中央: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• 中央西
• Chuuounishi

• 中央新
• Chuuoushin

• 中央川
• Chuuoukawa
• Chuuougawa

• 中央上
• Chuuoukami

• 中央池
• Chuuouike

• 中央地
• Chuuouchi

• 中央町
• Chuuouchou
• Chuuoumachi

• 中央中
• Chuuounaka

• 中央通
• Chuuoudouri
• Chuuoudoori

• 中央暖
• Naono

• 中央前
• Chuuoumae

• 中央台
• Chuuoudai

• 中央東
• Chuuouhigashi

• 中央下
• Chuuoushimo

• 中央一
• Chuuouichi

• 中央街
• Chuuougai

• 中央山
• Chuuouzan

• 中央港
• Chuuoukou

• 中央高
• Chuuoutaka

• 中央区
• Chuuouku (p) (in Tokyo)
• Chūō-ku

• 中央橋
• Chuuoubashi
• Chuoubashi

• 中央平面
• midplane

• 中央政治
• Central Government

• 中央官制
• Central government bureaucratic system

• 中央行政
• The central administration

• 中央新町
• Chuuoushinmachi

• 中央西線
• Chuuousaisen
• Chūō West Line

• 中央西町
• Chuuounishichou

• 中央社宅
• Chuuoushataku

• 中央若葉
• Chuuouwakaba

• 中央地区
• Chuuouchiku

• 中央団地
• Chuuoudanchi

• 中央通町
• Chuuoudoorimachi

• 中央通り
• Chuuoutoori
• Chuuoudouri
• Chuuoudoori

• 中央大通
• Chuuouoodoori

• 中央大橋
• Chuuouoohashi

• 中央市場
• Chuuouichiba
• emporium
• entrepo^t

• 中央一条
• Chuuouichijou

• 中央ヶ丘
• Chuuougaoka

• 中央吉村
• Chuuouyoshimura

• 中央弘前
• Chuuouhirosaki

• 中央公論
• Chuuoukouron
• Chūōkōron

• 中央高町
• Chuuoutakamachi

• 中央三条
• Chuuousanjou

• 中央公園
• Central Park

• 中央交渉会
• the Central Negotiation Committee

• 中央図書館
• Chuuoutoshokan
• Main Library

• 中央種鶏場
• Chuuoushukeijou

• 中央若葉町
• Chuuouwakabamachi

• 中央浄水場
• Chuuou water purification plant

• 中央植物園
• Chuuou Botanical Gardens

• 中央線支線
• Chuuousenshisen

• 中央体育館
• Chuuoutaiikukan

• 中央前橋駅
• Chuuoumaebashi Station (st)

• 中央台高久
• Chuuoudaitakaku

• 中央台鹿島
• Chuuoudaikashima

• 中央台飯野
• Chuuoudaiiino

• 中央幹線川
• Chuuoukansengawa

• 中央ハイツ
• Chuuou Heights

• 中央弘前駅
• Chuuouhirosaki Station (st)

• 中央高校前
• Chuuoukoukoumae

• 中央工学校
• Chuo College of Technology

• 中央公民館
• Chuuoukouminkan

• 中央区南町
• Chuuoukuminamimachi

• 中央図書館前
• Chuuoutoshokanmae

• 中央清掃工場
• Chuuou rubbish disposal plant

• 中央信託銀行
• Chuo Trust And Banking Company, Limited

• 中央食肉公社
• Chuuoushokunikukousha

• 中央準備銀行
• Central Reserve Bank

• 中央女子短大
• Chuuou Women's Junior College

• 中央青年の家
• Chuuouseinennoie

• 中央市場前駅
• Chuuouichibamae Station (st)

• 中央総合病院
• Chuuousougou Hospital

• 中央自動車道
• Chuuou Expressway
• Chūō Expressway

• 中央卸売市場
• Chuuouoroshiuriichiba

• 中央運動公園
• Chuuou athletics park

• 中央卸売団地
• Chuuouoroshiuridanchi

• 中央学院大学
• Chuo Gakuin University

• 中央家畜市場
• Chuuoukachikushijou

• 中央ゲレンデ
• Chuuougerende

• 中央ウブシ川
• Chuuouubushigawa

• 中央ゴルフ場
• Chuuou golf links

• 中央悪水幹線
• Chuuouakusuikansen

• 中央工業団地
• Chuuou Industrial Park

• 中央区役所前
• Chuuoukuyakushomae

• 京都中央郵便局
• Kyoto Central Post Office

• 中央海嶺玄武岩
• mid-ocean ridge basalt
• MORB

• 中央政策研究所
• National Policy Research Institute
• NPRI

• 中央水産研究所
• National Research Institute of Fisheries Science

• 中央大学図書館
• National Central University Library

• 中央衛生処理場
• Chuuoueiseishorijou

• 中央幹線用水路
• Chuuoukansenyousuiro

• 中央マーケット
• Central Market

• 中央幹線排水路
• Chuuoukansenhaisuiro

• 中央共同募金会
• Central Community Chest of Japan

• 中央教育審議会
• Central Council for Education
• Central Education Council

• 中央駅は京都駅。
• Kyoto Station is the central station.

• 京セラ中央研究所
• Kyocera Corporation R&D Center, Keihanna

• 中央精機尾崎工場
• Chuuouseikiozaki Factory

• 中央電気工業工場
• Chuuoudenkikougyou Factory

• 中央電気通信学園
• Chuuoudenkitsuushingakuen

• 中央大学多摩校舎
• Chuuoudaigakutamakousha

• 中央卸売北部市場
• Chuuouoroshiurihokubuichiba

• 中央アフリカ銀行
• Central African Bank
• Central African Band

• 中央シベリア高原
• Sredneye-Sibirskoye Ploskogorye Plateau
• Central Siberian Plateau

• アメリカ中央情報局
• Central Intelligence Agency
• CIA

• 中央を広場とした。
• The center of the Kokuga was maintained as open space.

• 中央財閥と地方財閥
• Central zaibatsu and local zaibatsu

• 中央アフリカ共和国
• Central African Republic

• 中央更生保護審査会
• National Offenders Rehabilitation Commission

• 中央高原保健休養地
• Chuuoukougenhokenkyuuyouchi

• 中央競馬会育成牧場
• Chuuoukeibakaiikuseibokujou

• 中央アジアの仏教絵画
• Buddhist Paintings in Central Asia

• 京都中央信用金庫本店
• Kyoto Chuo Shinkin Bank
• The headquarters of Kyoto Chuo Shinkin Bank

• 大阪市中央区 心斎橋
• Shinsai-bashi Bridge, Chuo Ward, Osaka City

• 岩手県盛岡市中央近辺
• Central district of Morioka City, Iwate Prefecture

• 中央職業能力開発協会
• Japan Vocational Ability Development Association

• 中央大学・明星大学駅
• Chuuoudaigaku.Meisei University Station (st)

• 中央医療技術専門学校
• Chuoh College of Medical Technology

• 中央アフリカ関税同盟
• Union douaniere et economique de l'Afrique centrale

• 中央競馬日高育成牧場
• Chuuoukeibahidakaikuseibokujou

• 京都中央卸売市場開業。
• The Kyoto Central Wholesale Market opened.

• 大阪市中央区 三休橋筋
• Sankyubashi-suji Street, Chuo Ward, Osaka City

• 京橋 (東京都中央区)
• Kyobashi (Chuo Ward, Tokyo Metropolis)

• 中央社会保険医療協議会
• Central Social Insurance Medical Council

• 京都中央信用金庫五条支店
• Kyoto Chuo Shinyo Kinko, Gojo Branch

• 中央隊（植木・木葉方面）
• Center troop (Ueki and Konoha areas)

• 日本橋 (東京都中央区)
• Nihonbashi (Chuo Ward, Tokyo Metropolis)

• 京セラ（株）「中央研究所」
• The central research laboratory of Kyocera Corporation

• （中央）とざい、とーざい。
• (The center of the stage) Tozai, toozai.

• 平安京の北辺中央に位置する。
• The Daidairi is located in the center of the north end of the ancient capital of Heian.

• 古墳の頂上の中央に置かれる。
• They were placed on the center of the tumulus top.

• 中央官制、税制と地方行政組織
• Organization of the centralized government and tax systems and local administrative organization

• （日付はすべて日本中央標準時）
• (all of dates are shown based on Japan Central Standard Time)

• 強力な中央集権的団体であった。
• It was a powerful, centralized organization.

• 京都市街地のほぼ中央に位置する。
• It is located in the center of urban area of Kyoto.

• 中央の阿弥陀如来はとりわけ大きい。
• The Amida Nyorai in the center is especially big.

• 棚　紹鴎棚や中央卓などの棚飾りの規則
• 'Tana (Shelves)' is about the rules of tanakazari (the arrangement of tea utensils on a shelf) for Joo shelf, 'chuojoku' table, and others.

• 島原廓内の中央を東西に通じる大通り。
• Do-suji is the avenue that runs from east to west in the midst of the former kuruwa (red-light district) of Shimabara.

• 前髪を膨らませず、中央で左右に分ける。
• The forelocks are not puffed out and divided into right and left halves.

• 中央の刃の周囲に八本の刃を付けたもの。
• A vajra with eight edges surrounding an edge in the center.

• 中央の刃の周囲に六本の刃を付けたもの。
• A vajra with six edges surrounding an edge in the center.

• 中央の刃の周囲に四本の刃を付けたもの。
• A vajra with four edges surrounding an edge in the center.

• 中央の文化も広く地方へ伝播していった。
• The central culture widely spread to local regions as well.

• 高麗橋（大阪府大阪市中央区 (大阪市)）
• Korai-bashi Bridge (Chuo Ward, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture)

• 町の中央部と北部には東松山台地が広がる。
• The Higashimatsuyama plateau extends to the central and northern parts of the town.

• 東京都中央区 (東京都)　大阪市　宇治市
• Chuo Ward, Tokyo Metropolis, Osaka City and Uji City

• 中央には毬奉行1人が扇子をもって控える。
• At the center of the playing ground, one Maribugyo (a referee) is stationed by holding a fan.

• 亀岡盆地のほぼ中央を桂川（桂川）が流れる。
• The Katsura-gawa River flows approximately in the center of the Kameoka Basin.

• 中央会加盟業者が調製する弁当とは限らない。
• Ekiben' does not always mean the box lunch produced by the member companies of the Central Committee.

• 全国小売酒販組合中央会年金資金不正支出事件
• The incident of illegal payments of pension by the Central Committee of Japan Retail Liquor Shops Association.

• 今日の中央区 (東京都)明石町一帯である。
• Today this area corresponds to the region of Akashicho town in Chuo ward (Tokyo).

• 開拓使は、省と同格の中央官庁の1つである。
• The Hokkaido Development Commission was one of the central government organs and ranked with a ministry.

• 位置ハ中央部ニ一箇所南北部ニ各々一箇所トス
• One of them shall be located in the central region, and one each in the northern and southern regions.

• そして事実上中央の命に拠らず藩を領有した。
• They effectively controlled the domain, independent of the command from the central government.

• 唐朝廷は中央政府としての面目を取り戻した。
• The imperial court of Tang saved face as the central government.

• 浜離宮（現在の浜離宮恩賜庭園）：東京都中央区
• Hama Imperial Villa (current Hama Royal Garden): Chuo Ward, Tokyo

• 両端が太く、中央が細いものは鼓棒と呼ばれる。
• Staffs with thick edges and a thin center are called kobo.

• 戦後も中央政権としての幕府の力は残っていた。
• Even after the Disturbance, the power of the bakufu as the central government remained.

• 中央官制は、二官八省を基本とする体制である。
• The Central government bureaucratic system was an organization based on two departments and eight ministries.

• この機に援軍を得た官軍中央諸隊は反撃に出た。
• Taking advantage of that, the companies of the Middle troop of the government army were reinforced and started counterattack.

• 中央による統一的な地方統治制度を創設すること
• Establish a uniform local government system under the control of the central government.

• 中央での廃止後に現地で新設されたことになる。
• It means the Hakodate Court was established in Ezo after the abolishment of the local courts was declared by the central government.

• 4階建てで中央に大きな吹き抜けを持っていた。
• It was four stories high with an open ceiling in the center.

• 朝集使（中央に召集された国司の駅馬利用規定）
• This Article 'Choshushi' (clerks conveying official documents made under the Ritsuryo System) provided rules and regulations on use of ekiba (horses to transport officials) by provincial governors who were summoned to the central government office.

