)、皇后などの主催でも私的に季御読経が催されるようになった。
- By the tenth century, aside from court functions, Kinomidokyo came to be held privately and hosted by the Daijo Tenno (Retired Emperor), the Togu (Crown Prince) or the Kogo (Empress).
- 現代でいう焼夷弾に似た兵器であるが、爆発力や容器の破片での殺傷が主目的で、炎での攻撃は威力が低かったと思われる。
- It was similar to a modern incendiary bomb, but its main purpose was to have explosive power to wound and kill enemies with broken fragments of its container, so the fire itself was not likely a very powerful attack.
- これによって体制は国衙が支配する公領と荘園が対等な権利主体として境界設定などで抗争する後期王朝国家へと変化する。
- The system was thereby changed to the late dynastic nation-state in which koryo (an Imperial demesne) dominated by kokuga and shoen as equal actors of right struggled in border settings and the like.
- 源内が阿仁や大館の検分を終えて藩主佐竹曙山(義敦)に拝謁したのちの同年10月29日に久保田を出発、江戸へ戻った。
- After inspecting Ani and Odate and having an audience with the feudal lord Shozan (Yoshiatsu) SATAKE, Gennai left the Kubota domain on December 12 of the same year and returned to Edo.
- 国一揆(くにいっき)は南北朝時代 (日本)、室町時代の領主による領主権の確保を目的とした連合形態(一揆)を言う。
- Kuni ikki refers to an alliance (uprising) made up of feudal lords with the aim of securing their rule in the period of Northern and Southern courts and Muromachi.
- 陰首(おんしゅ)とは、律令制において戸籍や計帳から欠落している者及び浮浪の者が自主的に名乗り出て登録されること。
- Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), onshu was the registration of a person who came forward after having been missing from the family registers or the keicho (yearly tax registers), or after having been away from the place of registry.
- 21世紀となった現在でも、日本各地(主に農村・漁村地域)に、無尽や頼母子、模合と呼ばれる会・組織が存在している。
- Even now, in the twenty-first century, gatherings and organizations called Mujin, Tanomoshi, or Moai exist in various places in Japan (mainly in the regions of farming and fishing villages).
- 廃棄物・下水道汚泥などが主な排出源になっており、これらの排出抑制や処理方法の変更などによる削減が想定されている。
- The main emissions sources are wastes, sludge and so on, and the suppression of emissions from these sources and improvement in the process of handling these materials are under consideration to reduce the emissions of the gas.
- 清は朝鮮が独立国であることを認め、独立自主を損害するような朝鮮国から清国に対する貢・献上・典礼等は永遠に廃止する。
- Qing recognized the independence of Korea and, as a consequence, the payment of tribute and the performance of ceremonies and formalities by Korea to China, that are in derogation of such independence and autonomy, shall wholly cease for the future.
- 京都赤旗事件(きょうとあかはたじけん)とは、1920年(大正9年)11月30日に発生した社会主義者弾圧事件である。
- The Kyoto Red Flag Incident was a crackdown on socialists that occurred on November 30, 1920.
- 雑賀では、『昔阿波物語』に「主護(守護)はなく、百姓持に仕りたる国にて候」と記されるほどに守護の影響力は薄かった。
- In Saiga, the power of Shugo was so small that it was described as 'There is no Shugo and it was a country governed by farmers' in 'Mukashi Awamonogatari' (Tale of Old Awa Province).
- 「これほど的確に当時の政情を物語る文書も珍しい」としながらも、「後世の改ざんかねつ造」との見方を主張し続けている。
- He continued insisting his view that, 'It must be a fabrication or forgery from a later period', while saying that 'It is a very rare document that narrated the political situation of that time with such accuracy.'
- 別働第4旅団の一部が学科新田を攻撃して薩軍を牽制している間に、主力が緑川を渡り、薩軍と激戦しながら川尻へと進んだ。
- While part of the detached 4th brigade was attacking Gakkanitta to keep the Satsuma army in check, its main force crossed the Midori-kawa River and advanced towards Kawajiri by fighting fiercely with the Satsuma army.
- 更に前後して戊辰戦争の恩賞である賞典禄について定めることで倒幕に賛同した藩主や藩士を宥めて不満を逸らしたのである。
- Moreover, around this time, dissatisfaction by the lords of the domains and feudal retainers of the domains, who agreed to overthrow the Shogunate with the setting of Shotenroku (premium), reward grants of the Boshin War, were conciliated.
- 戦国時代 (日本)には数多くの謀反が起こって家臣が主君を追って自ら大名になる事件、「下克上」が起こるようになった。
- During the Warring States Period, many muhon incidents called 'gekokujo' (revolt by vassals against their lords to take over daimyo [Japanese territorial lord]) happened.
- 名主百姓はさらに小百姓、小作人、間人(もうと)といった領内下層民に対する支配権である名主職を有し、これを世襲した。
- Nanushi hyakusho also had myoshu-shiki, which were the rights to dominate local lower-class people, such as hyakusho who owned little plow land, tenant farmers, and moto (new comers in a community), and the myoshu-shiki was transferred by heredity.
- 武士団(ぶしだん)とは主に平安時代後半から、鎌倉時代、南北朝時代 (日本)を中心に室町時代までの武士の集団を指す。
- Bushidan (warrior bands) refers to the group of bushi (samurai) that existed mainly from the late Heian, Kamakura, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (Japan), and lasted until the Muromachi period.
- 文末に「仰旨如此」、「者依仰執達如件」、「由被仰下候」など、文意が主の意思である事を強調した文言が付けられている。
- At the end of one of these documents, a phrase emphasizing that a letter was written in accordance with the intention of a master was added, such as, 'The statements above were made by him/her.'
- 後に有力な農民や土着した在庁官人などがこの規定を利用して荒田の再開発に乗り出し、私領するようになる(在地領主制)。
- Later, prominent farmers or local bureaucrats used this rule to redevelop Koden and make it private property (resident landholder system).
- その後の家長制とはいささか趣きが異なるが、武士団としての結集はその一族が惣領を盟主として結集するに近いものがある。
- The patriarchal system differed later, but the union as the bushidan was close to having a clan gathering with the soryo as a leader of the clan.
- また、福澤諭吉は主宰する「時事新報」の紙上で、「国乱」によらない憲法の発布と国会開設を驚き、好意を持って受け止めた。
- Yukichi FUKUZAWA, also wrote in the 'Jiji Shinpo' which he organized, that he was surprised that the constitution was promulgated and the national diet was established without any 'national conflict,' and was pleased with it.
- 安政5年(1858年)4月大老に就任した井伊直弼(彦根藩主)は、条約問題と将軍継嗣問題を強権的に一気に解決をはかる。
- In April 1858, Naosuke II, the lord of the Hikone clan, assumed the position of Tairo (Chief Minister) and tried to decisively settle the disputes over the treaties and the struggle for succession.
- また、京都を中心に活躍した一橋派各藩の工作員らも井伊の指示を受けて、老中間部詮勝(鯖江藩主)らが取り締まりを行った。
- Also, under the direction of Ii, roju Akikatsu MANABE (the lord of the Sabae clan) cracked down on the activities of the Hitotsubashi group in Kyoto.
- しかしながら、晴信は「信濃守護の職責を果たすため他国の侵略と戦っている」と自らの正当性を主張して、逆に景虎を責めた。
- However, Harunobu insisted his legitimacy saying that 'we are fighting invasion from other provinces to fulfill the responsibility of the shugo post of Shinano province,' and accused Kagetora instead.
- 朱子学は支配イデオロギーとなったが、それ故に体制擁護としての作用が肥大化し、かつての道徳主義の側面が失われていった。
- As Shushigaku became the dominant ideology, its function of protecting the regime became increasingly emphasized, and as a result, the element of moralism was getting lost.
- 常重は下司職となると同時に、「地主」として「田畠の加地子」を取る権利を認められ、常重の下司職と権利は子孫に相伝される
- When becoming the local official, Tsuneshige was permitted a privilege of taking 'kajishi' (land rent) of fields of rice and other crops as a 'landlord,' and the position of the local official and the privilege of Tsuneshige was to be inherited by his descendants.
- すると、これまで政元政権を支えてきた「内衆」とよばれる京兆家重臣(主に畿内有力国人層)と、阿波勢との対立が深まった。
- This intensified the confrontation between the forces from Awa and the senior vassals of the Keicho family (mainly powerful local lords in and around the capital) called 'uchishu' who had thus far supported Masamoto.
- この革命の象徴となり、アジア初の本格的立憲君主となった明治天皇について、諸外国では日本以上に高く評価されることもある。
- Emperor Meiji, who became the symbol of this revolution and the constitutional monarch for the first time in Asia, is sometimes more valued in foreign countries than in Japan.
- 出雲国の国人領主であった三沢氏の出自は、清和源氏木曾義仲を祖とする木曽系、同じく清和源氏満快流の飯島系と言われている。
- Misawa clan, a kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lords) of Izumo Province, was reportedly oriignated from the Kiso line descended from Yoshinaka KISO of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto Clan), or the Iijima line descded from MINAMOTO no Mitsuyoshi who was also from Seiwa-Genji.
- 当時実権を握っていた徳川家康は、主君は反逆した家臣を成敗できるとして忠恒の行為を支持し、その結果忠恒は島津邸へ戻った。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who held the real political power at that time, supported Tadatsune's actions by approving a lord's punishing his vassal who rebelled, and as a result, Tadatsune returned to the Shimazu residence.
- 翌2月13日、主力への攻撃を予想した細川高国軍に対して、三好軍は裏をかいて桂川を渡河、後詰の武田元光軍に襲い掛かった。
- The following day, March 15, while the army of Takakuni HOSOKAWA anticipated an attack on the main force, the Miyoshi army outmaneuvered them, went across the Katsura-gawa River, and attacked the army of Motomitsu TAKEDA, which was held in reserve in the rear.
- 5月8日、辺見・河野主一郎・平野・淵辺はそれぞれ雷撃隊・破竹隊・常山隊・鵬翼隊の4個隊を率いて神瀬箙瀬方面に向かった。
- On May 8, Henmi, Shuichiro KONO, Hirano, and Fuchibe moved towards the Konose and Ebirase area, leading the four troops of Raigeki-tai, Hachiku-tai, Jozan-tai, and Hoyoku-tai.
- 一橋派では橋本左内(越前藩士)・西郷隆盛(薩摩藩士)、南紀派では長野主膳(彦根藩士)ら下級武士がこれら工作に活躍した。
- Many lower-ranking samurai, for example, Sanai HASHIMOTO (a feudal retainer of Echizen) and Takamori SAIGO (a feudal retainer of Satsuma) for the Hitotsubashi group, and Shuzen NAGANO (a feudal retainer of Hikone) for the Nanki group, played important roles in those activities.
- 主要幹線が多数の私設鉄道によって分割保有されていることが、諸外国との競争上、非常な不利であると認識されるようになった。
- And Zaibatsu came to recognize that the fact of main railways being divided and held separately by private railways was so disadvantageous in terms of the competition with foreign countries.
- つまりこの時期の朝廷は、二条摂政や久邇宮朝彦親王(中川宮、維新後久邇宮)ら親徳川派上級公家によってなお主導されていた。
- That is, the Imperial Court at that time was still led by pro-Tokugawa upper-graded court nobles such as regent Nijo and the Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko (also called Nakagawa no Miya; after Meiji Restoration, he was known as Kuni no Miya).
- 特に武力・軍事力を動員して反乱を起こすことを指すことが多いが、少人数で君主・主君を暗殺する行為を謀反ということもある。
- The word usually refers to an armed or militarized rebellion, but 'assassinating one's master by a small group' can be defined as 'muhon' as well.
- 江戸時代以降となると、将軍の絶対的な権力の下で直臣たる近世大名と陪臣である家臣団の関係はより絶対的な主従関係となった。
- During the Edo period when the Shogun held absolute authority, relations between Kinsei daimyo (early modern lords), who were Jikishin (great vassals), and their Kashindan, who were Baishin (indirect vassals), became a categorical master-subordinate relationship.
- 荘園においても、荘園領主らは必要物資を得るために荘園内に手工業者・職人を確保し、職能に応じて彼らへ給田を与えていった。
- As for Shoen, shoen landholders kept handicraftsmen within their shoen to obtain necessary supplies and gave Kyuden according to their ability.
- 義江彰夫は同じ12世紀ながら、その初期と後期との間に地方の長者、すなわち開発領主の武装(武士団化)が進んだとしている。
- Akio YOSHIE interpreted that weapon preparation (bushidan formation) of local heads or cultivation lords developed between the early and later periods despite being the same twelfth century.
- 毎月飲み会を主催する「飲み無尽」や定期的な親睦旅行を目的とした無尽など、本来の金融以外の目的で行われているものも多い。
- There are many practiced for the purpose of other than the original financing, such as 'Drinking Mujin' to hold a drinking party every month and Mujin aimed at holding a regular amity trip.
- 彼らは城下に住み藩主から俸禄を貰っていた武士である藩士とは明確に区別され、また一段下の身分として差別されることもあった。
- Country samurai were clearly distinguished from the feudal retainers living in a castle town and recieving salary from the lord, and sometimes discriminated as a lower-rank samurai.
- 秀吉は自身が任命する領主が領地の隅々まで直接支配を行う体制を目指し、その障害となる住民による地域自治を破壊したのである。
- Hideyoshi aimed to establish the framework that the lord he assigned directory controlled all parts of the territory and destroyed local government by people which could prevent it.
- 参勤は一定期間主君(この場合は征夷大将軍)のもとに出仕すること、交代は暇を与えられて領地に帰り政務を執ることを意味する。
- Sankin means that daimyo served for the lord (Seii-Taishogun [literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians] in this case) for a certain period, while kotai means that they returned to their domains on leave to attend to government affairs there.
- 大衆は「幼主であっても内裏に参って天皇に訴え、勅定を承るのが先例・恒例である」と拒絶し、明雲の説得にも耳を貸さなかった。
- However, the daishu insisted, 'even if he is young, it is right to come to the dairi to appeal to the Emperor and hear a chokujo (something that the emperor decided) according to precedent and established practice' and ignored Myoun's persuasion.
- なお、後年において不動穀の一部を中央に貢進させる年料租舂米の制が布かれた際には主として年料舂米負担国が対象とされている。
- When the Nenryososhomai system required part of the Fudokoku (emergency grain) to be tithed to the central government, the target of the system was mainly the Nenryoshomai provinces.
- 律令制においては、国司が郡司・富豪などの地方の有力者の馬を駄賃と引換に徴発して年貢を日本の首都に運ばせるのが主であった。
- In the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), a Kokushi (provincial governor) usually had nengu (land tax) delivered to the Japanese capital by requisitioning horses of local leaders, such as a Gunji (local magistrate) or wealthy families in exchange for dachin.
- そのような中で大名たちは一族・更に家臣や周辺の国人領主や地侍たちを従えながら、彼らに対して惣領としての優位性を主張した。
- Under such circumstances, a daimyo subjected their families, vassals, Kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lords) and jizamurai (local samurai) of neighboring provinces to their rule and asserted their superiority as a soryo (heir).
- ただし、地方の武士は開発領主であることを経済的地盤としていたが、開発領主イコール武士であり武士団を率いていた訳ではない。
- However, bushi in districts existed as kaihatsu-ryoshu, the financial basis, but kaihatsu-ryoshu was bushi and did not necessarily lead bushidan.
- 彼らもまた、小さい単位ながら、農民を支配する側の荘園下級役職者であると同時に、小規模ながら、その「村郷」の領主であった。
- They were also the estate owners of that 'village' at the same time they were lower ranking officers of Shoen that ruled over peasants despite being in a small scale unit.
- 上記のように、炭素税は工場等を狙ったものではなく自家用乗用車や民生部門などからの排出を抑制する効果を主にした制度である。
- As mentioned above, a carbon tax does not aim at factories or the like, but intends to effectively drive the suppression of the emissions from private cars, civilian sectors and so on.
- 信長の家臣であった太田牛一は、天正7年1月『安土日記』に村井貞勝による天主に関しての記述を次のように引用して記している。
- Gyuichi OTA, a vassal of Nobunaga, wrote in the chapter on February 1579 of 'Azuchi Nikki' as follows by quoting the description made by Sadakatsu MURAI about castle tower.
- 畠山氏は実権はないものの、秀吉との抗争に当たっては根来・雑賀衆に名目上の盟主として担がれており、上方勢の攻撃対象になった。
- The Hatakeyama clan did not have real power, but since it was held as a nominal head of the battle with Hideyoshi by Negoro and Saiga shu, it was attacked by the Kamigata army.
- ただし、その国家建設は内発的なものではなく、唐を中心とする東アジアの国際関係の緊張を背景とする外発的な要因を主としていた。
- The construction of the state was not triggered internally, but chiefly by external factor of tension in East Asian international relations, mainly with the Tang Dynasty.
- 鉄道が民営であることの軍事的に不利な理由は、私鉄の場合、株式会社であるから、経営状態を詳しく株主に報告しなければならない。
- The disadvantaged point of railway management by private sector was that in the case of the private railways, being the joint-stock companies, they must report their managing status in detail to the shareholders.
- 開拓使の初代長官には、旧幕時代から北方の重要性を説いていた佐賀藩主鍋島直正が就任したが、彼は実務にとりかかる前に辞任した。
- The first chief of the Hokkaido Development Commission was Naomasa NABESHIMA who claimed the importance of Ezo even before the bakufu era ended, but he resigned before embarking on the practical reclamation work.
- この主張は銭緒山ら右派のみならず、朱子学からも倫理に背くものとされ、彼らの思想・行動は心学の横流と呼ばれ厳しく批判された。
- This was claimed to run counter by ethics by not only the right-wing, including Qian Xushan, but also by Shushi-gaku, and their idea and actions were said to be muddying the School of Mind and were fiercely criticized.
- 菅原氏の当主は大学寮における公的な職務以外に、自宅にこうした私塾を開いて教えを請う学生たちに紀伝道を講義したとされている。
- It was considered that the head of the Sugawara clan established the private school for lecturing on the Kidendo for students who were asking the head to teach them, besides performing his official duties at the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system).
- このため、異常な天文現象に対しては、天文学と占星術に通じた者が君主に対してその事実と占いの結果を報告することが求められた。
- For that reason, it was imperative that an unusual astronomical phenomenon should be reported to the monarch by those well versed in astronomy and astrology together with observations and astrological divination.
- '百姓' という呼称は、用法において当該の主体が用いる場合と、第三者が用いることには全く意味が違うことに留意すべきである。
- It should be noted that the meaning of the term 'hyakusho' used by a person to refer to himself or herself is completely different from that used by a third party.
- 元々困っている旅行者を施設を造って助けようという「救恤」の発想自体が仏教の考え方であり、自然と運営主体は寺院が多くなった。
- The very idea of helping travelers in trouble was based on a concept of Buddhist thought called 'kyujutsu' (helping a person in trouble), so temples naturally made up the majority of the operations.
- 乱後も洞に残った伊達氏の一門や家臣は曾孫の伊達政宗によって仙台藩家臣団として強い主従関係に基づく再編成を受ける事となった。
- Families and vassals of the Date clan who remained in the Utsuro even after the war were reorganized by Tanemune's great-grandson Masamune DATE into a group of vassals in the Sendai Domain, supported by the strict relationship between lord and vassal.
- 戦国時代_(日本)には幕府による権限は否定され、代わりに戦国大名が守護・国主の権限の一環としてこれを付与するようになった。
- During the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), this privilege which had been granted by the bakufu was denied and instead daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) in the Sengoku Period came to give it to their shugo and kokushu (landed daimyo) as part of their rights.
- これら旗本家は、若年寄、大目付、勘定奉行、外国奉行、外国(事務)副総裁、開成所総奉行などを務めた幕臣を、主に幕末に輩出した。
- At the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate, the members of those families of Hatamoto were appointed to important posts such as Wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in the Edo bakufu), Ometsuke (Chief inspector of the Edo bakufu), Kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance), Vice President of the administrators of Gaikoku bugyo (magistrate of foreign affairs), and Chief of Kaiseijo (magistrate for examination of foreign books).
- 天神地祇御誓祭で三条実美が御誓文を読み上げる光景を日本画家の乾南陽が描き、昭和3年に旧土佐藩主の山内家が明治神宮に奉納した。
- Japanese-style painter Nanyo INUI painted a picture that Sanetomi SANJO was reading out Charter Oath at the festival of the gods of heaven and earth and the lord of Tosa domain, the Yamauchi family devoted it to the Meiji-jingu Shrine in 1928.
- また、各地の領主の招聘に応じその地に逗留・移住する銃工も多く、それら銃工の作品には「国友」銘のほか本名で鐫られたものも多い。
- Invitations from feudal lords throughout Japan meant many gunsmiths relocated to these areas, and many pieces produced by such individuals were inscribed both 'Kunimoto' and the gunsmith's real name.
- 中世の土地支配権は近世のような「一つの土地に一人の領主」は確立されておらず、その支配体系も近世のものよりずっと複雑であった。
- Sway over lands in the middle ages had not been evolved to 'one lord in one land' as in the Early-Modern period yet, and the swaying system was much more complicated than that of the Early-Modern ages.
- 中村一氏が「これだけの兵力差があるのに攻撃を延期するのは他国への印象が悪い」と即時開戦を主張したため、直ちに戦端が開かれた。
- Since Kazuuji NAKAMURA insisted on attacking immediately because 'it gives a bad impression to other countries to postpone an attack in spite of such a big difference of military force,' they began to fight immediately.
- 相良長良(行進隊)・河野主一郎(破竹隊)・平野正介(常山隊)・阿多壮五郎(干城隊)・新納精一(鵬翼隊)・高城七之丞(正義隊)
- Nagayoshi SAGARA (the Koshin-tai troop), Shuichiro KONO (the Hachiku-tai troop), Shosuke HIRANO (the Jozan-tai troop), Sogoro ATA (the Kanjo-tai troop), Seiichi NIINO (the Hoyoku-tai troop), and Shichinojo TAKI (the Seigi-tai troop)
- 戦国時代の動乱を最終的に収めた江戸幕府は、このような風潮を改め、家臣の主君への従順を教えるため朱子学の道徳を武士に学ばせる。
- The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), after finally settling this upheaval of the Warring States Period, made samurai learn the Neo-Confucianism ethics, to teach the vassals' loyalty to their lords.
- 明朝の政治・思想に多大な影響を与えた陽明学であったが、その明朝と共に衰退し、清朝では考証学に学問の主役の座を奪われるに至る。
- Yomeigaku deeply influenced politics and thought during the Ming Dynasty; it then declined with the Ming Dynasty and during the Qing Dynasty, Kosho-gaku replaced Yomeigaku as the main school of the academic thought.
- しかし、幕末に至っても両家による全国編成は完了せず、百姓身分のまま神職を勤める '百姓神主' がかなりの割合で存在していた。
- However, nationwide organization by the families did not end even at the end of the Edo period, and there was a significant proportion of 'hyakusho priests,' who served as Shinto priests while staying at the farming rank.
- 棟梁という言葉は今日では「大工の親方」という意味で用いられることが多いが、元は建物の屋根の主要部分である棟と梁を指していた。
- Although the term 'toryo' (棟梁) generally refers to 'master of craftsmen' at present, it originally referred to to (棟) (ridge) and ryo (梁) (a beam), the essential parts of a building's ceiling.
- 鎌倉時代以後、荘園領主は荘官あるいは地頭、土倉などに現地における管理一切を任せて、定額の年貢納入を請負わせる制度が行われた。
- After the Kamakura period, the lord of the manor entrusted shokan (an officer governing shoen), jito (manager and lord of manor), doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) and so on, with the total management of shoen to collect fixed land tax.
- しかし細川澄元達の戦意はなおも衰えず、細川澄元方の細川政賢を主将として丹波と山城国との要衝である船岡山に陣取り防戦を試みた。
- Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and his people did not lose the will to fight; they attempted a turf war at Mt. Funaoka, which was a strategic point in Tanba and Yamashiro Province, with Masataka HOSOKAWA, who was in their side, as a captain.
- そのため本書は、加賀藩主前田家の文庫であった尊経閣文庫に所蔵され、それを引き継いだ前田育徳会が管理する尊経閣文庫に伝わった。
- Accordingly, this transcript has been possessed by Sonkeikaku-bunko, which was initially the library of the lord of the Kaga clan Maeda family and is managed by Maeda Ikutokukai at present.
- 源頼朝の元で同じ御家人と呼ばれはしても、下川辺庄司行平、葛西御厨の葛西清重、畠山重忠などは、大規模寄進荘園の在地領主である。
- While being called gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate during the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) under MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, Shimokobe no SHOJI Yukihira, Kiyoshige KASAI of Kasai no Mikuriya, and Shigetada HATAKEYAMA, were manor heads of donated shoen on a grand scale.
- 当時、複数の主人に名簿(みょうぶ)を差し出して臣従することも、「兵」の世界だけでなく、貴族社会一般のごく普通のことであった。
- It was a norm to serve under several masters by submitting a register not only in the world of 'tsuwamono' but within the aristocratic society.
- 本能寺の変以降もしばらく織田氏の居城として、信長の嫡孫織田秀信が清洲会議の後入城するなどと、主に二の丸を中心に機能していた。
- The castle worked as a stronghold of the Oda clan mainly centered around the Ninomaru for a while after the Honnoji Incident; for example, Nobunaga's heir Hidenobu ODA made a triumphal entry into the castle after the Kiyosu conference.
- 士農工商(しのうこうしょう)とは、儒教において社会を構成する主要な身分(官吏・百姓・職人・商人)の上下関係を指す概念である。
- Shi-no-ko-sho was a Confucian concept of societal ranking (government official, farmers, artisans, merchants) that accounted for the main part of the society.
- 同年、摂津国で勃発した野田城・福島城の戦いで織田軍主力が投入されている中、浅井氏・朝倉連合軍は信長の背後を突くべく進軍を開始。
- While Oda's main force was assigned to the Battle of Noda-jo Castle and Fukushima-jo Castle which erupted in the Settsu Province in the same year, the Asai and Asakura allied forces started to advance towards Oda, aiming to attack his forces from behind.
- その後、1876年に起きた江華島事件を契機として日朝修好条規(江華島条約)を締結し、朝鮮を自主国として認め、開国させるに至る。
- After that, the Ganghwa Island incident of 1876 led to the conclusion of the Japanese-Korean Treaty of Amity (Treaty of Ganghwa), and in this treaty, Japan recognized the Joseon Dynasty as an independent country and made the Joseon Dynasty open its country to the world.
- 為基の息子三沢清長は娘・初子が藩主伊達綱宗の側室(伊達綱村生母・綱宗には正室はいなかった) となった事から重臣の待遇を受けた。
- Kiyonaga MISAWA, a son of Tamemoto, was treated as a senior vassal because his daughter Hatsuko became a concubine of Tsunamune DATE, the head of the Date Domain, who had no legal wife (Hatsuko was the real mother of Tsunamura DATE).
- 大名における実例はないものの、一般の武士における改易の理由として多いものに当主・隠居の欠落(出奔・無断脱藩)によるものがある。
- Although we have no examples of Daimyo being subjected to kaieki, one of the most common reasons for the kaieki of ordinary samurai was the running away (flight or escape from one's domain) of the current or former heads of households.
- 秀吉は高松城を水攻めによって包囲していたが、その最中に京都市の本能寺で主君である織田信長が明智光秀に謀反を起こされて落命する。
- Hideyoshi besieged Takamatsu-jo Casle by inundation tactics, during which Mitsuhide AKECHI betrayed and killed his lord Nobunaga ODA in a rebellion at Honno-ji Temple in Kyoto City.
- 戦国時代 (日本)の備中国は守護の細川氏が衰退した後、国人領主が割拠する状態にあったが、中でも台頭していたのは三村氏であった。
- Bitchu Province in the Sengoku period (period of Warring States) was split among numerous kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lords) after the Hosokawa clan, shugo (provincial constable) had gone into decline, but the Mimura clan stood out among them.
- だが、北東の人吉からの別働第2旅団の攻撃、北西の山野からの別働第3旅団の攻撃により、郡山・坊主石山が別働第2旅団の手に落ちた。
- Nevertheless, Koriyama and Bozuishiyama were seized by the detached 2nd brigade, as the detached 2nd brigade made attacks from Hitoyoshi in the northeast and the detached 3rd brigade made attacks from Yamano in the northwest.
- また1902年末に抗日運動を制圧した後は、台湾総督府は日本の内地法を超越した存在として、特別統治主義が採用されることとなった。
- After the anti-Japanese movement was put down at the end of 1902, the Sotoku-fu became an entity not subject to Japanese law and the special governance approach was adopted.
- 理由として、正史とは一つの王朝が滅びた後、次代の王朝に仕える人々が著すため、最後の君主などは実際以上に悪く書かれる傾向にある。
- This is because seishi are often written by people in service to the dynasty of the time, and after earlier dynasties have come to an end, so there is a tendency to exaggerate the evils of the rulers of the preceding dynasty beyond what is attested in historical records.
- 軍事的理由以外にも、日露戦争後は、主要産業を独占化しつつあった財閥が、物流の大動脈である鉄道の意義を高く評価するようになった。
- Besides military reasons, Zaibatsu that were monopolizing the key industries after Russo-Japanese War came to think highly of the significance of railways.
- そもそも、建築物や軍船のほとんどが木製だったため、衝突力を主な攻撃力とする大砲よりも燃焼力、爆発力を利用した攻撃が有効だった。
- Attacks using explosive force and burning power were more effective than cannons that used colliding force since most of the buildings and warships during this time were made of wood.
- 「私営田経営者」「私営田領主」という概念は、戦後第一世代の石母田正の『中世的世界の形成』により、学問的に定着された概念である。
- The concept of 'Shieiden Managers' and 'Lord of Shieiden' settled academically from 'The Formation of Medieval Period like World' by the Tadashi ISHIMODA, who was among the first generation born post-World War II.
- そもそも、士農工商に含まれない身分、(公家・僧侶・神主・検校・役者、穢多など)も相当数おり、これらも公認の身分を保持していた。
- A considerable portion of the population was excluded from the shi-no-ko-sho (such as court nobles, Buddhist monks, Shinto priests, kengyo (the highest title of official ranks within the Todo-za, the guild for the blind)), and these people also had respective official ranks.
- 江戸時代に御三家のひとつである水戸徳川家当主徳川光圀によって開始され、光圀死後にも水戸藩の事業として継続、明治時代に完成した。
- TOKUGAWA Mitsukuni, head of the Mito Tokugawa family, one of the three branches of the Tokugawa clan, started to compile it during the Edo period as an enterprise of the Mito Domain and it was completed during the Meiji period.
- 弾薬や主要部品に関しては新旧の村田銃の間での互換性が成り立っていたため、弾薬などの大量生産が行われて効率的な補給が可能となった。
- Ammunition and major components were compatible with both new and old Murata guns, making mass production of ammunition and more efficient supplies possible.
- 但し、後世において、功績のあった塩谷氏の一族の者に当主の地位を追贈した可能性もあるので、完全に架空の存在であるとも言い切れない。
- However, in subsequent years there was the possibility of giving the rank of family head to the members of the SHIONOYA clan family who rendered distinguished service, and therefore it's impossible to say they were completely fictitious characters.
- が、慶長5年(1600年)9月の関ヶ原の戦いにおいて、三成ら豊臣方(西軍)は敗れ、三成ら主だった者はことごとく処刑、改易された。
- However, at the Battle of Sekigahara in September, in 1600, the Toyotomi-side (the western army) including Mitsunari was defeated, and the main leaders including Mitsunari were executed or punished by being deprived of their domain.
- 信長は戦局を打開すべく、本願寺の主力となっていた雑賀衆の本拠である紀伊雑賀(現和歌山市を中心とする紀ノ川河口域)に狙いをつける。
- Attempting a breakthrough in the battle, Nobunaga targeted Kii Saiga (the estuary region of the Kino-kawa River around the present Wakayama City) which was the base of Saiga shu who was the main force of the Hongan-ji Temple.
- 私も父同然に扱われるつもりのようで、(知行地の)境目に放火している」とあり、義久が伊集院氏を滅ぼすつもりであったと主張している。
- It seems that I am being treated like my father and the boundary of the territories is set on fire,' whereby he claimed that Yoshihisa was going to demolish the Ijuin clan.
- 武田氏宗家の高家武田氏とは密接な関係にあり、保申の次男、武田信保が高家武田氏の当主を継ぎ、血筋が絶えることなく現在に至っている。
- The YANAGISAWA clan had a close relationship with the Koke Takeda clan, the main stream of the Takeda clan; Nobuyasu TAKEDA, the second son of Yasunobu, became the head of Koke Takeda clan, and the bloodline continues today.