• 裏面　日本橋 (東京都中央区)から見た富士山
• Back Mt. Fuji seen from Nihonbashi (Chuo Ward Tokyo)

• 住所は福井県三方上中郡若狭町中央第1号1番地。
• The address is 1-1 Chuo, Wakasa-cho, Mikatakaminaka-gun, Fukui Prefecture.

• 吉野川が市の中央を分断するように西流している。
• The Yoshino-gawa River flows to the west dividing the center of the city into parts.

• 上方には中央に天蓋、その左右に天人が表される。
• At the top, a canopy is drawn in the center, of which tennin (heavenly beings) are on the left and right.
• In the upper part of the mural, a canopy is depicted in the center, tennin in the left and right.

• 中央が吹き抜けになっていて、左右に床間がある。
• A structure in which there is a passageway in the center with vaulted ceilings, and there are raised timber floored rooms in both sides separated by the passageway.

• 中央史観の強かった時代には蝦夷征伐と呼ばれた。
• From the centralized view of history in those days, it was called the conquest of the Emishi.

• 中央政界の権力闘争を契機として広がった戦国時代。
• The Sengoku Period (the period of civil war) started by the power struggle among daimyos in the central political world.

• 前髪は膨らませず、中央で分けて左右に振り分ける。
• The bangs are not bulged, but parted in the middle and thrown left and right.

• （『中央公論・逍遥号』明治44年）と評している。
• He commented in ('Shoyogo [number of Shoyo] Chuo Koronsha' in 1911).

• 平安初期の中央文化は、唐の影響を強く受けていた。
• The central culture of the early Heian period was strongly affected by the Tang dynasty.

• 中央で一掃された対立は地方で激化することになる。
• The conflict which dissapeared from the central area worsened in local districts.

• 区のほぼ中央を南北に京阪国道（国道1号）が通る。
• Keihan-Kokudo (National Route 1) runs from south to north through the center of the ward.

• 区の中央部北寄りには二条城が広大な面積を占める。
• Nijo-jo Castle covers large area of the land in the northern part of the center of Nakagyo Ward.

• 8月上旬：新潟まつり（新潟市中央区 (新潟市)）
• Early August: Niigata Matsuri Festival (Chuo Ward, Niigata City)

• 中央の上には負文亀、下には狛犬がえがかれている。
• 負文亀 and komainu (a pair of stone-carved guardian dogs) are painted in the top center and bottom, respectively.

• 天武天皇は、中央集権的な国家体制の整備に努めた。
• Emperor Tenmu strived to develop a centralized national system of government.

• 中央では管領となり、幼少の将軍足利義満を補佐する。
• At the central government, he assisted young Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.

• 船井郡（ふないぐん）は、京都府の中央に位置する郡。
• Funai-gun is a district (or 'gun' in Japanese) located in the center of Kyoto Prefecture.

• 役者が一人舞台中央に正座し、客に挨拶するのである。
• Kojo is done by a kabuki player kneeling center stage and announcing to the audience.

• 現在はみずほ銀行京都中央支店として使用（復元建築）
• At present, this is used as Mizuho Bank - Kyoto Chuo Branch (reconstructed).

• 柱間は35あり、幅も中央3間を除き3.3mである。
• This is due to the fact hat there exist 35 column spacings, and each spacing has a width of 3.3m except for that situated in the middle of the hallway, which has a width of about 5.46m.

• 大阪府大阪市中央区 (大阪市)にオフィスを構える。
• The company has an office in Chuo Ward, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture.

• 長さ約34cmで管の中央に節が一つある真竹の縦笛。
• A hitoyogiri is a 34-centimeter long madake tatebue which has a bamboo joint in the center of pipe.

• 愛媛県四国中央市金生町山田井 切山（旧・川之江市）
• Kiriyama, Yamadai, Kinsei-cho, Shikokuchuo City, Ehime Prefecture (former Kawanoe City)

• その仕組みは、大学寮が中央（都）に一つ設けられた。
• Its structure includes the establishment of Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code)) in the center (capital).

• 形状は円形で、中央部に正方形の穴が開けられている。
• It was a round shaped coin with a square hole in the center.

• 裏面中央には丸枠桐紋、亀甲桐紋、花押の極印がある。
• At the middle of the back, it has the Kiwamein of paulownia in a circle, the Kiwamein of paulownia in a hexagon and the Kao.

• 中央から軍事貴族が派遣され、在庁官人が実務を担った。
• Military nobles were sent from the capital, and local officials (zaicho-kanjin) were in charge of the day-to-day business operations.

• 無地の白衣もあるが、普通は背の中央に縦に文字が入る。
• There are plain Byakue costumes, but they usually have letters printed on the back.

• 明応の政変により中央政権としての幕府体制が瓦解した。
• However, the bakufu system as the central government fell down because of the Coup of Meio.

• 能勢電鉄日生中央駅またはJR山陰本線園部駅からバス。
• Bus service is available from Nissei Chuo Station of Nose Electric Railway Co., Ltd. and Sonobe Station of the JR Sanin Main Line.

• 終わると米を大きな饅頭のように中央に集めて布で包む。
• After sprinkling, rice is gathered in the center forming a big bun-like shape and wrap with a cloth.

• 上段の間の中央に、家康が座って対面の儀式を行なった。
• Ieyasu was seated at the center of Jodan no ma and held a ceremony to see the Emperor.

• 中央付近に支点を設け、一端を開放した竹筒に水を注ぐ。
• It is a bamboo tube supported at the center and has an open end to receive poured water.

• 体側には側線がよく発達し、肛門は体の中央付近にある。
• The side of the body has a well developed lateral line, and the anus is near the center of the body.

• たいていは中央部で二つに分解できるようになっている。
• Most of the bows are made so as to be separated into two parts at the central portion.

• 本社は東京都中央区 (東京都)銀座3丁目2番17号。
• Toei's head office is located at 3-2-17 Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo.

• 中央にいた者達は親類衆以外でも生還している者が多い。
• Besides Katsuyori's relatives, many survived in the central force.

• 国有瑞（諸国が駅馬を発して中央に緊急報告すべき事例）
• This Article 'Kokuyuzui' indicated case examples that any province had to report urgently to central government on their auspicious events by dispatching ekiba (horses for transportation of officials).

• 中央部と前方部の2カ所にくびれがあるのが特徴である。
• It features two narrowest parts: one in the center part and the other in the front part.

• が、中央省庁再編後は官記への級別記載はされなくなった。
• However, their grades were no longer mentioned in any official reports after the reorganization of the central government ministries and agencies.

• 海産物が豊富にとれ、中央政府のあった畿内に物理的に近い
• Marine products were abundant, and kinai where there the central government was located, was geographically close.

• また信長の政策により、仏教勢力の力が中央では弱まった。
• Also, as a result of Nobunaga's policies, the power exercised by the Buddhists weakened at the center of the country.

• 明日香村（あすかむら）は、奈良県の中央部に位置する村。
• Asuka-mura is a village located in the center of Nara Prefecture.

• 札幌紀伊國屋支店 札幌市中央区北5条西5丁目、全49席
• Sapporo Kinokuniya Branch, Kita-gojo Nishi 5-chome, Chuo Ward, Sapporo City; forty-nine seats in total

• 座布団の中央まで膝行し、開き足で足を揃え、正座をする。
• Move knees to the center of the zabuton, put legs together and kneel.

• まずは外側を軽く固める程度に握り、中央に具材を埋める。
• First press it lightly just solidifying outside and put fillings in the center.

• 県の周囲を山脈・山地が取り囲み、中央部に琵琶湖が広がる。
• Shiga Prefecture is surrounded with mountainous lands and the center of it is occupied with Lake Biwa.

• 郵便番号600～619地域は京都中央郵便局の管轄である。
• The areas with the postal codes of 600 to 619 are under control of the Kyoto central post office.

• これは中央部の構造を出すため精米しやすい大きさでもある。
• This size is one that is convenient for revealing the central structure through polishing.

• 衛門府以外の中央兵力としては、各種舎人（とねり）がある。
• Various kinds of toneris were also the central army in addition to Emonfu.

• 中央への貢納品の購入と租税・貢納品上供のための運送費用。
• Expenses incurred in the purchase of tribute articles to give to the central government and for the transportation of land taxes and the tribute articles.

• 唐と同じく、中央官庁においては様々な表記がとられている。
• As with the case of Tang, various names were used at the central government.

• 第五 中央政府及地方廳ニ左記ノ通日本人ヲ韓國官吏ニ任命ス
• Item 5. Japanese shall be appointed the following positions of government officials of the Korean central government and local authorities.

• 第十国立銀行（第十銀行）→1941年に合併し山梨中央銀行
• The Tenth National Bank (Daiju Bank) -> merged in 1941 and became the Yamanashi Chuo Bank.

• 本福寺との争いに勝利した蓮淳は再び中央政界に目を向けた。
• Renjun, who gained a victory against Honpuku-ji Temple, started to look toward the center of the politics again.

• また三浦の辺将に中央高官を任命し厳重な取締りを行わせた。
• The Dynasty also appointed a higher official of the central government to be the hensho of Sanpo in order to strengthen their control.

• 中央官制は、二官八省と弾正台と五衛府から構成されていた。
• The organization of the central government consisted of two departments and eight ministries, danjodai (Board of Censors) and goefu.

• 中央でおりたたみ、扇形半分の表紙が前後につけられている。
• It is folded in the center, and is placed between half-fan-shaped covers.

• 武田信玄の頃には領国拡大し中央の織田・徳川勢力に対抗する。
• During the era of Shingen Takeda, the clan expanded its territory and confronted the coalition of Oda and Tokugawa.

• 中央に薬味や具材を置いて、巻き簾を手前から持ち上げて巻く。
• Place spices and ingredients in the center and roll up the makisu from the near side.

• 2001年1月6日の中央省庁再編施行とともに叙級制度は廃止
• Investiture system was abolished when the central government ministries and agencies were reorganized in January 6, 2001.

• 今井まちや館 - 本町筋の中央部にある18世紀初期の町家。
• Imai Machiyakan: It is a machiya (a traditional townhouse) building built in the early 18th century around the middle of Honmachi-suji Street.

• 三菱東京UFJ銀行京都支店・京都中央支店（京都ダイヤビル）
• The Kyoto branch and the central-Kyoto branch of Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. (in Kyoto Dia building)

• しかし、野中広務は中央政界を引退し、その影響力は低下した。
• However, Hiromu NONAKA has retired from the national political arena, lessening his influence.

• 明治に入ると、中央集権化のため、自然村の合併が推進された。
• During the Meiji period, uniting spontenuous villages was promoted because of the centralization of power.

• 10月下旬：大正時代祭（さいたま市中央区 (さいたま市)）
• Late October: Taisho Jidai Matsuri (Festival of the Ages) (Chuo Ward, Saitama City)

• 9月下旬：雅楽の夕べ@生田神社（神戸市中央区 (神戸市)）
• Gejun (the last 10 days of a month) in September: Gagaku no Yube (Night Gagaku Classical Music Performance) at Ikuta jinja Shrine (Chuo Ward, Kobe City)

• 10月下旬：大正時代祭（さいたま市中央区、明治～昭和戦前）
• Late October: Taisho Jidai Matsuri Festival (Taisho era festival) (Chuo Ward, Saitama City, Meiji-prewar Showa periods)

• これが背中の中央部で切れずに繋がる点でイセエビと区別する。
• It is different from Ise ebi in that the convolutions go around the body without breaking.

• 明代以後の中央劇壇に対しても、梨園という名称が用いられる。
• The name rien is also applied to the Chuo gekidan (central theatre) of the Meiji Period and thereafter.

• 南の中央の門が正面玄関に当たる朱雀門（すざくもん）である。
• Suzaku-mon Gate was the main gate and stood at the center of the south wall.

• 主な職務は中央行政の監察、京内の風俗の取り締まりであった。
• One of the agency's main duties was to regulate the central administration and public morals.

• 東アジアや中央アジアなどの広い範囲には偏西風が吹いている。
• Westerlies flow in wide areas of eastern Asia and central Asia

• また、州刺史以下の諸官僚たちの査定を行い、中央に報告した。
• He assessed the various government officials under him and reported to the central government.

• これにより、武士が中央政界での発言権を徐々に持つようになる。
• This helped samurai gradually gain a voice in the central political arena.

• 中央政界における死刑の廃止は以後保元の乱まで347年間続く。
• The abolishment of the death penalty in the national political arena continued for 347 years, up to the Hogen (civil) War.