- 今日の日本においても影響力が強く、結婚式は大安がよい、葬式は友引を避けるなど、主に冠婚葬祭などの儀式と結びついて使用されている。
- Now in Japan, rokuyo has a strong influence mainly on ceremonial occasions, for example, it is better to have a wedding on taian and to avoid a funeral on tomobiki.
- この地域には栗田氏や市川氏、屋代、小田切、島津などの小国人領主や地侍が分立していたが、徐々に村上氏の支配下に組み込まれていった。
- The Kurita clan, the Ichikawa clan, samurai owning small-sized land, such as Yashiro, Odagiri and Shimazu, and local samurai existed independently in this area, but they became to be integrated gradually into the control of the Murakami clan.
- 稀有な戦術眼の持ち主である上杉謙信が川中島の地形を理解していなかったはずはないため、背水の陣を敷いたのではないかとの推測もある。
- Because it is unbelievable that Kenshin UESUGI, being a person with an exceptional strategic eye, could not understand the geographic shape of Kawanakajima, there is the surmise that he placed his forces there as a last resort.
- 大正デモクラシーは戦後民主主義を形成する遺産として大きな意味を持ったと指摘する論者もエドウィン・O・ライシャワーをはじめ数多い。
- There are many, including Edwin O. REISCHAUER, who argue that the Taisho Democracy holds great significance as the heritage that laid the foundation for postwar democracy in Japan.
- この事件は、当時における在庁官人=開発領主の変貌と、国司=目代との対立の激しさ、とくに在地領主層の弱体と限界を如実に示している。
- These affairs provide evidence of changes of zaichokanjin to kaihatsu-ryoshu and fierce conflicts between kokushi and mokudai, especially the local lord class's destabilization and limitations.
- さらに秀吉は翌月に自らの主催で大規模な信長の葬儀を執り行い、8月には京都奉行として自らの一門筋である浅野長政・杉原家次をすえた。
- Furthermore, Hideyoshi organized and performed a large-scale funeral for Nobunaga the following month, and in August, he appointed Nagamasa ASANO and Ietsugu SUGIHARA, both of whom belonged to his own clan, as the Kyoto magistrates.
- 藩内改革派と保守派が藩政の主導権を争っていた長州藩では、5月、馬関海峡を航行中の外国船を自藩製の大砲で攻撃して「攘夷」を決行した。
- Choshu Domain, where reformists and conservatives were in a power struggle, carried out the exclusionist policy, bombarding a foreign vessel sailing through the Bakan Straits with home-manufactured cannons in May 1863.
- この憲法は、天皇が黒田清隆首相に手渡すという欽定憲法の形で発布され、日本は東アジアではじめて近代憲法を有する立憲君主国家となった。
- This constitution was thought to be the constitution enacted by the emperor, so it was promulgated by handing it down from the emperor to Prime Minister, Kiyotaka KURODA, and Japan became the first constitutional monarchy with a modern constitution in East Asia.
- 1875年(明治8年)、木戸孝允の主導により出された立憲政体の詔書で「誓文の意を拡充して...漸次に国家立憲の政体を立て」と宣言。
- In 1875, it was declared in Rikkenseitai no Shosho (An imperial edict for the establishment of the constitutional system of government) issued on the initiative of Takayoshi KIDO, 'expand the main idea of Charter Oath…gradually establish constitutional state.'
- 彼らはいわゆる惣百姓(一般名主)とは異なり、年貢や夫役の一部を免除されるかわりに、戦時においては武田家への軍役を担ったものである。
- Unlike common landholders, they contributed military services to the Takeda family in wartime in exchange for being exempt from part of their land taxes and labor services.
- 同6月28日 (旧暦)、姉川の戦いで浅井・朝倉連合軍を破った信長はすぐさま横山城の攻略に着手、時の城主三田村氏は降伏し、落城した。
- On June 28 (old calendar) of the same year, soon after Nobunaga defeated the allied forces of Azai and Asakura at the Battle of Anegawa, he launched an attack on Yokoyama-jo Castle and forced the lord of the castle's Mitamura clan to surrender.
- また吉保の5男柳沢時睦も享保9年蒲原郡内(新潟県新発田市北部・北蒲原郡加治川村西部)において1万石を与えられて三日市藩主となった。
- Tokichika YANAGISAWA, the fifth son of Yoshiyasu, was given 10,000 koku in Kanbara-gun (currently in the northern part of Shibata City and the western part of Kajikawa village, Kita Kanbara gun, Niigata Prefecture) in 1724, and became the lord of Mikkaichi City.
- また、後に安倍氏の主流となる安倍泰親のように、中国由来の天文学よりも陰陽道の考え方を重視して天文道の解釈を行っていくようになった。
- Additionally, like ABE no Yasuchika who later became the mainstream of the Abe clan, they came to interpret tenmondo with more importance given to onmyodo than to the astronomy which came from China.
- のち直家と結んだ毛利氏により三村氏は滅ぼされ(備中兵乱)、その傘下であった城主の多くは毛利氏を頼ったが、その一人が清水宗治である。
- In a disturbance in the Bitchu area, the Miura clan was defeated by the Mori clan, cooperated with Naoie, after which many lords of a castle under the Mimura clan went to the Mori clan for help, one of whom was Muneharu SHIMIZU.
- このことが汎ゲルマン主義を唱えるドイツや、同じくバルカンへの侵略を企むオーストリアとの対立を招き、第一次世界大戦の引き金となった。
- This led Russia into a direct confrontation with Germany, which advocated Pan-Germanism and Austria which planned to invade the Balkans the conditions that would set off the First World War was set.
- 例えば、天保12年(1841年)の紀州徳川家11代藩主徳川斉順の参勤交代では、武士1639人、人足2337人、馬103頭を擁した。
- For example, the sankin-kotai carried out by Nariyuki TOKUGAWA, the eleventh lord of the Kishu Tokugawa Family in 1841 consisted of 1639 warriors, 2337 laborers, 103 horses.
- 律令の解釈は主に渡来人系の人々からなる令師と呼ばれる一種の技術職によって行われ、その育成も令師が私的に行っていたと考えられている。
- The interpretation of ritsuryo was handled mainly by people from China called Ryoshi, experts who probably also cultivated future Ryoshi privately.
- 戦後の中世研究史を振り返ると、石母田正の『中世的世界の形成』に始まる第一世代での武士・武士団論は在地領主に主眼を置いたものだった。
- Looking back at the medieval history studies conducted after World War II, we can see that the theories of bushi and bushidan shared by the first post-war generation, which started off with 'Chuseiteki Sekai no Keise' (The Formation of the Medieval World) by Tadashi (also pronounced Sho) ISHIMODA, focused greatly on the lord of the manor.
- 運営主体が寺院である場合はその寺院そのものが、国府である場合は敷地内に寺を建造したり近くの寺に監督を依頼したりすることが行われた。
- Fuseya operated by temples themselves were put under the supervision of the temple, but when they were operated by a kokufu, a supervisory temple would be built near the site or a nearby temple would be assigned to look after it.
- 更に中世に入ると、名田の成立や国衙や荘園領主による環境整備を伴った「浪人」導入よって荒田に対する積極的な開墾が見られるようになる。
- Furthermore, in the middle ages, the establishment of Myoden (rice field lots with a nominal holder) and the introduction of 'ronin' accompanying environmental improvement by kokuga (provincial government offices) and shoen landholders led to active development of Koden.
- このとき、開発領主は国衙から認められた開発所領を失ったが、それと同等か、より多くの田地を給田として与えられることが一般的であった。
- The development landholder lost the kaihatsu shoryo recognized by the kokuga, but it was conventional that they were given equivalent or more rice fields as Kyuden.
- 経済面では、地主や問屋商人の中には工場を設けて分業や協業によって工場制手工業生産をおこなうマニュファクチュアが天保期には現れている。
- In the Tenpo era, a new economic style, manufacture, emerged among landowners and wholesallers, who set up factories with the principle of division of labor or cooperation.
- 当時の水軍は舞鶴湾沿いに根城を持っており舞鶴市の佐波賀という集落に残る城跡の城主は田辺旧記によると下志万七郎左衛門であったとされる。
- Navies in those days had strongholds along Maizuru Bay and according to the Tanabe Kyuki (the old record of Tanabe), the lord of the castle of which ruins remained in the village called Sabaka in Maizuru City was Shichiro Zaemon SHIMOJIMA.
- 第一条で「朝鮮は自主の邦にして、日本国と平等の権利を保有せり」とうたいながらも第十条で片務的領事裁判権を規定する不平等条約であった。
- Although the treaty stated that 'Korea is independent and has rights equal to Japan' in Article 1, but in effect was unequal according to Article 10 providing a one-sided consular jurisdiction in Article 10.
- 蒲生騒動(がもうそうどう)は、文禄4年(1595年)から慶長3年(1598年)まで起こった会津若松92万石の領主・蒲生氏の御家騒動。
- Gamo Sodo was a family dispute occurred to the Gamo clan, which headed the estate of Aizu-wakamatsu with 920,000 koku of rice (165,959 cubic meters of rice-crop yield), which occurred between 1595 and 1598.
- 古田武彦らの九州王朝説の主張によれば、白村江で戦ったのは畿内ヤマト王権(日本)軍ではなく大宰府に都した九州王朝(倭)軍であるとする。
- According to Takehiko YOSHIDA's theory on the Kyushu Dynasty, the forces that fought in the Battle of Hakusukinoe were not from the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) of the Yamato Kingdom (Japan), but instead belonged to the Kyushu Dynasty (Wa) stationed in the Dazaifu (the local government of Kyushu).
- だが、明和2年(1765年)9月の五匁銀発行を皮切りに明和9年(1772年)9月の南鐐二朱銀発行以降は計数銀貨の鋳造が主流となった。
- However, currency based on value stamped on the coin became mainstream with the issue of Gomommegin in September 1765, followed by others such as the Nangyo nishu-gin of September 1772.
- 台湾民主国の崩壊後、台湾総督樺山資紀は1895年11月8日に東京の大本営に対し台湾全島の鎮圧を報告、日本による台湾統治が開始された。
- After the collapse of the Republic of Formosa, Sukenori KABAYAMA, then-Governor-General of Taiwan, reported the suppression of the entire Taiwan to the Imperial headquarters in Tokyo in November 8, 1895 and the Japanese rule of Taiwan started.
- また、地方では新政府の方針に従い県庁主導で従来の生活文化や民俗風習の排除が行われ、文明開化政策の影響で縮小や途絶した民俗風習も多い。
- Yet still, the Prefectural offices in local regions led the exclusion of a traditional culture and customs upon the policy of the new Meiji government, therefore there are many traditions and customs curtailed and vanished under the civilization process.
- また、家康は林羅山に湯王武王 (周)放伐論の是非を問うなど、主家である豊臣家を討つことの倫理的な問題をどう解決すべきか苦悩している。
- Ieyasu also felt anguish about how he could solve an ethical problem of destroying the Toyotomi family, his master family, asking Razan HAYASHI about right and wrong of To-O (Tang Wang)/Bu-O (Wu Wang) (Zhou Dynasty China) Hobatsu-ron (a theory in ancient China about expelling a disqualified prince).
- 主に、神社用の田である神田、寺院用の田である寺田、官職に応じられて与えられた田である官田をはじめ勅旨田・公廨田などが不輸租田である。
- Fuyusoden mainly included shinden (also referred to as kamita, kanda) which was a paddy field affiliated with a shrine, jiden (also referred to as terada) which was a paddy field affiliated with a temple, kanden (imperial estates) which was a paddy field allotted according to government rank, chokushiden (imperial proprietorships and land), and kugaiden (estates belonging to government officers.)
- 白河は桜の名所としても知られており、摂関家当主はここで観桜の会や詩会・蹴鞠・競馬などの行事が行われて、天皇の行幸もしばしば行われた。
- In Shirakawa, which was also famous for its cherry blossoms, the head of the Regents' House held various events such as cherry blossom viewing parties, poetry parties, kemari (a ball kicking game), and horse races, some of which were attended by the Emperors.
- 荘官は荘園領主へ年貢・公事を貢納する義務を負っていたが、給田については年貢・公事がすべて免除され、免除分が給田権利者の収入となった。
- The shokan was responsible for collecting the nengu and kuji (public duties) for the shoen landholder, but the kyuden were exempt from all nengu and kuji, and the exempt portion was the income of the kyuden right holder.
- 惣領制における武士団の結合も、決して絶対君主的な統制があった訳ではないが、更にゆるやかな団結と言えば、「党」と呼ばれる武士団もある。
- The unification of bushidan by the Soryo System did not have absolute sovereignty, but there was bushidan called 'to' (party) for a looser bonding group.
- 特に、独立命令による法規の制定(9条)、条約の締結(13条)の権限を議会の制約を受けずに行使できるのは他の立憲君主国に類例がなかった。
- The emperor could exercise the right to issue ordinances by his own order (Article 9), the right to conclude treaties (Article 13) without any interferenceof the government, and these rights were especially unique to Japan.
- 戦国時代 (日本)、丹波国桑田郡下田の国人領主(美作守)であった下田広氏の嫡男、川勝広継(光照)のとき川勝を称したのが始まりだという。
- The clan originated during the Sengoku period (period of warring states in Japan) when Hirotsugu KAWAKATSU (Mitsuteru KAWAKATSU), the son and heir of Mimasaka no kami Hirouji SHIMODA, called himself Kawakatsu first (Hirouji had been a governor of Shimoda in Kuwata County in Tanba Province).
- (一方、賀茂氏側も暦道における自己の立場を主張し、鎌倉時代に入ると本来は陰陽頭が中心となる御暦奏の儀式において安倍氏が陰陽頭の場合には
- (Meanwhile, the Kamo clan also claimed their position in rekido: in the Kamakura period, when a member of the Abe clan was onmyo no kami, the Kamo clan insisted that the ceremony of goryaku no so (the annual presentation of the calendar to the emperor), which had been conducted mainly by onmyo no kami, should be conducted by reki hakase.
- また神瀬口の河野主一郎、大野口の淵辺はともに人吉にいたが、薩軍が敗績し、人吉が危機に陥ったことを聞き、球摩川に架かる鳳凰橋に向かった。
- As soon as Shuichiro KONO of Konoseguchi and FUCHIBE of Onoguchi, both of whom stayed in Hitoyoshi, heard that the Satsuma army was routed and crisis was impending over them in Hitoyoshi, they rushed towards Hoo-bashi Bridge across the Kuma-gawa River.
- 主要な政治ポストには従来の豪族ではなく諸皇子をあてて、その下で働く官僚たちの登用・考課・選叙など官人統制に関する法令を整備していった。
- Emperor Tenmu appointed princes, instead of the usual powerful clans, to major political posts and established laws for regulating the appointment, evaluation, and selection of officials working under the princes.
- この頃には平曲は次第に下火になり、それに加え地歌三味線、箏曲、胡弓等の演奏家、作曲家としてや、鍼灸、按摩が当道座の主要な職分となった。
- Around this time, Heikyoku became gradually unpopular and the main jobs of Todo-za became the players or composers of jiuta shamisen (traditional Japanese shamisen music), sokyoku (koto music), kokyu (Chinese fiddle), acupunctures, and masseurs.
- 江戸幕府をはじめとした領主は、このような本百姓数の維持増加に努め、平和が続いたことによる社会の安定化によって耕地の開発も進んでいった。
- Feudal lords, exemplified by the Edo bakufu, made efforts to increase and maintain the number of such hon-byakusho, and as the peaceful period continued to realize social stability, cultivation of land was developed.
- 特に武士間の主従関係においては利害が如実であり、不利な戦況にある武門の棟梁の下から去り、敵対勢力への鞍替えをしたり、背く場合もあった。
- As the relationship between master and vassal among samurai was highly dependent on interests, at times vassals would abandon a Bumon no toryo, if and when they came under an unfavorable situation due to a war and changed loyalty to the opponent.
- しかし、現在の正確な計算では、いずれの日食も、邪馬台国の主要な比定地である九州本島や畿内の全域で(欠ける率は大きいが)部分日食であった。
- By today's astronomical calculations, however, these eclipses were actually only partial solar eclipses (though nearly full) over Kyushu Island and the whole Kinai District, both of which are presumed to be important territories within the Yamatai Kingdom.
- 古墳は規模や化粧方法の違いとともにその平面形状によってと、さらに埋葬の中心施設である主体部の構造や形態によって細かく分類編年されている。
- Kofun is chronologically and particularly classified according to the size, decoration, surface shape, as well as the construction and shape of the main part, which is the most important part of entombment.
- なお、一部の例外を除いて、各藩は藩士への知行体制を18世紀初旬までに地方知行制(現地領主制)から俸禄制(サラリー制)へと変遷させている。
- In addition, with some exceptions, by early in the 18th century, each domain had changed the fief system for retainers to provide a land into the salary system.
- 源姓塩谷氏の最後の当主・朝義の養子となった竹千代が元服して朝業と名乗り、家督を継いだことで藤姓塩谷氏の歴史が始まる(「秋田塩谷系譜」)。
- Takechiyo, who was the last family head of SHIONOYA clan of the MINAMOTO family and was adopted by Tomoyoshi, went through genpuku (a celebration of one's coming of age), identified himself as Tomonari and succeeded to the family, which started a history of the SHIONOYA family of the Fujiwara family ('Family Tree of the Akita SHIONOYA Family').
- 十六世紀中頃(戦国時代末期)、頼高の孫・及川頼家の時、同族間の内紛により主君葛西氏に領地を召し上げられてこの家系も没落し多くは帰農した。
- During the mid-sixteenth century (the late Sengoku period), in the time of Yoriie OIKAWA, a grandson of Yoritaka, they were deprived of the territory by his master, the KASAI clan; subsequently, the family line went to ruin and took up farming again.
- 以後、孝明天皇・二条斉敬・中川宮朝彦親王の朝廷と「一会桑政権」とが協調して王政復古に至るまでの京都における政治を主導していくことになる。
- The Ichikaiso Government' was practically formed, and afterwards the three lords and the members of the Imperial Court, Emperor Komei, Nariyuki NIJO, and Imperial Prince Nakagawanomiya (Kuninomiya) Asahiko led politics in Kyoto until the Restoration of Imperial Rule.
- 民政局には内務、殖産、財務、学務の4部が設置されたほか、台湾民主国の活動が行われた期間に高島鞆之助が副総督として任命されたケースもある。
- The Home Affairs Bureau was further divided into four offices: Internal Affairs, Agriculture, Finance and Education, and Tomonosuke TAKASHIMA was appointed as Vice Governor-General when the Republic of Formosa existed on Taiwan.
- 太平洋戦争で日本が敗れて撤退すると、代わって進駐したソ連が満洲侵略に乗じて日本の残したインフラを持ち去り、旅順・大連の租借権を主張した。
- When Japan was defeated in the Pacific War and withdrew from Manchuria, the Soviet Union replaced the Japanese presence and stripped the region of the industrial infrastructure constructed by the Japanese, and claimed the concessions of Lushun and Dalian.
- 最終的には貿易の主導権を巡り細川氏と大内氏は争い、大永3年(1523年)には寧波で衝突(寧波の乱)し、大内氏は貿易を独占することになる。
- The Hosokawa clan and Ouchi clan competed to seize the initiative of trade, clashed at Neiha in 1523 and finally the Ouchi clan monopolized the trade.
- ただし、負所の荘園領主は不作の年でも一定の得分を確保する特権を有する代わりに得分そのものが反別一斗程度と低く、下地支配権を持たなかった。
- However, while the lords of such Shoen had the privilege to gain a pre-fixed profit even in the year of poor harvest, such pre-fixed profit was low, itto (about 18L) per tan (an area), and they didn't have shitaji-shihaiken (the right to rule the land).
- 理由はいろいろ考えられるが、最も大きな理由はマルクス主義の魅力が薄れ、中国史に発展段階論を当てはめることの意義を疑い始めたからであろう。
- Various reasons can be cited, but the biggest reason is that Marxism became less appealing and people are now skeptical about the significance of applying development stage theory to Chinese history.
- 天正10年6月2日 (旧暦)(1582年6月21日)、織田信長とその嫡男で当主の織田信忠が本能寺の変で重臣の明智光秀によって殺害される。
- On July 1, 1582, Nobunaga ODA and Nobutada ODA, Nobunaga's heir and the family head, were killed by Nobunaga's senior vassal Mitsuhide AKECHI at Honno-ji Temple (aka. 'Honnoji Incident' [the Raid on the Honno-ji Temple]).
- そして天正2年(1574年)2月、家臣団のクーデターによって一条氏当主・一条兼定は追放されて、妻の実家である大友氏がある豊後国へと逃れた。
- In February 1574, the vassals of the Ichijo clan staged a coup, and the family head Kanesada ICHIJO was driven out and escaped to Bungo Province where his wife's family, the Otomo clan, was.
- 明治2年6月17日 (旧暦)(1869年7月25日)、版籍奉還がおこなわれ、諸侯(藩主)は土地と人民に対する統治権をすべて天皇に奉還した。
- On July 25, 1869, lords of domains returned their right to rule the land and people to the emperor (Hanseki-hokan).
- 字句の修正などが主であり、根本は大宝律令を基本としていたが、その施行は遅れ、757年(天平宝字9年)、藤原仲麻呂主導の下においてであった。
- It was mainly revision of words and clauses and its basis was Taiho Ritsuryo, however its enforcement was delayed until 757, under the leadership of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro.
- 清和天皇の頃に五紀暦・宣明暦の導入を主唱した大春日真野麻呂や大衍暦を日本に持ち帰った吉備真備の6代目の子孫とされる賀茂忠行が良く知られた。
- The following two figures are well-known as Reki Hakase: OKASUGA no Manomaro, who in the reign of the Emperor Seiwa advocated the introduction of Goki reki (Wuji calendar, a lunar-solar calendar developed in the Tang by Guo Xianzhi and used in China during the years 762 to 821) and Senmyo reki (a variation of the lunar calendar that was created in ancient China); and KAMO no Tadayuki, believed to be the sixth generation descendant of KIBI no Makibi, who brought the Taien calendar to Japan.
- 他にも、織田政権が崩壊した理由には、極端な能力主義を採ったために、信長死後の羽柴秀吉による織田家の簒奪を許したことが主要因との意見もある。
- Another theory suggests that the Oda government collapsed because Nobunaga adopted a system of radical meritocracy, which allowed Hideyoshi HASHIBA to usurp the position of the Oda clan after Nobunaga's death.
- 昭光は慶長3年(1598年)、伊具郡角田1万石の領主となり、石川家の碑所である長泉寺を石川から移し、守護神である八幡神を石川から勧請した。
- In 1598, Akimitsu became the lord of Kakuda in Igu-gun County, the land worthwhile a million koku of rice, moved Chosen-ji Temple, which was the site of a Buddhist mortuary tablet of Ishikawa family, from Ishikawa to the new fief, and did the ceremonial transfer of a divided tutelary deity to a new location of God of War, which was a guardian deity of the Ishikawa family, from Ishikawa to the new fief.
- さらに、毛利輝元率いる4万の援軍が接近しつつあり、秀吉は甲斐国武田氏を滅亡させたばかりの主君・信長に対して援軍を送るよう使者を向かわせた。
- Additionally, with the 40,000 support troops led by Terumoto MORI approaching, Hideyoshi dispatched a messenger to his lord Nobunaga, who had just defeated the Takeda clan in Kai Province, to send over support troops.
- しかし、賀茂氏の嫡流である勘解由小路家の断絶により、土御門家 (安倍氏)が暦道の主導権を握り、賀茂氏の庶流幸徳井家を圧迫して傘下に加えた。
- However, after the extinction of the Kadenokoji family line, the direct descendant of the Kamo clan, the Tsuchimikado family (the main branch of the Abe clan), became the leading figure in rekido and forced the Kotokui family, a branch family of the Kamo clan, to come under their control.
- 6月19日、河野主一郎は破竹隊を率いて別働第二旅団が守る飯野を21日まで猛撃して奪取をはかったが、官軍は善戦し、陥とすことは出来なかった。
- On June 19, the Hachiku-tai troop led by Shuichiro KONO fiercely attacked to seize Iino, which was guarded by the detached 2nd brigade, but was fought off by the bravely fighting government army.
- 1901年の北京議定書締結後もロシアの満洲占拠が続いたために、張之洞や袁世凱は東三省の行政体制を内地と同一とするなどの統治強化を主張した。
- The Russians continued their occupation of Manchuria even after the Boxer Protocol was concluded in 1901, prompting Zhang Zhidong and Yuan Shikai to assert Qing sovereignty over Dongsan Province by claiming that it should treated as an internal affair.
- さきの討幕の密勅は、慶喜の大政奉還を想定した上で、主導権を持たない岩倉具視ら倒幕派の中下級公家と薩長側の非常手段として画策したものである。
- The said secret Imperial command of attacking the shogunate was planned as emergency measures by middle- and lower-graded court nobles without initiative including Tomomi IWAKURA, and Saccho (Satsuma and Choshu), under the supposition that Yoshinobu would carry out Taisei Hokan.
- しかし清浦内閣はほぼ全ての閣僚が貴族院 (日本)議員から選出された超然主義であり、国民の間で再び憲政擁護を求める第二次護憲運動が起こった。
- The cabinet consisting of nearly all of the members of the House of Peers was clearly detached from the principles of constitutional rule and sparked the second Movement to Protect Constitutional Government among the people.
- 永禄3年(1560年)に桶狭間の戦いで今川義元が信長に討たれて以降、弱体化していた今川氏の領国はたちまち瓦解し、当主の今川氏真は逃亡した。
- The territory of the Imagawa family, whose power declined after Yoshimoto IMAGAWA was killed by the Nobunaga side in the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, collapsed immediately, and Ujizane IMAGAWA, the head of the family, fled.
- 1910年(明治43年)5月25日、信州の社会主義者宮下太吉ら4名による明治天皇暗殺計画が発覚し逮捕された「信州明科爆裂弾事件」が起こる。
- On May 25, 1910, 'Shinshu Akashina Bomb Incident' occurred, in which a socialist in the Shinshu region, Takichi MIYASHITA, and other three socialists were arrested for plotting to kill the Meiji Emperor.
- この判決は慣習法に則した「姦夫姦婦殺害」の容認という発想は、家庭内にまで領主権力を及ぼしたい戦国大名に歓迎され、分国法に次々と導入された。
- This ruling backed by the concept of approving 'murder of adulterer and adulteress' based on common law was welcomed by Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) and was introduced in one bunkokuho (the law individual Sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) after another.
- ヤマト王権の王は中華王朝や朝鮮半島諸国など対外的には「倭国王」「倭王」と称し、国内向けには「治天下大王」「大王」「大公主」などと称していた。
- The kings of the Yamato Kingdom called themselves 'Wakokuo' or 'Wao' (King of Wa) when dealing with foreign countries such as China or the Korean kingdoms, and 'Ame-no-shita Shiroshimesu Okimi' (literally Great King of all that is under Heaven), 'Okimi' (Great King) or 'Okiminushi' (Great Lord) domestically.
- まず、明治2年の版籍奉還で旧藩主が自発的に版(土地)・籍(人民)を天皇に返上し、改めて知藩事に任命されることで、藩地と領主の分離が図られた。
- First, in 1869 former governors of feudal domains voluntarily returned their lands and people to the emperor (Hanseki-hokan), and then they were reappointed as governors of domains by the emperor, while feudal lords were separated from their domains.
- 「秋田塩谷系譜」では、塩谷義孝と塩谷義綱の間に塩谷時綱、塩谷冬綱、塩谷通綱という3人の当主がいたとするが、史実と合わないため実在が疑わしい。
- According to 'Family Tree of the Akita SHIONOYA Family,' there were the three family heads--Tokitsuna SHIONOYA, Fuyutsuna SHIONOYA and Michitsuna SHIONOYA--between Yoshitaka SHIONOYA and Yoshitsuna SHIONOYA, but it is contradictory to a historical fact and the existence of such individuals is doubtful.
- 主に教科書として用いられたのは、天文では『漢書』・『晋書』の天文志や『天漢書』・『三家薄讃』・『天文要集』(『韓楊要集』)が挙げられている。
- The major textbooks used in Tenmon were the tenmonshi (astronomy records) 'Kanjo (Historical records of the Han Dynasty)' and 'Shin jo (History of the Jin Dynasty)', 'Tenkanjo', 'Sankehakusan (textbook for learners of astrology)', 'Tenmon Yoshu (the summary of astrology)' and 'Kanyo Yoshu (the summary of astrology).'
- この台湾銀行を通して日本資本が大量に台湾に投下され、台湾の資本主義が発達したと共に、更に台湾より中国や東南アジアへの資金が投資されていった。
- Through the Bank of Taiwan, a large amount of Japanese capital was put into Taiwan, which economic policy contributed to the development of capitalism in Taiwan, and further investment in China and the Southeast Asian countries from Taiwan.
- 5月には摂政二条斉敬以下多くの公卿を集めた徹夜の朝議により長年の懸案であった兵庫開港の勅許も得るなど、慶喜による主導権が確立されつつあった。
- In May, the long-awaited imperial approval to open Hyogo port was given after an all-night meeting of many noble figures, including Nariyuki NIJO, Sessho (regent), allowing Yoshinobu to seize the initiative.
- 彼らは資本主義の発展にともなって鉄道経営が大きな利益をもたらすとともに、産業支配と鉄道支配との間に密接な関連性があることをよく認識していた。
- They were well aware that railway management would bring a huge profit along with the development of capitalism and there is close relationship between the control of industries and the control of railways.
- この背景として、脱走軍は榎本武揚が指導者になっているとは言え、元藩主や元幕府老中といった大名クラスも参加しており、君臣の関係が複雑であった。
- 表現を変更しました。
- 荘園領主のために仕丁や京上夫(京都にて奉仕する)・鎌倉夫(鎌倉にて奉仕する)、兵士役を務めたり、在地において炭焼夫や草刈夫・佃などを行った。
- These duties included serving as a soldier, a jicho (manservant doing odd jobs in a nobleman's house), Kyonoborifu (serving in Kyoto) or Kamakurafu (serving in Kamakura); other duties included working in a local area as a sumiyakifu (charcoal burner), kusakarifu (mower) or working in a tsukuda (rice fields managed directly by a lord or officer of a shoen [manor]).
- 更に領主権力の許可が必要とされる鉱山労働や鯨などの捕獲など領主が支配する山野河海から何らかの利益を得た者にからも冥加を徴収するようになった。
- Further, they imposed Myoga on people who gained profit from business that required a license from the domain, such as mine workers, as well as people who gained profit from mountains/fields/rivers/seas that were under the rule of the lords, such as whale fishermen.
- 安田元久ら、戦後初期の「武士論」は「まず在地領主ありき」であり、そして古代貴族に対立する階級としてとらえていたことがこの一文から良くわかる。
- It could be interpreted easily from this statement that the 'bushi theory' of the early post-war (post-World War II) period of Motohisa YASUDA and others considered that bushi 'was the manor lord' and a social class that stood opposed to the aristocrats.
- 国人領主も同様であり一門や庶家、配下の土豪層とは主君と家来というよりは緩やかな同盟関係に近く、国人領主の存在は主君というより盟主に近かった。
- In the case of Kokujin ryoshu, their relationship with clan members, branch families and Dogo under their rule was similar to an alliance, rather than a relationship of master and vassal; in this sense, Kokujin ryoshu were more akin to leaders rather than masters.
- 「大日本史」は光圀死後の正徳 (日本)5年(1715年)に藩主徳川綱條による命名で、同時代には「本朝史記」や「国史(倭史)」と呼ばれている。
- Dai Nihonshi' was named by TOKUGAWA Tsunaeda, the domain head, in 1715 after the death of Mitsukuni and it was called 'Honcho shiki' or 'Kokushi (Washi)' by contemporary people.
- また、建長年間(貞応と正嘉の間の時期)に押小路烏丸殿の施設が存在したかも不明であり、少なくても二条良実が押小路烏丸殿の主であった可能性は低い。
- Furthermore, there is a question as to whether the buildings of Oshikoji Karasumadono residence actually existed during the Kencho era (the period between the Joo era and Shoka era), and as such, the possibility that Yoshizane NIJO was the lord of Oshikoji Karasumadono is small.
- 征韓論派の下野の後政府は内務卿大久保利通の主導のもと1874年台湾蕃地事務長官に大隈重信、同都督に陸軍中将西郷従道を任命して出兵準備をさせた。
- After resignation of supporters of Seikanron, the government led by Toshimichi OKUBO, Secretary of Interior, appointed Shigenobu OKUMA as chief secretary of Taiwan Banchi and Tsugumichi SAIGO, lieutenant general (army), as Totoku governor general of Taiwan in 1874 to prepare for the dispatch of troops.
- しかしながら、収入を増やすために米の生産量を増やすと米価が下がると言う様になかなか思うようにはいかず、商人たちが経済の主導権を握るようになる。
- However, the policy did not work well as the increase of rice production for the purpose of the revenue increase resulted in the decrease of rice price, and merchants came to take control of the economy.
- 農村では名主、庄屋が幕府・大名と農村の橋渡しとして存在し、原則的に武士は農村にいなかったとされる(地方知行制を温存した仙台藩など例外はある)。
- A headman of a village called nanushi or shoya served as a bridge between the shogunate or domain government and the agricultural community, where no samurai was considered to live in principle, (with the exception of the Sendai Domain in which the Jikatachigyo system [the direct administration of the assigned fief by a shogunate retainer who transferred there] was preserved).
- 末弟の朽木稙綱 (土浦藩主)が徳川家光の寵愛を受けて、寛永13年8月13日 (旧暦)(1636年9月12日)に加増を受けて1万石の大名となる。
- The youngest son, Tanetsuna KUTSUKI (the lord of the domain of Tsuchiura), was favored by Iemitsu TOKUGAWA and promoted to daimyo of 10,000 goku with an increase of crop yields on September 12, 1636.
- 「天文道は天文密奏、暦道は御暦奏を掌る」という独自の論理を主張して安倍氏の陰陽頭を排除して賀茂氏の暦博士が中心となって行うようになっていった。
- Saying, 'Tenmondo should deal with tenmon misso and rekido should handle goryaku no so', they excluded the Abe clan's onmyo no kami from the ceremony, changing the tradition.
- 清国は、李氏朝鮮が完全無欠なる独立自主の国であることを確認し、独立自主を損害するような朝鮮国から清国に対する貢・献上・典礼等は永遠に廃止する。
- Qing recognizes the full and complete independence and autonomy of the Joseon Dynasty, Korea, and permanently abolishes tributes, presentations and ceremonies from Korea to Qing that will derogate such independence and autonomy.
- 9月1日、鹿児島入りすると、辺見は私学校を守っていた200名の官軍を排除して私学校を占領し、突囲軍の主力は城山 (鹿児島市)を中心に布陣した。
- On September 1, upon entering Kagoshima, HENMI seized Shigakko by removing the government army of 200 soldiers who had guarded, and the main part of the Totsui-gun forces set up a battle formation with Shiroyama (in Kagoshima City) at the center.
- 官職とは官庁における役職で、押し並べて官庁内では役職が四階級、即ち長官(かみ)・次官(すけ)・判官(じょう)・主典(さかん)に区分されていた。
- Government post' refers to the positions in the government office, which were generally divided into the four classes of Kanikan (director), Sukekan (assistant director), Jokan (secretary), and Sakan (clerk).
- 「日露戦争で最も儲けた」シフは、ロシア帝国のポグロム(反ユダヤ主義)への報復が融資の動機といわれ、のちレーニンやトロツキーにも資金援助をした。
- Schiff who is said to have 'profited the most from the Russo-Japanese War,' is said to have financed Japan out of retaliation for Russian pogrom (anti-Semitic purges), and is known to have financed Lenin and Trotsky.
- 信玄側にも2通の感状が確認されているが、柴辻俊六を始め、主な研究者からは、文体や書体、筆跡等が疑わしいことから、偽文書であると鑑定されている。
- It has been confirmed that two kanjo letters exist on the Takeda side as well, but they were audited as fabricated ones by major researchers including Shunroku SHIBATSUJI, because the sentence style, the character style, and the handwriting style were dubious.
- 自主規制が盛んになる前ではヤクザものや不良抗争ものの漫画・映画などでのフィクションでもケンカ相手に対して '百姓' と呼ぶシーンが散見された。
- Before self-restraints became popular, there were many scenes in fiction such as cartoons and films about mafia and conflicts between juvenile delinquents where the term 'hyakusho' is used to refer to someone whom he or she is fighting with.
- それだけにどうにでも言い換えの利く言葉でもあり、確信的に農民を貶める目的があろうはずもなく前述のとおり自主規制によってあまり聞かれなくなった。
- Thus, the term can be put otherwise in any way and there is certainly no intention to diminish peasants, and the term is less heard due to self-restraints as described above.
- この考え方では、古代律令社会の解体から各地に形成された在地領主の発展を原動力として、領主層の独自の国家権力として鎌倉幕府が形成されたとみなす。
- In this view, the Kamakura bakufu was formed as an independent state power of feudal lords driven by the development of local feudal lords in various places after the breakup of ancient society based on the ancient Ritsuryo codes.
- 5月29日近衛師団の台湾北部への上陸後唐総督らは台湾を脱出し、清仏戦争の英雄劉永福が民主国政府により大将軍に任じられて台北陥落後の抵抗を担った。
- On May 29, when the Imperial Guards landed in the northern part of Taiwan, Governor Tang and other leaders escaped from the island, but the government of the Republic of Formosa appointed Liu Yongfu, a hero in Sino-French War, as commander in chief and took the responsibility for resistance after the fall of Taipei.
- 京都所司代の力のみでは過激派浪士を抑えることができなくなった幕府は、1862年(文久2年)閏8月に会津藩主松平容保を新設の京都守護職に任命する。
- In leap August 1862 (according to the old lunar calendar), the Shogunate appointed the head of the Aizu clan Katamori MATSUDAIRA to a newly established post, Kyoto-shugoshoku (Military governor of Kyoto), for suppressing increasing masterless samurai extremists whom Kyoto-shoshidai (Deputy for Governor-general of Kyoto) had been no longer able to control.
- 老臣溝井六郎は秀吉に対して異心のないことを闡明することを主張するが、秀吉軍が迫る中で賛同する者はなく、ついに伊達家に仕えることを余儀なくされた。
- A senior vassal Rokuro MIZOI insisted on Akimitsu's clear assertion that he bear no treacherous intentions against Hideyoshi, but nobody agree to that opinion; and at last, they were obliged to serve the Date family.
- 大正デモクラシー運動(あるいは単に大正デモクラシー)は、大正時代に興った日本全体を巻き込む民主主義的あるいは自由主義的な風潮・思潮の総称である。
- The Taisho Democracy movement (or Taisho Democracy for short) is a name given collectively to the social climate and thought oriented toward democracy and freedom that emerged during the Taisho period and swept the entire country.
- 彼らは御家人としては鎌倉殿に奉仕し、地頭としては従来の郡司、郷司、荘官の任を引き継いで、徴税、警察、裁判の責任者として国衙と荘園領主に奉仕した。
- They served kamakura-dono as shogunal retainers, while serving kokuga and lords of shoen as jito who were in charge of tax collection, police, and trials to take over the duties of conventional gunji, goji, and shokan.
- 上横手雅敬は、髙橋昌明の1971年当時の小論『将門の乱の評価をめぐって』での主張を『シンポジウム日本歴史5』の基調レポートにおいてこう紹介した。
- Masataka UWAYOKOTE introduced in a keynote report of 'Japanese History Symposium 5' about the 1971 short thesis of Masaaki TAKAHASHI, 'Concerning the Evaluation of Masakado's War' as follows.
- 給主側では、散在している免田を一箇所に集め、浮免を固定して定免田(じょうめんでん)化することで、土地と耕作権者の一体的な把握を目指すようになる。
- The Kyunushi side collected the scattered Menden in one place and fixed the Ukimen to become Jyomenden (stationary concession) and aimed for a unified control of the land and person who had the cultivation rights.
- しかし平山武者所季重も熊谷次郎直実も主人を持たない独立した武者であり、平山季重は武者所を名乗るように朝廷や公卿に仕える「侍」であり武官であった。
- However, HIRAYAMA no Mushadokoro Sueshige (Sueshige HIRAYAMA of Mushadokoro - place where Samurai guards of the Imperial Palace are staffed) and Kumatanijiro Naozane KUMAGAI, were masterless independent busha, but Sueshige HIRAYAMA was a 'samurai' and military officer that served the imperial court and kugyo as he called himself as mushadokoro.
- にもかかわらず、長州、薩摩共に伝のある土佐藩脱藩の坂本龍馬や中岡慎太郎の斡旋により、主戦派の長州藩重臣である福永喜助宅において会談が進められた。
- Notwithstanding, the two clans held a conference at the residence of the Choshu Domain's senior retainer Kisuke FUKUNAGA (an advocate of the war against the bakufu), with the mediation of Ryoma SAKAMOTO and Shintaro NAKAOKA, both of whom had left the Tosa Domain and had relationship with the Satsuma and Choshu domain.
- 丹後国加佐郡寺社町在旧起においては「蛇島城主光孝天皇二十九代末孫下志万七郎右衛門助景丹波国何鹿郡志万庄より当国に来る時代不知。」という記述もある。
- In the record of 'Zaikyu-ki of Jisha-machi, Kasa County, Tango Province,' there was a description that Shichiroemon Sukekage SHIMOJIMA, the 29th descendant of the Emperor Koko, the lord of the Hebishima Castle came to this province from Shima no sho, Ikaruga County, Tanba Province, but when he came remained unknown.
- これにより5港の開港と領事裁判権、片務的最恵国待遇、関税自主権喪失などを認めさせ(後に英、露、蘭、仏とも)幕府の二百数十年続いた鎖国を終わらせた。
- With these treaties, Japan was made to open five ports, grant consular jurisdiction, recognize one-sided most-favored-nation treatment, and abandon tariff autonomy (later with Britain, Russia, Holland, and France), and forced out of its 200 and several decades old national isolation of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- その後も一進一退の攻防が続いたが、応永27年(1420年)に蘆名盛政は新宮城_(陸奥国)を落とし、当主・新宮盛俊は戦死し、残党は越後に落ち延びた。
- Even after that, they fought back and forth at each other, but in 1420 Morimasa ASHINA conquered Shingu-jo Castle (Mutsu Province) and Moritoshi SHINGU, the lord of the castle, was killed in battle and the remainders (of the defeated party) escaped to Echigo.
- いずれにしても一揆勢は佐敷の北の八代城(現在の麦島城跡)を攻めたが失敗に終わり、加藤氏や肥後人吉城主相良氏の軍勢によって鎮圧され、国兼は死亡した。
- In any case, the rebel group, which unsuccessfully attacked the Yashiro-jo Castle (now in the remains of the Mugishima-jo Castle) north of Sashiki, was suppressed by the armies of the Kato clan and the Sagara clan which ruled the Higo Hitoyoshi-jo Castle, and the uprising ended in the death of Kunikane.
- 査読のある学術雑誌において、九州王朝を肯定的に取り上げた学術論文は皆無であり、一般に九州王朝説及び関連する主張は科学的な学説とはみなされていない。
- There are no academic theses that support the theory of the Kyushu Dynasty among the academic journals that conduct peer review, and in general any claims regarding the theory of the Kyushu Dynasty, or anything related to that matter, have not been deemed to be academic theories with any scientific proof.
- 保延2年(1136年)に受領・下総守藤原親通に郡司職(事実上の領主権)を奪われて以降、常胤一族は必死になってその南部を開発していたのかもしれない。
- Since the time when the position of gunji (de facto feudal rights) was captured by zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) and Shimosa no kami FUJIWARA no Chikamichi in 1136, Tsunetane and his family were likely to have struggled to develop the southern part.
- 領主の直務で著名な例は文亀元年(1501年)に前関白九条政基が守護細川氏の押領に対抗するために自己の荘園である和泉国日根荘に下向した例が知られる。
- There was a well-known example of feudal lord's jikimu; in 1501, former Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) Masamoto KUJO went to his shoen, Hine no sho, Izumi Province, in order to confront the seizure by Shugo Hosokawa clan.
- 遣渤海使一行(『延喜式』大蔵省式による) 大使、判官、録事、訳語、主神、医師、陰陽師、史生、船師、射手、卜部、雑使、船工、柂師、傔人、挟杪、水手。
- Members of the Kenbokkai (according to the 'Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) by Okura-sho shiki); ambassador, hangan (inspector (third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period), rokuji (clerk), osa (translator), shushin (ritual official of dazaifu under the ritsuryo system, governmental office with jurisdiction over Kyushu, Iki and Tsushima), doctor, ommyoji (master of yin yang), shisho (a person handling miscellaneous duties regarding documents), funashi, ite (archer), urabe (fortune teller serving Jingikan, the Department of Worship under the ritsuryo system), tsukahibito, boat-builder, navigator, kenjin (follower), kajitori, and kako (sailor).
- そして、そうした農村からの小領主層の成長と、その大名・国人との結合が、それまで弱体化されつもかろうじて残っていた荘園制にとどめを刺したといわれる。
- The growth of small lords from villages, and the fusion of that daimyo and kokujin ended the weakened, but bearing a lasting shoen system.
- このことから、戦後第一世代の研究者は、この領主と「武士団」の、領地を媒介とした重層的結合関係と、そこに至たる社会経済・地方経済の成熟を重要視した。
- From this, researchers of the first generation born after World War II focused greatly on multilayered combination relationships between manor lords and 'bushidan' as well as the growth of social and district economics mediated by the estate that led to it.
- また、京都における主導権争いから薩摩藩らと衝突、8月、三条実美らの七卿落ち、翌の池田屋事件を契機に薩摩藩・会津藩・桑名藩と武力衝突した(禁門の変)。
- Leadership struggle in Kyoto developed into conflicts with Satsuma Domain and others, and caused the seven court nobles to escape from Kyoto in August1863 as well as the Ikedaya Incident the next year, which led to armed conflicts with Satsuma Domain, Aizu Domain and Kuwana Domain (the Kinmon Incident).
- ほぼ同時に宮中の改革も行われ、旧来の宮中職や女官は廃され、士族を中心とした侍従らが明治天皇を武断的な改革君主にふさわしい天皇に養育することとなった。
- The reform of the Imperial court was implemented at almost the same time, and in this reform, a number of positions from the former imperial court, including court ladies, were abolished, and palace staff mainly consisting of 'warrior class' educated Emperor Meiji so he could become fit for the role of a militaristic reform leader.
- しかし、人吉・郡山・坊主石山からの三方攻撃の中、寄せ集め兵士の士気の激減と敵軍の圧倒的な物量で、さしもの辺見指揮下の部隊も敗れ、遂に大口は陥落した。
- However, since the spirits of the hastily-recruited soldiers of the troop led by HENMI were lowered seriously under attacks from three sides of Hitoyoshi, Koriyama and Bozuishiyama, and the government army had the overwhelming amount of materials, even the troop led by so brave HENMI was defeated, and Oguchi fell at last.
- 日本陸軍はスナイドル銃を主力装備としていたが、その弾薬は薩摩藩が設立した兵器・弾薬工場が前身である鹿児島属廠で製造され、ほぼ独占的に供給されていた。
- The Japanese Army had Snider rifles as the main weapon, and the ammunition was manufactured and almost exclusively supplied by the Kagoshima arsenal, which had been developed from the arms and ammunition plant set up by the Satsuma Domain.
- 当時の主な通貨のうちの銀貨の鋳造が行われたこと、この場所以外での貨幣鋳造が厳しく取り締まられたこと、などにより「銀・座」の名が付けられたと思われる。
- The name 'gin (silver)' and 'za (place)' is believed to originate from the fact that a mint chiefly issuing silver coins was located there and also that minting such coins in other areas was strictly controlled.
- 田は同化政策とは内地延長主義であり、台湾民衆を完全な日本国民とし、皇室に忠誠な国民とするための教化と国家国民としての観念を涵養するものと述べている。
- Den stated that an assimilation policy was inland territorial expansionism and that the Taiwanese would be educated to understand their role and responsibilities as Japanese subjects loyal to the Imperial family.
- 旧藩主やその家臣はこれらの債務に関してその全てを免責された上、その中には直前に藩札を増刷して債務として届け出て私腹を肥やした者もいたと言われている。
- Lords of former domains and their vassals were completely exempt from repaying these debts and it is said that some of them lined their pockets by printing hansatsu immediately before the implementation of hansai-shobun.
- そのうちの1つ、南方朱雀に属する7宿のうち、中央の「星宿」は、西洋星座のうみへび座の心臓部に当たり、その中心は、うみへび座の主星アルファルドである。
- Among the seven constellations grouped into the south, Suzaku's domain, the central constellation, called the 'Star' is the heart of the Hydra constellation in Western astronomy; its central star is the principal star in the Hydra constellation, Alphard.
- 特に一般には1910,1911年(明治42,43年)に社会主義者幸徳秋水らが天皇暗殺計画を企てたとして検挙された事件を指す(幸徳事件ともいわれる)。
- Generally, Taigyaku Jiken especially refers to the so-called Kotoku Incident in which Shusui KOTOKU, a socialist, was prosecuted for trying to kill then-Emperor in 1910 and 1911.
- また、国家権力や領主権力が把握対象として関心を示す範囲の階層こそが百姓であるという事態は、以後の歴史においても基本線となっていくことに注目してよい。
- It should be noted that the scheme where hyakusho were the people of the class regarded by national and lord authorities as subjects of their control became the baseline in history thereafter.
- 代表的な画家に、藩士小田野直武(1750年-1780年)、藩主佐竹曙山(1748年-1785年)、その一族佐竹義躬(1749年-1800年)がいる。
- Major Akita Ranga painters were a statesman named Naotake ODANO (1750 - 1780), a feudal lord named Shozan SATAKE (1748 - 1785) and a member of his family named Yoshimi SATAKE (1749 - 1800).
- また非血縁関係の家臣・国人領主たちに「一家」・「一門」などの称号を与えて自己の一族扱いをしてゆく事によって組織における指導的地位を確保しようとした。
- They treated the vassals and Kokujin ryoshu, who had no blood relations, as equals to family members by conferring them the title of 'ikka' or 'ichimon' in an attempt to maintain their leading position in the organization.
- そして牧野康成 (大胡藩主)率いる手勢が昌幸の挑発に乗ったのをきっかけに戦端が開かれると、昌幸はわずか3500の兵力で徳川軍をかき回して混乱に陥れた。
- Then, as soldiers led by Yasushige MAKINO (the lord of the Ogo domain) were provoked by Masayuki's dare and triggered the battle, Masayuki agitated and threw out Tokugawa's army with an army of only 3500 strong.
- 篠原・淵辺群平・池上四郎 (薩摩藩士)・河野主一郎ら私学校幹部は善後策を話し合い、小根占で猟をしていた西郷隆盛のもとに彼の四弟の西郷小兵衛を派遣した。
- The leaders of Shigakko, SHINOHARA, Gunpei FUCHIBE, Shiro IKEBE (retainer of the Satsuma Domain), and Shuichiro KONO discussed countermeasures and sent Kohei SAIGO, Takamori's fourth younger brother, to Takamori, who went on a hunting in Konejime.
- しかし台湾に住む清朝の役人と中国系移民の一部が清朝の判断に反発して同年5月25日「台湾民主国」を建国、丘逢甲を義勇軍の指揮官とし日本の接収に抵抗した。
- However, some officials of the Qing dynasty as well as Chinese immigrants living in Taiwan repelled the decision by the Qing dynasty and proclaimed the establishment of the Republic of Formosa on May 25 of the same year to resist the seizure by Japan with the volunteer army led by Feng-chia CHIU.
- これは農民が領主が支配する田畑で労働行為(耕作)を行って年貢を納める代償として領主からの庇護を受けるという関係をその他の領民に拡大したものとも言える。
- In a sense, the above was modeled after the relation between lords and farmers under which farmers worked at farmlands (cultivation) that were under the rule of lords and pay nengu while being protected by the lords.
- 1882年(明治15年)3月、「在廷臣僚」として参議・伊藤博文らは、政府の命を受けてヨーロッパに渡り、ドイツ系立憲主義の理論と実際について調査を始めた。
- A councilor, Hirobumi ITO and others went to Europe as 'government officials' on orders from the government in March, 1882, and started investigating theory and practice of German constitutionalism.
- 第7編「国民の職分を論ず」において、主君のために自分の命を投げ出す忠君義士の討死と、主人の命令を守れなかったために首をくくった権助の死を同一視している。
- In the seventh volume 'Consideration of the jobs of people', he painted a very loyal hero who sacrificed himself to his lord, and an ordinary man who killed himself because he could not uphold the order from his lord, with the same brush.
- 日本の古代には、令制国が成立する前に、土着の豪族である国造(くにのみやつこ)が治める国と、県主(あがたぬし)が治める県(あがた)が並立した段階があった。
- In Japanese ancient times, before the era of Ryosei province establishment, there was the stage in which the province ruled by kuninomiyatsuko or powerful regional clans and the agata (territory) ruled by agatanushi or local influential persons were compatible.
- 荘園と公領は前代に引き続き名田に分割編成され、百姓はこの名田の名主に補任(ぶにん)されて年貢(ねんぐ)、公事(くじ)、夫役(ぶやく)の納入責任を負った。
- Shoen and koryo were divided and organized into myoden as in the previous period, and hyakusho were appointed to nanushi (village headman) of the rice field lots to be responsible for payment of nengu (land tax), kuji (public duties), and buyaku (compulsory services).
- 嘉吉元年(1441年)に小浜藩の新八幡宮に疎開していたが、その後、江戸時代に小浜城主の酒井家のもとを離れ、1932年にボストン美術館に所蔵されるに至る。
- Although it was moved to Shin Hachiman-gu Shrine in Obama Domain for safety in 1441, it was later brought out from the house of the Sakai family, the castellan of Obama-jo Castle, in the Edo period and came to be in the possession of Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in 1932.
- 室町時代に入ると商業取引上の決済手段としても用いられ、京都・奈良・堺・兵庫津などとの主要商業都市には割符屋・替銭屋と呼ばれる専門業者が発展するに至った。
- In the early Muromachi period, tally was used as a means of settlement in commercial transactions, and in the major commercial towns such as Kyoto, Nara, Sakai and Hyogonotsu, specialized dealers called 'saifuya' and 'kaesenya' flourished.
- 給田の経営は、はじめ自らの下人・所従らを駆使して行なわれていたが、時代が下るにつれ、荘園内の名主・百姓らへ請作に出して行なわれていったと考えられている。
- The management of shoen was first done using their own servants and followers, but as the ages went on, leasing out to the village headman and farmers within the shoen became the practice.
- 「国の兵共」が、「譜第図」や「胡簗注文」などの台帳に記載されるということ自体が、彼らが国衙支配下の開発領主達の中で特種な存在であったことを物語っている。
- The fact that 'soldiers of the province' was recorded in registers such as 'Fudaizu' and 'Yanagui chumon' (a list of warriors) said that they had a special existence among the kaihatsu-ryoshu under the Kokuga rule.
- これは覇者とよばれる盟主的国家によってほかの封建国家に誠実関係を築くものであるが、従来の封建関係以上に強力な支配-被支配を生み出すものと考えられている。
- In the political system, a leading state called Hasha (hegemony) builds sincere relationships with other Hoken states, which is thought to produce more rigid rulers-and-subjects relations than that of conventional Hoken relations.
- この場合、おおよそ古代の奴隷制が生産力の進歩によって覆され、領主が生産者である農民を農奴として支配するようになったと解釈される社会経済制度のことを示す。
- In this case, it means the socio-political system considered to have been established after the overturn of ancient slavery with the improvement of productivity, under which feudal lords ruled productive peasants as serfs.
- ほかに、バチカンへ送られた屏風に描かれたとする安土城天主の一部と見られている建物がフィリップス・バン・ウインゲによりスケッチされているものが残っている。
- Besides, a sketch of a structure made by Philips Van Wing who is believed to have depicted a part of Azuchi-jo Castle keep now exists, which was apparently a rough sketch for a folding screen later sent to the Vatican.
- 8代将軍となった徳川吉宗は、紀州徳川家の出身であり、それまで幕政を主導してきた譜代大名に対して遠慮することなく、大胆に政治改革をおこなった(享保の改革)。
- Yoshimune TOKUGAWA from the Kishu Tokugawa family assumed the position of the eighth shogun, and implemented dynamic political reforms with no regard for the feelings of the hereditary vassal daimyo who had taken the initiative in the shogunate government until then (Kyoho Reforms).
- 世論においてはロシアとの戦争も辞さずという強硬な意見も出たが、当時の日本には列強諸国と戦えるだけの力は無く、政府内では伊藤博文ら戦争回避派が主流を占めた。
- Although Japanese public opinon was strongly in favor of declarling war on Russia, Japan still did not have the strength to fight a great power such as Russia, and a faction opposing war prevailed in the government.
- 職業は時代によって差があり、井戸掘りや造園業、湯屋、医師、代言人(弁護士)、能役者(主役級)、歌舞伎役者、野鍛冶のように早期に脱賎化に成功した職業もある。
- There was a difference in the occupations depending on the period, and some of them managed to escape from Senmin at an early stage, such as well diggers, landscape gardeners, bathhouse, doctors, those who pled (lawyers), Noh performers (lead roles), Kabuki performers and blacksmiths.
- そのため、仮に信長配下の大名の謀反により信長が倒されても、信長傘下でもっとも大勢力をもつ織田家の当主が生き残っていれば、政権が維持できる構造になっていた。
- Under the system, the Oda clan was supposed to be able to stay in power as long as the head of Oda clan having the largest military force survived, even if Nobunaga was killed in a rebellion raised by his vassals.
- その後上杉軍は柴田勝家を主将に前田利家、佐々成政らからなる織田軍の攻勢を本能寺の変までしのいだものの、武田軍は織田本隊と徳川連合軍によって滅亡させられた。
- After that, Uesugi's forces held out against attacks by Oda's forces, including Katsuie SHIBATA, the leader of the forces, Toshiie MAEDA, and Narimasa SASSA, until the Honnoji Incident, but Takeda's forces were ruined by the allied forces of Oda's main troops and Tokugawa's forces.
- 嘉応の強訴(かおうのごうそ)は、嘉応元年(1169年)12月23日 (旧暦)、延暦寺の大衆 (仏教)が尾張国知行国主・藤原成親の配流を求めて起こした強訴。
- Kao no goso refers a direct petition by Enryaku-ji Temple's daishu (residing monks) demanding the proprietor of the Owari Province FUJIWARA no Narichika into exile on January 18, 1170.
- 7教授罷免に際して京都帝大法科大学(現・京大法学部)の教授・助教授たちは仁保亀松学長(現在の学部長)を中心に結束し、教授の人事権は教授会にありと主張した。
- When they learned of the dismissal of seven professors, professors/assistant professors of the law school of Kyoto Imperial University (current law department of Kyoto University) stood together with the principal of the school, (current dean) Kamematsu NIHO being in the center, arguing that authority over personal issues of professors should belong to faculty councils.
- 平安時代後期(11世紀 - 12世紀)から、郡司・郷司・在庁官人の中に、荒地などを開発して国衙から一定の収取が認められた開発領主へ成長する者が多く現れた。
- From the late Heian period (eleventh to twelfth century), Gunji (district magistrates), Goji (local government official) and local kannin (officers) developed abandoned fields and became development landholders who were recognized as having a certain income by the Kokuga.
- そのため三都を中軸とする全国経済と各地の城下町を中心とする藩経済との複合的な経済システムが形成され、各地の特産物が主に大坂に集中し、そこから全国に拡散した。
- In this way, a complex economic system was formed, in which the nationalwide economy with three pivotal cities, Kyoto, Osaka and Edo, and the regional economy of each domain interacted with each other especially in Osaka, where local specialties all parts of the country were concentrated to distribute to all over Japan.
- 経済産業分野では、富国強兵・殖産興業のスローガンの下、富岡製糸場を初めとする官営工場が作られるなど、政府主導の産業育成が始まり、西洋式工業技術が導入された。
- In economic and industrial areas, the government began leading industrial development, and Western industrial technology was adopted, such as the establishment of government-owned factories including Tomioka Silk Mill under the slogans 'Fukoku Kyohei' (enriching the country and strengthing the military) and 'Shokusan Kogyo' (encouraging building of new industries).
- しかし、主力軍は地形を存分に利用した薩軍の激しい銃撃と、抜刀白兵戦に手も足も出ず、田原坂の正面突破を諦めて、西側から攻めて横平山(那智山)を奪うことにした。
- Being confronted with the Satsuma army's violent gunfight and close fighting with swords by taking advantage of the terrain, the main force gave up the frontal breakthrough of Tabaru Slope without making any counterattack and changed the plan to capture Mt. Yokohira (Mt. Nachi) by attacking the west side of the Satsuma army.
- 紀元前から7世紀末まで日本を代表した政権は一貫して九州にあり、倭(ゐ)、大倭(たゐ)、俀(たゐ)と呼ばれていたとする九州王朝説があるが、主張に根拠が乏しい。
- There is a theory of Kyushu Dynasty which says the government representing Japan was located in Kyushu from before Christ to the end of seventh century called Wi or Tawi, but this lacks much evidence.
- 主に男性を対象とした刑罰であったが、女性に宮刑を科す場合には、代わりに幽閉して強制労働させたとも言われているが実際に去勢された事例も若干数あったようである。
- This penalty was mostly conducted against male criminals, but it was also applied to female criminals in some cases such as confinement and forced labour instead; however, it also appears to be true that even female criminals were sterilized in some cases.
- 算用状(さんようじょう・散用状)とは、中世の荘園において、荘園領主と現地の荘官との間で交わされた個々の荘園の年貢・公事などに関する年間の収支決算報告のこと。
- Sanyojo (算用状 or 散用状) was the annual settlement of accounts for nengu (annual land tax) and kuji (miscellaneous tax) in each shoen (estate) exchanged between shoen ryoshu (the estate proprietary lord) and shokan (the estate manager) in the medieval shoen system.
- 部落解放同盟京都府連合会委員長であった朝田善之助は、「アメリカ帝国主義とそれに従属する日本独占資本」への対決に収斂しようとする共産党系の運動論を強く批判した。
- Zennosuke ASADA, who was a chairman of the Buraku Liberation League, Kyoto Federation, strongly accused the Communist Party of the leaning movement that led to the conclusion of the confrontation against 'American imperialism and its subservient Japanese monopoly capital.'
- 真田氏はその後豊臣政権に臣従しており、上田合戦に至るまでの諸勢力との外交や数カ郡を支配する勢力拡大は、真田氏が小領主から大名化していく過程であると指摘される。
- The Sanada clan later served the Toyotomi government, and it is indicated that diplomatic relations with various influences and expansion of power to control several districts was the process of the Sanada clan growing from a small feudal lord to daimyo (major territorial lord).
- 一族や家臣と合議した結果、叔父の伊集院新右衛門は旧領の安堵を請うべきとしたが、元・紀州根来寺の僧で、広済寺住職となっていた客将の白石永仙は徹底抗戦を主張した。
- After discussions with his family and vassals, his uncle Shinemon IJUIN argued that they should secure their lands, but the visiting warrior, Eisen SHIRAISHI, who had been a monk at Kishu (the present-day Wakayama Prefecture) Negoro-ji Temple and was the head monk at Kosai-ji Temple, asserted that they should resist to the last.
- 大阪経済大学助教授の家近良樹が、幕末期の政治状況は従来の薩長と幕府との対立というだけでは説明できないとしてこの「一会桑政権」と呼ばれる歴史概念を主張している。
- For a long time historians had considered that the conflict between 'Saccho' (the alliance between the Satsuma clan and the Choshu clan) and the Shogunate had driven the politics at the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate, however, recently Yoshiki IECHIKA, an assistant professor of Osaka University of Economics, proposed the new idea of 'the Ichikaiso Government' for the simple reason that it's impossible to grasp the whole political situation during the tempestuous period from only the past historical point of view.
- また、陸続きの隣国が存在せず、また天皇を君主とした国家体制が続いてきたこともあり、隣国との通謀や亡命の可能性が低く、天皇を抜きとした政権転覆も考えにくかった。
- Japan was an island country and with its stable state system with the emperor, betrayal or defection to neighboring countries, as well as overthrowing the government without an emperor, was unlikely.
- 陽明の生前より、主に良知説における「無善無悪」の解釈をめぐり 王龍溪ら左派と朱子学に再接近しようとする銭緒山らは対立していたが、師の没後分裂が決定的となった。
- While Yangming was still alive, the left-wingers, including Wang Longxi, clashed with Qian Xushan's group, which was moving closer to Shushigaku again, mainly over the interpretation of 'muzen muaku' in the theory of ryochi, and after the death of their master, they split.
- 御教書(みぎょうしょ、みきょうしょ)とは平安時代後期から室町時代にかけて、従三位以上及びそれに准じる地位にある人の家司が主の意思を奉じて発給した古文書の形態。
- A Migyosho (or Mikyosho) was a form of ancient document issued by a Keishi (household superintendant) with a court rank of Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) or higher used for conveying the intentions of their masters from the late Heian period to the Muromachi period.