• - 日本酒造組合中央会が直営する日本酒や焼酎に関する資料館。
• This is a museum for sake and shochu directly operated by the Japan Sake Brewers Association.

• - 日本の国旗に模して、白飯の中央に梅干しを一つのせた弁当。
• Box lunch with a red pickled plum in the center of white rice that represents the Japanese national flag.

• 籠中央に縦に仕切りをもうけ、一方に2羽ずつ4羽の鵜をいれる。
• A dividing board is put in the center of the basket and two cormorants each, a total of 4 cormorants, are put in.

• 『通油町』は、現在の中央区 (東京都)日本橋大伝馬町である。
• Tori abura-cho is present-day Nihonbashi Odenma-cho in Chuo Ward, Tokyo.

• 中央官制の詳細は日本の官制律令制（大宝律令）以後の項を参照。
• For further details of the central governmental organization, see the section Japan's governmental organization, the Ritsuryo system (the Taiho Ritsuryo) and after.

• 調は中央の財源であり、直接、宮都に納付することとされていた。
• The tax in kind was paid directly to the capital to provide financial resources for the central government.

• 軒高75尺（約22.7m）、中央塔高180尺（約54.5m）
• Eave height: about 22.7m, height of the central tower: about 54.5m

• 扁平な礫材を楕円形や長方形に整え、中央に浅い窪みが作られる。
• Flat gravel materials were shaped into an ellipse or a rectangular, and a shallow dent was created in the center.

• 国司は調庸・封物を中央の朝廷へ運搬進納する義務を負っていた。
• Kokushi had the obligation of carrying and delivering, to the Imperial Court in the capital, choyo (tributes and labor) and fubutsu (products from fuko [the families supplied to each noble]).

• 中央の有力貴族や有力寺社が荘園寄進を受けて領家となっていた。
• Powerful central nobility, temples, and shrines that were donated shoen became ryoke.

• 各県には知藩事に代わって新たに中央政府から県令が派遣された。
• Kenrei (prefectural governor) was dispatched by the central government to each prefecture in place of chihanji.

• 市街中央部からひえ田野地区まで広範囲に条里制が敷かれたようだ。
• The land stretching out from the center of the urban area to the Hietano area was supposedly laid out in the jori-sei (grid system).

• 内閣府： 2001年の中央省庁再編で総理府を改組した行政機関。
• Naikaku-fu (Cabinet Office): A general administrative agency created from the Sori-fu during the reorganization of the central government ministries and agencies in 2001.

• 当時の人々は鎌倉や室町の中央政庁を「幕府」と呼んだことはない。
• People in those days never called the central government office of Kamakura or Muromachi 'bakufu.'

• フィレンツェ中央市場（イタリア）：2006年11月3日友好提携
• Mercato Centrale of Firenze (Italy): friendship ties established on November 3, 2006.

• 札幌大丸支店 札幌市中央区_(札幌市)北5条西4丁目、全54席
• Sapporo Daimaru Branch, Kita-gojo Nishi 4-chome, Chuo Ward Sapporo City; fifty-four seats in total

• 9月下旬：雅楽の夕べ - 生田神社（神戸市中央区 (神戸市)）
• Late September: An Evening of Gagaku - Ikuta-jinja Shrine (Chuo Ward, Kobe City)
• Late September: Gagaku Evening Concert held at Ikuta-jinja Shrine, Chuo Ward, Kobe City

• そののち後布の紐を前に回し、上記(a)の紐の中央の部分で結ぶ。
• After that, turn the straps of the back cloth to the front and tie them at the center of the above strap [a].

• 文楽座はのちに御霊神社 (大阪市)境内（大阪市中央区）に移転。
• Later Bunraku-za was moved to the precincts of Goryo-jinja Shrine (Chuo Ward, Osaka City).

• 天武天皇は改革を進めてより強力な中央集権体制を築くことになる。
• Emperor Tenmu advanced reforms to build a stronger centralized administrative system.

• 全長73.5センチメートル、中央の身幅3.15センチメートル。
• The total length is 73.5 cm, and the width in the middle of the blade is 3.15 cm.

• 開拓判官：島義勇（明治3年（1870年）4月に中央政府に転任）
• Chief magistrate: Yoshitake SHIMA (transferred to the central government in April 1870).

• その時期は、中央の記録から消えた邦康親王以降ということになろう。
• Considering when, it can be said that it occurred after Imperial Prince Kuniyasu, which should not exist in the record of the central government.

• 吉野山（よしのやま）は奈良県の中央部・吉野郡吉野町に位置する山。
• Mt. Yoshino is located in Yoshino-cho, Yoshino County in the central part of Nara Prefecture.

• 愛宕山 (盛岡市) - 岩手県盛岡市の中央部、市街地の北にある。
• Atago-yama (Morioka City) - It is located in the middle of Morioka City, Iwate Prefecture, to the north of the urban area.

• 中央会に加盟している業者でも駅構内での販売を取りやめる例がある。
• Some of the member companies of the Center Committee stop selling Ekiben within station precincts.

• 鵜飼舟は長さ7間8寸、敷6間、幅中央3尺4寸、深さ1尺6寸5分。
• The Ukai boat is 12m 90cm long, 10m 80cm of siki, 1m 29cm wide in the center and 63cm deep, approximately.

• プランクトンは沿海沖の冷水域および陸棚上に多く、中央部に乏しい。
• There are an abundance of plankton in areas where water is cold and on continental shelf off the coast, whereas, very small amount in the central region.

• 天武天皇は天智天皇よりもさらに中央集権制を進めていったのである。
• Emperor Tenmu proceeded with the centralized system more than Emperor Tenchi did.

• それに対して、令制国は、中央から派遣された国司が治める国である。
• On the contrary, a Ryosei province was the area ruled by kokushi or provincial governor who was dispatched from central government.

• 中央集権的な統治制度である律令制が布かれた時代にほぼ定められた。
• It was almost established in the period when the ritsuryo system, which was centralized governing system, was put in place.

• 筑紫の鴻臚館は現在の福岡県福岡市中央区 (福岡市)城内にあった。
• Korokan in Tsukushi was established at the present-day Jonai, Chuo Ward, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture.

• 中央伴造として佐伯部を率い、宮門警備や武力勢力として朝廷に仕えた。
• The Saeki clan led Saeki-be (people served Yamato Dynasty and resided at Saeki) as the principal Tomo no miyatsuko (the chief of various departments at the Imperial Court) and served the Imperial Court as guard of the Imperial Palace's gates and as military aid.

• 石弓で石を遠くに放つ前のように、縦画の中央部が左に反るように書く。
• Just like throwing a stone far away with a Chinese crossbow, draw a vertical stroke in such a way that the middle part is bent left.

• 周囲を山々や丘陵に囲まれた小盆地で、その中央を飛鳥川が流れている。
• The region is a small basin encircled by mountains, slopes, and the Asuka-gawa river centrally runs the small basin.

• 6月14～15日：例祭 - 北海道神宮（札幌市中央区 (札幌市)）
• June 14 to 15: Annual festival held at Hokkaido-jingu Shrine, Chuo Ward, Sapporo City

• 自民党の党章も、十四陰菊の中央に“自民”の文字を入れたものである。
• The emblem of Jimin-to (The Liberal Democratic Party of Japan) also uses Juyon-kagegiku (Chrysanthemum with fourteen petals facing down) placing the letters of 'Jimin' at its center.

• 中部地方 - 中央高地には和田峠 (長野県)の黒曜石原産地がある。
• Chubu region: Obsidian is produced in the Wada-toge Pass (Nagano Prefecture) in the central highlands region.

• 後期になると東北から中央高地の遺跡は、少数で小規模になり分散する。
• In the end period, the remains found in Tohoku and the central highlands region are few, smaller, and scattered.

• これは、ヤマト王権が確立し、中央・地方の統治組織をできあげたこと。
• After the establishment of the 'Yamato' sovereignty,' central and local political systems were established within Japan.

• 教育課程は中央の大学寮・典薬寮とほぼ同じ内容であったと考えられる。
• It is contemplated that their curricula were almost the same as those of daigakuryo (the bureau of education)/tenyakuryo (the bureau of medicine) established by the central government.

• ヨーロッパに対抗する独立国家を創出するため、中央集権体制が創られた。
• To create an independent state to oppose the European countries, a centralized administrative framework was formed.

• 大化改新以後の中央集権的国家の制定した公法を中心とする法体系である。
• It's centered around public law established by the centralized nation after the Taika Reformation.

• - 丹後半島のほぼ中央に位置し、細川忠興の妻・細川ガラシャ幽閉の地。
• This town is located in almost the center of Tango Peninsula and famous as a place where Garasha HOSOKAWA, Mrs. Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, was confined.

• 8月中旬：例祭 - 寒川神社 (千葉市)（千葉市中央区 (千葉市)）
• Mid-August: Annual festival held at Samukawa-jinja Shrine, Chuo Ward, Chiba City

• 基本的な形は棒状で、中央に柄があり、その上下に槍状の刃が付いている。
• Basically it has a stick shape with a grip in the center, and spear-shaped edges at the top and the bottom of the grip.

• いずれも形は円形で中央に正方形の穴が開いている円形方孔の形式である。
• Each coin of the above has a square hole in the circular form.

• 衣服には金色の縦縞が描かれ、正面中央や顔の左右には文字が記入される。
• Gold vertical stripes are drawn on the part of the robe, and some letters are written on the front center part of the doll and on either side of the face.

• 後に中央政府の政策となって一時は財政収入の半分を占めるまでとなった。
• Later this became a policy of the central government and once it even occupied a half of the income.

• 首都とは国中一番のみやこ、帝城、中央政府のある所、首府のことである。
• A capital is the no.1 city in a country, the Imperial Palace, the place where the central government is located.

• 旧京都中央電話局西陣分局舎〔京都市上京区油小路通中立売下る甲斐守町〕
• Office building of former Nishijin Branch of Kyoto Central Telephone Office [Kainokami-cho, Aburakoji-dori Nakadachiuri-sagaru, Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City]

• ただし、中央政界から抹殺された上に、遠江国半国の守護となってしまった。
• However, his presence was denied in the national political arena and he became a shugo (military governor) of half of the Totomi Province.

• 中央貴族として栄えた源氏として村上天皇の皇子を祖とする村上源氏がある。
• An example of a Minamoto clan who gained power as central noble is Murakami-Genji, who was descended from the princes of Emperor Murakami.

• なお、もともと私鉄の駅構内で販売される弁当については中央会は関係ない。
• The Center Committee has not been concerned with the sales of box lunches sold within the station precincts managed by private railway companies since the beginning.

• 神職らは祭場の左右に着座し、そこから中央の祭場に赴いて祭儀を行なった。
• Priests and priestesses were seated on the left and right sides of the ceremonial place, from which they moved to the center of the place to perform a ceremony.

• 岡山県加賀郡吉備中央町の吉川八幡宮では、10月の当番祭に行われている。
• Yoshikawahachiman-gu Shrine in Kibichuo Town, Kaga District, Okayama Prefecture performs yabusame for the Toban-sai Festival in October.

• そして、中央間と東西第二間の三ヶ所に「障子戸」が設けられていたという。
• Then, it is said that there was 'Shoji-to' (sliding paper door) in the three points of the central room and the east and east second rooms.
• Then, it is said that there was 'Shoji-to' (sliding paper door) in the three points of the central room and the east and west second rooms.

• 中央に描いた紋様によって雲立涌、牡丹立涌、藤立涌、桜橘立涌などがある。
• It is classified into kumo-tatsuwaku (mountain-shaped curves with clouds, botan-tatsuwaku (shaped-shaped curves with peony flowers and leaves), fuji-tatsuwaku (shaped-shaped curves with wisteria flowers and leaves), sakura-tachibana-tatsuwaku (shaped-shaped curves with cherry and tachibana blossoms) and others, depending on the patterns drawn in the center.

• 中央自動車道駒ヶ根インターチェンジ下車、伊那広域農道を南下して約15分
• From the Komagane Interchange, Chuo Expressway, approximately fifteen minutes driving south on Ina Koiki Nodo route

• 背びれは鰓蓋の直後、尻びれは体の中央付近から始まって尾びれと連続する。
• The back fin begins right after the operculum and the anal fin is positioned near the center of the body, and connects with the tail fin.

• 薪を入れる中央部分が膨らんでおり、その形状がだるまに似ている事に因む。
• With a bulge in the middle for the loading door, a daruma stove is named for its daruma-like shape.