- 即ち、地方武士の多くは自己保存のために利害を共有できる権威・権力者と複数の主従関係を持つことで、独立と自己保存、そして勢力拡大の機会を獲得していったのである。
- In other words, many local samurai managed to secure independence, survival and opportunities to expand their territory by establishing multiple relationships with powerful and influential individuals who shared mutual interests.
- 九州王朝説を唱えた古田武彦は、『筑後風土記逸文』に記されている筑紫君の祖「甕依姫」(みかよりひめ)が「卑弥呼(ひみか)」のことである可能性が高いと主張している。
- Takehiko FURUTA, who advocated the Kyushu Dynasty theory, claimed that there was a strong possibility that the ancestor of Tsukushi no Kimi, 'Mikayori Hime,' (Princess Mikayori) whose name was written in 'Chikugo no Kuni Fudoki Itsubun' (a surviving fragment of the topography of Chikugo Province), was 'Himika.'
- 新宮氏は応永9年(1402年)には加納氏を滅ぼし、また、同族の北田城主・北田上総介と結んで蘆名氏と戦うが、応永16年(1409年)に北田氏は蘆名氏に滅ぼされた。
- The Shingu clan destroyed the Kano clan in 1402, aligned with KITADA Kazusanosuke of the same family, the lord of Kitada-jo Castle, and fought against the Ashina clan, but in 1409 the Kitada clan was destroyed by the Ashina clan.
- 『日本書紀』の記述には主語はないが、『上宮聖徳法王帝説』では聖徳太子と蘇我馬子が「共に天下の政を輔けて」と記されていることから、この二人の事蹟と考えられている。
- The 'Nihon Shoki' makes no mention of who established the twelve cap rank system, but from a description in the 'Jogu Shotoku Ho-o Teisetsu' that Prince Shotoku and SOGA no Umako 'together reinforced rule over the whole country,' it is believed that the system was a legacy of these two.
- 西南戦争(せいなんせんそう)とは、1877年(明治10年)に現在の熊本県・宮崎県・大分県・鹿児島県において西郷隆盛を盟主にして起こった士族による武力反乱である。
- The Seinan War was an armed uprising of warrior class led by Takamori SAIGO occurred in present Kumamoto, Miyazaki, Oita, and Kagoshima Prefectures in 1877.
- この名主、庄屋は昔から土地を所有している有力農民や土着した武士の末裔などがなる場合が多く、苗字帯刀あるいは諸役御免の特権を持つ者や郷士に列せられるものも多かった。
- The above-mentioned headmen (nanushi or shoya) were often rich farmers who had owned their own land for a long time, or descendants of samurai who had settled there, and many of them were privileged to adopt a surname and wear a sword and excused from various levies and taxes as well as titled as country samurai (goshi).
- 1936年12月10日に日本競馬会が設立されたのに伴い、1937年1月に倶楽部主催として最後の競馬が開催され、同年5月31日に日本競馬会に統合される形で解散した。
- The Japan Racing Association was founded on December 10, 1936, the last race was conducted by the club in January of 1937, and the club was dissolved and consolidated into Japan Racing Association on May 31 of the same year.
- その他、美濃国では大垣城が全壊焼失、近江国では長浜城 (近江国)が全壊し城主山内一豊の息女与祢姫が死亡するなど、近畿、東海、北陸にかけての各地で甚大な被害が出た。
- The greatest damage was brought on the regions of Kinki, Tokai and Hokuriku by the earthquake, such as the case of the Ogaki-jo Castle of Mino Province which was completely destroyed and burned, as well as the case of the Nagahama-jo Castle of Omi Province which was also completely destroyed and Yonehime, who was the daughter of the castellan Katsutoyo YAMAUCHI, died.
- 建武の新政の後の建武 (日本)2年(1335年)、足利尊氏が武家政権の樹立を目指して鎌倉にて挙兵すると、足利直義から三刀屋氏当主三刀屋扶重に軍勢を催促されている。
- In 1335 after the Kenmu Restoration, when Takauji ASHIKAGA raised, in Kamakura, his standard of establishment of samurai government, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA urged Sukeshige MITOYA, the head of Mitoya clan, to send an army.
- 薩軍の主力が北部戦線に移った後も熊本城の長囲は続けられていたが、官軍衝背軍の上陸と熊本鎮台との連絡がついたことから長囲策は破綻し、戦線は熊本城の南部東部に移った。
- Although the Satsuma army kept the drawn-out siege of Kumamoto Castle even after it transferred the main force to the northern front, the drawn-out siege failed and the front moved to the south and east of Kumamoto Castle when Shohaigun (rear attack force) of the government army disembarked and established communications with Kumamoto Garrison.
- 官軍主力隊本営では3月18日、野津鎮雄少将(第1旅団長)・三好重臣少将(第2旅団長)、参謀長野津道貫大佐、高瀬征討本営の大山巌少将などによって幕僚会議が開かれた。
- On March 18, in the headquarters of the main force of the government army, those including Major General Shizuo NOZU (1st Brigadier), Major General Shigeomi MIYOSHI (2nd Brigadier), Chief of Staff, Colonel Michitsura NOZU, and Major General Iwao OYAMA from the Takase punitive headquarters held the General Staff Council.
- 4月30日、西郷から豊後方面突出の命を受けた奇兵隊指揮長野村忍介は、椎葉山を越え、一部を富高新町(細島西方)の守備及び細島方面の警備に任じ、主力は延岡に進出した。
- On April 30, commanded by SAIGO to charge into the Bungo area, Commander Oshisuke NOMURA led Kiheitai to went over Mt. Shiiba and assigned part of the troop to the roles of defending Tomitaka-shinmachi (in the west of Hososhima) and guarding the Hososhima area, while advancing the main force to Nobeoka.
- 戦死を肯(がえ)んぜず、挙兵の意を法廷で主張すべきと考えていた別府九郎・野村忍介・神宮司助左衛門らは熊本鎮台の部隊に、坂田諸潔は第四旅団の部隊にそれぞれ降伏した。
- Those including Kuro BEPPU, Oshisuke NOMURA, and Sukezaemon JINGUJI, who did not accept death in battle and considered that they should insist on the meaning of having taken up arms in court, surrendered to a troop of Kumamoto Garrison, and Morokiyo SAKATA to a troop of the 4th brigade.
- 玄宗は君主が率先して孝を行うことを天下を安定させ、臣下はそうした主君の振舞いを見習うことを責務として考え、「君徳の涵養」と「主従の分別」を重要視したものとなった。
- Genso believed that a ruler taking the lead in displaying filial piety is able to stabilize the country, and that retainers are obliged to emulate the lord's behaviors, so he placed particular emphasis on 'Kuntoku no Kanyo' (fostering of virtue) and 'Shuju no Funbetsu' (categorization of master and servant).
- そして千葉介常胤、上総介広常、三浦義澄、小山朝政などは、国衙の在庁官人でもあり、それを足がかりとして複数の郡、別符の郷、荘園にまたがる勢力を広げた開発領主である。
- Furthermore, Tsunetane of Chibanosuke (vice minister of Chiba Province), Hirotsune of Kazusa no suke (vice minister of Kazusa Province), Yoshizumi MIURA, and Tomomasa OYAMA were Zaichokanjin of kokuga in addition to being the kaihatsu-ryoshu of multiple districts, beppu villages, and manors.
- しかし実際には当主は生活苦から各地の大名を頼って転々とし、邸宅の施設は荒廃して、京都の人々は身分の上下を問わずに勝手に邸内に侵入して庭や池を見て楽しむ有様であった。
- In reality, the lord of the Nijo family, who lived in poverty, had to rely on the protections of daimyo (feudal lords), moving across the country from one to another, and the residence was dilapidated to the point where the people of Kyoto, regardless of their classes, entered the compound freely and enjoyed looking at the garden and the pond.
- 薩軍主力が北方に転戦したため鎮台の守城負担は幾分減ったとはいえ、開戦前の出火で失った糧食の補充が充分でないため糧食不足に苦しみ、極力消費を抑えることでしのいでいた。
- After the main force of the Satsuma army was transferred to north, a burden on the garrison in defending the castle was reduced; however, since the provisions that lost in the fire before the battle had not been made up enough, the garrison had a problem of food shortage and had to stretch the food out by reducing the consumption as much as possible.
- 週刊『平民新聞』は、第1面に英文欄を設け、アメリカ合衆国やイギリス、さらに日本にとっては敵国であるロシアの社会主義者らへ情報の発信をおこない、国際的な連帯を訴えた。
- The weekly 'Heimin-shinbun', having an English column on the first page, provided information to socialists in the United States of America, the United Kingdom and even Russia, which was a hostile country to Japan, and appealed to them for solidarity.
- これは事実上徳川幕藩体制による大政委任の継続を承認したと言えるもので、王政復古の大号令は取り消されなかったものの、慶喜の主張が完全に認められたものに他ならなかった。
- This statement was practically interpreted as approving the continuation of Yoshinobu's delegation of the government under the system of the Tokugawa Shogunate and although the Decree of the Restoration of Imperial Rule was not negated, it was clearly taken as acknowledgement of Yoshinobu's contention.
- このため、後世紀伝道において主導的な立場に立った菅原氏が大学寮における自家の功績を顕彰するために、平安時代中期以後の学問料支給とこの史実を結び付けたと言われている。
- Therefore, it is said that the Sugawara clan, which later got the leading position in Kidendo, associated this historical fact with Gakumonryo of the mid-Heian period aiming to demonstrate the family's achievement at Daigaku-ryo.
- 同時に、任国の旧地頭層の系譜をひく国人領主を被官として従属させ、院宮王臣家や寺社の荘園にも守護請など一定の収税権を獲得するなど、強い勢力基盤を形成するようになった。
- At the same time, they made the descendents of a Jito (military land steward) called Kokujin ryoshu (local samurai) their subordinates, acquired the authority to collect taxes from shoen owned by Ingu oshinke, temples and shrines, and strengthened their power base.
- この年(和銅元年)、遷都を主導した藤原不比等は正二位、右大臣に進み、不比等の後妻、県犬養三千代は女帝の大嘗祭において杯に浮かぶタチバナとともに「橘宿禰」の姓を賜った。
- In this year (708), FUJIWARA no Fuhito, who led the transfer of the capital, was promoted to Shonii Udaijin (Senior Second Rank, Chief of the Imperial Japanese Council of State) and his second wife, Agata no INUKAI no Michiyo, was given the family name of 'Tachibana no Sukune' together with a tachibana (mandarin orange) floating in a cup on the occasion of Daijosai (first ceremonial offering of rice by newly enthroned Empress).
- 代わって一橋慶喜は新たに禁裏御守衛総督兼摂海防禦指揮を命じられ、いったん京都守護職を退いていた松平容保も復帰、容保の実弟で桑名藩主の松平定敬が京都所司代に任ぜられた。
- After that occasion, Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI was appointed to Kinri-goshuei-sotoku and Sekkai-bogyo-shiki, Katamori MATSUDAIRA, who had retired from Kyoto-shugoshoku, was appointed to the previous post again, and Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA (a younger brother of Katamori and the head of the Kuwana clan) was appointed to Kyoto-shoshidai.
- そこで村田三介は三将に寡兵が随従する策を、野村忍介は野村自身が寡兵を率いて海路で小浜に出て、そこから陸路で京都に行き、行幸で京都にいる天皇に直接上奏する策を主張した。
- Then, Sansuke MURATA said that a small army should accompany the three leaders, whereas Oshisuke NOMURA said that he would lead a small army to Obama by sea and from there to Kyoto by land to directly report the matters to the Emperor who would be there for an imperial visit.
- この時点で辞官納地(慶喜の内大臣辞任と幕府領の放棄)は決まってはいなかったが、岩倉らは徳川政権の失政を並べ、「辞官納地をして誠意を見せることが先決である」と主張する。
- At this point, Yoshinobu's resignation from Minister of the Interior and the abandonment of the Shogunate's territories ('Jikan-nochi') were not yet determined, but Iwakura and his comrades listed the mistakes made by the Tokugawa Shogunate and demanded that their first step be to show their sincerity by agreeing with 'Jikan-nochi.'
- 帝国主義の発想を持つ欧米のアジアへの接近(侵略・進出・植民地化)により、それまでの江戸の天下泰平の世の中(鎖国体制下の社会)を維持したいという発想として盛り上がった。
- This theory was made widely known during the Edo period of Japan so as to maintain its society's peaceful state (sakoku society, where foreigners were not allowed to enter the nation) as a way to avoid the imperialism of Europe and America, who were, in those days, approaching Asia for the purpose of invasion, expansion, and colonization.
- しかしながら、有力な支配下豪族や他国の領主との外交においては、有力家臣を「取り次ぎ役」することは当時としては一般的であり、単なる伝令とするのは事実誤認との指摘もある。
- However, at that time, it was ordinary to have a powerful retainer play the role of the 'messenger,' in negotiations with powerful local clans under control or with lords of other provinces, and therefore, it is pointed out as well that it would not be correct to consider him simply as an orderly officer.
- やがて田染荘は九州に2万町歩を超す荘園を有する屈指の荘園主であった宇佐神宮に支配されるようになり、宇佐神宮の「本御荘十八箇所」と呼ばれる荘園のひとつとして重視された。
- Tashibu Manor eventually came under the control of Usa-jingu Shrine which possessed manors of more than 20,000 hectares in Kyushu, and was a valued as one of the manors known as 'Hongosho Juhakkasho' (lit. the 18 real manors).
- 幕府は守護大名庶家や足利氏譜代から奉公衆を編成し、在京奉公を課したが、一方で守護大名は国内の在地領主(国人)に対する支配を強め、その所領に応じた軍役を課すようになった。
- The Muromachi bakufu formed the military guard of the shogunate from branch families of the territorial lords as provincial constable and hereditary vassals of Ashikaga clan and imposed service in Kyoto on them; on the other hand, the territorial lords as provincial constable tightened control over the local lords in their provinces and imposed military services on them according to their territories.
- 宇喜多直家は当初は毛利氏の傘下として行動し、織田よりであった主君の浦上宗景を追放し下剋上を果たしていたが、織田氏と秀吉の力を知ると毛利氏を見限り秀吉に降参を申し入れた。
- At first, Naoie UKITA acted under the dominance of the Mori clan and climbed up the ranks after driving out Munekage URAGAMI, who was his lord but was more on Oda's side, but once he found out how powerful the Oda clan and Hideyoshi were, he gave up on the Mori clan and offered to surrender to Hideyoshi.
- 公式の場において使われることはないが、現代の中華人民共和国や大韓民国・朝鮮民主主義人民共和国などでは、日本や日本人に対して侮蔑的な意味を込めて「倭」を用いることがある。
- Wa' is no longer used officially but is sometimes used as a contemptuous meaning in the Chinese Republic, Korean Republic and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
- 士族を中心にした西郷軍に、徴兵を主体とした政府軍が勝利したことで、士族出身の兵士も農民出身の兵士も戦闘力に違いはないことが実証され、徴兵制による国民皆兵体制が定着した。
- The fact that the government army, mostly composed of conscripted soldiers, won the war against Saigo's army, mainly consisted of persons in the warrior class, verified that the fighting ability of soldiers from the warrior class and that of those from farmers were not different; accordingly, a system of general conscription was established.
- 日露戦争における日本の勝利はアジア諸国における国際的緊張関係の緩和要因となり、には東京で中国同盟会が結成されるなど民主主義的自由の獲得を目指した運動が本格化していった。
- Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War brought relaxation of international tensions in Asia, leading to the formation of the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmenghui) in Tokyo in 1905 and other movements aspiring to winning democratic freedom.
- 教科書は平安時代に三経(詩経・書経・易経)、三礼(周礼・儀礼・礼記)、三伝(春秋左氏伝・春秋公羊伝・春秋穀梁伝)及び『論語』『孝経』の11経が主な教材として確立された。
- The following eleven books were established as the major Myogyo textbooks during the Heian period: the three Sankyo (three classics on Confucianism) called Shikyo, Shokyo and Ekikyo; the three Sanrai (three classical texts on rites) called Shurai, Girai and Raiki; the three Sanden (three classics on a Chinese history book 'Shunju') called Shunju Sashiden, Shunju Kuyoden and Shunju Kokuryoden; as well as the 'Rongo' and 'Kokyo.'
- これは地方の領主達にとって負担も確かに大きいものの、一方で「ハレ」の場であり、中央の勢力とのコネクションを得る為にもと意気込み、それがまた「武士身分の獲得」ともなった。
- While it proved to be a heavy burden for district lords, it was the place of 'hare' (the non-ordinary space and time of ceremonies), and they were eager to obtain power and connections of the central government, and also attain the 'establishment of samurai social status.'
- 複数の郡、荘園にまたがる広大な領地を知行する「豪族的領主」は、その下に郡や別府の郷、そして荘園、更にその下の村郷に支配が及び、それぞれの段階が小規模な「武士団」である。
- The 'gozoku-style lord' that owned a great estate that spanned over multiple counties and manors also ruled over counties, villages of beppu, manors and villages under it and each step consisted of small 'bushidan.'
- 殷を方国の連盟の盟主と見る場合、封建された国はより殷の支配の強い国々であったと考えられ、したがって殷代には同族や直接支配下にあった部族の有力者が封建されたと考えられる。
- If the Yin were the leaders of the Hokoku league of countries, those granted countries must have been strongly controlled by the Yin, therefore, in the Yin period, the sovereignty over the country should have been given by the Zhou Dynasty to the same families and clans directly under control.
- なお、一旦改易された者が恩赦などを受ける場合もあったが、この場合の効果は改易される前の主君への再仕官が認められるという程度であり、改易前の禄高で復帰できた例は少なかった。
- There were some cases where those who were once subject to kaieki received amnesty, but it would only allow them to serve the lord that they had served before kaieki, and there were only a few cases in which they returned to their services and received the same amount of stipend as they had received before kaieki.
- このため、香西元盛の兄弟の波多野稙通と柳本賢治は、細川高国に八上城・神尾山城両城で反旗を翻し、阿波国守護細川晴元や黒井城主の赤井五郎の援軍を得て、桂川原の戦いで勝利した。
- For this reason, Tanemichi HATANO and Kataharu YANAGIMOTO, who were Motomori KOZAI's siblings, led a rebellion against Takakuni HOSOKAWA at Yakamijo Castle as well as at Kannosanjo Castle, and they won the Battle of Katsurakawara with the support of Harumoto HOSOKAWA, who was the provincial constable of Awa Province, and Goro AKAI, who was the master of the Kuroijo Castle.
- 表高は、多くの場合、江戸幕府公認の検地によって打ち出された石高の額面で、代替わりごとに新当主に対し主君である将軍が発給する所領安堵の朱印状に、所領の地名とともに記される。
- Omotedaka refers to, in many cases, the face value of kokudaka figured out from land survey certified by the Edo bakufu, and it was written, along with the name of the territory, in shuinjo (a vermillion seal letter) of shoryo ando (act of providing authorization for land ownership and guaranteeing feudal tenure) issued by the shogun, who was also lord, to a new owner every replacement.
- しかし日本軍が台北への進軍を開始すると、傭兵を主体として組織された台湾民主国軍は間もなく瓦解、台南では劉永福が軍民を指揮、また各地の民衆も義勇軍を組織して抵抗を継続した。
- When the Japanese army started their advance to Taipei, the military force of the Republic of Formosa, which was mainly composed of mercenaries, fell apart soon, while, in Tainan, Yung-fu LIU commanded military and private soldiers and voluntary armies were formed in various places throughout Taiwan.
- しかし日本軍が台北への進軍を開始すると、傭兵を主体として組織された台湾民主国軍は間もなく瓦解、台南では劉永福が軍民を指揮、また各地の民衆も義勇軍を組織して抵抗を継続した.
- When the Japanese army started their advance to Taipei, the military force of the Republic of Formosa, which was mainly composed of mercenaries, fell apart soon, while, in Tainan, Yung-fu LIU commanded military and private soldiers and voluntary armies were formed in various places throughout Taiwan.
- この時期に勃興した台湾の社会史としては1914年、台中霧峰の著名な土着地主資産家である林献堂は来台した板垣退助と協力し在台日本人と同等の権利を求める台湾同化会を設立する。
- As a notable event in the social history of Taiwan, Xiantang LIN, who was born into a renowned wealthy family in Wufong, Taichung, founded Taiwan Dokakai (Taiwan Assimilation Society) in collaboration with Taisuke ITAGAKI visiting Taiwan, to demand the same right with the Japanese residents in Taiwan.
- 領事裁判権を認め、関税自主権を喪失し、かつ片務的最恵国待遇を課した拙速な不平等条約であり、同様な条約がイギリス・フランス・オランダ・ロシアとも結ばれた(安政五ヶ国条約)。
- The treaty was unequal, granting consular jurisdiction and tariff autonomy to the US, and imposing on Japan a necessity to provide most favored nation status to the US; moreover, similar treaties were concluded with Britain, France, the Netherland, and Russia; eventually those treaties were called the Ansei treaties with five nations.
- ドイツの参加理由は、露仏の接近を妨害すること、ロシアの注意を東に向けて欧州における脅威を減らすこと、ドイツ自身の極東への野心、また皇帝が主張した黄禍論などに基づいている。
- The reasons why Germany joined the intervention was 1. to impede closer ties between Russia and France, 2. to divert Russia's attention from Europe to the Far East to lessen its threat to Europe, 3. to fulfill its own ambition in the Far East, and 4. to combat the 'yellow peril' claimed by the Emperor himself.
- 天文密奏(てんもんみっそう)とは、古代の東アジアにおいて、異常な天文現象が観測された場合に、その観測記録と占星術による解釈(占言)を内密に君主に対して上奏することを指す。
- Tenmon misso was a practice in ancient East Asia whereby observation of unusual astronomical phenomenon was confidentially reported to the monarch along with observations and astrological divination (prediction.)
- 同年4月9日、摂津国の主だった国衆達は細川高国方につき、また大内義興軍が接近しつつある情勢を不利と読んだ細川澄元や三好之長は、自らの屋敷に火を放ち再び近江国に落ち延びた。
- On May 18, 1508, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and Yukinaga MIYOSHI realized the disadvantage of having a band of kunishu (local samurai) who ruled Settsu Province take the side of Takakuni HOSOKAWA and also of the army of Yoshioki OUCHI close at hand, set fire to their residence and fled to Omi Province again.
- だが、中世以降次第に百姓の本分を農とすべきとする、実態とは必ずしも符合しない農本主義的理念が浸透・普及し、明治時代以降は、一般的に農民の事を指すと理解されるようになった。
- However, a principle of agricultural fundamentalism stating that the sphere of hyakusho should be agriculture, which did not always match the reality, was gradually passed through and spread since the medieval period, and the term was begun to be understood generally as a person engaged in agriculture.
- こうして「武士団」を「中世封建社会の担い手となる在地領主層を中核とする戦闘的権力組織で、内部構造としては、主従的な、階層関係(ヒエラルヒー)が認められるもの」と規程する。
- This type of 'bushidan' was 'a militarily ruled society that was centralized around estate owners supporting medieval feudal society, centrally formed on a master and servant hierarchical relationship.'
- 「自家優先主義」との批判もあるが、これにより結果的には260年以上続く長期安定政権の基盤を確立し、「天下泰平」という日本語が生まれるほどの相対的平和状態を日本にもたらした。
- Although being criticized for the 'favoritism to relatives,' it resulted in establishing the basis for the long-term stable government which lasted more than 260 years, and in bringing about such a relatively peaceful state in Japan as a set phrase, 'Tenkataihei' (the peaceful and tranquil world), coined.
- また国立銀行条例による国立銀行 (日本)(ナショナルバンク)を経て、通貨発行権を独占する中央銀行としての日本銀行設立(1882年)など、資本主義的金融制度の整備も行われた。
- Also, the capitalistic financial system was organized, including the foundation of the Bank of Japan in 1882, formerly the National Bank of Japan under the National Bank Act, which dominates the right of issuing currency as the central bank.
- なお「自主の邦」と規定したとはいえ、清は冊封関係において従来から「属国自主」として内政・外交については関与しない立場をとっており、清の宗主権を否定しつくすものでもなかった。
- In addition, the treaty provided for an 'independent state,' but did not completely deny suzerainty of China, because Qing had the conventional stance of 'independence as a subject state'and was not involved in domestic and diplomatic affairs.
- 日高郡を中心に大きな勢力を持っていた湯河直春は抗戦を主張したが、有田郡では神保・白樫氏が、日高郡では直春の娘婿玉置直和(和佐玉置氏)が湯河氏と袂を分かって上方勢に帰順した。
- While Naoharu YUKAWA who held great power around Hidaka County insisted on resistance, the Jinbo and Shirakashi clans in Arida County and Naokazu TAMAKI (Wasa Tamaki clan), a husband of Naoharu's daughter, in Hidaka County separated from the Yukawa clan and followed the Kamigata army.
- 一方、1月30日、私学校幹部の篠原国幹・河野主一郎・高城七之丞ら七名は会合し、谷口登太に中原ら警視庁帰藩組の内偵を依頼し、同日暮、谷口報告により中原の西郷暗殺計画を聞いた。
- On the other hand, on January 30, seven leaders of Shigakko including Kunimoto SHINOHARA, Shuichiro KONO, and Shichinojo TAKI had a meeting and asked Tota TANIGUCHI to make private inquiries on the homecoming police officers including NAKAHARA; in that evening, TANIGUCHI reported them that NAKAHARA was planning to assassinate SAIGO.
- また、江戸城は徳川氏の征夷大将軍の居城であり、江戸は幕府の政庁が置かれる行政府の所在地であると同時に、自身も天領を支配する領主である徳川氏(徳川将軍家)の城下町でもあった。
- The Edo Castle was the residence of successive Tokugawa shoguns, or Seii taishogun (literally, 'the great general who pacifies barbarians'), and the city of Edo was both the site of bakufu administrative organs and the personal castle town of the Tokugawa Clan that ruled over the shogunal domain.
- 百姓に属する民の主体であった公民は、平安時代初期までは古来の地方首長層の末裔である郡司層によって編成され、国衙における国司の各国統治、徴税事務もこの郡司層を通じて成された。
- The citizens, who were main constituents of people belonging to the hyakusho class, were organized by the gunji class, the descendants of classes of ancient local governments' heads up to the early Heian period, and the ruling and tax collection by kokushi (provincial governors) at kokuga (provincial government offices) were conducted through the gunji class.
- 幕末には経済学者佐藤信淵は土地国有化と海外進出を行う絶対主義国家を論じ、吉田松陰は幽囚録で蝦夷地開拓とともにカムチャッカ半島、朝鮮、台湾、満州等への侵略統治論を展開していた。
- In the closing days of the Tokugawa Shogunate, Nobuhiro SATO, an economist argued absolutism of nationalizing lands and finding ways into foreign countries, while Shoin YOSHIDA argued in his book titled yuin-roku (descriptions in prison) reclamation of Ezo and invasion for the control of such as the Kamchatkan Peninsula, Korea, Taiwan, and Manchuria.
- 根来寺の主だった行人は、泉識坊が土橋氏、杉之坊が津田氏伊予橘姓津田氏(楠木氏系)、また成真院が泉南の地侍中氏など、紀伊のみならず和泉国・河内国・大和国の地侍で構成されていた。
- The major Gyonin of the Negoro-ji Temple were constituted by not only jizamurai of Kii Province but also that of Izumi, Kawachi and Yamato Provinces, for example, the Gyonin of Senshiki-bo Temple was the Dobashi clan, the one of Sugino-bo Temple was the Iyotachibana-Tsuda clan (the Kusunoki clan linage) and the one of Joshin-in Temple (成真院) was the Naka clan, jizamurai of Sennan Province.
- 後に足利義氏 (足利家3代目当主)(文治5年(1189年)~建長6年(1255年))が承久の乱(承久3年(1221年))の戦功により鎌倉幕府の命で守護職として三河国に入った。
- Yoshiuji ASHIKAGA (1189 - 1255), the third head of the Ashikaga family, was later appointed to serve as the military governor of Mikawa Province by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as a reward for his contributions during the Jokyu War of 1221.
- 同年8月29日、国民政府主席の蒋介石は陳儀を台湾省行政長官に任命、9月1日には重慶市にて台湾行政長官公署及び台湾警備総部が設置され、陳儀は台湾警備司令を兼任することとなった。
- On August 29 of the same year, Kai Shek CHIANG, the head of the nationalist government, appointed Yi CHEN as governor of Taiwan province, and with the establishment of Taiwan Security Bureau on September 1, Chen served concurrently as Commander of Taiwan Security.
- 一方、安政条約に明記されながらいまだに朝廷の許可が無いため開港されていなかった兵庫(神戸港)問題を巡って、英国公使ハリー・パークスが主導する英仏蘭米連合艦隊が兵庫沖に迫った。
- Meanwhile, a combined fleet led by Harry PARKES, a British diplomat, arrived offshore of Hyogo (current Kobe Port), which was designated as a port by the Ansei treaty, but was not opened because the imperial court refused to give permission.
- この和与によって荒木田明盛から権利一切を譲られた度会彦章による相馬御厨における伊勢神宮側の領主としての地位が確定したため、彼が下司とした佐竹義宗の勝訴が確定することとなった。
- Since the position of Hikoaki WATARAI, who was given all the rights from Akimori ARAKIDA by the compromise, was established, the winning of Yoshimune SATAKE, who was appointed as Hikoaki's local official, was determined.
- 大内義興の軍には、直臣である問田弘胤や陶興房の他、後に中国地方で敵味方に分かれ抗争する国人領主である尼子経久、吉川国経、毛利興元(毛利元就の兄)、吉見頼興などが参加していた。
- Takamori TOIDA and Okifusa SUE who were great vassals of Yoshioki OUCHI, Tsunehisa AMAGO, a kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lord) who later opposed in Chugoku region, Kunitsune KIKKAWA, Okimoto MORI (elder brother of Motonari MORI), Yorioki YOSHIMI and others had joined the forces of OUCHI Yoshioki.
- その層が、地域の封建領主層に結びついて自らも小領主化して地侍となり、守護大名や国人(旧地頭層)と主従関係を持って年貢の一部免除を受けて合戦時には「寄子」クラスの軍役を務める。
- That class became connected with the feudal lord class, and they themselves became jizamurai (local samurai) as small lords to hold a master and servant relationship with the shugo daimyo (Japanese provincial military governor feudal lords) and kokujin (local samurai) (former jito), exempted from a part of nengu (land tax) and served 'Yoriko' (bushi that served under feudal lords during the Period of Warring States) class military roles during battles.
- その間、薩摩・長州・土佐・肥前藩の建白により版籍奉還が企図され、同年9月諸藩の藩主(大名)は領地(版図)および人民(戸籍)を政府へ返還、大名は知藩事となり、家臣とも分離された。
- During this period, a plan to return land and people to the emperor was set by a petition from major clans Satsuma, Chofu, Tosa and Hizen, and was actually carried out in September, by returning land (called hanto) and people (family register) to the government, transforming the lord of domain (daimyo [Japanese feudal lord]) to chihanjis (modern-day governors), and separating vassals from each clan.
- 、石田友治らによって言論雑誌『第三帝国 (雑誌)』が刊行され、またには東京大学の吉野作造により民本主義による政治が提唱された事を背景に、次第に普通選挙運動が活発になっていった。
- With the publication of the political magazine 'Daisan Teikoku' (The Third Empire) by Tomoji ISHIDA and others and the proposal of government founded on democracy by Sakuzo YOSHINO of Tokyo Imperial University, the movement calling for popular elections began to grow.
- 元来は菅原氏当主の書斎であった山陰亭で講義が行われていたが、生徒の増大につれて廊下(寝殿造の中門廊)で講義が行われたことから、菅家廊下(かんけろうか)と呼ばれて後世に知られた。
- Originally, the lecture was given in Sanin-tei, a study of the head of the Sugawara clan, but as the number of students increased, the lecture began to take place in the hallway (chumonro - covered entrance arcade) of Shinden-zukuri style - architecture representative of a nobleman's residence during the Heian period) -- That was why the lecture was called Kanke Roka (the hallway of Sugawara's house) and remembered in later ages.
- また、当時は村請制であったために、村高にかかる「高免」と村高から潰れ地や損毛分を差し引いた「毛付免」の2種類があり、領主からの免状には2種類の免が併記されている場合が多かった。
- At that time, Mura-uke Sei (tax system that placed responsibility for payment on villages) was employed, and there were two types of men: 'Komen' for the kokudaka of a Village and '毛付面' for the kokudaka of a village after deduction of non arable land and losses, and both of them were often written in the certificate by a feudal lord.