• 中央付近に池があり、北側は散策路のある雑木林の先に久良岐能舞台がある。
• In the middle of the park lies a lake, and on the north side there is a copse with a walking trail leading to Kuraki Noh stage.

• 従来の中央上部の「蓬莱図」を古式に復し「負文亀」の図にあらためさせた。
• The bakufu had the 'Horaizu' painting in the top center restored to the ancient style, '負文亀.'

• 11世紀ごろから、中央政府の有力者へ田地を寄進する動きが見られ始める。
• From around the eleventh century, the rice-field donation to the powerful men in the central government started.

• これらの地域はほとんどが東アジアだが、一部は中央アジアにも及んでいる。
• Almost all of these areas are located in eastern Asia, but some of them extend to central Asia.

• 月瀬橋 旧月ヶ瀬村の中央で五月川を渡る橋で1893年に初めて架橋された。
• Tsukigase Bridge: built in 1893 across Satsuki River and located in the center of former Tsukigase Village.

• 中央遊歩道は山頂へ直登するもので、もっとも急坂であるため下り向けである。
• The middle path directly run up to the top, so, it is the steepest and suitable for climbing down.

• 「中央会に所属」「駅弁マークがついていること」は条件とはできなくなった。
• Accordingly, it became difficult to keep imposing the conditions that 'Ekiben is a box lunch produced by member companies of the Center Committee' and 'Ekiben is a box lunch with the Ekiben mark.'

• 初唐文化の影響や朝鮮半島、インド、西アジア、中央アジアの文化も影響した。
• It was affected by the culture of early Tang, the Korean Peninsula, India and West and Central Asia.

• この地は左右に山があり、中央に広野が広がっているという地形となっていた。
• The area was provided with the geographical shape with mountains on the right and left sides and a plain in the center.

• 凶党が発生した場合、国衙は即時に中央の太政官へ報告書（国解）を送付した。
• When gangsters started a criminal act, the kokuga sent a report about it (called Kokuge) to Daijokan in the central government.

• この時代、中央では政争が多く起こり、東北では蝦夷との戦争が絶えなかった。
• In this period, many political strifes occurred in the central government and in Tohoku there were never-ending wars with Ezo.

• 現在城郭の大半は宅地化され、推定地の中央には国道161号が貫通している。
• Presently, most parts of the place where the castle used to be have been developed as residential areas, and National Route 161 runs through the center of the estimated place of Sakamoto-jo Castle.

• 奥るり渓には能勢電鉄日生中央駅もしくは、JR山陰本線園部駅からバスがある。
• To Okururikei River Valley, buses go from Nose Electric Railway Nissei-chuo Station or JR Sanin Main Line Sonobe Station.

• 本ユズは、中華人民共和国中央および西域、揚子江上流の原産であると言われる。
• Honyuzu is said to be native to the central and west areas of China and the upper reaches of the Yantze River.

• 中央アジア諸国でも正月とはされていないものの、春分のノウルーズは祝われる。
• In the central Asian countries, people celebrate Nowrūz on the vernal equinox, although Nowrūz is not considered the new year.

• 地貝を立て終ると、出役の女房が出貝桶から出貝1個を取り出し、中央に伏せる。
• When all jigai are set, nyobo (a court lady) as dashiyaku (a person who picks out dashigai) takes one of dashigai out of dashigaioke (kaioke for dashigai) and put it inside down on the center.

• ヲワケが地方豪族であるか中央豪族であるかの判断など研究者で意見が分かれる。
• There are divisions of opinion among the scholars on the question that Owake belonged to a powerful local clan or a central clan.

• 伝馬制は駅制と異なり、使者を中央から地方へ送迎することを主目的としていた。
• Unlike the Eki-sei system, the tenma system was mainly intended for envoys sent from the capital to local regions.

• これにより、天皇を頂点とした、貴族・官僚による中央集権支配体制が完成した。
• As a result of the completion of the Taiho Code the centralization of the government system by aristocrats and bureaucrats with the Japanese emperor as the top was accomplished.

• この頃は、諸国行政の実権が中央から国衙に大幅に委ねられるようになっていた。
• This was the time when the actual provincial administrative power were drastically passed from the central government to the kokuga.

• 五老岳（ごろうがだけ）は、京都府舞鶴市の中央部、東舞鶴と西舞鶴を分ける山岳。
• Mt. Gorogadake is a mountain that is located in the center of Maizuru City, Kyoto Prefecture and divides Higashi-Maizuru and Nishi-Maizuru.

• なお、1993年度の長刀鉾の稚児は、現在日本中央競馬会騎手の北村浩平である。
• Note that Naginata boko Chigo in 1993 was Kohei KITAMURA, who is now a jockey of the Japan Association for International Horse Racing.

• 敷地の中央に中庭（坪庭〈つぼにわ〉）を置くことで、通気性と採光を口上させた。
• In the center of the property, a courtyard (spot garden) was installed for the improved ventilation and lighting.

• 全国は数十カ国の令制国に分けられ、個々の国は中央から派遣された国司が治めた。
• The whole country was divided into tens of ryoseikoku (province) and each province was governed by kokushi (provincial governors) dispatched from the central government.

• 中央集権化を推進していくうえで、この問題は是非とも克服してゆかねばならない。
• Upon the implementation of centralization, this problem had to be overcome at whatever cost.

• 残すは筑前・豊前のみというところで豊臣秀吉の中央軍の介入が始まり、降伏した。
• In the stage in which only Chikuzen and Buzen were remaining, intervention of the central troops of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI commenced and the Shimazu clan surrendered.

• このとき、曹洞宗では警策を体の中央に立てて、臨済宗では右肩に担いで巡回する。
• During this time, in the Soto sect he walks around holding the kyosaku straight up in the center of his body and in the Rinzai sect carrying the keisaku on his right shoulder.

• タケ2本を中央で折りたわめ、地に差し込み、その上に渋紙を天幕のように張った。
• Two bamboo sticks were bent in the center, inserted in the ground, and then a paper treated with astringent persimmon juice was attached like a curtain.

• 幕府が「将軍を頂点とする中央政府」を意味するようになったのは江戸時代中頃から。
• Bakufu started to mean 'the feudal government headed by a shogun' from around the mid-Edo period.

• 紀氏・巨勢氏・平群氏・葛城氏・蘇我氏などの中央諸豪族の祖とされるが詳細は不明。
• He is regarded as an ancestor of several central ruling families such as the Ki clan, the Kose clan, the Hegri clan, the Katsuragi clan, and the Soga clan, but details are unknown.

• また、中央政治においては11世紀に藤原北家が政権中枢を担う摂関政治が成立した。
• In central politics, Sekkan-seiji (politics based on Sekkan - regent or a top adviser to Emperor), in which the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan played a dominant role, was established.

• またもう１つの目立つ特徴として弓幹中央より下側に握りが来るように造られている。
• In addition, another distinct feature is that the grip is on the under side of Yugara (wooden or bamboo part between Motohazu (the lower top of the bow) and Urahazu (the top of the bow)).

• 右翼隊の左縦隊は官軍を岩崎原から葛原山に退けたが、中央隊は弾薬不足で退却した。
• The left column of the right flank drove the government army out of Iwasakihara to Mt. Kuzuhara, whereas the center troop retreated due to the lack of ammunition.

• 隋とそれに続く唐の時代には、律令制の確立により中央集権制は磐石のものとなった。
• During the Sui Dynasty and the following Tang Dynasty, because of the establishment of the ritsuryo system (a law system), the centralized authoritarian rule became as firm as a rock.

• 中央派遣の国司が現地で採用する実務官僚であり、国司の側近としての性格があった。
• Zaichokanjin was a practical government official who was locally employed by kokushi (government administrator sent from the central government), and was professionally an entourage of kokushi.

• 平安中期頃、中央政界からあぶれた武士身分の下級貴族が多数、地方へ下向してきた。
• In around the mid-Heian period, a number of lower-ranking noblemen with samurai status, who were left out of the central political world, went down to the provinces.

• 心柱が初層の天井裏で止まり、板床となるその上には中央方一間に仏壇を構えている。
• Its central pillar ends under the roof of the first-level pagoda, and on the wooden floor located over the roof, a Buddhist alter is put on a square whose side is ikken (appox. 1.8 m) in the center of the floor.

• この混乱によってデモ隊は、4列縦隊を崩し、道路の中央部分を進行する形となった。
• In the confusion the demonstration march was not in fours and moved forward in the center of the street.

• カツオ、マグロが少ないので、日本海中央のサバ延縄漁業以外に遠洋漁業が発達しない。
• Due to the fact that there are not many bonito or tuna, deep-sea fishing except for mackerel longline fishing in the central area of the Sea of Japan has not developed.

• 西洋のものとは異なる遠近法が用いられており、中心が中央から外れて構成されている。
• Japanese art uses perspective differently from Western art, placing the focus away from the centre.

• 左右馬寮（めりょう）・左右兵庫・内兵庫・造兵司などの兵部省被官諸司も中央軍事力。
• Various offices in Hyobusho including Left/Right division of Meryo (the bureau of horses), Left/Right division of Hyogo (the bureau of military storehouses), Inner division of Hyogo and Zoheishi (weapons-manufacturing office) were also the central army.

• 公共放送・・・関東庁逓信局（大連放送局）→満州電信電話株式会社（大連中央放送局）
• Public broadcast ⋯ Kwantung Agency Communication (Dalian station) => Manchuria Electric Telegram and Telephone Corporation (Dalian Central Station)

• そのほか地方議会の議員に選出される者、中央官庁や地方公共団体に勤務する者もいた。
• Further, some were elected local assembly members, some worked for the central government or local government.

• 凹石（くぼみいし）とは、こぶし大の円礫・楕円礫のほぼ中央に浅い凹みをもつ礫石器。
• Kubomi-ishi (hollow stones) refers to the stone tools that have a shallow hollow almost in the center of fist-sized round gravel and elliptic gravel.

• 「中央に天子の宮、その東に祖先の霊を祀り（宗廟）、西に土地の神を祀る（社稷）。」
• The Imperial palace was placed at the center of the city, a shrine (Sobyo) for the worship of ancestral spirits was placed to the east of the palace, and a shrine (Shashoku) for the worship of the gods to protect the land was placed to west of the palace.'

• 前者は東京経済大学に保管されていたが、現在はあきる野市の中央図書館に移管された。
• The Itsukaichi Constitution used to be kept in Tokyo Keizai University; however, it was transferred to the Akiruno City central library and is now maintained there.

• 国司はこれら新たな税目（官物・臨時雑役）の中央への納入を義務づけられたのである。
• Kokushi were obliged to pay these newly introduced tax items (kanmotsu/rinji zoyaku) to the central government.

• 京へ納入され中央政府の主要財源として、官人の給与（位禄・季禄）などに充てられた。
• Delivered to the capital, Cho was allotted to the salary for the government official (Iroku [stipends paid to people who were in the fourth rank and the fifth rank]) and kiroku [salary paid to the officers under the ritsuryo system]), etc. as the main financial resources of the central government.

• 西アジアや中央アジアなどとの交流も活発であり、首都長安は国際都市として繁栄した。
• There was also active exchange with West and Central Asia and the capital Changan flourished as an international city.

• 中央集権を進めるには各地に未だ残る大名領（藩）の存在をどうするかが問題であった。
• In order to establish a centralized administrative system, however, there still remained the problem surrounding the existence of daimyo (domains) territory throughout the nation.

• 米粒ならびに中心部にある「心白」というデンプン質が大きく、かつ、鮮明に中央にある。
• The grain of rice is large and the starchy part in the middle called 'shinpaku' is also large and prominent in the center of the grain.

• 都は難波宮高津宮（なにわのたかつのみや、現在の大阪府大阪市中央区 (大阪市)か）。
• The capital was Naniwa no Takatsu no miya Palace (probably the present Chuo Ward, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture).

• 美山町（みやまちょう）は、2005年12月31日まで京都府のほぼ中央に存在した町。
• Miyama-cho was a town located roughly in the center of Kyoto Prefecture until December 31, 2005.

• 将棋では中央（5五）の位を制するのが重要であったことから、その地点を天王山と呼ぶ。
• In Shogi (Japanese Chess), occupying the central square (in the fifth line of fifth row) means a lot where to be called Tennozan (Mt. Tenno).

• 東日本では浴室奥に設計されることが多く、西日本では浴室中央に設計されることが多い。
• Generally, in eastern Japan this water faucet is established in the innermost recess of the bathroom, while in western Japan it's situated in the center of the bathroom.

• 背景の事情： 日本橋 (東京都中央区)明治座の芝居茶屋・山崎屋の子として生まれる。
• Background: He was born into the tea room Yamazakiya attached to the Meiji-za Theater in Nihonbashi, Chuo-ward, Tokyo.

• なお、諸国に対して中央から相撲人貢進を促すために派遣された使者を相撲使と呼称した。
• Meanwhile, emissaries from the central government sent to the various provinces to urge contribution of sumo wrestlers were called 'sumo emissaries.'

• 『故実拾要』によれば、まず烏帽子、素襖を着た陰陽師大黒が庭の中央に立って囃をする。
• According to the 'Kojitsu shuyo'(the book of old customs and manners), at first, a Yin Yang master Daikoku in Eboshi (aJapanese head gear) and Suou (formal uniform) stands in the center of the garden and plays musical accompaniment,

• 律令制（りつりょうせい）は、主に古代東アジアで見られた中央集権的な統治制度である。
• The Ritsuryo system is the Japanese term for the system of centralized government seen mainly in ancient East Asia.

• 開拓使の発足当時、中央政府の財政基盤は弱く、北海道の全域を統治する余力はなかった。
• When the Hokkaido Development Commission was first inaugurated, the financial base of the central government was weak and could not afford to govern the entire Hokkaido.

• 両翼の部隊が迂回突破する前に中央の部隊が崩れると両翼の部隊が残されて大損害を被る。
• If the central force is defeated before either wing can detour to break through the enemy lines, only the wings will be left and suffer server damage.

• そこで県では処刑を担当した役人3人の進退伺いとともに中央に対処方法の指示を仰いだ。
• Therefore the prefectural government asked the central government how to deal with this and retribution of three officers, who were responsible for the execution.

• 元 (王朝)の大都は都城の中央やや南寄りに宮城を配置しその周辺を皇城が囲んでいた。
• In Dadu of Yuan (Dynasty), the imperial palace was located slightly south to the center of the imperial city, surrounded by administrative districts.

• そのため、国家財政の安定化を行なって明治新政府の中央集権を確立させる必要があった。
• Therefore, they needed to stabilize the state's financial affairs and establish centralization by the new Meiji government.

• 陸奥では中央に貢納する租庸調・庸の貢納が免除され、城柵の運営財源として使用された。
• Mutsu was exempt from paying Soyochoyo (Yo of Soyocho tax system; Labor or alternative goods) to the central government, and those were used as financial resources for the management of josaku.

• 荘園領主の中には、中央政府と関係を築き、田租の免除（不輸）を認めさせる者も現れた。
• Among lords of shoen, some established a relation with the central government and made them approve the tax exemption of denso (rice field tax).

• 法然の教えは摂関家の九条兼実ら中央の貴族をはじめ、地方の武士や庶民にまで広まった。
• The teachings of Honen spread from court nobles in the central region including Kanezane KUJO of Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) through samurai or common people in local regions.

• 1960年代前半、部落解放同盟中央は、共産党系幹部主導による運動が進められてきた。
• In the early 1960s, led by the Japanese Communist Party leaning executives, the Buraku Liberation League Headquarter was promoting movement.

• 翌日解放同盟中央執行委員会は、朝田府連の大会が正規の京都府連大会であると認定した。
• The next day, the central executive committee of the Liberation League approved Asada Furen's meeting as a formal Kyoto Federation meeting.

• 京都の中央政府への復帰を目指していた頼朝とは目的を異にしていたものと考えられている。
• It is thought that their aim was different from that of Yoritomo's, which was to return to central government in Kyoto.

• 発掘が始まった当初、国府は平城京や平安京のような中央の都城の縮小版と考えられていた。
• When the excavation was started, Kokufu was thought to be a miniature of a capital in the central government such as Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara) and Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto).

• 中央・地方を通じ高級軍人・特別高等警察関係の警察官を網羅し国家組織と結びついていた。
• They comprised high-level military personnel and police officers related to the Special Higher Police both centrally and locally, and were connected to national organizations.

• このことから「駅構内で販売される弁当」と「中央会」とが、必ずしも結びつかなくなった。
• Therefore, it became difficult to connect 'a box lunch sold within station precincts' with the 'Center Committee.'

• 中央アジアないしモンゴル高原起源と考えられているが、発祥地と年代について定説はない。
• It is thought to originate from Central Asia or the Mongolian plateau, but there is no established theory on its birthplace and date.

• 弓の棹は中央部が毛側に向けてやや湾曲し、つまり内向きにわずかに反っているものが多い。
• The central portion of the wood part of the bow is bent slightly towards the hair side, or warped slightly inwards in the most cases.

• 翌1946年に復興したが、1956年、道頓堀弁天座跡（大阪市中央区）へ新築移転した。
• It was restored in 1946, but in 1956 it was relocated and built anew on the remains of Benten-za Theater, Dotonbori (Chuo Ward, Osaka City).

• また、醤油業中央公正取引協議会が定めるものとして、以下の表示を利用することができる。
• The following indications can be used according to the agreement by Central Fair Trade Control of Soy-sauce Manufacturing Industry.

• 上級官人と下級官人の家柄を明確にすると共に、中央貴族と地方豪族とをはっきり区別した。
• The Emperor clarified a family lineage between the superior and lower-level officials and made a sharp distinction between the central nobles and local powerful clans.

• 平治の乱以降、平氏は新たな秩序を中央政界においても武士社会においても構築していった。
• Following the Heiji War, the Taira clan established a new order both in the national political arena and the samurai warrior society.

• 試行錯誤しながら、律令国家・天皇中心の専制国家・中央集権国家を目指した時代であった。
• It was an age which aimed, through trial and error, to create ritsuryo kokka (a nation centrally governed in accordance with Chinese-based legal codes), an autocratic nation centered around the emperor and centralized authority.

• 中央下部に埋め金があり、譲葉金などの判金に足し金して量目を調整したものと考えられる。
• For the trace of additional gold at the middle of the bottom, it is considered that craftsmen added some gold to the past current coin which has been called Yuzuriha Kin (the shape and the period in which it was minted are unknown) to adjust its weight.

• 明治中央官制の改革は明治17年（1885年）の内閣制度発足をもってようやく安定する。
• The reform of the organization of the central government was finally settled by the inauguration of the cabinet system in 1885.

• これは中世社会が（今日的な視点で見れば）極めて非中央集権的な社会となる要因となった。
• This made medieval society extremely decentralized (from today's point of view).

• またフィリピンの中央山岳地帯 (ルソン島) にある棚田は、世界最大とも言われている。
• Furthermore, Tanada located in the central mountainous region of the Philippines (the Luzon Island) are said to be the largest in the world.

• しかし豊臣政権・江戸幕府と長崎は中央政権直轄領となり、貿易利潤を喪失することとなった。
• However, under the Toyotomi regime and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the domain no longer benefited from the profits of this trade because Nagasaki became a demesne of the central government.

• しかし、中央においては細川氏が政治の拠点　畿内を抑え、畠山氏も畿内近辺に所領を有した。
• For the central government, however, the Hosokawa clan secured the political foothold in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capital of Kyoto) and the Hatakeyama clan possessed the territories around the Kinai region.

• 注、かつては京橋（大阪府大阪市中央区 (大阪市)と都島区の境の寝屋川の橋。）であった。
• Note: It was formerly Kyobashi Bridge (a bridge over Neyagawa-river, which is located between the Chuo and Miyakojima Wards of Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture).

• 幕府の名称がすなわち中央政庁を表すようになったのは、藩と同じく江戸時代中期以降である。
• Like the name 'han' (feudal clan), the name 'bakufu' began to be used for the centralized government after the late Edo period.

• 滋賀県は中央部に広大な琵琶湖を持つために、湖を挟んだ地域同士で特徴が異なることが多い。
• Since Shiga Prefecture has vast Lake Biwa in the middle of it, the features vary according to different areas surrounding the lake.

• かつての国鉄では、駅改札内での弁当の販売は中央会加盟業者に対してしか認めていなかった。
• Under the JNR management, only member companies of the Center Committee were permitted to sell box lunches within station precincts.

• 江戸期以降火縄銃の射的に使用された木製の標的板の中央の黒点を「星」と呼ぶ習慣があった。
• After the Edo period the central black point of a wooden target board used for target practice of hinawaju was called 'hoshi' as a custom.

• 炭が暖まったら、十能（じゅうのう）に入れて運び、火鉢の中央に適当に間隔をあけて並べる。
• When the charcoal is hot, carry it in a juno (fire pan) and place the pieces evenly spaced in the center of the hibachi.

• 落語で、最も簡略にして最も大切な舞台装置が、高座の中央にぽつんと置かれた座布団である。
• In Rakugo, the most simple and most important piece of stage equipment is the lone zabuton sitting in the middle of the stage.

• これらも芋酒（いもざけ）などとしていち早く当時の酒の中央市場であった京都に入っている。
• It was distributed early in Kyoto, which was the main market of sake at that time, as being imozake (literally, 'potato sake') and so on.

• 江戸では日本橋石町三丁目（現東京都中央区 (東京都)日本橋本町）の宿屋小山屋店に滞在。
• They stayed at an inn called Koyamayaten located in 3 Ishi-machi Town, Nihonbashi, Edo (current location of Hon-cho, Nihonbashi, Chuo Ward, Tokyo).

• 倭中央豪族、吉備臣などの倭地方豪族、伽耶系により構成され、実務は伽耶系が担っていたこと
• It consisted of the powerful families from the capital of Wa, the families from rural areas of Wa, including Kibi no omi, and Gaya people who handled the actual management.

• 明治維新の後、新政府は旧来の地域区分を変更し、新たな中央集権国家の基盤作りに着手した。
• After the Meiji Restoration, the new government altered the old regional partition in order to undertake establishment of the foundation for a new centralized government.

• その後も、今までは蘇我氏の大臣1人だけの中央官制を左大臣・右大臣・内臣の3人に改めた。
• The emperor reformed the central government system, increasing the number of ministers from one to three, namely the Minister of the Left, the Minister of the Right, and the Minister of the Inside (Uchitsuomi: senior adviser to the emperor).

• そのため、11世紀中期頃から中央政府は財政収入の確保を図って現実的な政策を採り始めた。
• Therefore, since around the middle of eleventh century, the central government began to adopt realistic policies in order to secure its financial revenue.

• 撰銭を巡る問題は、16世紀の日本に強力な中央政権が存在しなかったことにも起因していた。
• Problems centered on the erizeni act were also generated partially because no strong centralized government existed in Japan during the sixteenth century.

• 楽屋銀杏（がくやいちょう）：はわせ、前割れともよばれる、前髪を立てずに中央で分けた髪型。
• Gakuyaicho: This hairstyle was also called Hawase or Maeware, where hair is parted in the middle without making the forelock stand up.

• 中央の布部分に手頃な石を包み、頭上でそれを回転させる（身体の脇で回転させる技法もある）。
• In the center of the cloth, a handy stone is placed and wrapped, and it is rotated above the head (or at the side of the body, as another technique).

• 孝徳天皇は難波長柄豊崎宮（大阪市中央区 (大阪市)）を造営し、そこを日本の首都と定めた。
• Emperor Kotoku built Naniwa no Nagara no Toyosaki no Miya Palace (Chuo Ward, Osaka City [Osaka City]) and designated the city as the capital of Japan.

• 明治4年7月14日（1871年8月29日）には廃藩置県を断行し、中央集権体制を確立した。
• On August 29, 1871, the government absolved the han system (feudal domains) and the establishment of prefectures to establish the system of one consolidated political power into the center of the government.

• 江戸時代に江戸（日本橋 (東京都中央区)）と京都（三条大橋）を結んだ東海道の53の宿場。
• The 53 posting stations on the Tokaido Road, which connected Edo (Nihonbashi (Chuo Ward, Tokyo) and Kyoto (Sanjo Ohashi Bridge) during the Edo period.

• 周囲はおよそ1.5キロメートル、面積はおよそ9ヘクタールで、中央には浮島が存在している。
• The circumference and area of Midoroga-ike Pond are approximately 1.5 km and 9 hectares, respectively, with a floating island present at its center.

• 除災・求児などのために修される密教の准胝法の本尊が中央に座し、周囲に四天王が描かれている
• The principal image of the Juntei ho (a pure rite) of Esoteric Buddhism, which is learned for avoiding disaster and for searching for a missing child, is placed at the center, surrounded by Shitenno (four guardian kings).