- 建武式目は公家法と同様に「倹約」「礼節」を前面に掲げ、更に御成敗式目を「本条」としてその法源の主たる地位に置き、実際の訴訟でも奉行人は御成敗式目を常備していたと伝えられている。
- Like the court noble law, the Kenmu Code put forward 'thrift' and 'decorum,' and further put Goseibai-shikimoku in its main position of the source of law as 'main code,' thus reportedly bugyonin (a magistrate) always had Goseibai-shikimoku even in the actual lawsuit.
- 負所(おっしょ)とは、中世の荘園において、本来は国衙に納めるべき雑役(場合によっては官物の一部を含む)を免除を受け、その分を自己に収めることが出来る荘園領主及びその土地を指す。
- The term 'Ossho' means the lords of Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) were exempted from and allowed to collect Zatsueki (a kind tax under the Ritsuryo system) (sometimes inclusive of the portion of Kanmotsu (tribute goods -supposed to be paid to Kokuga (provincial government offices) as well as the land of such Shoen.
- 京都府学連事件(きょうとふがくれんじけん)は、主として、犯罪捜査としての写真撮影の適法性・合憲性が問題とされ、それぞれ適法・合憲と判断された、日本の最高裁判所による判決の通称。
- It is a popular name of a judgment by the Supreme Court of Japan that mainly judged photographing for criminal investigation as lawful and constitutional.
- マルクス主義歴史学(唯物史観)においては、生産力と生産関係の矛盾を基盤として普遍的な歴史法則を見いだそうとするため、この理論的枠組みを非ヨーロッパ地域にも適用して説明が試みた。
- Marxist history (materialistic concept of history) tries to find out a universal rule of history based on the contradiction between the productive force and the relation of production, and the logical framework was applied to non-European regions as an explanation.
- ただし前述のごとく土地への影響力は重層構造であったため、在地領主は自らの土地を守るべく、将軍家のほか、有力公家、国守や守護、あるいは在地の有力武家にその安堵を求めることもあった。
- Since there was a multilayered structure of influence put on a land as mentioned above, the resident landholder sometimes asked not only the shogunate but also influential court nobles, the governor of a province or the military governor, or resident influential samurai family for recognition and gurantee of the ownership of the land, for the purpose of protecting the ownership of his land.
- また、現存している記録に残された冠位とその人物が属している姓の水準が一致している例が多い(臣・連以外の姓より大徳が輩出された例は無く、村主・首以下の姓で小徳を輩出した例は無い)。
- There are many examples of courtly rank coinciding with the hereditary title level to which the person belonged (there are no examples of people with titles other than Omi and Muraji being awarded the rank of Daitoku, or of people below Suguri and Kashira being awarded the rank of Shotoku).
- その後も日本国内では、しばらく日本を指して「倭」と呼ぶこともあったが、奈良時代中期頃(天平勝宝年間)から同音好字の「和」が併用されるようになり、次第に「和」が主流となっていった。
- Even after that, 'Wa' was sometimes used to refer to Japan domestically, but since the mid-Nara period, '和,' which has the same pronunciation but has a positive meaning, came in use along with 倭 and gradually became the mainstream.
- そこで宮崎市・佐土原と敗北した薩軍は、桐野をはじめ辺見、中島・貴島・河野主一郎らの諸隊と、池辺の熊本隊、有馬が率いる協同隊やほかに高鍋隊も高鍋河畔に軍を構えて官軍の進撃に備えた。
- After having been defeated in Miyazaki City and in Sadowara, the Satsuma army forces set up a fighting formation beside the Takanabe-gawa River as follows in preparation for attacks by the government army: the troops led by those including KIRINO, HENMI, NAKAJIMA, KIJIMA, and Shuichiro KONO, the Kumamoto-tai troop led by IKEBE, and the combined troop led by ARIMA as well as the Takanabe-tai troop.
- ところが、その主たる面積を占めていた加賀国の旧大伴家持没官領が、藤原種継暗殺事件関係者の名誉回復に伴い、当時の官界の実力者伴善男の要求で伴氏(旧大伴氏)に返還されることとなった。
- However, after people involved in the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu recovered their impaired reputation, confiscated territory of late Yakamochi OTOMO located in the Kaga Province, which accounted for the large portion of kangakuden, was returned to the Tomo clan (old Otomo clan) at the request of the then powerful figure in the bureaucracy TOMO no Yoshio.
- 牒は、公式令 (律令制)においては主典以上の官人が官司に対して上申する際に用いられる文書形式であったが、後に僧綱や寺社と官司とが文書の遣り取りを行う際にも用いられるようになった。
- Cho was at first a kind of document used in kushikiryo (according to he Ritsuryo system) when a low- or medium-ranked government official higher than sakan submitted a petition to a higher government official, it was later used as texts exchanged between the office of Monastic affairs or Buddhist temples and a government official.
- 更に、戸田芳実は石母田正や安田元久らの、武士階級は農村から権門など古代階級を打ち破る階級として生まれるとする見解に対して、武士は初めから農民と対立する支配者側であったと主張する。
- In addition, Yoshimi TODA argued that bushi was on the ruling side in opposition to the peasants from the start in contrast to the argument by Tadashi ISHIMODA and Motohisa YASUDA stating that the bushi class formed by breaking free from ancient social class of peasants as influential families.
- 「開発領主」が生まれる過程は、その地の有力者が一族子弟のみならず、近隣の農民や諸国から流入した浮浪人などを組織して荒地の開拓を行い、その従事者を新しい村落に編成することに始まる。
- The creation of the 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' started with the cultivation of the wild land not only by children and brothers of the powerful clan, but neighboring peasants and people who escaped and travelled from their registered domiciles of various provinces to organize into a new village as followers.
- それを踏まえた上で、ここでは在地領主の側から見ていくことにするが、しかしその、荘園寄進もそれだけでは確実なものではないことが、この相馬御厨、そして大庭御厨の事件の中に見てとれる。
- As this was already explained, we will begin to take the point of view of a local lord, but the incidents of this Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch) and Oba no mikuriya (private estate of Oba ranch) indicated that donation of manors did not always provide security.
- 貿易は鎖国政策を布いていたために、主流は長崎市の唐人屋敷における中国、出島におけるオランダとの交易であるが、対馬藩を仲介した李氏朝鮮との倭館での交易も幕府の公認を受けたものだった。
- Under the seclusion policy, foreign trades were mainly limited to those with China at the Chinese residential area in Nagasaki, and with the Netherlands at Dejima island, but also through Tsushima Domain, trade with Yi Dynasty of Korea was authorized by the shogunate government at the consular office (wakan).
- 1580年代、急速に領土を拡大していた山形城主最上義光の攻勢がついに庄内にも及ぶようになると、尾浦城主大宝寺義氏は父・大宝寺義増の代からの盟友本庄繁長の支援を受けてこれに対抗した。
- During the 1580s, when the lord of Yamagatajo Castle, Yoshiaki MOGAMI, who was rapidly expanding his territory, launched an attack on the Shonai district, the lord of Ourajo Castle, Yoshiuji DAIHOJI, confronted Mogami's troops with the help of Shigenaga HONJO, who had been an alliance from the days of his father Yoshimasu DAIHOJI.
- 備中高松城の戦い(びっちゅうたかまつじょうのたたかい)は、天正10年(1582年)に織田信長の命を受けて家老の豊臣秀吉が毛利氏の高松城 (備中国)(城主:清水宗治)を攻略した戦い。
- The Battle of Bitchu Takamatsu-jo Castle was a battle in 1582 in which, on the order of Nobunaga ODA, his karo (retainer) Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI conquered Takamatsu-jo Castle, owned by Muneharu SHIMIZU, in Bitchu Province in the territory of the Mori clan.
- これを後援するために5月4日に三田井方面に派遣された池上指揮部隊約1000名は、薩軍の本拠地人吉と延岡の交通路にあたる三田井の警備に部隊の一部を当て、主力は東進して延岡に進出した。
- Approximately 1,000 soldiers of the troop led by IKEGAMI were dispatched to the Mitai area on May 4 to support the NOMURA's troop, then part of the force was assigned to the role of guarding Mitai, located in a transportation route between Hitoyoshi, the stronghold of the Satsuma army, and Nobeoka, while the main force was advanced eastward to Nobeoka.
- こうした井伊の強権的手法には反撥が相次ぎ、徳川斉昭・徳川慶勝(尾張藩主)・松平慶永らは抗議のため登城するが、無断で登城したことを理由に逆に井伊によって謹慎処分を受けることとなった。
- The decisive actions of Ii, provoked a stream of criticism, including action taken by Nariaki TOKUGAWA (the lord of the Mito clan) and Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA (the lord of the Owari clan), who went to Edo-jo Castle to protest, but they were in fact punished by II for not gaining permission to enter the castle beforehand.
- なお開戦時、麦飯派の寺内正毅が陸軍大臣であった(麦飯を主張する軍医部長がいた)にもかかわらず、大本営が「勅令」として指示した戦時兵食は、日清戦争と同じ白米飯(精白米6合)であった。
- In spite of the fact that Masatake TERAUCHI, an advocate of rice boiled with barley, was the Minister of Army (There was a high-ranking army surgeon who recommended rice boiled with barley); however, the rations provisioned by the Imperial headquarters through an 'imperial edict' was cooked rice (Six Go of polished rice) which was the same as in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-'95).
- 全日本学生自治会総連合では少数派(非主流派)であった所感派の思想的・政治的影響下にあった当時の同学会(京都大学の全学学生自治会)は、1950年度のレッド・パージ粉砕闘争を主導した。
- Dogakukai (students' self-governing association of Kyoto University) which was under the philosophical/political influence of the Shokan sect, a minority group (a non-mainstream faction) of the All-Japan Federation of Students' Self-governing Associations, played a leading role in the anti Red Purge struggle in 1950.
- 現存の『儀式』(『貞観儀式』)は、全10巻77篇目から構成されており、第一から第五までは、「祈念祭儀」「践祚大嘗祭儀」「天皇即位儀」など、主要な恒例祭儀と代始諸儀に充てられている。
- Existent 'Gishiki' ('Jogan gishiki') consists of ten volumes/seventy-seven clauses and volume one to volume five are allotted for the explanation of principal ceremonies and rites, such as 'Kinensaigi' (a ceremony of praying for the harvest), 'Senso daijosai' (the imperial enthronement ritual) and 'Tenno sokuigi' (rite of the emperor's enthronement).
- 中国では同様の政策を海禁政策と呼ぶが、中国の場合は主として沿海地域の倭寇をも含む海賊からの防衛及び海上での密貿易を禁止することが目的とされており、日本の鎖国と事情が異なる面もあった。
- A similar policy was called the Sea Traffic Ban Policy in China, but in this case, the policy was aimed to protect the coastal areas from pirates including Japanese pirates and to forbid illegal overseas trading, so that the situation in China was different with the national isolation of Japan to some extent.
- 大名などの主君から給人へ課せられる軍役は「馬上○騎、弓○張、鉄砲○挺、鑓○本、旗○本」といった具合であったが、これに小荷駄隊や下人などの人夫もあわせた総人数が規定されることもあった。
- The military services imposed on the middle and lower ranking samurai who offered military services to the lord by lords such as the territorial lords were defined by 'the number of Mounted Warriors, the number of Bows, the number of Muskets, the number of Spears, and the number of Banners,' to which manpower including the numbers of such laborers as caravan of men and animals carrying supplies and low ranked people was sometimes additionally defined.
- しかし、積極的な主戦論を主張していたロシア海軍や関東州総督のエヴゲーニイ・アレクセーエフらは、朝鮮半島でも増えつつあったロシアの利権を妨害される恐れのある妥協案に興味を示さなかった。
- Fearing that the expansion of Russian interests on the Korean peninsula would be impeded, neither the Russian navy, which advocated war, nor Евгений Алексеев, the governor-general of the Kwantung Leased Territory expressed interest in the settlement.
- 研究所は、会館の建設は研究所の事業として行われ、行政当局からの補助金も研究所が受給したことなど、会館完成までの一連の事業を研究所が主導した事実を挙げて研究所が管理権を持つと主張した。
- The Institute of Buraku Problem showed the facts that a series of operations were led by the Institute until the Hall was complete, the Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall construction was performed as the Institute's project, and the Institute received a subsidy from the government and so on, claiming a custodial right for the Institute of Buraku Problem.
- 日本統治の第2期は西来庵事件の1915年から1937年の盧溝橋事件であり、国際情勢の変化、特に第一次世界大戦の結果、西洋諸国の植民地統治の権威が失墜し、民族主義が高揚した時期である。
- The second phase of Japanese rule was from 1915 when the Silaian Incident broke out to 1937 when the Marco Polo Bridge Incident occurred, during which time the authority of colonialism by the Western countries fell and nationalism emerged due to the change of the world situation, especially after World War I.
- 律令制の導入により社会構造が変化し、豪族らが単なる共同体の首長から私的所有地を持つ領主的な性格を持つようになるに伴い、共同体による祭祀に支えられた従来の神祇信仰は行き詰まりを見せた。
- As the social structure changed by introducing the system of the ritsuryo legal codes, local ruling families, who were simply the head of a community, became like feudal-lords with private property, and the conventional Jingi belief supported the religious service by a community was in a deadlock.
- 給田(きゅうでん)・給畠(きゅうはく)・給田畠(きゅうでんぱく)は、日本の中世において、荘園領主や国衙が、荘官、地頭、年貢運輸者・手工業者などに対して給与した田地または田畠地をいう。
- Kyuden, Kyuhaku and Kyudenpaku were rice paddies and fields that were granted to shokan (an officer governing shoen manor), jito (estate steward), nengu (land tax) couriers and handicraftsmen by shoen holders and the Kokuga (provincial government offices) during the middle ages in Japan.
- 軍役は広義には民衆に課せられる夫役のうちの兵役なども含まれるが、狭義には封建制度における「御恩と奉公」の関係において、知行地の安堵(御恩)と引き替えに主君に軍事的奉公を行うことである。
- In a broad sense, gunyaku meant conscription which included the labor service that was imposed on the people; but in a narrow sense, gunyaku referred to a retainer's offering of military service to the lord in exchange for recognition and guarantee of ownership of the fief (debt) in the relationship of 'debts and service' in the feudal system.
- ところが大航海時代以降世界に進出、支配領域を拡大したヨーロッパ、続く帝国主義の波に乗ったアメリカ合衆国によるアフリカ・アジア進出・侵略・植民地化は、東アジア各国にとっても脅威となった。
- However, European countries which started to explore the world after the Age of Geographical Discovery to expand their areas of dominance and the USA which rode on the wave of continuous Imperialism and made a foray into Africa and Asia for incursions and colonization became a threat for East Asian countries.
- 一方三条実美ら長州過激派の公家は文久3年8月18日の政変以来、京から追放されたままであり、岩倉ら少数の倒幕派公家は家柄が低かったため影響力はあっても朝廷内の主導権を握れてはいなかった。
- Meanwhile, court nobles belonging to the radical party for Choshu including Sanetomi SANJO had been expelled from Kyoto after a coup on September 30, 1863, and few court nobles of tobakuha such as Iwakura had not been able to hold initiative in the Imperial Court due to their humble family lineage, although they were influential.
- 洞(うつろ)とは、室町時代後期から安土桃山時代にかけて、現在の東北地方及び関東地方の戦国大名に見られた形態で惣領である当主を中心に一族・家臣をまとめた擬似的要素のある族縁共同体のこと。
- Utsuro was a quasi family-related community from the late Muromachi period to the Azuchi-Momoyama period that organized family members and vassals around the head of the family, called soryo (heir); organizations such as these were seen among Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) in the Tohoku and Kanto regions.
- 物語ではあるが、『曽我物語』(真字本:まなぼん)に見る頼朝挙兵前の開発領主の姻戚関係を見ると、大庭御厨の濫妨から、石橋山の合戦までの相模近辺の武士団の関係、勢力範囲がよく表されている。
- The relationship of bushidan and range of power of Sagami Province was described in detail from the disturbance in Obamikuriya estate to the Battle of Ishibashiyama Mountain by looking at the matrimonial relation of kaihatsu-ryoshu prior to the mobilization call by Yoritomo in 'Soga Monogatari' (the tale of Soga) (Manabon - a book written only in Chinese characters) despite being just literature.
- もっとも、寄進系荘園の一般的形態は、自分の私領だけの寄進ではなく、その周辺の国衙領も切り取る(加納)形で行われるし、必ずしも在地領主の主導で行われた訳ではないことにも注意は必要である。
- The common form of donated manors did not just involve a private manor, but (Kano) a style that carved out Kokugaryo and was not under control of the local lord.
- 薩摩藩では、島津斉彬が死んだ後、後を継いだ藩主島津忠義の父である島津久光が長州藩を牽制すべく公武合体運動を展開し、藩内の攘夷派を粛清(寺田屋事件)し、幕府に改革を要求した(文久の改革)。
- In Satsuma Domain after the death of Nariakira SHIMAZU, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, a father of the feudal lord Tadayoshi SHIMAZU, advocated the union of the Imperial Court and the shogunate and purged the exclusionist party against foreigners (the Teradaya Incident), while requested the shogunate government to carry out reforms (Bunkyu Reforms).
- この時、御誓文の写しを貰った木戸孝允は翌日には「かの御誓文は昨夜反復熟読したが、実によくできておる。この御主意は決して改変してはならぬ。自分の目の黒い間は死を賭しても支持する」と語った。
- Takayoshi KIDO was given a copy of Charter Oath at that time and on the next day he said 'I read that Charter Oath carefully more than once and found it remarkable. The main idea shouldn't be changed. I support it with my life as long as I'm alive.'
- 京都七条における元禄13年3月より宝永5年(1708年)1月までの鋳造高は1,736,684貫文(1,736,684,000枚)に上り、主に伊予国立川銅山(別子銅山)の産銅が用いられた。
- The amount of coins minted at Shichijo, Kyoto during a period from April 1700 to January 1708 recorded 1,736,684 kanmon (1,736,684,000 coins), and copper produced from Tatsukawadozan Copper mine (Besshidozan Copper mine), Iyo Province was mainly used.
- 沙河では両軍の対陣が続いていたが、ロシア軍は新たに前線に着任したオスカル・フェルディナント・グリッペンベルク大将の主導のもと、1月25日に日本軍の最左翼に位置する黒溝台方面で攻勢に出た。
- While the confrontation across the Saka river continued, the Russian Army took the offensive on January 25 under the command of General Oskar-Ferdinand Grippenberg newly assigned to the front line in the Kokkodai area located on the extreme left wing of the Japanese Army.
- 各藩とも藩政改革を推進してその打開を図ったが黒船来航以来の政治的緊張によって多額の財政出費を余儀なくされて、廃藩置県を前に自ら領土の返上を申し出る藩主(藩知事)さえ出てくる状況であった。
- Domains tried to improve the situation by implementing restructuring domain politics, but this required vast expenditures due to the political strain in the wake of the arrival of the Black Ships and some domain lords (hanchiji) wanted to return their territory before haihan-chiken was implemented.
- 「現成」とは、眼前にすでに出現しできていてることであり、良知を発言させるために作為的もしくは意識的な修養は無用であって、良知はすでに既成の善悪を超え自律的に正しく判断するのだと主張した。
- He stated that 'gensei' means a thing that has appeared in front of one's eyes, so that 'gensei ryochi' means that no intentional or deliberate self-cultivation is needed to make ryochi appear because ryochi autonomously makes the correct judgment by transcending good and evil.
- 幕府の力がしだいに弱まるようになると有力寺社(相国寺、三十三間堂など)や有力守護大名(細川氏、大内氏など)が船主となり、これに博多や堺の商人、瀬戸内海の町、水夫が結びついて貿易を行った。
- With the power of bakufu gradually declining, influential temples/shrines (Shokoku-ji Temple, Sanjusangendo Temple etc) or influential shugo-daimyo (territorial lords as provincial constables) (the Hosokawa clan, the Ouchi clan etc.) became the shipowners and traded in corporation with merchants in Hakata and Sakai as well as sailors in the towns located in the coastal region of Seto Inland Sea.
- 日清戦争(にっしんせんそう、中国語甲午戦争、第一次中日戦争、英語)は、1894年(明治27年)7月から1895年(明治28年)4月にかけて行われた主に朝鮮王朝をめぐる大日本帝国と清の戦争。
- Japanese-Sino War (Kogo war in Chinese, First Sino-Japanese war in English) is a war fought between the Empire of Japan and the Quing Dynasty over Korean Dynasties from July 1894 through April 1895.
- 梅北一揆によって島津氏の政治的な立場は極度に悪化したが、検地やそれに伴う国人領主層の没落は結果として島津氏の大名権力を強化する事につながり、慶長の役で軍功をあげ名誉を挽回する契機となった。
- Although the political status of the Shimazu clan had fallen to the extremely precarious state as a result of Umekita ikki, the land survey by the administration and the fall of the local lords which was triggered by it actually strengthened the authority of the Shimizu clan as a feudal lord as a result, and in the Keicho Campaign, the Shimizu clan reclaimed its reputation for their distinguished military service.
- しかし、秀頼はわずか6歳の幼主であったため、豊臣氏内部で秀吉の晩年からすでに発芽していた加藤清正、福島正則ら武断派と石田三成、小西行長らによる文治派の対立が表面化し、豊臣家臣団は分裂する。
- However, since Hideyori was only six years old, the conflict between the Budan-ha (a political faction willing to resort to military means to achieve its aims) consisting of Kiyomasa KATO, Masanori FUKUSHIMA and others, and the Bunchi-ha (a civilian party) consisting of Mitsunari ISHIDA, Yukinaga KONISHI, and others, which had started during Hideyoshi's last years, came to a head and the TOYOTOMI vassals were split off.
- 熊本城の包囲が解けた4月23日、政府は参軍川村純義海軍中将を総司令官として別働第1旅団(旅団長高島鞆之助)・別働第3旅団2個大隊(田辺良顕中佐)を主力とする陸海軍混成軍を鹿児島に派遣した。
- On April 23 when the siege of Kumamoto Castle was released, the national government sent an army-and-navy-mixed troop whose main forces were composed of the detached 1st brigade (led by Commander Tomonosuke TAKASHIMA) and two battalions of the detached 3rd brigade (led by Lieutenant Colonel Yoshiaki TANABE) to Kagoshima with Sangun Sumiyoshi KAWAMURA, Vice Admiral of the Imperial Navy, as the Supreme Commander.
- この搬出は当時の日本陸軍が主力装備としていたスナイドル銃の弾薬製造設備の大阪への搬出が主な目的であり、山県有朋と大山巌という陸軍内の長閥と薩閥の代表者が協力して行われた事が記録されている。
- The main object of the carrying out was to transfer the production equipment of ammunition for Snider rifles, which were the main weapon of the Japanese Army in those days, to Osaka; according to a record, it was led by Aritomo YAMAGATA and Iwao OYAMA, the leaders of the Choshu faction and the Satsuma faction in the Army, in cooperation with each other.
- これは当時、藩主島津忠恒が進めていた藩政改革がうまく行かず、家臣団の統制すらままならなかったからであるが、島津の不参加は一時「島津謀反」の噂を引き起こし、小倉藩の監視を受ける羽目となった。
- That was because Tadatsune SHIMAZU, the lord of the domain, unable to successfully carry out the reformation of domain duties, could not control his vassals as he wished, and as a result, their nonparticipation caused a temporal rumor of 'Shimazu Rebellion' leading to a position carefully supervised by Kokura Domain.
- しかし西園寺は日露戦争を要因とした財政難や国際関係の問題などを理由に拒否した為、上原は軍部大臣現役武官制を利用して西園寺内閣を内閣総辞職へ追い込み、陸軍主導の内閣を成立させようと画策した。
- However, SAIONJI's refusal on grounds of fiscal problems stemming from the Russo-Japanese War and of issues of international relations led to UEHARA driving the Saionji administration to mass resignation by taking advantage of the law requiring that the military-related ministers to be named from among active-duty military officers in order to form an army-led administration.
- 秋田蘭画(あきたらんが)とは、江戸時代における絵画のジャンルのひとつで、久保田藩(秋田藩)主や藩士を担い手とした、西洋画の手法を取り入れた構図と純日本的な画材を使用した和洋折衷絵画である。
- Akita Ranga is a genre of Japanese painting in a semi-Western style from the Edo period that was adopted by the lord and statesmen of the Kubota clan (the Akita clan); paintings in this style were composed using techniques of Western paintings with traditional Japanese drawing materials.
- 「運上は領主が負担者に命じて納めさせるものであるが、冥加は負担者が領主による冥加である国恩に対する自主的な奉納の体裁を採っていた(もっともそれが本当に自主的であるかどうかは別問題である)」
- 'While Unjo was paid by tax payers according to the order of lords, Myoga was paid voluntarily in the form of an offering for kokuon, Myoga given by the lords (however, it is another matter whether it was really paid voluntarily).'
- 平穏な時代の訪れとともに武断的な家臣よりは文治的な家臣が重用されるようになったことに加え、安土桃山時代になされた兵農分離に加え江戸時代に俸禄制が主流になったことで武士の吏僚化が益々進んだ。
- As it became a peaceful period, samurai became increasingly bureaucratic, not only due to vassals being given important positions when they excelled in governance instead of in military affairs, but because of the heinobunri policy implemented in the Azuchi-Momoyama period and the adoption of the horoku system in the Edo period as well.
- 武士論研究には「在地領主論」と「職能論」という2つの流れがあることは述べたが、職能、特にその技能(弓馬)に着目すれば、律令制下の軍制から中世武士までの連続性がかなり明らかになってきている。
- While the study of samurai had two schools of theory, the 'local lord' and 'function,' it was apparent from the continuous characteristics seen from the military system under the Ritsuryo system to medieval bushi by examining the function and especially techniques (cavalry and archery).
- これは本来伊達氏特有の現象ではなく、この地域の戦国大名家の洞は周辺部にある国人領主たちによる小規模な洞をいくつも包括していく中で自己の洞という形で大名領国を形成していったと考えられている。
- This was not particular to the Date clan, since Utsuro of the Sengoku daimyo families in this region are considered to have developed into daimyo ryokoku (territories ruled by daimyo) by integrating many small-sized Utsuro of Kokujin ryoshu in neighboring regions.
- 直務代官の著名な例としては寛正2年(1461年)に美作国新見荘の請負代官であった細川氏家臣安富智安を現地農民が排除して、領主である東寺に直務代官の派遣を要請して実現させた例が知られている。
- As for a well-known example of jikimu daikan, in 1461, farmers of the shoen, Niimi no sho in Mimasaka Province, dismissed the ukeoi daikan Chian YASUTOMI, a vassal of Hosokawa clan, and asked To-ji Temple, which was the feudal lord, to send jikimu daikan; and the request was realized.
- 正徳5年(1715年)には藩主綱條により書名が裁定され、水館の主張する『皇朝新史』と江館の『大日本史』の間で論争があり後者に決定し、同年の光圀忌日には清書本(正徳本)が光圀廟に供えられた。
- Tsunaeda, the family head, chose 'Dai Nihonshi' by staff in Edo over 'Kochoshinshi' by those in Mito as the title in 1715 and offered the book in front of the grave of Mitsukuni on the anniversary of Mitsukuni's death during the year.
- 逆賊となった長州藩に長州征討が発令され、総大将に徳川慶勝(尾張藩主)、参謀に西郷隆盛(薩摩藩士)が任命されるが、幕臣・勝海舟との会談で長州藩への実力行使の不利を悟った西郷は、開戦回避を模索。
- An order to conquer the rebellious Choshu forces was issued, and Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA (the lord of Owari) was appointed as commander-in-chief, and Takamori SAIGO (a feudal retainer of Satsuma), as military staff, but Saigo tried to avoid the military conflict, understanding the disadvantages of the conflict after discussions with Kaishu KATSU, who served for the bakufu.
- 廃藩置県は平安時代後期以来続いてきた特定の領主がその領地・所領を支配するという土地支配のあり方を根本的に否定・変革するものであり、「明治維新における最大の改革」であったと言えるものであった。
- Haihan-chiken fundamentally denied/changed the traditional way of ruling land, under which a specific lord ruled his territory, that had existed since the late Heian period, and was said to be 'the biggest reform implemented in the Meiji Restoration'.
- だが、応仁の乱以後には将軍の臨席は減少し、11代将軍足利義澄の頃には将軍主宰とされながら実際には将軍が臨席する事は無く、側近である内談衆が決定事項を将軍に取り次いで裁可を得る仕組みとなった。
- After the Onin War, the shogun's presence at gozen-sata became less, and in the tenure of the eleventh shogun Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA, the shogun namely chaired, but did not attend gozen-sata, which resulted in a procedure whereby naidan shu (judges), shogun's entourages, brought the decisions to the shogun for the approval.
- 国人領主制(こくじんりょうしゅせい)とは、中世後期の日本(南北朝時代 (日本)・室町時代・戦国時代 (日本))の体制を、直接農民層を支配していた国人領主の動向から把握すべきであるとする考え。
- Kokujin-ryoshu sei was a thesis concerning the structure of Japan during the late medieval period (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Muromachi period, and the Sengoku period - period of warring states) -- accordingly, the structure should be comprehended through research of movement of kokujin-ryoshu (local samurai lords) who directly ruled the farmers.
- 児童教育については、『蒙求』・『千字文』・『李嶠百廿詠』が主に用いられ、後に藤原公任が『和漢朗詠集』、藤原宗忠が『作文大体』、三善為康が『続千字文』・『童蒙頌韻』を著すとこれらも用いられた。
- For children's education, 'Mogyu,' 'Senjimon' and 'Rikyo Hyakunijuei' were primarily used, with 'Wakan Roeishu' written by FUJIWARA no Kinto, 'Sakumon Daitai' written by FUJIWARA no Munetada, 'Zoku Senjimon' and 'Domoshoin' written by MIOSHI no Tameyasu later added to the list of textbooks.
- 火薬・弾丸・雷管さえあれば使用できる前装式銃と異なり、後装式のスナイドル銃の弾薬(実包)は真鍮を主材料として水圧プレスで成型される基部を持った薬莢が不可欠で、これが無ければ銃として機能しない。
- Unlike the muzzleloader, which only needs gunpowder, bullet, and percussion cap, the breech-loading Snider rifle does not work without the ammunition (ball cartridge) in a cartridge case, the base of which was mainly made of brass molded by hydraulic press.
- 幕府側にはそれを拒否する力は無く、安政の大獄で失脚した徳川慶喜を将軍後見職、松平春嶽を政事総裁職、松平容保(会津藩主)を京都守護職とするなどの人事を含む改革を余儀なくされた(文久の改革参照)。
- The bakufu side was not yet strong enough to resist that messenger, and had to accept the reformation, including personnel affairs such as appointing Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who lost his standing during the Ansei purge, as a guardian of the shogun, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA as Seiji sosai shoku (roughly, director-general of political affairs), and Katamori MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Aizu clan) as Kyoto shugoshiki (post of provincial constable) (See Bunkyu Reform).
- その「私営田経営者」の時代に平将門の祖父・平高望らが関東に下向したのは板東群盗を押さえる為といわれるが、彼ら中央から下った軍事貴族は、国司と私営田領主の紛争解決の担い手としても位置づけられた。
- It is said that TAIRA no Takamochi, who was the grandfather of TAIRA no Masakado, and others went to Kanto region to capture gangs of robbers in Bando during the period of 'Shieiden Managers,' but military aristocrats like them that came from capital had the main duty to settle the conflict between the governor and the lord of Shieiden.
- その昔、馬子が離れた町の問屋などの依頼によって輸送をする荷物を依頼主のもとまで取りに行く際に、途中において他者の荷物の輸送を引き受けて駄賃を受けることによって小銭を稼ぐことがしばしば行われた。
- In the past, when a mago (packhorse driver) went to pick up packages to transport at the request of a warehouse merchant in a distant town, they would often accept another package from someone else to transport on the way, gaining dachin and earning small money.
- 12世紀の中葉に起こった相模国の大庭御厨の濫妨と、下総国の相馬御厨の事件は、当時における在庁官人=在地領主の変貌と、国司・目代との対立の激しさ、在地領主層の地位の脆弱さと限界を如実に示してる。
- An incident that occurred during the mid-twelfth century involving a disturbance at the Obamikuriya estate of Sagami Province and Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch) of Shimousa Province realistically depicted the transfiguration of the Zaichokanjin being the local lord at that time, harsh conflicts between governors and mokudai (deputy provincial governor), and the fragility of the lord of the manor class.