• 播磨国のほぼ中央部に位置する姫路藩は木綿の専売などで周辺経済に大きな影響力を有していた。
• Located almost in the center of Harima Province, the Himeji clan had a sizable economic power that affected its surrounding areas, for example, the exclusive sales of cotton.

• 日本では平安時代の皇朝十二銭以来久しく途絶えていた中央政府による鋳造貨幣であるとされる。
• In Japan, it was considered as the first mintage issued by the central government after many years, since the 'Kocho -Jyunisen' coin (the twelve types of coins minted by the imperial court) was discontinued in the Heian Period.

• 中国の条坊制を模範に造営された古代都城では、中央北辺に宮殿、官衙からなる宮城が置かれた。
• In ancient capitals that were established in accordance with the Chinese grid-patterned city layout, Imperial Palaces, consisting of a palace and a kanga (government office), were placed in the northern central part of the city.

• のちに明の冊封を受け明にならい朱子学を国教とし科挙を実施、官僚制中央集権国家を形成する。
• In later years, the Dynasty, after having its vassal system with the Ming dynasty, adopted the doctrines of Zhu Xi; Neo-Confucianism as its state religion following Ming and conducted Kakyo/Keju (examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats) to form its bureaucratic centralized government.

• 金沢行き(北陸ハイウェイバス)、上野駅、千葉中央駅行き、東京ミッドナイトエクスプレス宇治号
• For Kanazawa (Hokuriku Highway Bus), Ueno Station, Chiba-chuo Station, and The Tokyo Midnight Express Uji-go bus

• 京都中央郵便局 - 600-0000、600-8xxx、601-0000、601-8xxx
• Kyoto Central Post Office: 600-0000, 600-8xxx, 601-0000 and 601-8xxx

• なお屋根の水引幕東西南北の中央に小さい房が下げられているが、これが房と言われるものである。
• Small tassels called fusa are also hung from the central portion of the east, west, south, and north sides of the curtain (Mizuhiki-maku) on the hanging roof above the sumo ring.

• 紀元前209年に秦が滅びた後も、前漢にその中央集権制は受け継がれ、官印が製造・支給された。
• After the Qin Dynasty was overthrown in 209 BC, the centralized authoritarian rule was carried over to the Former Han Dynasty and kanin were manufactured and provided.

• 伝馬制は当初、特命任務を帯びた使者を中央から地方へ派遣するための制度として想定されていた。
• At first, the tenma system was presumed to have been a system to send an envoy with a special commission from the capital to local regions.

• 地方の御家人が守護への補任により勢力を拡大させたり、中央政界に進出するきっかけをも作った。
• Assuring local gokenin as the position of shugo (provincial constable) led them become more powerful and extend their influence to the national politics.

• それに伴い豪族の土地・民衆支配は否定され、中央政府による統一的な土地・民衆支配が実現した。
• By this, the gozokus' government over the land and people were denied and the unitary government over the land and people by the central government was established.

• 12世紀末頃から14世紀頃までは鎌倉時代と呼ばれ、中央の公家政権と関東の武家政権が並立した。
• The eighth century is called the Kamakura period, and the Kuge (court nobles) government in Kyoto and the military government in Kamakura coexisted during this era.

• 丹波地方の中央部、丹波高地を控え、旧丹波町の南部が淀川水系と由良川水系の分水界となっている。
• Tanba Highland is located at the center of Tanba region, while the southern part of former Tanba-cho divides the Yodo-gawa and Yura-gawa River systems.

• 一方、駅前に店舗を構える中央会非加盟の弁当業者が独自の弁当を作り、「駅弁」を名乗る例もある。
• On the other hand, nonmember companies that established their stores in front of stations often produce their own box lunch, calling it 'Ekiben.'

• 東面の1号壁、西面の6号壁、北面中央扉の左右に位置する9号壁と10号壁の計4面が大壁である。
• There are four Taiheki such as No. 1 wall on the east side, No. 6 wall on west, No. 9 and No. 10 walls on each side of the center door of the north side.

• これは一説によると、大阪市中央区の「生玉サン」、すなわち生國魂神社が広めたものとされている。
• According to one theory, this was spread by 'Ikutama san' of Chuo Ward, Osaka City, that is, Ikukunitama-jinja Shrine.

• 天皇を中心とした中央集権の復活により、宮中に参内するときの服飾は袿を着用するよう定められた。
• With the restoration of Imperial rule, it was established that uchiki should be worn on visiting the Imperial Palace.

• 第21条では金春座、金剛座、十二座など、中央で認められていない大和猿楽の座が紹介されている。
• In section 21, the troupes of Yamato Sarugaku that were not allowed in the capital such as Konparuza, Kongoza and Juniza, are introduced.

• なお、中央の大垂には、垂ネームという、自分の所属団体や名前を示す布製のゼッケンがはめられる。
• In the Odare at the center, a name tag called a Tare name, namely a square piece of cloth with the name of the group a player belongs to it is inserted.

• ところが、中央交渉会の政党化を図る古荘・佐々・曾根らとこれに反対する井上・末松らが対立した。
• However, a conflict was created between a group formed by Furusho, Sassa, Sone, etc. who tried to get the Central Negotiation Committee into a political party and a group formed by Inoue, Suematsu, etc. who were against the idea.

• 在庁官人は元々、現地の有力者であり、中央の国司に対する地域の利益代表としての顔も持っていた。
• Zaichokanjin were originally the leaders in the local region and were also the representing the interests of the region against the kokushi sent from the central government.

• 年料雑器（ねんりょうざっき）とは、律令制において尾張国・長門国両国より中央に貢納させた陶器。
• Nenryo zakki was earthenware from Owari Province and Nagato Province appointed by the central government as payments of tribute under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).

• 裏面中央には丸枠桐紋、亀甲桐紋、花押の極印があり、亀甲枠については有る無し、双方が存在する。
• At the middle of the back, it has the Kiwamein of paulownia in a circle, the Kiwamein of paulownia in a hexagon, and the Kao; some of those don't have a hexagon.

• 中央政権の支配も関東以南ほど強くは及んでいなかったが律令制の時代には陸奥国と出羽国が置かれた。
• Although the central government had less control there than in the south of the Kanto region, it set up Mutsu and Dewa Provinces in the area during the era ruled under the ritsuryo system.

• 初演時の劇場千歳座は水天宮 (東京都中央区)の近くにあり、土地の周辺をあてこんだものであった。
• The Chitose-za Theater where this Kabuki play was performed for the first time was located near Suiten-gu Shrine (in Chuo Ward, Tokyo) and was selected for its neighborhood.

• 赤熱したブロックを鎚（つち）で叩き伸ばしては中央から折り重ねる「折り返し鍛練」を繰り返し行う。
• The red-hot block is struck and elongated using a Tsuchi (hammer), and folded back into the middle of its length, which is called a 'folding method of forging' and it is done repeatedly.

• 中央の二枚が上記の方法で引き分けられ、外の二枚は幅が狭く、開閉のできない嵌め殺しとなっている。
• The two central Shoji can slide in above way and the outside two Shoji are smaller in width and permanently-set.

• 中央の2枚が上記の方法で引き分けられ、外の2枚は幅が狭く、開閉のできない嵌め殺しとなっている。
• The two of the above four akari shoji are configured to pass each other, set in the middle groove, while the remaining two with smaller widths are fixed to the right and left of the two sliding akari shoji.

• それに対し、日光の湯波は膜の中央に串を入れて二つ折りにするように引き上げるため二枚重ねとなる。
• In Nikko, on the other hand, they slip the skewer underneath the center of yuba to lift it, yuba comes out folded in two.

• 明治政府の中央集権化など改革を行うに際しての財源確保のため、禄制改革が課題の1つとなっていた。
• The Meiji government had to proceed a reform of the stipend system so as to secure enough finances for other reforms such as centralization of power.

• 軍団で訓練を受けた兵士は、中央たる畿内へ配転されて衛士として1年間、王城周辺の警備に当たった。
• After training in the gundan, soldiers were transferred to the central Kinai region and served as guards called 'eshi' in the area around palace for one year.

• 古代においては、7世紀後半頃に律令制の中央・地方間の情報伝達システムとして伝馬制が整備された。
• About in the latter half of the seventh century in ancient times, the tenma system was improved as a system of transmission of information between the capital and local regions in the ritsuryo system.

• 東北地方は関東の騒乱にほとんど巻き込まれることなく、当然中央の政争の影響もほとんど見られない。
• The Tohoku Region was hardly involved in turbulences in the Kanto Region and no trace of influences from political strife in the central part of Japan can be observed.

• これらの租税を中央へ納入する過程で、国司（受領）は租税の一部を私財化し巨富を得ていたとされる。
• It is believed that kokushi (zuryo) embezzled taxes through the process of paying it to the central government and obtained big profits.

• ただし、この抗争は大内氏などを主体とする地方勢力が足利氏を利用して中央介入を試みた側面が強い。
• However, it seems that these struggles were caused by the local power mainly consisting of the Ouchi clan that used the Ashikaga clan to interfere with political affairs in the central government.

• 11世紀に入ると、官司請負制が成立し、中央官司の業務が特定の氏族によって担われるようになった。
• In the eleventh century, the government office contract system was established and central government official jobs were held by certain clans.

• しかし、それより大きいのは当時の中央政府の地方支配原理にあわせた奥州支配を進めたことと思われる。
• However, it is believed that it happened more likely due to the attitude of the Oshu Fujiwara clan that it tried to move forward the ruling of the Oshu region according to the principal of local control of the central government.

• すなわち、紀伊半島の中央部は、際立った高山こそないものの、どこまでも続く山々と谷に覆われている。
• The central part of Kii Peninsula has no visibly high mountains, but is covered in endlessly extending mountains and valleys.

• 7桁化に際して普通郵便局が四日市西郵便局から奈良中央郵便局へ移管され奈良県側の630～となった。
• Before zip code was changed to be a 7-digit number, its common post office was transferred from Yokkaichi-Nishi Post Office to Nara Central Post Office, and its zip code turned out to be the number that begins with 630, which indicates it belongs to Nara Prefecture.

• 5月中旬：神田祭（千代田区、中央区 (東京都) 神田神社）（大祭は2年に1度、次回は2009年）
• Mid-May: Kanda Festival (Kanda-jinja Shrine, Chiyoda Ward and Chuo Ward, Tokyo) (Grand festival is held biennially, and next will be in 2009)

• 8月中旬：例大祭@富岡八幡宮（江東区、中央区 (東京都)）(大祭は3年に１度、次回は2008年)
• Mid-August: Grand Festival at Tomioka Hachiman-gu Shrine (Koto Ward and Chuo Ward, Tokyo) (held every three years, next one in 2008)

• 5月中旬：神田祭@神田神社（千代田区、中央区 (東京都)）(大祭は２年に１度、次回は2009年)
• Mid-May: Kanda Matsuri Festival at Kanda-jinja shrine (Chiyoda Ward and Chuo Ward, Tokyo) (Grand Festival is held every two years, next one in 2009.)

• 西日本の銭湯では浴槽が浴室の中央に設計されることが多いこともあり、壁面にペンキ絵はほとんど無い。
• Because a bathtub is often designed to be situated in the center of the bathroom of a sento in western Japan, in most cases the sento has no painted mural.

• 聚光院方丈障壁画のうち、室中（しっちゅう、方丈正面中央の部屋）を飾る『花鳥図』は特に評価が高い。
• 'Flowers and Birds' in Shitchu (the center front room of Hojo) is very highly acclaimed among the screen paintings of Hojo of Jukoin.

• 金座の跡地である現在の東京都中央区 (東京都)の日本銀行の周辺には金座通りという道路が存在する。
• There is an avenue called Kinza-dori avenue around the Bank of Japan in present Chuo Ward, Tokyo (Tokyo Prefecture), which is the site where kin-za previously stood.

• そこで10世紀前期頃から中央政府は、軍事警察権を国司に委任するという現実的な政策を採用し始めた。
• In order to cope with such situations, the central government started to adopt from the early 10th century a realistic policy, meaning the delegation of military and police authorities to kokushi.

• 律令国家体制は、中央集権的な政治機構に立脚し、個別人身支配を人民支配・租税収取の原則としていた。
• Based on the centralized political structure, Ritsuryo system's basic philosophy for ruling people/collecting tax was the people-based governance.