- 実家の佐竹氏に戻った義広は名を「蘆名盛重」と改めて、常陸江戸崎城主となる(江戸崎藩)が、関ヶ原の戦いの際には、旗幟を鮮明にしなかった実兄・佐竹義宣 (右京大夫)と行動を共にしたために改易した。
- Yoshihiro returned to his parents' family, renamed himself Morishige ASHINA and became the lord of Edosaki-jo Castle (in the Edosaki Domain), but he was deprived of his territory because he acted in concert with his elder brother, Yoshinobu SATAKE (also known as Ukyo Daibu), without taking a clear stand during the Battle of Sekigahara.
- 府連側は,会館建設にあたり京都府・市をはじめとする行政当局からの補助金を受けるため、社団法人であった研究所を便宜的に前面に出したにすぎず、部落問題の総合センターとして会館が建設されたと主張した。
- The Kyoto Federation insisted, for the Hall construction, the Institute was just conveniently put on the forefront as an aggregate corporation to receive a subsidy from the government such as Kyoto Prefecture or Kyoto City since the Hall was built as a comprehensive center for Buraku problems.
- その何十年かの間に、畿内の領主の一般像が、武装せぬ存在から、武士と武具を常備し、屋敷の守りも固める鎌倉時代の御家人・地頭にも似た、あるいはその御家人の姿に変貌していったことを如実に物語っている。
- It truly depicted a common image of lords of the Kinai region transforming from the unarmed existence to the those armed with samurai and military tools within a span of several decades, and became a servant that was similar to gokenin and jito (land steward appointed by the central military government to each of the manors into which the countryside was divided) that protected residences during Kamakura period.
- 『平家物語』で、武蔵の国の住人(開発領主)河原太郎・次郎の兄弟に「大名は自ら手を下さなくても、家来の手柄を名誉とすることができるが、われらのようなものは自分で手を下さなくてはどうしようもない。」
- According to 'The Tale of Heike,' Taro KAWARA and Jiro brothers, who were the junin (kaihatsu-ryoshu) of Musashi Province, and were told, 'a daimyo could gain the honor of deeds made by servants even if a daimyo does not directly become involved, but someone like us must get involved ourselves firsthand.'
- また、ヤマト王権をめぐって主として愛好家により日本神話や記紀編年の自由な解釈に基づく「謎解き」に類する説が多く主張されているが、そのほぼ全ては史料批判を満たしていないものであり学問的価値に乏しい。
- Also, many theories of the 'mystery-solving' type, based on loose interpretations of Japanese mythology and the chronologies in the 'Kojiki' (Record of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihonshoki', have been asserted by Yamato Kingdom enthusiasts, but these nearly always fail to satisfy historical scrutiny and are of limited academic value.
- しかし、これを機に主導権を握ろうとする薩摩藩と幕府・一橋慶喜の思惑の違いが絡んで横浜鎖港をめぐって対立、1864年(元治元年)2月に山内が帰国、3月には残る全員が辞表を提出してあっけなく瓦解した。
- However, conflict arose over the agenda of Yokohama-ko Port against the background of different purposes between Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI who aimed to protect the Shogunate and the Satsuma clan who aimed to take advantage of the Council to gain leadership, therefore, in February 1864 (according to the old lunar calendar) Yamauchi went back to his domain, and in the following March other members also resigned, consequently the Sanyo-kaigi was broken up.
- 雷撃隊(指揮長辺見十郎太)・振武隊(指揮長中島健彦)・破竹隊(指揮長河野主一郎)・行進隊(指揮長相良長良)・鵬翼隊(指揮長新納精一)・熊本隊(大隊長池辺吉十郎)・協同隊(中隊長有馬源内)・加治木隊
- The Raigeki-tai troop (Commander: Jorota HENMI), the Shinbu-tai troop (Commander: Takehiko NAKAJIMA), the Hachiku-tai troop (Commander: Shuichiro KONO), the Koshin-tai troop (Commander: Nagayoshi SAGARA), the Hoyoku-tai troop (Commander: Seiichi NIINO), the Kumamoto-tai troop (Commander: Kichijoro IKEBE), the combined troop (Company Commander: Gennai ARIMA), the Kajiki-tai troop
- 同類身分として「下人」があり、「下人・所従」と総称されることが多いが、下人は「百姓下人」などと上層農民に付属する隷属民を指すのに対し、所従は「地頭所従」などと主に武家の隷属民を指すことが多かった。
- There existed 'Genin' (underlings) as a close parallel to Shoju and two of them were often used in pair as 'Genin - Shoju'; generally, Genin meant the slaves of upper class farmers and were called 'Hyakusho Genin' (Genin of farmers), while Shoju meant the slaves of a military family and was called 'Jito Genin' (Genin of jito - manager and lord of manor.)
- 神仏分離令の主旨は仏教の排斥ではなく、江戸時代までの神仏習合による仏教と神道の混交から両者を分離することであったが、当時の復古的機運は仏教でさえも外来の宗教として激しく排斥する廃仏毀釈へと向かった。
- The gist of this Edict was not to reject Buddhism but to separate Shinto and Buddhism from the syncretism that existed until the Edo period, but this reactionary movement was strongly rejected by the anti-Buddhist movement, who regarded Buddhism as the imported religion.
- 明治維新は欧米列強に抑圧されたアジア諸国にとって近代化革命の模範ともなったが、やがて日本自身が列強側の国家として、帝国主義的な領土・権益獲得の立場となったことから、かえって反発を呼ぶことにもなった。
- The Meiji Restoration in Japan was a model for the modern revolution of the various Asian countries which were suppressed by powerful western countries, but Japan also received resistance from them because Japan itself became a powerful imperialistic country trying to obtain lands and interests.
- この条文は、もともとの由利の意図では庶民の社会生活の充足をうたったものであったが、福岡が政治の意味を込めて「官武一途」の語を挿入したため、条文の主旨が不明瞭になったことが指摘されている(稲田正次)。
- This provision declared fulfilling social life of the common people originally based on the intention of Yuri, however, because Fukuoka added 'No less than the civil and military officials' meaning politics, it is pointed out that the point of the provision became unclear (Masatsugu INADA).
- しかし、全ての雑役免田・半輸地が消えたわけではなく、薩摩国・大隅国・日向国にまたがる摂関家最大の荘園である島津荘の寄郡(よせごおり)と呼ばれる部分は、鎌倉時代になっても国衙と荘園領主に両属していた。
- However, it was not that Zoeki Menden and Hanyuchi disappeared completely, but the part of Yosegori of the Shimazu Sho, which was the largest Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) Shoen covering Satsuma, Okuma and Hyuga Provinces was still under the governance of the Kokuga and Shoen landlord even in the Kamakura Period.
- 関東を意識しての話しとなるが、記録に残る開発領主となった武士らが、戦闘集団である「武士団」を組織したとき、それはかき集めた農民兵ではなく、また「傭兵」でもなく、領主間で私的に結ばれた戦闘集団である。
- When the bushi became kaihatsu-ryoshu and formed the 'bushidan' military group in the Kanto region, they were not peasant soldiers, 'mercenaries,' but a privately contracted fighting group of manor lords.
- 明治39年(1906年)に、10代藩主徳川慶篤の孫にあたる徳川圀順が完成させるまで、実に250年の歳月を要した(ただし、本紀・列伝は光圀存命中にはほぼ完成しており、幕末以後、何度か刊行されている)。
- TOKUGAWA Kuniyuki, the grandson of the tenth family head, TOKUGAWA Yoshiatsu, completed it in 1906 and its completion took 250 years (Honki and retsuden were almost completed while Mitsukuni was alive and they published it several times since the end of the Edo period.).
- 日本の右軍の主力毛利秀元(兵約25000)、加藤清正(兵約10000)、黒田長政(兵約5000)及び軍監太田一吉、竹中重利の五将は兵40000余人を率い8月29日全州を発して北進し9月初旬公州に至る。
- The five main groups of the right army of Japan, consisting of Hidemoto MORI (about 25,000 soldiers), Kiyomasa KATO (about 10,000 soldiers), Nagamasa KURODA (about 5,000 soldiers), Assistant Deputy General Kazuyoshi OTA and Shigetoshi TAKENAKA led about 40,000 soldiers and left Jeonju on October 10; they headed north, reaching Gongju in the middle of October.
- 9年後に建物は再建されたものの、これを機に二条家は当主の急死が相次ぎ(明応6年(1497年)には2歳の二条尹房が当主となるが大寧寺の変で殺害されている)、政治的にも経済的にも没落の一途を辿っていった。
- Although the residence was rebuilt 9 years later, the Nijo family experienced hardship due to the successive deaths of family heads (Tadafusa NIJO, who became a family head at the age of 2 in 1497, was killed during the Revolt of Taineiji), and followed the course of ruin both politically and economically.
- 万延二朱判(まんえんにしゅばん)は万延元年(1860年)4月10日より発行された二分金万延二分判と同品位で1/4の量目につくられており万延二分判と伴に事実上本位貨幣的地位の主導権を握っていたといえる。
- Manen nishuban had the same karat as nibukin Manen nibuban issued on May 30, 1860 and the ryome was 1/4 and was positioned as standard coin taking initiative with Manen nibuban in effect.
- 一方、資本主義の急速な発展と成長は日本の一般市民に政治的・市民的自由を自覚させ、様々な課題を掲げた自主集団が設立され自由と権利の獲得、抑圧からの解放に対して声高に叫ばれる時代背景ができ上がっていった。
- Simultaneously, Japan's rapid development of capitalism and economic growth raised political and civic awareness in the general public and resulted in the formation of various voluntary groups to address a variety of issues and cultivation of a social climate that encouraged action to win freedom and human rights and to liberate people from suppression.
- しかしながら、徳川政権により上田から海津城(松代)に移された真田氏は藩主は勿論、家臣団にとっても武田配下だった「御先祖様」活躍の地であるためもあって幕末まで戦跡は保護されたり語り継がれることとなった。
- However, the Sanada clan was transferred from Ueda to Kaizu-jo Castle (located in Matsushiro) by the Tokugawa administration, and because the area was the place where the ancestors of the lord of the domain and of the retainers had had a lively showing, therefore the battle sites were protected and tales about the sites were handed down for generations until the end of the Edo period.
- 算得業生成立後は、7年学習して奉試に及第すると合格者は算博士や主計寮・主税寮・大宰府・造宮省(後には修理職・木工寮)に設置されていた算師に任じられる他、地方の下級国司となって租税会計事務などを扱った。
- After the establishment of San tokugosho, those who learned for seven years and passed Hoshi were appointed as San hakase or Sanshi (a court official in charge of calculation) and placed in the Shukeiryo (account office), Shuzeiryo (bureau of taxation), Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), Zogusho (ministry of making and mending palaces) (later Shurishiki (The Palace Repairs Office) and Mokuryo (Bureau of Carpentry), and were also made lower provincial governors who handled land tax accountancy and other such matters.
- 直武の絵画における弟子としては、蘭癖大名として知られる熊本藩主細川重賢とも交流のあった藩主佐竹曙山、北家当主(角館城代)佐竹義躬、藩士田代忠国・荻津勝孝・菅原寅吉、久保田藩御用絵師菅原虎三などがいる。
- Shozan SATAKE, a feudal lord known for his association with the lord of the Kumamoto clan Shigekata HOSOKAWA who was known for his hot temper, Yoshimi SATAKE, the family head of the Northern House of the Satake clan (the Keeper of Kakunodate-jo Castle), as well as statesmen including Tadakuni TASHIRO, Katsutaka OGITSU, Torakichi SUGAWARA and Torazo SUGAWARA, a painter of the Kubota clan, were all among Naotake's painting disciples.
- 安田元久などの旧来の学説では、源義家の後三年の役の頃から、「武士の棟梁」たる清和源氏と、在地武士団との主従関係が生まれ始めたとするが、『奥州後三年記』に見える義家の郎党の主力は京武者コネクションである。
- According to the former academic theories by Motohisa YASUDA, the master and servant relationship between the local bushidan and toryo of bushi of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) began from the time of the Gosannen War (the Later Three Years' War) of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, but the power of Yoshiie to be master over his retainers seen in 'Oshu-gosannen-ki' (A Chronicle of Later Three Year's War in Oshu) was connected with samurai in Kyoto.
- 封建制に代わる、中国史上の経済制度を特徴づける概念や歴史像はいまだ構築されていないが、最近では階級構造を描き出そうとする従来の方法に代わって、地域社会の中における地主の役割に注目した研究がなされている。
- Concepts and views of history which characterize the economic system in Chinese history have yet to be constructed, but recently, more studies are focusing on the role of landlords in a local community, instead of describing the class structure by conventional methods.
- 高槻城の城主であった高山右近に、キリシタン大名であることを利用し宣教師のグネッキ・ソルディ・オルガンティノを使者として「即時帰順しなけば、宣教師も領内の信者も残らず磔に処す。教会も焼き払う」として脅した。
- Taking advantage of the fact that Ukon TAKAYAMA, who was the castellan of the Takatsuki-jo Castle and was a Christian daimyo (Christian feudal lord), Nobunaga ODA sent Gnecchi-Soldo Organtino, who was a missionary, as an emissary and threatened Ukon TAKAYAMA that unless he would surrender immediately, all missionaries and believers in the territory would be crucified and churches would be burnt.
- しかし、実際には領主の財政状況や所領や個々の土地の条件などによってまちまちであり、かつ分・厘・毛単位まで定められている場合が多かった(特に上方では厘毛単位まで免を定めたために、免を「厘取り」とも称した)。
- Although it actually varied depending on the financial condition of a feudal lord, the feudal estate or each land condition, and the rate was often defined in tenths, hundredths or thousandths, and in the Kyoto-Osaka area, Men was called 'Rin tori' (literally, collecting in units of Rin) because the rate was fixed to Rin.
- 私領といってもその地の課税が免除される訳ではないが、国衙は旧来の郡とは別の、新しい徴税単位として、特別な命令書により税を軽減し、開発領主の私領領有を認め、同時に開発領主がその地の納税義務を負うことになる。
- Even though it is called a private estate, it did not mean that one was exempt from tax, but Kokuga were treated differently from former districts as a separate tax unit, lowered tax under a special order, permitted cultivating land owners to have their own private estates, and the kaihatsu-ryoshu gained the responsibility to collect other taxes simultaneously.
- まず開発領主の領地領有とは、郡司、郷司という「職の体系(しき)」において国司・国衙から保証されたものであるが、しかしそうである限り国司側はその任を解く権限を持っおり、それは相馬郡において現実に行使された。
- First, the territorial possession of kaihatsu-ryoshu was guaranteed by governor and kokuga as a 'job structure' called as gunji (district managers) and goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system), but the governor side had the power to dismiss them from the position as in the case of Soma County.
- 日本の領主の封建制は「税の徴収権」に過ぎず(参照→職の体系)、つまり西欧に見られるような領地の私有と領民への農奴としての隷属的支配権は存在しなかったので、本当の意味の封建制は存在しなかったとする説もある。
- There is a view that the Hoken system in its true sense did not exist in Japan, because the Hoken system of feudal lords was just 'the right to collect taxes' (see Shiki system), and there was no private ownership of land and rights of control over the people as serfs in the domain, which were commonly seen in the West.
- 江戸幕府による大政奉還を受け、王政復古 (日本)によって発足した明治新政府の方針は、天皇親政(旧来の幕府・摂関などの廃止)を基本とし、諸外国(主に欧米列強国を指す)に追いつくための改革を模索することであった。
- The aim of the Meiji government, which was created by the restoration of Imperial rule after Taisei-hokan (transfer of power back to the emperor) from the Edo Shogunate, was to establish the basis of direct Imperial rule by the emperor by the abolition of the Shogunate and the positions of Regent and Chief advisor to the emperor, and to investigate ways to reform and catch up with foreign countries (mainly, powerful countries in Western Europe and North America).
- 彼らは確かに、佃、手作(てづくり)、門田(かどた)などという直接耕作農地も持ってはいたが、大きな特徴は基本的には農業経営から離れ、農民から「加地子(かぢし)」を取る本格的な「領主」へと転化し始めることである。
- While they definitely directly held cultivation land such as tsukuda (directly-managed rice fields by a lord or an officer of shoen), tezukuri (handmade), or kadota, their biggest characteristic was leaving the farm management to a genuine 'manor lord' that collected 'kajishi' (land rent) from peasants.
- この学説では、憲法の「改正権」という概念は、「制憲権」(憲法を制定する権利)なしには産み出されないものであり、改正によって、産みの親である制憲権の所在(すなわち主権者)を変更することは、法的に許されないとする。
- This theory insisted that 'the right to amend' the constitution could be conducted only by people who had 'the constituent power' (the right to establish the constitution), and changing the location of the right to amend the constitution (that is the sovereign) by amending was prohibited by law.
- 近代になり西洋近代歴史学が導入されるとマルクス主義史観に代表される発展段階史観の概念に基づいた過去の日本の歴史の分析が行われるようになり、歴史的百姓身分を封建制段階における農奴身分と規定することが通説となった。
- In the modern times when western modern history was introduced, analysis of Japanese history based on the idea of the evolution phase concept of history, exemplified by Marxist history, was carried out, and it became a common theory that the historical hyakusho rank was defined as a serfdom in the feudalism phase.
- また、野口実編『千葉氏の研究』に収録されている論文「古代末期の東国における開発領主の位置」において、黒田紘一郎は、源義朝はその段階では棟梁などではなく、同じレベルで領地を奪おうとした形跡があると論じられている。
- In the article 'Kodaimakki no togoku ni okeru kaihatsuryoshu no ichi' (the Position of kaihatsu-ryoshu [local notables who actually developed the land] in Togoku [the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region] in the late ancient times) included in 'Chibashi no kenkyu' (the Study of the Chiba clan) edited by Minoru NOGUCHI, Koichiro KURODA discusses that MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo was not toryo (head of the clan) at that stage, and that there is evidence that he attempted to capture the territory as a person of the same level.
- すでに天養2年(1145年)3月、義朝による寄進があったが、常胤は「親父常重契状」の通り、領主・荒木田神主正富(伊勢内宮神官)に供祭料を納め、加地子・下司職を常胤の子孫に相伝されることの新券を伊勢神宮へ奉じた。
- Although the donation was already made by Yoshitomo in April 1145, Tsunetane offered money for festivals to the feudal lord Masatomi of the Ise priest family, a Shinto priest of the Ise-naiku (inner shrine), in accordance with 'a deed of father Tsuneshige,' and offered the Ise-jingu Shrine a deed stating that kajishi and the position of a local official to manage a shoen estate would be inherited by his children and descendants.
- 昭和37年6月21日、折からの大学管理制度改革(文部大臣(当時)による国立大学の学長選任権及び監督権を強化する内容が含まれていた)に対して反対するデモが、京都府学生自治会連合(京都府学連)の主宰により行われた。
- On June 21 in 1962, the student union of Kyoto Prefecture organized the demonstration against the reform of university management because it included more authority of the Ministry of Education (at the time) to assign and control the presidents of the national universities.
- しかし、地方に本拠を置く軍事貴族も、中央の有力貴族に名簿 (名札)(みょうぶ)を差し出し、私的な主従関係を結んで、多くの場合は直接京に出向いて奉仕し(それが「侍」であるが)、その推挙により武官の官職を得ている。
- However, military aristocrats with a main base in districts submitted the Myobu (identification) to central powerful aristocrats, held the private master and servant relationship, and many went directly to Kyoto to serve (that was 'samurai'), and obtained the court position of military officer by their recommendations.
- 由利の出身藩である越前藩のために横井小楠が著した「国是三論」において「一国上の経綸」という章があり、そこでは主に財政経済について論じられていることから、その影響を受けた由利は経綸の語を専ら経済の意味で用いていた。
- In Kokuze Sanron (the Three Major Discussion of State Policy) written by Shonan YOKOI for Echizen Domain where Yuri came from, there is a chapter '一国上の経綸 (the administration of affairs of state) ' in which finance and economy were mainly discussed, because Yuri who was affected by that, always used the word '経綸' as economy.
- 監軍貴島清を伴って出発した中島健彦は途中で別府晋介・桂久武らと会して5月1日に軍議を開き、別府晋介が横川に主張本営を置いて鹿児島方面を指揮し、前線部隊の中島らはさらに進んで山田郷から鹿児島に突入することとなった。
- Having departed together with the Army's Supervisor Kiyoshi KIJIMA, Takehiko NAKAJIMA met Shinsuke BEPPU and Hisatake KATSURA en route to Kagoshima and held a military meeting with them on May 1 and decided that Shinsuke BEPPU should establish a temporary headquarters in Yokokawa and give commands for the Kagoshima area, and that NAKAJIMA and others in the front-line troop should advance further and raid Kagoshima from Yamada-go.
- 同学会は天皇来学に際し、(当時の左翼勢力の主流がしていたように)天皇制反対を声高に訴えるのでなく「歓迎もしなければ拒否もしない」「(天皇を)一個人として迎える」という態度を取り、学生と天皇との会見を要求していた。
- For the Emperor's visit, Dogakukai took a position of 'We will neither welcome nor reject his visit' and 'We will receive (the Emperor) as an individual,' rather than vociferously appealing the abolition of the Imperial system (unlike other left-wing organizations which did so), and requested to meet the Emperor.
- 「武士団」の時代は、主にその院政時代以降であり、その意味では「イエ」による結合、継承は徐々に強まってはいたが、しかし後の世の「嫡流」、「本家」というような「父系家族制度」の概念に捕らわれ過ぎるとこの時代を見誤る。
- The period of 'bushidan' was mainly after that insei period, and the union by 'house' and inheritance became stronger gradually but will be misinterpreted if one is looking too much at 'a direct descendant' and 'honke' (the owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of Shoen) and 'paternal family system' notion of later generation.
- こうして、アジアでは初の本格的な立憲君主制・議会制民主主義国家が完成した(正確にはオスマン帝国のタンジマート改革における1876年ミドハト憲法公布がアジア初の立憲制ではあるが、同国は直後に君主専制に回帰している)。
- Thus, a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy was completed for the first time in Asia (precisely speaking, the Midhat Constitution in 1876 of Tanzimat Reform in the Ottoman Empire was the first Asian constitutional monarchy, but the country returned to a monarchy in the same year).
- 主に旧薩摩藩・長州藩および一部の公家による専制政治として実行されたため「藩閥政府」と揶揄されることもあるが、中級官僚以上でも旧親藩・旧幕臣などから採用された者も少なくなく、一概に一部雄藩のみが主導したともいえない。
- Since the Meiji Restoration was implemented arbitrarily by the Satsuma clan, the Choshu clan, and some court nobles, it was sometimes derisively called 'a clan dominated government,' but it cannot be said that a couple of powerful clans led this restoration because a considerable number of Tokugawas and former retainers of the Shogun were hired as the middle or upper levels of the bureaucracy.
- フランシスコ・ザビエルの日本来航以来、スペインやポルトガルの宣教師の熱心な布教によって、また戦国大名や江戸時代の藩主にもキリスト教を信奉する者が現れたため、キリスト教徒いわゆる切支丹の数は九州を中心に広く拡大した。
- After Francis Xavier came to Japan, the number of Christians increased in Kyushu and other regions due to missionaries from Spain and Portugal ardently propagating Christianity, as well as a number of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) and feudal lords during the Edo period becoming followers of Christianity.
- 明治30年代当時は、欧化主義の進展によって日本の道徳倫理あるいは武士道精神といったものが退廃にさらされていると考え、それらを陽明学で蘇らせようという風潮が日本にはあったが、これが明治期における陽明学熱の背景である。
- Around the turn of the century, it was considered that Europeanism was advancing to the detriment of Japanese moral ethics and the samurai spirit, which led Japan to recover these moral ethics and spirit through Yomeigaku; this was background to the Japanese people's enthusiasm for studying Yomeigaku during the Meiji period.
- また、農本主義的に思われている家康だが、実際には織田信長、豊臣秀吉と同時代の人間であり、また信長の徹底的な規制緩和による経済振興策をその目で見てきていることからも、成長重視の経済振興派であった可能性が指摘されている。
- Even though Ieyasu was believed to be an agricultural fundamentalist, it is pointed that Ieyasu was, in effect, likely to pursue the growth-oriented economic promotion because he actually lived in the same period as Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and witnessed Nobunaga's economic promotion policy by thorough deregulation.
- 当時、農民層を直接支配していたのは、地頭・荘官などの階層から在地の領主として成長していった国人領主層であり、彼らが守護大名の被官となることでその軍事力を支え、室町幕府や守護大名の動向を規定していったとするものである。
- It asserted that it was the kokujin-ryoshu, who had been raised from the classes of jito (manager and lord of manor) or shokan (an officer governing manor) to the local lord, that directly ruled the farmers class in those days, and that it was the kokujin-ryoshu, who, by becoming low-level bureaucrat of the shugo daimyo (Japanese feudal lords), supported their military power and came to define the movement of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the shugo daimyo.
- だが、江戸時代に入ると、主君である征夷大将軍あるいは大名への土地支配権力の集中や藩中央と家臣の年貢米売却の競合による米価下落に伴う換金収入減少など財政上の都合から、地方知行を止めて蔵米知行に切り替える場合が増加した。
- During the early Edo period, however, more and more lords gave up Jigatachigyo in favor of Kuramaichigyo; this was due to land ruling power being concentrated in the hands of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and the Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'); it was also due to financial reasons, such as a decrease in income as a consequence of rice falling in price caused by competition between domains and vassals in annual rice tax sales.
- 大日本帝国憲法(だいにほんていこくけんぽう、だいにっぽんていこくけんぽう、大日本帝國憲法)は、1889年(明治22年)2月11日に発布、1890年(明治23年)11月29日に施行された、近代立憲主義に基づく日本の憲法。
- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan was the organic law of the Empire of Japan based on the idea of modern constitutionalism, promulgated on February 11, 1889, and came into effect on November 29, 1890.
- 作者として挙げられているのは、世阿弥・観世信光・観世長俊・金春禅竹・金春禅鳳・宮増・近江能・三条西実隆・竹田法印定盛・細川弘源寺・音阿弥・太田垣忠説・金春善徳・内藤藤左衛門・河上神主・「作者不分明能ただし大略金春能か」。
- Zeami, Nobumitsu KANZE, Nagatoshi KANZE, Zenchiku KONPARU, Zenpo KONPARU, Miyamasu, No Omi, Sanetaka SANJONISHI, Sadamori Hoin TAKEDA, Hosokawa Kogenji, Onami, Tadatoki OTAGAKI, Yoshinori KONPARU, Tozaemon NAITO and Kawakami Kannushi are listed as writers, with 'the noh plays the writhers of which are unknown', which might be attributed to the Konparu family.
- 国勢調査以前の日本の人口統計主要都市人口で見ると、日本三大都市の東京には麹町区以下東京15区、大阪には東区 (大阪市)・西区 (大阪市)・南区 (大阪市)・北区 (大阪市)の4区、京都には上京区・下京区の2区が置かれた。
- Regarding the three largest cities, according to the major city population statistics before a census was started, Tokyo had 15 wards including Kojimachi Ward, and Osaka had four wards; Higashi Ward (Osaka City), Nishi Ward (Osaka City), Minami Ward (Osaka City) and Kita Ward (Osaka City), and Kyoto had two wards; Kamigyo Ward and Shimogyo Ward.
- 豊臣方も同じく兵糧に加え弾薬の欠乏や徳川方が仕掛けた心理戦、大砲で櫓・陣屋などに被害を受けて将兵は疲労し、また豊臣家で主導的立場にあった淀殿も本丸への砲撃で身近に被害が及び、態度を軟化させて和議に応じたという(16日)。
- With lack of army provisions and ammunition, psychological warfare that the Tokugawa side conducted, and damages of the towers and camps by cannons, the Toyotomi officers and soldiers had been exhausted, and also Yodo-dono, who was in a leading position in the Toyotomi Family, having seeing damage around her brought by bombardments to Honmaru, Toyotomi side decided to take a softer line, and agreed to have peace negotiations (16th) (the old calendar).
- こうした干渉に対し、首相伊藤博文は列国会議開催による処理を提案したが、外相陸奥宗光は会議によってさらなる干渉を招く恐れを主張し、イギリス、アメリカ合衆国、イタリアなど他の列強の協力で勧告を牽制し、撤回させようと目論んだ。
- In response to the coordinated interventions, then-Japanese prime minister, Hirofumi ITO, made a proposal to the congress to hold a conference with the world powers, but then-foreign minister, Munemitsu MUTSU, claimed it might cause further intervention and proposed instead to invite other world powers, such as the UK, the U.S.A. and Italy, to counter and revoke the recommendation.
- 王政に「復古」するといいながらも伝統的な摂政・関白以下の朝廷の秩序を一新することで上級公家を排除し、徳川が新政府の主体となる芽をつみ、天皇親政の名の下、岩倉ら一部の公家と薩長が主導する新政府を成立・宣言する内容であった。
- Although the decree asserted 'restoration' of Imperial rule, it intended to completely change the traditional organization of the Imperial Court including Sessho (regent) and Kanpaku (chief adviser), expel senior court nobles, nip the possibility of the Tokugawa dominating the new government in the bud, and establish a new government to be lead by some of the court nobles including Iwakura and the major members of Satsuma and Choshu Domains under the name of the direct rule by the Emperor.
- 同乗していたポルトガル人(「牟良叔舎」、「喜利志多佗孟太」)が火縄銃を所持しており、鉄砲の実演を行い種子島島主である種子島恵時・種子島時尭親子がそのうち2挺を購入して研究を重ね、刀鍛冶の八板金兵衛に命じて複製を研究させる。
- Two Portuguese onboard (probably Francisco Zeimot and Antonio da Motta) had matchlock guns and gave a demonstration for Masatoki TANEGASHIMA and his son Tokitaka TANEGASHIMA, who purchased two of them and ordered Kinbei YAITA, a swordsmith, to investigate and replicate them.
- また、塩谷義通については、義綱が家督を継いだのは天正2年(1574年)11月のことであり、義孝の死去から10年のブランクがあるため、正室の子である義綱が元服するまでの間、繋ぎ的に塩谷氏の当主であった可能性も指摘されている。
- As for Yoshimichi SHIONOYA, it is pointed out that, as it was in November 1574 that Yoshitsuna succeeded to the position of family head and there was an unknown period of ten years after the death of Yoshitaka, until Yoshitsuna, a lawful wife's son, went through genpuku, possibly Yoshimichi might have been the family head on a tentative basis.
- いまや徹底した反共主義の持ち主であった朴は在日本朝鮮人連盟(朝連、在日本朝鮮人総聯合会の前身)への参加を避け、1946年10月に在日本大韓民国民団の前身となる在日本朝鮮居留民団を結成し、初代団長を1949年2月まで勤めた。
- Bokuretsu who came out of prison as a committed anticommunist did not join Zai Nihon Chosenjin Renmei (present-day, Chongryon or General Association of Korean Residents in Japan) but formed Zai Nihon Chosen Kyoryumindan (present-day, Mindan or Korean Residents Union in Japan) in October 1946 and presided as the first organization head until February 1949.
- 永原慶二によれば、武士団が成立した12世紀から南北朝時代にかけての在地領主の軍事力は、同族的なイエを単位とするものであり、数十人から200人程度の兵力が単位軍団であり、大地域の軍事的統領はこうしたイエ軍団の連合を組織した。
- Keiji NAGAHARA stated that military power of the bushi lord of a manor from the twelfth century to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) when the formed bushidan had a house of the same clan as its unit and the army unit cohort consisted of several dozen to two hundred military forces, and many militaristic conquest of a vast area structured the union of house army.
- 慶長13年(1608年)(慶長11年との説も有り確定的でない)大坂高麗橋東一丁目両替町に設立された銀座は、主に生野銀山および石見銀山からの灰吹銀および大坂銅吹所における粗銅からの絞銀を集積して京都の銀座に送る役割を果たした。
- The ginza located in Ryogaecho, Koraibashi-higashi 1-chome, Osaka, was established in 1608 (or 1606, according to another report) for the purpose of gathering cupellated silver from Ikuno and Iwami silver mines and silver extracted from silver ore at the Osaka Dobukijo refinery and sending them to the ginza in Kyoto.
- だが、実際の貴族社会の立身に大いに影響を与えたのは、蔭位・大舎人・内舎人などの血統に基づく仕組によるところが大きく、有力貴族の子弟は大学寮への就学が義務付けられていた平安時代のごく初期を除いて家庭における教育が主体であった。
- One's success in the aristocratic society largely depended on systems such as the Oni, the Otoneri, and the Udoneri, which took your bloodline into account, and the children of powerful aristocrats were educated mainly at home, except during a short period in the early Heian period when such children were obliged to study in the Daigaku-ryo.
- 領主(実際には領主の家政機関である政所・公文所)が作成する算用状は、支配状・下行状・納下状などと呼ばれ、個々の荘園の荘園の年貢の収納状況からその年の収支見通しを立てて支配(下行(げぎょう))の方針を支持するために用いられた。
- The sanyojo drawn up by the ryoshu (practically, ryoshu's general administrative body, mandokoro - administrative board, and kumonjo - administrative office) was called shihai jo, gegyo jo, noge jo, and used for estimating revenue and expenditure for the year based on collection of nengu from the shoen and supporting the management (gegyo) policy.
- 四道将軍(しどうしょうぐん)は、『日本書紀』に登場する皇族(王族)の将軍で、大彦命(おおびこのみこと)、武渟川別(たけぬなかわわけのみこと)、吉備津彦命(きびつひこのみこと)、丹波道主命(たんばみちぬしのみこと)の4人を指す。
- The term 'Shido-shogun' refers to four imperial (royal) generals who appeared in the Nihon Shoki (the Chronicle of Japan), namely Obiko no mikoto, Takenunakawa wake no mikoto, Kibitsuhiko no mikoto and tanbamichi nushi no mikoto.
- 当時ドイツ帝国の科学的植民地主義に傾倒していた後藤は生物学の観点から植民地の同化は困難であり、英国政府の植民地政策を採用し、日本内地の外に存在する植民地として内地法を適用せず、独立した特殊な方式により統治するというものである。
- Goto, who was inclined towards scientific imperialism of Germany, claimed that it was difficult to assimilate the natives of colonies from a biological viewpoint and that Japan should follow the British colonial policies; the colony outside Japan should not be subject to Japanese law and should be governed under a special approach independent from Japan.
- 後藤基次・毛利勝永も真田案を元に伊賀国と大津市北西にも兵を送り、敵を足止めすべしと主張して対立したが、結局、大野治長ら豊臣家臣の案である、周辺に砦を築きつつ(警戒・連絡線を確保する為)、堅固な大坂城に籠城する作戦が採用された。
- Mototsugu GOTO/Katsunaga MORI, basing their strategy on Sanada's, also insisted that they should send troops to Iga Province and the north-west region of Otsu City to stop the enemies from advancing; however, after all, the strategy of Harunaga ONO and other Toyotomi retainers was adopted, that they should build strongholds around the castle (in order to secure a guard/communication line), stay in the impregnable Osaka Castle.
- 三好氏の当主三好長慶の死後、後継者の三好義継は幼く、長慶の弟達もまたこの世を去っていたため、義継の後見役としてこの三名が台頭し、三好氏の重臣として同じく権勢を振るっていた松永久秀と共に足利義輝の謀殺(永禄の変)に携わるなどした。
- After Nagayoshi's death, the three men emerged as custodians of the successor Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI who was still a child and all of Nagayoshi's brothers were deceased and collaborated with Hisahide MATSUNAGA, another Miyoshi commander wielding similar power, in the assassination of Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA (Eiroku no hen).
- 民主と自由の思想による民族自決が世界の潮流となり、1918年1月にアメリカ合衆国大統領ウッドロウ・ウィルソンが提唱する民族自決の原則と、ウラジーミル・レーニンの提唱した植民地革命論は世界の植民地に大きな影響を与えるようになった。
- Self-determination based upon democracy and freedom became a mainstream of the world, and the principle of self-determination advocated by Woodrow Wilson and the colonial revolutionism by Vladimir Lenin had a great influence on colonies in the world.
- 突破の隊編成として、前軍に河野主一郎・辺見、中軍に桐野・村田新八、後軍に中島・貴島をおき、池上・別府晋介は約60名を率いて西郷を護衛した(「鎮西戦闘鄙言」では村田・池上が中軍の指揮をとり、西郷と桐野が総指揮をとったとしている)。
- To break through the mountain, the troops were organized as follows: the front troop led by Shuichiro KONO and HENMI, the middle troop led by KIRINO and Shinpachi MURATA, and the rear troop led by NAKAJIMA and KIJIMA, with approx. 60 soldiers led by IKEGAMI and Shinsuke BEPPU for guarding SAIGO (according to 'Chinzeisentoteigen' (the battles in Kyushu in country dialect), MURATA and IKEGAMI led the middle troop and SAIGO and KIRINO took supreme command of the Satsuma army).
- 相馬御厨は在庁官人が在地領主に変貌していく過程で、国司や目代と激しく対立した事、在地領主層が脆弱な地位を守るために寄進を行った事、寄進による保護にも限界があり、鎌倉幕府の成立へとつながって行った事の例示としてよく取り上げられる。
- Soma-mikuriya is often raised as an exemplary case of: bitter struggles with kokushi (provincial governors) and mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor) during the transformation of local officials to local lords; donation by the local lord classes to defend their vulnerable positions; and the limits of the protection by donation, which led to the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 荘園・公領の運営には、運営実務に当たる荘官や、京都の荘園領主(本所)へ年貢などを運送する梶取などの運輸者、本所へ貢納する手工芸品を作る各種職人などの存在が不可欠であり、これら荘官・職人の職務の代償として与えられたのが給田である。
- The management of shoen and koryo required the existence of shokan, who did the daily management, couriers such as Kajitori who transported the nengu to the shoen landholder (Honjo) in Kyoto and various craftsmen who made handicrafts to be given to the Honjo and payment for the services of shokan and craftsmen were Kyuden.
- また、マルクス主義の立場をとる研究者からも、在地の地主に裁判権などの権力が備わっておらず、それらが国家権力の手に集中されており、封建制の重要な内容である領主権力が存在しないため、中国史における封建制概念を否定する見解が出された。
- Even some Marxist scholars denied the concept of the Hoken system in Chinese history based on the fact that local land lords had no powers such as jurisdiction, and those powers were controlled by the state and there was no seniority that was an important aspect of the Hoken system.
- 九州や中国地方の戦国大名から、やがて天下統一事業を推進していた尾張国の織田信長が1575年(天正3年)に武田氏との長篠の戦いをはじめとする戦で、鉄砲を有効活用したとされ、鉄砲が戦争における主力兵器として活用される軍事革命が起こる。
- The use of guns spread from the Kyushu and Chugoku regions to the eastern part of Japan, and Nobunaga ODA of Owari Province, who was promoting the unification of Japan, strategically used guns in battles including the Battle of Nagashino in 1575, opening the new era of military technology in which firearms became the main weapon in battle.
- ロシアの影響力の増大を警戒するドイツ帝国の宰相オットー・フォン・ビスマルクは列強の代表を集めてベルリン会議 (1878年)を主催し、露土戦争の講和条約であるサン・ステファノ条約の破棄とベルリン条約 (1878年)の締結に成功した。
- Alarmed by the increasing influence of Russia, Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of the German Empire hosted the Congress of Berlin (1878) and succeeded in gathering the representatives of the great powers to denounce the Treaty of San Stefano, the peace treaty of the Russo-Turkish Wars and conclude the Treaty of Berlin (1878).
- 当初、第1旅団(野津鎮雄少将)・第2旅団(三好重臣少将)・別働第1旅団(高島鞆之助大佐)・別働第2旅団(山田顕義少将)の外に川路利良少将兼警視庁大警視が率いる警視隊(後に別働第3旅団の主力)などが出動し、順次、他の旅団も出動した。
- Initially, the 1st brigade (Major General Shizuo NOZU), the 2nd brigade (Major General Shigeomi MIYOSHI), the detached 1st brigade (Colonel Tomonosuke TAKASHIMA), the detached 2nd brigade (Major General Akiyoshi YAMADA) as well as the Keishi-tai troop (later became the main force of the detached 3rd brigade) led by Major General and Superintendent-General of the Metropolitan Police Department Toshiyoshi KAWAJI and other troops were mobilized, and the other brigades were also mobilized subsequently.
- 家康の政治目標は徳川氏を頂点とした長期的かつ安定した政権をつくることであったとされ、徳川家の主君筋に当たり幕府のヒエラルキー社会では別格的存在となる豊臣家に対し、服属させるか、それが拒絶された場合には処分する事を考え始めたという。
- Ieyasu's political goal was assumed to establish a long-term and firm government led by the Tokugawa clan, therefore, he was said to have begun to think how he could make the Toyotomi Family, which kept a lord-like position to the Tokugawa Family and an exceptional existence in the hierarchy of the bakufu, obey the Tokugawa clan or punish them if they would not obey him.
- 一定の成功を収めた例としては、パラグアイのカルロス・アントニオ・ロペス大統領による改革、タイ王国のチャクリー改革、トルコのケマル・アタテュルクによるアタテュルク主義、エジプトのエジプト革命、メキシコのベニート・フアレスが挙げられる。
- The examples of successful reforms are as follows: the Reform of Carlos Antonio López in Paraguay; the Reform of Chakri Dynasty in Kingdom of Thailand; the Reform of Kemal Ataturk in Turkey; the Egypt Revolution of 1919; and the Reform of Benito Juárez in Mexico.
- 大正期新興美術運動(たいしょうきしんこうびじゅつうんどう)とは、海外の美術動向(特に未来派とダダ)の強い影響のもと、大正期(1910年代後半から1920年代前半。ただし、主として、1920年代前半)に興った、前衛的な美術運動のこと。
- New art movements in the Taisho period refers to avant-garde art movements under strong influence of overseas art trends (particularly Mirai-ha [Futurism] and Dada) in the Taisho period (from the late 1910s to the early 1920s, but mainly in the early 1920s).
- これに対し浪人衆の真田信繁は、まず畿内を制圧し、近江国の淀川まで軍を進め、ここで関東から進軍してくる徳川軍を迎え撃ち、足止めしている間に諸大名を味方につけ、その見込みが無いときに初めて城に立て籠もって戦う、二段構えの作戦を主張した。
- In contrast, Nobushige SANADA, one of the ronin shu, asserted a two-stage strategy that they should bring down Kinai region under control, then move troops to Yodo River in Omi Province, fight the Tokugawa Army coming from Kanto region and while the Tokugawa army were hung up they should win a number of daimyo over to their side, and if that was impossible, they should stay in the castle and fight them.
- 例えば、明応7年(1498年)、越後国守護上杉房能は、越後国内において守護使不入の主張を認めない事を宣言し、永正年間には駿河国守護今川氏親が幕府の許可を得ずに遠江国守護斯波氏を追って同国を支配して守護使不入地に対しても検地を行った。
- In 1498, for example, Fusayoshi UESUGI, the Governor of Echigo Province, declared that he would not approve to claim shugoshi funyu within Echigo Province, and during the Eisho era (1504-1521) Ujichika IMAGAWA, the Governor of Suruga Province, expelled the Shiba clan, the Governor of Totomi Province, without permission of the bakufu, ruled the province, and conducted a land survey even in the territories specified as shugoshi funyuchi.
- ヨーロッパでのフューダリズム(封建制)が、外民族の移動・侵入などと強く結び付いて形成されたのに比し、日本の封建制はむしろ武士による統治などの国内的要因が主となって形成された(天皇を始めとする貴族は武士の権威を根拠付ける存在である)。
- In Europe, the formation of Feudalism (Hoken system) was closely related to foreigners' migration and invasion, the Hoken system in Japan, on the other hand, was mainly triggered by domestic factors including samurai ruling (nobility, including the Emperor, authorized the power of samurai).
- 村がひとつの工業団地的性格を持ち、銃身等主要部分を作る鍛冶のほかに、銃床を作る「台師」、「からくり」と呼ばれる機関部や各種の金属部品それに銃身や地板(機関部基板)等に施す装飾の象嵌等にそれぞれの専門職人が居り、分業体制がとられていた。
- The entire village operated in a manner similar to an industrial estate, with craftsmen all specializing in a particular facet of firearm production such as those who manufactured important components such as the barrels, others known as 'taishi' who crafted the stocks, and those called 'karakuri' who made the mechanical parts and various metal components as well as the decoration and inlaying that was applied to the barrel and base plate.
- 西南戦争が最終局面に入った9月19日、西郷軍では一部の将士の相談のもと、山野田・河野主一郎が西郷の救命のためであることを西郷・桐野に隠し、挙兵の意を説くためと称して、軍使となって西郷の縁戚でもある参軍川村純義海軍中将のもとに出向いた。
- On September 19 when the Seinan War entered in the final phase, after having consulted some high-level samurai and officers in Saigo's forces, YAMANODA and Shuichiro KONO visited Vice Admiral of the Imperial Navy Sumiyoshi KAWAMURA, a relative of Saigo, as military messengers on the pretext of making an explanation of why they took up arms, concealing the real intention of pleading for SAIGO's life from SAIGO and KIRINO.
- しかし、江戸時代中期に入り港町や宿場町などの発展、換金性の高い綿が栽培され始めるなど農村部に資本主義が流入され、また(これが最も大きいのだろうが)大名への献金が過重になり過ぎて商家の一部がつぶれるなど、城下町の衰退が目立つようになった。
- Since the middle of the Edo period, however, the decline of castle towns had been given stark expression in the development of port towns and post towns, the influx of capitalism into agricultural communities, such as the cultivation of cotton, one of readily redeemable goods, and bankruptcies of the merchants due to the excessive financial contribution to feudal lords (daimyo), (which might be the biggest cause of the decline).
- このとき本多正信や徳川四天王の一人・榊原康政などは寡兵の真田氏を侮ることはせず、上田城を黙殺して西軍との主戦場(関ヶ原)に急ぐべきだと進言するが、土井利勝を始めとする戦場に疎い将が多かったこともあり、秀忠の決断を覆すことは出来なかった。
- At this time, Masanobu HONDA and one of Tokugawa-shitenno (four generals serving Ieyasu TOKUGAWA) Yasumasa SAKAKIBARA, and others proposed that they should not downgrade the outnumbered Sanada clan, but pass Ueda-jo castle in silence and hurry to the major battlefield against the Western Camp (Sekigahara), but because there were many generals who were unfamiliar with battlefields including Toshikatsu DOI, they could not reverse Hidetada's decision.
- また、10月から12月にかけて公武合体派の島津久光(薩摩藩主の父)、松平春嶽(前福井藩主)、伊達宗城(前宇和島藩主)、一橋慶喜、山内容堂(前土佐藩主)が上洛、松平容保とともに朝廷参与会議に任命され、朝廷の下での雄藩の国政参画が実現した。
- During the months from October to December (according to the old lunar calendar) the powerful lords agreeing to the political cooperation between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court, such as Hisamitsu SHIMAZU (the father of the head of the Shimazu clan), Shungaku MATSUDAIRA (the former head of the Fukui clan), Munenari DATE (the former head of the Uwajima clan), Yodo YAMAUCHI (the former head of the Tosa clan), and Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI came to Kyoto one after another, and they were appointed as members of the Sanyo-kaigi with Katamori MATSUDAIRA, then the political cooperation between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court began in the form in which the delegates of the Shogunate speak in the Imperial Court.
- 更に頼之の没後、義満は息子足利義持に将軍職を譲って自らは出家するが、幕府の実権を握り続け、表面上引退しているために自らは召集できない公式な評定に代わって自ら主宰する御前沙汰を開いて幕府の政策決定を行い、将軍義持はこれに従う存在となった。
- After Yoriyuki died, Yoshimitsu abdicated the office of shogun in favor of his son Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA and entered the priesthood, yet he kept controlling the bakufu and made bakufu's policy decisions by chairing and holding gozen-sata instead of formal consultations, which nominally retired shogun Yoshimitsu could not convene -- and the shogun Yoshimochi followed the decisions.
- 続いて永万2年6月18日に明盛から彦章に彦章の主張を認める事を示す契状を提出、仁安 (日本)2年6月14日付で和与状が作成された(『檪木文書』「仁安二年六月十四日付皇太神宮権祢宜荒木田明盛和与状」(『平安遺文』第7巻3425号所収))。
- Then, on July 23, 1166, Akimori submitted to Hikoaki a deed to accept Hikoaki's assertion, and a compromise deed was made on July 9, 1167 ('The Kunugi Documents,' 'Compromise deed of Kotai-jingu Shrine Gonnegi [assistant senior priests] Akimori ARAKIDA dated July 9, 1167,' printed in 'Heian ibun' [Documents of the Heian period], Vol. 7, No. 3425).
- 日本政府内では小村寿太郎、桂太郎、山縣有朋らの対露主戦派と、伊藤博文、井上馨ら戦争回避派との論争が続き、民間においても日露開戦を唱えた戸水寛人ら七博士の意見書(七博士建白事件)や、万朝報紙上での幸徳秋水の非戦論といった議論が発生していた。
- While debates continued within the Japanese government between factions including Jutaro KOMURA, Taro KATSURA, and Aritomo YAMAGATA and an anti-war faction including Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE, these discussions were mirrored in the public sphere by an pro-war petition circulated by seven professors (Seven Professor's Petition) including Hirondo TOMIZU and an anti-war argument and discussion by Shusui KOTUKU which was published in the Yorozuchoho (a daily newspaper).
- 被告人は、京都市公安条例は憲法違反(憲法21条違反)であること、巡査による写真撮影は、被告人の意思に反するものであり、肖像権を侵害し(憲法13条違反)、かつ、令状を得て行われたものではないから、令状主義にも反する(憲法35条)と主張した。
- The defendant claimed that Kyoto City Ordinance was in violation of Article 21 of the Constitution and the police officer's act of photographing the defendant against his will and the violation of the right of portrait (violation of Article 13 of the Constitution) without a warrant issued by a judge are also in violation of Article 35 of the Constitution which provides for the principle of warrant.
- 土地には耕作権を意味する「作職」、年貢徴収請負権の「名主」、荘園領主への年貢納入を請け負う「地頭職」などが重層に存在し、さらに国衙や守護職が令制国単位で影響力を及ぼしていたため、武士の主従関係も一対一の単純なものであるとは限られていなかった。
- There was a multilayered structure of rights claimed for a land including 'saku-shiki' which meant the right of cultivation, 'myoshu' which referred to the right to collect land taxes, and 'jito-shiki' which was responsible for paying out land taxes to the lord of the manor; besides, as the provincial government office and the military governor possessed influence on each province, master-servant relationships among samurai were not necessarily a simple one-to-one relationship.
- 3つの形態に分かれた機構を共通にしようとすれば既に中央政府から派遣された官吏によって統治される形式が採られていた「府」・「県」とは違い、知藩事と藩士によって治められた「藩」の異質性・自主性が「三治一致」の最大の障害となることは明らかであった。
- In unifying three different systems, it was obvious that the different nature of 'han', which were governed by chihanji and hanshi unlike 'fu' and 'ken' that were governed by the government officials, became the biggest obstacle for 'sanchi-icchi'.
- 太平洋戦争勃発後、無尽会社は戦時統合の対象とされ、都道府県別に1社に「強制的に合併させられた」と第二地方銀行協会は記念誌で主張しているが、これは、陸上交通事業調整法のような直接的法律に基づき行なわれた明確な処分ではないので、実態は未詳である。
- After the Pacific War broke out, Mujin companies became the target of wartime integration and a Second Association of Regional Banks asserted in an anniversary magazine that they were 'forced to merge' into one company per prefecture, but this was not a clear disposition performed based on direct law like the Land Transportation Business Coordination Act, therefore, actual conditions are not known.
- 従来から、日本においても「1920年代の美術」というとらえ方(1920年代の主として前衛的な美術動向をすべてまとめるとらえ方)が主張されているが、「大正期新興美術運動」というとらえ方は、この「1920年代の美術」に対する次の批判を内包している。
- Traditionally, a perception of 'art in the 1920s' (a perception to collect every piece of mainly avant-garde art trend in the 1920s) has been asserted in Japan as well, and a perception of 'new art movements in the Taisho period' includes the following criticism to 'art in the 1920s':
- しかし髙橋昌明が「ここでは中心的な問題ではない」というその「ここ」、つまり「武士職能の発生論」ではなくて、「武士」という存在全体、髙橋昌明がいうところの「存在の真の根拠」を理解しようとするときには、在地領主としての存在も無視する訳にはいかない。
- However, the existence of estate owners cannot be ignored in order to understand 'bushi' existence and 'the real origin of existence' mentioned by Masaaki TAKAHASHI, but excluding 'the theory of origin of bushi performance' that he pointed out in 'this' is not a central problem.'
- 薩摩藩の島津久光が不満を述べた以外は目立った反撥はなかった(すでに中央軍制が整い、個別の藩が対抗しにくくなっていたこと、藩財政が危機的状況に陥り、知藩事の手に負えなくなったこと、旧藩主が華族として身分・財産が保証されること、などが理由とされる)。
- There was no remarkable objection except that Hisamitsu SHIMAZU in Satsuma Domain complained about the system (the reasons why there were so few objections are that it was difficult for each domain to oppose the already organized central military system; governors were not able to deal with the serious financial problems in their domains; and former governors of feudal domains were assured their position and properties as nobles).
- 6代将軍足利義教は、管領などに対抗して将軍の権威を高めるために、将軍が主宰・臨席する御前沙汰の権威強化に乗り出し、雑訴のみならず所務も御前沙汰の評定対象として加え、実務を担当する右筆・奉行人の中から御前沙汰衆を選んで御前沙汰への参加資格を与えた。
- To strengthen the power of shogun against the shogunal deputy and others, the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA started out to extend the influence of gozen-sata that was chaired and attended by the shogun -- he included shomu (land management) as well as zasso on the agenda of gozen-sata, and also organized gozen-sata shu (members of gozen-sata) from working-level officials of yuhitsu (amanuenses) and bugyonin (magistrates) and qualified them to attend gozen-sata.
- 米国は国内世論の高まりなどを受けて協議に復帰したが、現在の枠組みに反発し条約改正を視野に交渉に臨む日本・米国・ロシア・オーストラリアなどと、既存の枠組みを進め先進国主導の削減を訴える EU などとの間の対立構造が形成されつつあると指摘されている。
- America has come back to the conference because of the upsurge of domestic public opinion, however, the following issue of conflict between America and other developed countries is pointed out: America, while objecting to the present framework, opposes to Japan, Russia, Australia and so on, which negotiate for the treaty revision, and also opposes to EU, which aims to promote the present framework and to reduce the emissions led by developed countries.
- 家元制度は家学宗家の権威を高める一方で家元である宗家当主は門人を免許の発給を通じて家学を支配していく役目に転化していったため、勿論家元に相応しい技能を有した宗家当主も存在したものの、それに相応しい能力を有しない継承者の隠蔽の役割も果たすことになった。
- While the iemoto system enhanced the authority of the head family of the iemoto, because the role of the family head changed into the one ruling kagaku through issuing a license to the pupils, the family head also assumed the role in hiding the successor who was not competent even though some family heads themselves were not competent to the iemoto.
- 誰が開発領主となったのかと言えば、その領域そのものの法的所有、または国衙による開発の承認が重要なテコとなったため、自ら国衙の在庁官人となったか、あるいは国司と結びついた、留住から土着へと至った軍事貴族や前司の子弟など王臣子孫、そして一部の土豪だろう。
- Since legal ownership or a permit by Kokuga was required to cultivate a domain, they became the Zaichokanjin of Kokuga, or were military aristocrats that shifted from ryuju (the place they stayed) to dwellers, children of former governors, descendants of imperial families and nobles, and a few local clans connected to governors, in order to become the kaihatsu-ryoshu.
- こうした中、儒教では利益の追求は欲望を生み出して人間を堕落の方向に向かわせると考えられ、商工業に携わること自体が本来の人間があるべき姿に反する行為として否定的に捉えられていたが、実際には貨幣経済や産業の発達により商人が経済の主導権を握るようになった。
- In Confucianism, it was thought that profit pursuing would lead to desires that would ultimately cause a human being to deteriorate and that activities of involved in commerce and industry themselves would be contrary to what a human being should be; nevertheless, under the above-mentioned circumstances, merchants took the initiative in an economy based on the development of a monetary economy and industry.
- これらは分轄相続によって、個々には弱小化してしまった小領主たる武士達が、他の勢力に飲み込まれないために、協力してまとまった勢力をつくりあげ、ひとつの武士団として戦に参加し、恩賞を得ようというものであり、「白旗一揆」や「桔梗一揆」はその旗印を名前とした。
- These small feudal bushi lords that weakened individually due to divided inheritance unified together to form a force that would not be pushed down by other forces, joined the battle as one bushidan to gain reward, and names of 'Shirahata Ikki' and 'Kikyo Ikki' came from the emblem on flags.
- まず規定の年貢高から当該年度の除分(免除されたもの)・損亡分(災害による損害)・未進分(未納のもの)を除き、続いて下用・所済・立用などと呼ばれる現地での必要経費を差し引き、更に回収された前年の未納分を足したものが、荘園領主の元に送られる清算納入量となる。
- The adjusted amount of nengu to be sent to the shoen ryoshu was calculated by subtracting the deduction (exemption), loss (damages caused by disaster), and arrearages (unpaid amount) for the year from the settled amount of nengu first, further subtracting the local necessary expenses called geyo (unpolished rice), shosei (nengu paid those other than shoen ryoshu), ruiyo (diversion), and adding the unpaid amount of nengu collected the previous year.
- -「館の者共」(国司の私的従者+在庁官人)と異なり、「国の兵共」は、「譜第図」「胡簗注文」などの台帳に記載され、国司主催の狩りや、一宮での流鏑馬など、必要に応じて招集される程度のものであり、自分自身の直接的利害に関わらなければ命を懸けて戦ったりはしない。
- It differed from '館の者共' (private servant of the governor and Zaichokanjin) in the way that '兵共 (soldiers) of the province' were registered in things such as 'Fudaizu' and 'Yanagui chumon' (list of warriors), participated in hunting hosted by the governor, yabusame (horseback archery) at Ichinomiya (shrine with the highest ranking in the area), summoned with need, and did not fight to death if their interests were not directly involved.
- 小野篁の後裔といわれているが、安田元久は諸系図の精査や世代間の年数の計算、当時の国司の任命状況から見て後世の作為で、実際は在地の開発領主の末裔であろうと推測し、太田亮の『姓氏家系辞典』での所見である武蔵国造の末裔ではないかという見解を消極的に支持している。
- It is generally believed that the party were descendants of ONO no Takamura; however, Motohisa YASUDA carefully examined family trees, and calculated the number of years among generations, and studied appointments of kokushi (provincial governors) at that time, and consequently thought that this was contrived by later generations, and the party were actually descendants of kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land), and passively supported a view that the party may have been descendants of Musashinokuni-no-MIYATSUKO, which is a view found in the 'Seishi Kakei Jiten' (Dictionary of Family Names and Lineages in Japan) by Akira OTA.
- 慶長19年(1614年)(設立時期は諸説あり確定的でない)に長崎市芊(すすき)原、後に大村町、島原町北入込に設立された銀座は、主に銀の海外への不正持ち出しの監視、良質灰吹銀輸出の防止の役割を果たし、京の銀座より銀見役および銀座手代が一年毎に交代派遣された。
- Nagasaki-ginza reportedly established in 1614 (exact date unknown) in Susukihara in Nagasaki City and later in Omuracho, Shimabaracho and Kitairikomi operated chiefly to prevent illegal export of silver and prevent outflow of quality cupellated silver and was staffed by a silver inspector or ginza assistant manager dispatched alternately for one-year assignments.
- その成果のひとつは、戦争中の1904年8月にアムステルダムで開催された第二インターナショナルの第6回大会で、片山潜とロシア代表のゲオルギー・プレハーノフがともに副議長に選出されて会議場で握手を交わし、社会主義者の国境を越えた連帯と協力を確認したことである。
- One of the results was that Sen KATAYAMA and the Russian representative, Georgii PLEKHANOV, were elected as vice-chairmen and shook their hands in the 6th convention of the Second International held in Amsterdam during the war in August, 1904 and then they confirmed socialist's solidarity and cooperation across the border.
- 更に平安時代以来官司請負制のもとで暦博士を世襲してきた賀茂氏はその伝統と実績を背景として御暦奏を同氏の専権として主張するようになり、阿倍氏が陰陽頭であっても関与させないことを朝廷に認めさせるようになった(平経高『平戸記』仁治元年閏10月14日・22日条)。
- Besides that, Kamo clan, who had been taking over the post of rekihakase by succession in the government office contract system since the Heian period, thanks to its tradition and its experience, began to claim that goryakuso was its exclusive right and began to get the emperor to agree not to involve Abe clan in goryakuso even if they were Onmyonokami (according to 'Heikoki' by TAIRA no Tsunetaka on December 5 and 13, 1240).
- この主従関係は騎士道物語などのイメージから誠実で奉仕的な物と考えられがちだが、実際にはお互いの契約を前提とした現実的なもので、また両者の関係が双務的であった事もあり、主君が臣下の保護を怠ったりした場合は短期間で両者の関係が解消されるケースも珍しくなかった。
- This relationship of master and servant is often connected with the image of chivalric tales and seen as faithful and self-sacrificing, but it is in fact, a realistic relationship based on a mutual agreement, and the relationship was reciprocal and sometimes dissolved in shortly when the lord failed to protect his retainer.
- 第二次世界大戦後はマルクス主義的な歴史認識により、武士を支配階級、農民を被支配階級と定義し、農民生活の悲惨さとそれに由来する階級闘争の存在が強調され、商人は財産(資本)を蓄積したブルジョワ階級であり、近代への幕を開く歴史的存在として捉えられるようになった。
- After World War II, Marxian history began to define samurai as the ruling class and the peasants as the ruled class, emphasizing the misery of the peasants' life and the existence of a class struggle derived from this misery, with merchants as the bourgeoisies who accumulated property (capital) which ushered in the modern age.
- 薩長は、土佐藩、佐賀藩をも巻き込み、開国以来の違勅条約に対する反対論と外国人排撃を主張、実行に移そうとする「攘夷」を、国学の進展などにより江戸時代後期から広がっていた国家元首問題としての尊王論とを結びつけ、「尊皇攘夷」を旗頭に「倒幕」の世論を形成していった。
- Satsuma and Choshu domains, together with Tosa and Saga domains, advocated the 'anti-shogunate movement' based on the 'antiforeign imperialism' insisting that the treaties with the Western powers, which were concluded against the imperial order, should not be accepted in the first place and that foreigners should be expelled out of Japan, and placating those who were about to resort to force for the cause of exclusionism, these domains tried to unite exclusionism with the imperialism on the supremacy of the emperor.
- 今般、河野主一郎、山野田一輔の両士を敵陣に遣はし候儀、全く味方の決死を知らしめ、且つ義挙の趣意を以て、大義名分を貫徹し、法庭に於て斃れ候賦(つもり)に候間、一統安堵致し、此城を枕にして決戦可致候に付、今一層奮発し、後世に恥辱を残さざる様、覚悟肝要に可有之候也。
- This time, I sent Shuichiro KONO and Ippo YAMANODA to the enemy base to inform the enemy that we are ready to die, and I also intend to die at 法庭 based on legitimate reason and with justification up to the end; All of you should feel relieved, and it is vital to resolve not to leave disgrace to later generations, through making more strenuous efforts, because we should fight the last fight, considering dying in this castle.
- 西欧のフューダリズムで複数の契約関係や、短期間での契約破棄・変更がみられたのと同様、日本でも実際のところ戦国時代 (日本)まで主従関係は流動的なものであり、「二君にまみえず」という語に示されるような主君への強い忠誠が求められたのは、江戸時代に入ってからである。
- Similar to the Western feudalism, under which multiple contractual relationships and dissolution/alteration of contracts were seen, in Japan, the master-and-servant relationship was fluid and unshaken loyalty as shown in the saying ' A faithful retainer will never serve two masters' was not required until the Edo period.
- 書式は漢文体真書体で、まず「左弁官下(くだす)」という書出(「右弁官下文」であれば、「右弁官下」となる)から始まり、その下に宛所(「○○国」・「○○寺」とのみ記される)が書かれ、続いて次行に「応~事」という形式の事書(文書の主旨)を書いた後に官宣旨本文が記される。
- Text is given in shinsho-tai style of classical Chinese, is opened by an expression 'sakan kudasu' ('ukan kudasu' if it is an edict made by the ubenkan), then is followed by an address (only names of province and temple are noted), then by a header (a summary of the text) in the next line and finally by the text.
- それでも仙台藩家格の呼称には「一家」・「一門」などの洞時代の主従関係の残滓が残され続けて、これに基づいた家中の上下関係が形成された(ちなみに天文の乱終結から仙台藩成立までに新規に「一家」・「一門」以上となった家は片倉小十郎で知られる片倉氏他1家のみと言われている)。
- Nevertheless, however, titles representing family status in the Sendai Domain that had been derived from the relationship of lord and vassal in the era of Utsuro, such as 'ikka' and 'ichimon,' were continuously used and became the basis of the hierarchical relationship in the domain (Allegedly, only the Katakura family, which became famous due to Kojuro KATAKURA, and one other family were conferred the title of 'ikka' and 'ichimon' or higher during the period between the end of the Tenbun War and the establishment of the Sendai Domain).