• 大粮（たいろう）とは、古代律令制において、中央官司のもとで働く仕丁・衛士・采女らに支給した食料。
• Tairo was the food supplied to Jicho (unpaid workers), Eji (guards) and Uneme (court ladies) working at the central government offices in the ancient Ritsuryo system.

• 開発領主は中央の有力者や有力寺社へ田地を寄進し、寄進を受けた荘園領主は領家（りょうけ）と称した。
• Kaihatsu-ryoshu donated rice fields to the central powerful men or temples or shrines and the lords of shoen who received the donation were called ryoke.

• 更に本所が持つ荘園内での職の地位や本所自身の現地及び中央に対する影響力も荘園ごとに差が存在した。
• The honjo's statuses as shiki in the Shoen and their influences over their own regions and the central government varied with each Shoen.

• 秦の始皇帝は中国を統一すると全国全てを郡と県に分け、中国全土を完全な中央集権的郡県制で支配した。
• After unifying China, Shikotei, the first Qin Emperor, divided the state into gun and ken, and ruled the whole state with the completely centralized system of gun and ken.

• 地方においても在地首長による乗用馬の生産が行われ、律令制下には中央への貢馬が行われるようになった。
• Also, in the provinces local leaders produced cavalry horses, which were contributed to the central authority under the ritsuryo system.

• 今谷明は著書『室町の王権 足利義満の王権簒奪計画』（中央公論新社）で足利義満の皇位簒奪説を説いた。
• Akira IMATANI talked about the theory of the usurpation of the imperial throne by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA in his literary work, 'Muromachi no oken (regal power of Muromacchi) usurpation of sovereignty plan by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.' (Chuokoron-shinsha, Inc.)

• 新規業者の参入のほか、既存の業者が中央会を脱退した上で引き続き駅構内での販売を行っている例もあり、
• In addition to the newcomers, some former member companies continued to sell Ekiben within station precincts after leaving the Center Committee.

• 神戸会場（〒650-0022 神戸市中央区 (神戸市)元町通三丁目12番17号　マルシンビル4階）
• Kobe Classroom (Marushin Bldg. 4th Floor, 12-17, Motomachidori 3-chome, Chuo Ward, Kobe City, 650-0022)

• 材質は木、ガラス、磁器が多く、形状は様々であるが、細長くて中央がややくぼんだ枕のような形状が基本。
• Many hashioki are made of wood, glass, or porcelain, and have various shapes; but the basic shape is a narrow form with the center slightly dimpled, like a pillow.

• 毛先庭には、花の文様や色彩が巧みに配合され、その中央には方線式の泉水が純インド風に配置されていた。
• The drosera garden held flowers cleverly arranged by pattern and color, and the central garden ponds were placed linearly, in traditional Indian style.

• 絹布一枚ごとに紐で吊るして中央に「野筋（のすじ）」という紅（後には黒と紅の分割）の飾り紐を垂らす。
• A red and later on a red and black silk cord ('nosuji' decorative string) was hung from the center of each piece of silk cloth.

• 床の中央か一方に片寄って炉がある場合が普通であり、古墳時代以降は壁際に竃を設ける事例が一般化する。
• The fireplace is commonly located either in the center or slightly off to one side of the floor, but is replaced by the furnace built against a wall in the Kofun period and later.

• なお、中央木棺からは他に鉄剣3口、鋲留短甲（びょうどめたんこう）1、鉄鏃3、刀子1が出土している。
• In addition, three iron swords, one short metal body armor with rivets, three iron arrowheads, and one Tosu (small knife) were unearthed from the central wooden coffin.

• 1948年8月、大韓民国政府の樹立に伴い旧総督府の庁舎は政府庁舎として利用され、中央庁と呼ばれた。
• In August, 1948, due to the foundation of the government of the Republic of Korea, the building of the former Sotoku-fu was used as a government building and called the Central office.

• しかし、当時の伊藤はいまだ一介の地方知事でしかなく、中央の方針に関与できるだけの立場にはなかった。
• But at that time, Ito was just a local governor and not in a position to be related to the central government policy.

• よって郡長は国・府県の出先機関として町村の戸長を通じて中央の行政命令を下達する機関に過ぎなかった。
• Therefore, the function of Guncho was nothing but a regional office of the national or prefectural government, sending down an administrative order from the central government through the Kocho (an officer responsible for administrative affairs.) of towns and villages.

• 国司は、中央から天皇のミコトモチ（御言持）として交替で赴任し、郡司を指揮して国内の支配に当たった。
• Kokushi were appointed from central government on an alternate basis as mikotomochi (a court official dispatched to a provincial post by imperial order) of the emperor, and were responsible for governing the province by serving as commanders of gunji (district managers).

• 国内的には中央集権的な支配を確立するとともに、東夷の小「中華帝国」を目指したものに他ならなかった。
• Domestically, its aims were simply consolidation of centralized control and creation of a little 'Chinese-style empire' by eastern barbarians.

• 江戸幕府の支配体制は幕藩体制と呼ばれ、中央政府である幕府と地方政府である藩の二重支配になっていた。
• The system of rule of the Edo bakufu was called the shogunate system, in which both bakufu (the central government) and domain (the local government) controlled the people.

• 秀吉の治世としては太閤検地や刀狩令など日本全国の土地や民衆のすべてを管理する中央集権となっている。
• During the reign of Hideyoshi, he established a centralized administrative framework that controlled lands and people all over the country by conducting Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi Toyotomi's nationwide land survey), giving commands to collect swords, and so forth.

• 摂津国渡辺津（現・大阪市中央区 (大阪市)）を本拠地とし、瀬戸内海の水軍系氏族の棟梁だった渡辺氏。
• The Watanabe clan based on Watanabe no tsu Port, Settsu Province (present Chuo Ward, Osaka City), the head clan of suigun navies in Seto Inland Sea.

• 海苔の中央左から右へとすし飯を広げながら置いていき、端をきめながら1センチほど残して前後に広ていく。
• After spreading the rice on the laver from the left center to the right center, spread it up and down with 1 cm margin left on both sides.

• 現在の住所は大阪市中央区久太郎町4丁目渡辺だが、1988年の地名変更まではここを渡辺町といっていた。
• The present address of the shrine is Watanabe, 4-chome Kyutaromachi, Chuo Ward, Osaka City, but the area was called Watanabe-cho up until 1988.

• 京都中央郵便局（下京区） - 600-0000、600-8xxx、601-0000、601-8xxx
• Kyoto Central Post Office (Shimogyo Ward): 600-0000, 600-8xxx, 601-0000 and 601-8xxx

• 花山トンネルの周りには江戸時代に粟田口に処刑場・京都中央斎場・本嘉寺と浄妙院、法華寺の墓場等が多い。
• There used to be an execution ground in Awataguchi in the Edo Period, and around the tunnel are Kyoto Chuo Saijo (Kyoto Central Funeral Hall) as well as graveyards of Honka-ji Temple, Jomyo-in Temple and Hokke-ji Temple, and so on.

• タレ：三杯酢、土佐酢、柑橘類・柚の酢の汁を使う醤油タレ、生姜醤油など 県東部と中央部では違いがある。
• Sauce: sanbaizu (vinegar, soy sauce and mirin (or sugar) mixed in roughly equal proportions), tosazu (vinegar flavored with dried bonito shavings, konbu kelp, sugar and soy sauce), soy sauce with citrus fruits or yuzu (Japanese citron), soy sauce with ginger and so on, and the combinations differ according to the eastern part or the central part of the prefecture.

• 九州本部（〒810-0022　福岡市中央区 (福岡市)薬院一丁目6番14号　ZZZ-2ビル1・4階）
• Kyushu Headquarters (ZZZ-2 Bldg. 1/4 Floors, 6-14, Yakuin 1-chome, Chuo Ward, Fukuoka City 810-0022)

• 新政府は欧米列強の軍事的・経済的圧力に対抗するために、天皇を中心とした中央集権国家の構築を目指した。
• To counter the military and economic pressure from Western powerful countries, the new government aspired to build a country with a centralized government where the emperor played a leading part.

• 中世以降になると中央文書からは姿を消すが、代わりに地方産物として「メカブ」の名で登場するようになる。
• After the Medieval Period, the reference to 'manakashi' disappeared from archives but, instead, 'mekabu' began to be mentioned as a product of some regions.

• 茨城県水戸市中央部の千波湖は、かなり大きいがダイダラボッチ（この地方ではダイダラボウ）の足跡である。
• Senbako Lake located in the center of Mito City, Ibaraki Prefecture, is a footprint of Daidarabocchi (locally called Daidarabo), though it is rather big.

• さらに目戸切と称して中央の穴を仕上げ、豆の汁で煮て付着した砂を取り、縄でこすり光沢を出して仕上げた。
• Furthermore, in a process called 目戸切, the hole at the center of a coin was finished, and then a coin was boiled in a bean soup in order to remove sand which was attached on it and scuffed with a rope in order to gloss it.

• しかし一方、議員の提案で会議の過半数の賛成をもって、中央政府への建議を行なうこともできた（第7条）。
• However, councilors were able to propose to the central government, with an agreement from the majority of the session (Article 7).

• また「巻十四の織田氏」までの数篇が現代語訳で、「頼山陽　日本の名著20」中央公論新社で出されている。
• Further, several books up to 'Volume 14, the Oda clan' are published in modern Japanese by Chuokoron-shinsha, Inc. under the title of 'Sanyo RAI Nihon no Meicho [Japanese classic] volume 20.'

• これにより、20年にわたって中央政治を牛耳ってきた三好政権は、わずか半月で崩壊してしまったのである。
• By this, the Miyoshi's government, which controlled the central government over 20 years, collapsed in just 2 weeks.

• 当然、本所側は反発し、中央政府と幕府の調整の結果、地頭の設置は平氏没官領と謀反人領のみに限定された。
• Naturally the honjo side objected to this and as the result of negotiation between the central government and the bakufu, the set up of jito was limited only to Heishi mokkanryo (land rights confiscated by the Kamakura bakufu from the Taira family) and muhonninryo (land rights confiscated by the Kamakura bakufu from rebels).

• 特に、江戸城を中心とする現在で言う東京特別区中心部（東京都千代田区・中央区 (東京都)周辺）を指す。
• It refers to an area centered around Edo Castle that encompasses the center of present day Tokyo Special Ward (Chiyoda and Chuo Wards and their surrounding areas).

• 文章院の構造は中央部に講堂にあたる北堂が置かれ、左右に寄宿舎部分にあたる東曹・西曹が設置されていた。
• The Monjoin had the Hokudo which served as a lecture hall in the center, and toso and seiso which served as dormitories on both sides of the Hokudo.

• 頼政は、摂津国の渡辺津(現・大阪市中央区)を本拠地とする滝口武者である嵯峨源氏の渡辺氏を郎党とする。
• Yorimasa took as followers the Watanabe clan, who belonged to the Saga-Genji--Takiguchi warriors--and whose stronghold was in Watanabetsu in Settsu Province (in modern-day Chuo ward, Osaka City).

• 都城の北辺中央に 官庁エリアである宮城（皇城）があり、宮城内部に 天皇の私的な在所である内裏があった。
• The palace (the emperor's house), which was the civic center, was located at the northern center of the walled city, and the dairi, which was the Emperor's private residence, was located inside the palace.

• 中央政権としての幕府権力を支えていた幕府-守護体制に大きな動揺が見られ始めたのは1490年前後である。
• Major scale commotions in the bakufu-shugo system that supported the power of the bakufu as the central government is observed as commencing in the period around 1490.

• しかし、国鉄分割民営化されJRとなって以降、中央会非加盟の業者にも駅構内での販売を認めるようになった。
• However, since JR started after the division and privatization of JNR, nonmember companies of the Center Committee were also allowed to sell box lunch within station precincts.

• なお四神に中央に「黄龍」（おうりゅう）、あるいは麒麟を加えたものが「五神」（ごじん） と呼ばれている。
• The Four Gods with an 'Oryu' (yellow dragon) or Kirin at their center are called the 'Go-jin' (Five Gods).

• この帳台構えの襖はいわゆる戸襖仕立てで、中央の二枚は左右に引き分け、外側の二枚は嵌め殺しとなっている。
• This chodaigamae Fusuma was made in the so-called Tofusuma door (wooden door covered with Fusuma paper) with the two sliding doors in the center and the other two fixed doors outside.

• 柳田国男は『ダイダラ坊の足跡』（4月中央公論社）で日本各地から集めたダイダラボッチ伝説を考察している。
• In the book titled 'Daidarabo no Ashiato' (the foot print of Daidarabocchi) (April issue, Chuo Koronsha), Kunio YANAGITA studied the legends of Daidarabocchi that he had gathered from many parts of Japan.