- 毛利方は安国寺恵瓊を高松城に送り込んで説得を試みたが、宗治は主家である毛利家と城内の兵の命が助かるなら自分の首はいとも安いと述べ、自らと兄である清月と家臣の難波伝兵衛、末近左衛門の4人の首を差し出す代わりに籠城者の命を助けるようにという嘆願書を書き、安国寺恵瓊に託した。
- Mori attempted to convince Muneharu by sending Ekei ANKOKUJI over into Takamatsu-jo Castle, but Muneharu said he was not afraid to lose his life as long as he could save the Mori clan, his master, and the lives of his troops, leaving a petition to Ekei ANKOKUJI, which was to save the lives of the besieged in exchange for the lives of the four people: his brother Seigetsu, his vassals Denbe NANBA and Saemon SUECHIKA, and himself.
- 一方、公家の岩倉具視や薩摩藩の大久保利通ら討幕派は、親徳川派の摂政・二条斉敬や久邇宮朝彦親王(維新後久邇宮)が主催する下で徳川中心の朝廷政府が成立することを阻止するため、満15歳の明治天皇を手中にして二条摂政や朝彦親王を排除し、朝廷を掌握するためのクーデター計画を進めた。
- On the other hand, in order to prevent establishment of an Imperial Government centered on Tokugawa under the sponsorship of Nijo and the Imperial Prince, members of the anti-Shogunate group including Tomomi IWAKURA, a noble, and Toshimichi OKUBO of the Satsuma Domain manipulated the 15-year-old Emperor Meiji, expelled pro-Tokugawa members of the court such as Nariyuki NIJO (the Imperial Regent) and Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko (Kuninomiya after the Meiji Restoration) and planned a coup to seize control of the Imperial Court.
- 翌慶応3年(1867年)薩摩藩の西郷・大久保利通らは政局の主導権を握るため雄藩連合を模索し、島津久光・松平春嶽・伊達宗徳・山内容堂(前土佐藩主)の上京を促して、兵庫開港および長州処分問題について徳川慶喜と協議させたが、慶喜の政治力が上回り、団結を欠いた四侯会議は無力化した。
- In 1867, Takamori SAIGO and Toshimichi OKUBO of Satsuma, who groped for the union of major domains to take the initiative in the political situation, urged Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, Munee DATE and Yodo YAMANOUCH (the former lord of the Tosa domain) to come to Kyoto to discuss the port of Hyogo and the treatment of Choshu with Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, but the four great members, lacking solidarity, were overwhelmed by Yoshinobu's political smartness, and could not make a respectable showing.
- 具体的には王心斎は、『孝経』と四書を重視したが、経書の注釈に拘らない自得の学問を説き、独特な「淮南格物」を主張したこと、古代を理想とする尚古思想をもっていたことがその思想的特徴といえるが、なによりも重要なのは、知識人層以外の階層に陽明学を広めることを己が責務としたことである。
- Specifically, Wang Xinzhai put emphasis on the 'Classic of Filial Piety', or 'Xiao Jing', and The Four Books but, ideologically, was characterized by preaching the teachings that he had learned himself without being obsessive about commentaries on the Classics, advocating his original idea of 'Junnan kakubutsu,' and maintaining a primitivism whereby he made the ancient times his ideal, but above all he made it his duty to propagate Yomeigaku outside of the intellectual classes.
- 三木合戦もそうであったが、毛利氏は援軍の約束しながら、花隈城や尼崎城を通じて兵糧は補給していたが、1年経っても援兵はこず、このままでは城を持ちこたえるのは不可能と判断し、家臣を使者としても効果は無く、城主自ら安芸国に出向き毛利氏と直接交渉しようとしたのではないかと説明している。
- It is explained that the castellan might have judged that, because, same as in the case of Miki-jo Castle, the Mori clan promised to send reinforcement troops and supplied provisions through Hanakuma-jo Castle and Amagasaki-jo Castle, but no reinforcement troops did come even after one year, it was impossible to maintain if the situation remained as it was and, because sending subordinates as emissaries did not bring any result, the castellan decided to visit Aki Province by himself and directly negotiate with the Mori clan.
- ポスト京都議定書の協議が始まるようになると、温室効果ガス排出量削減の必要性は認めながらも「最も二酸化炭素排出量の多い産業である鉄鋼業では、日本のエネルギー効率は高いことから削減余地が少ない(のだから他国に削減させるべきである)」といった主張が、主に利益団体より出されるようになった。
- When a conference of Post Kyoto Protocol was about to begin, the following claims came out mainly from the interest groups relating to the steel industry: necessity of reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases could be understandable, however, in the Japanese steel industry, which emits the largest amount of carbon dioxide, there was no room for the reduction because the industry's energy efficiency had almost reached the technological limit, therefore further burdens of emissions reduction should be borne by countries other than Japan.
- 天正大判(てんしょうおおばん)とは安土桃山時代から江戸時代の初期に掛けて、主に豊臣家が金細工師後藤家に鋳造を命じた大判であり、天正16年(1588年)が初鋳とされ、天正菱大判(てんしょうひしおおばん)、天正長大判(てんしょうながおおばん)および大仏大判(だいぶつおおばん)が知られる。
- The Tensho oban is a type of oban (large monetary gold plate in the shape of a flat oval) that had been struck by the Goto family, time-honored craftsmen of gold, mainly by order of the Toyotomi family since the Azuchi Momoyama period until the early Edo period; it is considered to have been minted first in 1588, and the well-known 'Tensho hishi oban', 'Tensho naga oban' and 'Daibutsu oban' are categorized under it.
- 昭和天皇は幣原喜重郎首相が連合国軍最高司令官総司令部に主導されて作成した草案を初めて見た際に、「これで結構だが、これまでも皇室が決して独裁的なものでなかったことを示すために、明治天皇の五箇条の御誓文を加えることはできないだろうか」と述べ、急遽GHQの許可を得て加えられることになった。
- When the Emperor Showa saw the draft of prime minister Kijuro SHIDEHARA led by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) for the first time, the Emperor said 'it is fine, but to show that the Imperial Family has never been dictatorial, it that possible to add Charter Oath of Five Articles of the Emperor Meiji?' and it was added in haste under permission from GHQ.
- 幕末は、徳川宗家の当主が征夷大将軍職に就き、幕府の主宰者として君臨する幕藩体制が変質し、崩壊していく過程であり、また、鎖国すなわち海禁政策を抛棄して開港し、外国との通商貿易の開始によって日本が世界的な資本主義市場経済に組み込まれ、社会そのもののあり方が劇的に変化していく過程でもある。
- The bakumatsu can be described as the period in which the feudal system characteristic of the shogunage by the head of the Tokugawa family collapsed, or the period in which the social structure dramatically changed as the country abolished the long-held closed-door policy and started trading with foreign countries, eventually becoming a member of the global capitalist market economy.
- しかし、前述の菅原氏や大江氏など優秀な学者を代々輩出した一族や給料学生以外の学生でも勧学院より同じような学問料が支給された藤原氏(主として藤原北家日野流・藤原南家・藤原式家)などによる文章博士や文章生の世襲や文章博士による門人の推挙による一種の学閥化の風潮が次第に見られるようになった。
- However, there came the trend of forming kinds of academic cliques as the families which produced excellent scholars, such as the above mentioned Sugawara clan as well as the Oe clan and families like the Fujiwara clan (mainly Hino Line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan and the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan), which were able to receive similar education at Kangakuin (educational institutions) despite their not being kyuryo gakusei, started to pass down monjo hakase and monjosho and monjo hakase began recommending their followers to the positions.
- しかしながら途上国の言い分である「先進国の結果責任に基づいて自主的に二酸化炭素排出量を減らす努力義務を途上国が負うのは身勝手」との意見も根強く、京都議定書の次のスキームを構築する作業は残念ながら遅遅として進んでおらず、京都議定書は一過性のもので失敗に終わる可能性が高いと見る意見がある。
- However, developing countries strongly insist that 'it is unfair for developing countries to undertake the obligation to reduce the emission amount of carbon dioxide voluntarily on the basis of the outcome brought about by developed countries,' and the task to establish the next scheme for Kyoto Protocol has regrettably made little progress, and some people say that Kyoto Protocol is transient and will probably end up as a failure.
- 毛屋主水曰く「敵は多く我は少なし。我若し一歩を退かば彼必ず追撃し我兵殲きん死は一成り寧ろ進んで死するに若かず且つ我兵一致団結して奮進すれば必ず敵の一部を突破せん。我その機に乗じて退却すれば或は軍を全うするを得ん。是れ武田勝頼が長篠の敗後に攻勢に出て敵の追撃を遅緩ならしめたる故智なり」と。
- Shusui KEYA said, 'The enemy are many and we are few. If we retreat one step backwards, the enemy will definitely give chase and our troops will be cut down, but if we try to advance and face death with all of our troops act together, we will definitely break through our enemy. If we use the chance to retreat, our troops might make it. This was the trick that Katsuyori TAKEDA used after the loss at the Battle of Nagashino, where he attacked in order to discourage the pursuit of his enemies.'
- 薩摩藩と長州藩が薩長同盟を結び倒幕運動を推し進めていた幕末も大詰めの時期、公議政体論を主張し将軍の政権返上を政治路線として考えていた土佐藩は、慶応3年(1867年)10月3日 (旧暦)に(坂本龍馬が発案計画し、後藤象二郎協力)大政奉還の建白書を藩主山内豊信を通じ将軍・徳川慶喜に提出した。
- At the very end of the Edo period when the Satsuma clan and Choshu clan formed Satsuma-Choshu Alliance to promote the movement to overthrow the Shogunate, the Tosa clan, which supported the parliamentary regime theory and the Shogun's returning the sovereignty to the Emperor, submitted a petition for Taisei Hokan (proposed and planned by Ryoma SAKAMOTO in cooperation with Shojiro GOTO) to the Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA through the lord of the domain Toyoshige YAMAUCHI on October 29, 1867.
- 貴族や官人の官職及び官位を改廃する権限、令外官(りょうげのかん)の設置権、官人の叙位および任用権限、五衛府(ごえふ)や軍団兵士に対するすべての指揮命令権、罪刑法定主義を原則とする律の刑罰に対して勅断権と大赦権、外国の使者や外国へ派遣する使者に対する詔勅の使用などの外交権、皇位継承の決定権などである。
- The authority to establish and abolish government posts and official court ranks for nobles and officials, the right to appoint Ryoge no kan (a new governmental post), the authority to bestow court rank and to appoint officials, all rights of leadership and command towards army corps, soldiers and goefu (Palace guards), the right to make imperial judgment and right to grant general amnesty with respect to punishments under ritsu codes - these were based on the principle of legality, diplomatic rights such as right to use shochoku (the Imperial edict) on envoys to and from foreign countries and right to decide on succession to the Imperial Throne.
- また、実恵の師である三筆の1人空海も同族であった)ように、明経道の教員の一員同然となり、酒麻呂の子佐伯豊雄も「以彫虫之小、忝学館之末員」(『日本三代実録』貞観 (日本)3年11月11日条)と評されるように官印の刻印を担当する職務(『延喜式』太政官式・中務省式に規定がある)が主となっていくようになる。
- Jichie's master Kukai, one of the three famous ancient calligraphers of ancient Japan, was also of the same clan), they took on the role of myogyo-do teachers and Sakemaro's son SAEKI no Toyoo also held the position of engraving official seals (regulations under the 'Engishiki' (codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) Department of State codes and Ministry of Central Affairs codes) following the statement that 'owing to his fine seal engraving, he was made a member of the Tengaku Kan' ('Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts), December 20, 861).
- 同宣言には「日本国政府ハ日本国国民ノ間ニ於ケル民主主義的傾向ノ復活強化ニ対スル一切ノ障礙ヲ除去スベシ」「言論、宗教及思想ノ自由並ニ基本的人権ノ尊重ハ確立セラルベシ」等と定められたため、ダグラス・マッカーサー率いる連合国軍最高司令官総司令部(GHQ/SCAP)は、大日本帝国憲法の改正を日本政府に求めた。
- According to the sentences of the declaration, 'the Japanese government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people' and 'Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established,' the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP) led by Douglas MACARTHUR demanded modification of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 古代(奈良時代、平安時代)から中世前期(鎌倉時代)における日本では、天皇を中心とした政治体制が維持されており、国家における天皇が政治を行っていた政府(御所)のことを意味することが多い(ただし、皇位から離れた天皇(太上天皇)が実質の政務を行う院政も「天皇家の当主」を中心としていることでは差異はほとんどない)。
- In Japan, from the ancient times (the Nara Period, the Heian Period) to the early Middle Ages (the Kamakura Period), the political system centered on an emperor was kept, and the Imperial court often means the government (gosho, or the Imperial Palace) in which an emperor carried out politics (however, the Imperial court was similar to Cloister government in wich Daijo Tenno, a retired Emperor, carried out politics).
- 文久3年(1863年)8月大和国では公卿中山忠光、吉村寅太郎・池内蔵太(土佐藩士)、松本奎堂(三河刈谷藩士)、藤本鉄石(岡山藩士)、さらには河内国の大地主水郡善之祐らも加わった天誅組の変が勃発し、続いて但馬国では沢宣嘉(前年京都から追放された七卿の一人)・平野国臣(福岡藩士)らによる生野の変が連鎖的に発生した。
- In August 1868, the Tenchu-gumi incident was caused in Yamato Province by Tadamitsu NAKAYAMA, Kugyo (the top court officials), Torataro YOSHIMURA, Kurata IKEUCHI (the Tosa clan), Keido MATSUMOTO (the Mikawa Kariya clan), Tesseki FUJIMOTO (the Okayama clan), and Zennosuke NIGORI, a powerful landlord in Kawachi Province, and this rapidly led to Nobuyoshi SAWA (one of the seven court nobles who were exiled from Kyoto in the previous year) and Kuniomi HIRANO (the Fukuoka clan) causing the Ikuno incident in Tajima Province.
- 万延二分判(まんえんにぶばん)は万延元年(1860年)4月10日より発行され、2枚の量目では同時に発行された万延小判を上回るが、含有金量では劣る名目貨幣で一両あたりの含有金量では江戸時代を通じて最低のものであり、発行高は万延小判をはるかに凌ぎ、金貨流通の主導権を握り、小判に代わり事実上の本位貨幣的地位を制した。
- Manen nibuban was issued from May 30, 1860 and the ryome of two coins was more than Manen nibuban that was issued at the same time, however it was nominal money having the least content of gold through the Edo period and the issued amount was much more than Manen koban taking initialtive of gold coin distribution and it was positioned as standard coin in effect in place of koban.
- 後に「武士」として登場する、関東の開発領主達の11世紀末までの状況がどうだったかといえば、当時はその所領支配は、郡司、郷司などの公的な職の体系を媒介として、開墾を行い、村落を形成することを課題としはじめた頃であり、領地支配、あるいはその拡大において、隣接する開発領主との抗争が日常化するほどの飽和点にはまだ至ってはいない。
- The situation of kaihatsu-ryoshu in the Kanto region that later appeared as 'bushi' in the late eleventh century used soryo ruling through gunji, goji, and other public duties to start cultivating and forming villages and was not up to a saturated level to quarrel constantly with neighboring kaihatsu-ryoshu over the ruling and expansion of manors.
- 11-12世紀の間に、開発領主として発展していったことが豊富な資料で裏付けられる安芸国高田郡の藤原氏、但馬国温泉郷(ゆのごう)の平氏、伊賀国名張郡の丈部(はせつかべ)氏、下総国相馬御厨の千葉氏、その他の例をみても、彼らが当時の「武士の棟梁」と言われた軍事貴族と人格的な主従関係をもっていたと証明することは非常に困難とされる。
- It was hard to prove that the Fujiwara clan of Takata County, Aki Province, Taira clan of Yunogo, Tanba Province, Hasetsukabe clan of Nabari County, Iga Province, and Chiba clan of Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch), Shimosa Province that developed as the kaihatsu-ryoshu between eleventh-twelfth century, and other examples proven by many historical manuscripts, had master and servant relationships with the military aristocrats called 'toryo of bushi' at that time.
- いっぽう幕権強化・雄藩連合などの様々な思惑を孕みつつ、文久3年12月に徳川慶喜・松平春嶽・松平容保・伊達宗城(宇和島藩主)・島津久光による参預会議が開催され、神奈川鎖港談判、長州藩の処置、大坂港の防備強化などの議題が話し合われたが、将軍後見職の徳川慶喜の非協力的態度に春嶽・久光らが反撥して帰国したため、早くも翌年3月には崩壊。
- Leaving various ideas, such as reinforcing the power of the bakufu, and the alliance of major clans, as they were, a council meeting was held on December 1863 by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Munenari DATE (the lord of Uwajima clan), and Hisamitsu SHIMAZU to discuss the condition of the port of Kanagawa, the treatment of the Choshu clan, and strengthening the defences of the port of Osaka, but it failed as early as in March 1864, when Shungaku and Hisamitsu became upset with Yoshino TOKUGAWA, a guardian of the shogun, who was not cooperative at all.
- このため、安政5年(1858年)の日米修好通商条約締結の際、約8.6グラムの質量を持つ一分銀は偶然にも質量としての一両の約1/4であることから額面通り銀1/4両であり、中国の銀一両の約3/4の質量である1ドル銀貨=一分銀3枚という日本側に不利な交換比率を主張する口実をタウンゼント・ハリスに与えることになり、小判流出の一因となった。
- When the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan was concluded in 1858, the fact that about 8.6-gram ichibu-gin was coincidentally equivalent to around one fourth ryo in weight, which was worth of one fourth ryo of silver at face value, provided Townsend Harris with the excuse of insisting unfavorable exchange rate for Japan that three ichibu-gin coins changed one-dollar silver coin which was about three fourth weight of Chinese one ryo of silver and led koban flow out.
- 日露戦争(にちろせんそう、露語 ルースカ・イポーンスカヤ・ヴァイナー、1904年(明治37年)2月6日 - 1905年(明治38年)9月5日)は、大日本帝国とロシア帝国(ロシアと同盟していたモンテネグロ(当時はモンテネグロ公国)も宣戦布告するも、実際の戦闘には参加せず)との間で朝鮮半島と満州(中国東北部)南部を主戦場として発生した戦争である。
- The Russo-Japanese War (Русско-японская война in Russian, February 6, 1904 - September 5, 1905) was a war which broke out between the Great Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire (Although Montenegro, [Then known as the Principate of Montenegro] which was in an alliance with Russia declared war against Japan, it did not participate battle.) and was primarily fought on the Korean Peninsula and southern Manchuria (northeastern China).
- 3代将軍足利義満の時代には幕府組織の再編が進み一時御前沙汰は行われなくなるが、出家していた元管領細川頼之を幕府に呼び戻す際に、幕府役職になかった頼之を幕府の政策決定に関与させるために正式な評定ではなく、出席者の人選に決まりが無く主宰者である将軍の意向が反映しやすい非公式な評定である御前沙汰の形式で評定を行って幕府の政策に関する重要決定を行った。
- In the tenure of the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the bakufu was substantially reorganized and gozen-sata ceased once, but the shogun began holding consultations in the informal style of gozen-sata for making bakufu's important policy decisions for the purpose of having the former shogunal deputy Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, who had entered the priesthood and had been out of bakufu office, participate in the bakufu's policy-making when the shogun sought to bring him back to bakufu -- because gozen-sata was not a formal consultation, the members of which were selected mostly at the discretion of shogun, the head of the consultation.
- 平安時代中期になると、開発領主が自らの土地をこの不輸租田にするために寺社や上級貴族に寄進するようになる(寄進地系荘園)が、不輸租田の指定には勅許とそれに基づく太政官符及び民部省符からなる公験が必要とされており、それらが揃った不輸租田によって構成された荘園を官省符荘、単に国司が承認したために事実上の不輸租田の対象となっていたものを国免荘田と呼ばれた。
- In the mid Heian period, kaihatsu ryoshu (local nobles who actually developed the land) began to donate their land to temples or high-ranking aristocrats in order to make their land fuyusoden (donated-type of shoen [manor]); however, they were required to submit kugen (official documents authorized by kokushi [provincial governor] or Gunji [local magistrate] for transfer of the ownership of private property) consisting of daijokanpu (official document issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) and minbushofu (official document issued by the minister of minbusho) based on the chokkyo (the imperial sanction) to have their land designated as fuyusoden -- Shoen which consisted of fuyusoden with the complete set of documents submitted was called Kanshofu sho (a shoen enjoying immunity from taxation by virtue of having official documents from both the Council of State and the Ministry of Popular Affairs), and shoen which was virtually treated as fuyusoden merely with approval of kokushi was called kokumen shoen (provincially exempted shoen).
- 政治面においては選挙や言論・集会・結社の自由に関しての運動、外交面においては生活に困窮した国民への負担が大きい海外派兵の停止を求めた運動、社会面においては男女平等、部落差別解放運動、団結権、ストライキ権などの獲得運動、文化面においては自由教育の獲得、大学の自治権獲得運動、美術団体の文部省支配からの独立など、様々な方面から様々な自主的集団による運動が展開された。
- There was a wide range of movements organized by a variety of groups organized voluntarily in various areas of society, such as political movements calling for elections and for freedom of speech, assembly and association, the drive in the area of foreign policy opposing dispatch of troops to other countries that imposed a huge burden on citizens in poverty, movement in society demanding gender equality, liberation and non-discrimination of 'buraku' people, and winning rights of association and labor strikes, and in the cultural sphere movements calling for free education, self-autonomy of universities and independence of art associations from the rule of the Ministry of Education.
- 初期に採用された作柄を基準に免を賦課する検見法(検見法にも主に江戸時代初期に行われた畝引検見取法と後に登場した有毛検見取法があり、畝引検見取法でも関東地方を中心とした段取畝引法と上方を中心とした厘取畝引法があった)と享保年間(関東では同7年・上方では9年)以後江戸幕府で採用されて各地に広まった一定期間の免(毛付免)を平均して算出したものを免として賦課する定免法があった。
- The Kemi-ho Method which assessed Men based on the yield, employed in the early Edo period (Kemi-ho is also divided into Sebiki Kemi, which was commonly employed in the early Edo period, and Arige Kemi which appeared later, and Sebiki Kemi is further divided into Dandori Sebiki, which was mainly employed in Kanto region, and Rindori Sebiki, which was common in Kyoto-Osaka area), and the Jomen-ho Method which assesses Men based on the average yield during a certain period, which was adopted by the Edo Shogunate and became wide spread after the Kyoho era.
- 清はそれまで広州一港に貿易を限っていたがイギリス(大英帝国)は1840年と1857年のアヘン戦争および第二次アヘン戦争により南京条約(1842年)、天津条約(1858年)および北京条約(1860年)を結び多額の賠償金と香港、九竜半島の割譲、上海など11港の開港と領事裁判権の承認、関税自主権の喪失、片務的最恵国待遇、公使の北京駐在、キリスト教の公認と保護などを清に認めさせた。
- Although the Qing dynasty had allowed foreign trade only at Canton port, Britain (the British Empire) concluded the treaties of Nanjing (in 1482), Tianjin (in 1858), and Beijing (in 1860) after First Opium War and the Second Opium War in 1840 and 1857 to make Qing dynasty pay a large amount of reparations, cede Hong Kong and Kawloon island, open 11 ports including Shanghai, recognize consular jurisdiction, abandon tariff autonomy, grant one-sided most-favored-nation treatment, permit an envoy to stay in Beijing, and officially recognize and protect Christianity.
- しかし薩英戦争や下関戦争において外国艦隊との力の差に直面したことにより、単純な攘夷論に対する批判が生じて、津和野藩の国学者大国隆正らによって唱えられた国内統一を優先して、外国との交易によって富国強兵を図ってでも、諸外国と対等に対峙する力をつけるべきだとする「大攘夷」論が登場した事によって、これを受け入れた攘夷運動の主力であった長州藩・薩摩藩の主張も事実上開国へと転向していくのである。
- However, as Japan faced the power difference from the foreign fleets during the Anglo-Satsuma War and Shimonoseki War, criticisms to the simple Joi ron arose and was replaced with Dai joi ron started by Takamasa OKUNI, a scholar of Japanese classical literature in the Tsuwano Domain; Takamasa claimed that unification of the whole nation should be the first priority and should gain power that the country can confront other nations equally even by aiming fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) through trades with foreign countries; The Choshu Domain and Satsuma Domain, the major drive of the joi movement, accepted this view and started directing themselves for the opening of the country to the world.
- だが、藩主が非世襲の知藩事に変わり(ただし、実際には事実上の改易処分を受けた福岡藩などの例外を除いては、世襲の後継者がそのまま後任とされている)、陪臣である藩士も知藩事と同じ朝廷(明治政府)の家臣(「王臣」)とされる事で、朱子学に基づいた武士道(近代以後の「武士道」とは違う)によって位置づけられてきた主君(藩主)と家臣(藩士)の主従関係を否定することになるものであり、諸藩の抵抗も予想された。
- However, the lord of a domain changed to a non-hereditary Chihanji, (note that in fact, apart from the Fukuoka domain, whose rank changed by the 'kaieki' sanction (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) successors were of heredity) and since feudal retainers of the domain, who were baishin (indirect vassals) were also considered vassals (vassas of the king)of the Imperial Court (Meiji government), which are the same as Chihanji, it contradicted the relationship between the lord and vassal that was established by Bushido (the way of the samurai) based on Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) so resistance by domains were expected.
- 「日本の憲法は御承知のごとく五箇条の御誓文から出発したものと云ってもよいのでありますが、いわゆる五箇条の御誓文なるものは、日本の歴史、日本の国情をただ文字に現わしただけの話でありまして、御誓文の精神、それが日本国の国体であります。日本国そのものであったのであります。この御誓文を見ましても、日本国は民主主義であり、デモクラシーそのものであり、あえて君権政治とか、あるいは圧制政治の国体でなかったことは明瞭であります」と答弁した。
- He answered 'As you know, it can be said that the Constitution of Japan started from Charter Oath. So-called Charter Oath of Five Articles was just written expressing the history and the state of affairs of Japan. The spirit of Charter Oath itself is the national policy of Japan and what Japan is. Seeing Charter Oath, Japan is a democratic country and democracy itself. It is obvious that the national policy was not monarchy or repressive government.'
- この日、西郷を中心に作戦会議が開かれ、小兵衛の「海路から長崎を奪い、そこから二軍に分かれて神戸・大阪と横浜・東京の本拠を急襲」する策、野村忍介の「三道に別れ、一は海路で長崎に出てそこから東上、一は海路から豊前・豊後を経て四国・大坂に出てそこから東上、一は熊本・佐賀・福岡を経ての陸路東上」する策即ち三道分進策が出されたが、小兵衛・野村忍介の策は3隻の汽船しかなく軍艦を持たない薩軍にとっては成功を期し難く、池上の「熊本城に一部の抑えをおき、主力は陸路で東上」する策が採用された。
- On the same day, SAIGO held a council of war, and Kohei proposed the plan that 'the troops should attack Nagasaki from sea and then divide into two groups, one of which would raid Kobe and Osaka and the other of which would raid Yokohama and the headquarters in Tokyo', whereas Oshisuke NOMURA proposed the plan of heading east through three courses that 'the army should divide into three groups, one of which would go to Nagasaki by sea and head east from there, another of which would go to Shikoku and Osaka by sea through Buzen and Bungo Provinces and head east from there, and the other of which would head east by land through Kumamoto, Saga, and Fukuoka,' but both of the plans seemed to have little chance of succeeding for the Satsuma army, which had no warship but only three steamships; finally, they adopted the IKEGAMI's plan of 'deploying part of the army in Kumamoto Castle to defend the region and having the main force headed east by land.'
- 「朕惟うに我国通行の暦たる、太陰の朔望を以て月を立て太陽の躔度に合す。故に2, 3年間必ず閏月をおかざるを得ず、置閏の前後、時に季節の早晩あり、終に推歩の差を生ずるに至る。殊に中下段に掲る所の如きはおおむね亡誕無稽に属し、人智の開発を妨ぐるもの少しとせず」と論告し、同年11月24日、太政官布告を続いて発し「今般太陽暦御頒布に付、来明治6年限り略暦は歳徳・金神・日の善悪を始め、中下段掲載候不稽の説等増補致候儀一切相成らず候」とあり、これらの布告をもって禁止されたとする主張がある。
- It argues that 'Our traditional calendar divides a year into 12 months according to the cycle of new moon and full moon and fits it into the position of the sun in the sky. Thus, we have to put a leap month every two or three years and there happens a climate lag before and after the intercalation, which finally causes errors in calculating the travel of celestial body. Especially, most of the annotations (rekichu) on middle and lower part of calendars are absurd and largely prevent the development of human intelligence,' and, on November 24 in the same year, the Dajokan fukoku was again issued and said, 'Now on issuing the solar calendar, the absurd annotations on middle and lower part of calendars will be totally forbidden including the lucky direction, unlucky direction, and the good or bad of the day, from 1873,' which, some insist, banned rokuyo.
- その理由として、御誓文と同時に出された宸翰に出てくる「旧来の陋習」の語がそもそも鎖国攘夷の意味に限定されていないこと、また木戸孝允自身が「打破すべき封建性」「打破すべき閉鎖性」の意味で「旧習」「旧来の陋習」「陋習」という言葉を広く使用していること、また、大久保利通でさえ木戸の「旧来の陋習」と同じ意味のことを「因循の腐臭」とより痛烈に批判していること、つまり、薩長いずれも密留学をさせ倒幕に立ち上がった開明的雄藩であったにもかかわらず長州の木戸より薩摩の大久保のほうが藩主父子・出身藩の内部事情などのためにより批判的にならざるを得ない危険な封建性・閉鎖性をより自覚していたということ(寺田屋事件~西南戦争)、更に、岩倉具視も他の文書で「天地の公道」という全く同じ言葉を万国公法とはおよそ次元の異なる「天然自然の条理というような意味」で用いていることなどが挙げられている。
- As the reason, they explained that the word 'evil customs of the past' in shinkan (Imperial letter) issued at the same time as Charter Oath was not restricted to national isolation as well as expulsion of foreigners, and Takayoshi KIDO himself used the words 'old customs', 'evil customs of the past' and 'conventions' widely as meaning of 'feudalism to be conquered' or 'closed nature to be conquered', and even Toshimichi OKUBO severely criticized the same thing as 'evil customs of the past' mentioned by Kido for 'corrupt smell of old customes', in other word, though both Satsuma and Choshu provided overseas education secretly and were liberal domains led the movement of overthrowing the Shogunate, Okubo from Satsuma recognized more about dangerous feudalism as well as closed nature than Kido from Choshu, Okubo had to criticize more extreme because of internal affair regarding father and son of the lords of his domain and internal circumstances of his domain (The Teradaya Incident - Seinan War), moreover Tomomi IWAKURA also used just the same words 'the laws of Nature' as 'reason of nature' in other document, which meant totally different from international public law.
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- Iceland, Republic of Azerbaijan, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Albania, Almenia, Yemen, Iran, India, Uganda, Ethiopia, Eritoria, Oman, Gaiana, Republic of Ghana, Republic of Cape Verde, Qatar, Gabonese Republic, Republic of Cameroon, Republic of The Gambia, Cambodia, North Korea, Republic of Guinea, Republic of Guinea-Bissau, Republic of Cyprus, Republic of Kiribati, Kyrgyz Republic, State of Kuwait, Georgia, Grenada, Republic of Kenya, Republic of Cote d'Ivoire, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of Colombia, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Republic of Sierra Leone, Republic of Djibouti, Jamaica, Syrian Arab Republic, Singapore, Sudan, Republic of Suriname, Sri Lanka, Kingdom of Swaziland, Republic of Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Senegal, United Republic of Tanzania, Republic of Tunisia, Republic of Togo, Commonwealth of Dominica, Dominican Republic, Nigeria, Republic of Nauru, Republic of Namibia, Nepal, Haiti, Pakistan, Republic of Vanuatu, Commonwealth of The Bahamas, Republic of Palau, Kingdom of Bahrain, Barbados, Hungary, People's Republic of Bangladesh, Butan, Burkina Faso, Republic of Burundi, Republic of Benin, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Republic of Belarus, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Botswana, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Malawi, Republic of South Africa, Union of Myanmar, Republic of Mauritius, Islamic Republic of Mauritania, Republic of Mozambique, Republic of Moldova, Kingdom of Morocco, Mongolia, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libya, Republic of Liberia, Republic of Rwanda, Kingdom of Lesotho, Republic of Lebanon