• 炎に包まれた牛車の車輪の中央に男の顔が付いた姿をしており、その姿を見た者の魂を抜いていくとされている。
• It has the appearance of a wheel of an ox-drawn carriage, with a man's face positioned in the center, and is said to take out the soul of the person who looks at it.

• 車輪の中央には凄まじい形相の男の顔が小さな人間の足をくわえており「我を見るより我が子を見ろ」と叫んだ。
• At the center of the wheel, there was a furious-looking man's face with a small human leg in its mouth, and the man shouted, 'Look at your own child rather than me !'

• 観客は埒を望む中央の建物を馬場殿とし、その左右に幄舎を設置してそのいずれかで観戦することになっていた。
• The spectators were supposed to see the races either in umabadono (a place in the middle of a horse riding ground) facing rachi (wooden fence) or in the tent set up on both sides of umabadono.

• 自らが本能寺の変で倒れる1582年までには日本中央部を制圧し、天下統一の寸前までを実質的に成し遂げた。
• By the time he himself was killed in the Honnoji Incident in 1582, he had conquered the central part of Japan and had virtually accomplished everything up to the verge of unification of the whole country.

• 直径24ミリメートル前後の円形で、中央には一辺が約7mmの正方形の穴が開いている円形方孔の形式である。
• The coin was a round shape with a diameter of about 24mm and had a square hole, 7mm on a side, in the center of the coin.

• 王朝国家体制論は主として中央政府がいかに租税収取を確保していったか、という観点で議論されることが多い。
• The arguments concerning the Dynastic polity theory are often made from the viewpoint of the central government's tax collection.

• そのため、藤原道長期の中央政府はこうした動きを抑制する法令を数々発したが、上記の流れは止まらなかった。
• Therefore, the central government under FUJIWARA no Michinaga promulgated numerous acts to curb such activities but failed to stem the above mentioned tide.

• 「刈田」は中央の貴族としては知られないが、『香取文書』には同姓のものが郡司判官代として出てくるという。
• Katta' was not known as an aristocrat of the capital, but a person with the same surname appeared as gunji hogandai (a district manager and administrative official of the Retired-Emperor's Office) in 'Katori Monjo' (Katori document).

• 朝廷の実務官僚である四位・五位の官人のみならず中央・地方の武家や神官などの叙位について記録されている。
• It recorded not only government officials of Shii and Goi, and governmental officials responsible for practical works of the Imperial court, but also court ranks of central and local samurai family and Shinto priests.

• しかし、四国に渡り阿波を中心とする分国支配を堅持することにより敵対勢力を退け、やがて中央政界に復帰した。
• However, he repulsed the enemy forces by traveling to Shikoku and steadfastly maintaining the provincial control centering on Awa, and soon returned to the national political arena.

• これらの戦国大名の中から強大化した織田信長が室町幕府を滅ぼし、強力な中央集権の基礎（織田政権）を築いた。
• Nobunaga ODA, who grew in strength among these daimyo in the Sengoku period, defeated the Muromachi bakufu and formed the foundation for a strong centralized system (the Oda government).

• 痔の薬として知られるボラギノールを製造する企業で、営業拠点として大阪市中央区 (大阪市)にも本社を持つ。
• Company manufacturing Borraginol known as hemorrhoidal preparation, has its head office in Fukuchiyama City and also has another head office for operational base in Chuo Ward, Osaka City (Osaka City).

• 王安石は特に『周官新義』を重んじ、『周礼』に基づく中央集権国家の樹立を目指し、さまざまな新法を実施した。
• Anseki O (Wang Anshi) especially valued the 'New annotation of Shukan,' and implemented various new acts, aiming to establish a centralized government based on 'Rites of Zhou.'

• しかしながら2009年4月10日、韓国の三大紙の中央日報はソメイヨシノは韓国汝矣島が発祥であるとしている
• However on April 10, 2009, the Joong Ang Daily, one of three great newspapers in Korea, regarded the origin of Someiyoshino as that country's Yoi Island.

• 清光は保元の乱や平治の乱など源氏の一族も関わっている中央の争乱には参加せず、甲斐国での勢力拡大に務めた。
• Kiyomitsu did not participate in the strifes in central government, such as the Hogen War and Heiji War in which the Genji clan was involved, but built his strength in Kai Province.

• 帳台は、寝殿のほぼ中央に設けられた寝所で、畳を敷いて一段高くして、四本の柱を立て、帷や御簾を立て回した。
• Chodai was a place to sleep which was set up around the center of Shinden (a place to sleep), and it was one step higher because of bedding tatami and was surrounded by screens and bamboo blinds, on four columns.

• 先述の撞木で叩くことにより音をだすが、その奏法は２種類あり皿のふちを叩く場合と中央部分を叩く場合がある。
• Sounds are made by beating with above-referenced shumoku, and there are two ways of playing; one is to beat its edge and the other is to beat its center.

• 家元制度は芸の同一性を保持し、流儀を中央集権的にまとめあげて一体感をもたらす意味では非常に効率的である。
• The iemoto system is very effective at preserving a consistent artistic style and bringing a sense of unity by centralizing the power in the school.

• 石上氏等中央の物部氏族とは別に、古代東北地方などに物部氏を名乗る人物が地方官に任ぜられている記録がある。
• Aside from those Mononobe clan living in the capital like the Isonokami clan, a historical record is left that a person calling himself Mononobe was appointed to the regional officer in Tohoku region of ancient times.

• 明治初期には旧藩による統治は維持されるが、中央集権政策のもと版籍奉還、廃藩置県により幕藩体制は終結する。
• Although the governing structure by old han (feudal domains) was maintained for a while in the early Meiji period, Bakuhan-taisei was eventually brought to the end through a series of Hanseki Hokan (the return of lands and people to the Emperor) and Haihan Chiken (the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) under the new policy of centralization.

• こうした工業基盤の有無も、一地方に過ぎない鹿児島と中央政府の力関係を均衡させていた主要因のひとつだった。
• The presence of the industrial base was one of the main reasons that Kagoshima, a mere region, was comparable with the central government in power.

• 地方制度をすべて中央政府の延長にしようとした大区小区制の失敗に対する反省から、一定の地方自治を法定した。
• The government legislated certain local autonomy after reconsidering the failure of the daiku-shoku system (a centralized district system that abolished all pre-existing towns, villages and their offices and institutions), which was designed to make all local systems extensions of the central government.

• 中央から地方へ派遣される使者は、伝符を携行し、郡家ごとに5匹ずつ置かれた伝馬を乗り継ぎ目的地へ到達した。
• A envoy sent from the capital to local regions, carrying a denpu (permit for using tenma) and changing tenma at each gunke (public office) that kept five tenma, reached his destination.

• これは、武家の棟梁の地位、ひいては軍事貴族の地位が中央政界の動向に制約されていたことの証左とされている。
• This shows that the position of the leader of samurai families, meaning the position of military aristocrats, was tightly linked with the changes in central politics.

• 従来、安倍氏を東北地方の在地の土豪と捉え、前九年の役を中央による辺境支配への反乱と見る解釈が主流であった。
• It has hitherto been the mainstream to recognize the Abe clan as a local Dogo (powerful family) in the Tohoku region, and to interpret Zen Kunen no Eki (the Earlier Nine Years' War) as a rebellion against the domination over the remote regions by the central government.

• 女形が「やんや、やんや、」と褒めちぎり、助六は「どうでんすな。どうでんすな。」と得意満面で舞台中央に出る。
• The women in the quarters acclaim to him 'Wow. Wow.' and Sukeroku greets them saying 'How are you?' while swaggering into center stage.

• 17日の山鉾巡行では金襴の振袖に紋織りの袴、鳳凰の天冠で登場、禿を両脇に従え、鉾の中央で稚児舞を披露する。
• In the Yamahoko Junko on 17th, the chigo appears in Kinran no Furisode (long-sleeved kimono with gold brocade), hakama (Japanese male pants) with figured textiles, and Ho-o no Tenkan (crown of Chinese phoenix), with the kamuro on both sides of him and performs Chigo mai (dance by children of festivity) in the center of the hoko float.

• アジアではインドや中央アジアの石窟などに仏教壁画が描かれ、中国や朝鮮、そして日本の仏教美術に影響を与えた。
• In Asia, Buddhist wall paintings were created in stone caves in India and Central Asia, which influenced Buddhist art in China, Korea, and Japan.

• 具は中央に埋め込まれるのが一般的だが、スパム・鱒寿司・マツタケなどのように表面に張り付けるような物もある。
• Fillings are generally embedded in the center, but some are pasted on the surface, such as Spam, trout sushi, matsutake mushroom, and others.

• この四等官と検勾官の名称は、特に中央官庁においては統一されておらず、官庁ごとに異なる名称が採用されていた。
• The above names of Shitokan and jian-gou-guan were not standardized at the central government and various names were used depending on the government bodies.

• 源氏や平氏の棟梁はこうした戦功を勝ち得る中で中央政界における地位と、諸国における武力を確立を図っていった。
• The toryo (leader) of the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan thus achieved their standing in the central politics as well as establishing their military power in the countryside through their military achievements.

• こうした荘園は中央の内官や校尉によって管理されたが、現地の有力者を荘頭に任じて実務を行わせる場合もあった。
• These shoens were managed by a government official of the central government or a koi (a military officer), but sometimes the powerful men on the spots were appointed to the head of shoens and charged with the office work.

• 廃藩置県の主目的は年貢を新政府にて取り総める、即ち中央集権を確立して国家財政の安定を目的としたものである。
• The main objective of haihan-chiken was to enable the new government to collect nengu (land tax), in other words to establish a centralized administrative system and stabilize state finance.

• 廃藩置県と太政官制の改革を経て中央集権体制が整ったことで、ようやく旧幕府時代の制度を改革する準備が整った。
• Finally, due to the accomplishment of centralization after the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures (Haihan-chiken) and the reform of the system of Departments of State, it was possible to begin reform of the old Shogunate system.

• ここでデモ隊は、上記許可条件を熟知していなかった被告人の誘導により、交差点の中央付近まで進行してしまった。
• But the defendant, who did not know fully about the condition of permission, led the demonstration march around the center of the intersection.

• 木津川を挟んで久世郡久御山町、洞ヶ峠を越えて大阪府枚方市に接している。市の中央を国道1号が南北に貫いている。
• The city has borders with Kumiyama-cho, Kuse-gun across the Kizu-gawa River and with Hirakata City, Osaka Prefecture over Horaga-toge mountain pass, and National Route 1 runs through the center of the city.

• しゃぶしゃぶ専用の調理鍋の中央にある柱状の突起は、開発当時そこに炭を入れ鍋を加熱したという技術の名残である。
• The column-like protrusion in the middle of the special shabu-shabu pots is a remnant of a feature originally used in which to place charcoal to heat the pot.

• 乱は「猩々」と「サギ」にしかない特殊な舞で、中之舞の中央部分に乱特有の囃子と舞を挿入するかたちになっている。
• The midare is a special style of mai which is performed only in 'Shojo' and in 'Sagi', and the performer dances the midare with the special hayashi (accompaniment) in the middle of the chu-no-mai.

• 庸は、元来、都での労役に従事することだったが、その代替として布、米、塩などを中央へ納付する内容となっていた。
• The tributes were originally paid as labor to be carried out in the capital, but were later substituted with cloth, rice, salt and the like.

• 中央政府から指示が届いたのは翌1873年9月であるが、その文章は「スデニ絞罪処刑後蘇生ス、マタ論ズベキナシ。
• The reply from the central government was received in September 1873, in the following year, and it said 'Tosaku had already been executed but happened to regain consciousness, so it is not necessary to discuss about any longer'.

• 政体書起草者たちは同じ連邦国家でもより中央集権的なアメリカ型を選択し、その際『万国公法』を参照したのである。
• Authors of the Constitution selected centralized government model of the United States from the two options of federal states, and referred to 'Bankoku Koho' at the time.

• しかし、大名の中央集権化に伴い戦国中期頃から足軽間での兵科の分離や、騎馬武者も含めた各組ごと編成が行われた。
• However, as the power of daimyo became centralized from around the mid Sengoku Period, organization of various groups, including cavalrymen, took place, such as the separation of various military branches among the foot soldiers.

• 墾田永年私財法が制定されると中央の寺社・貴族は、律令国家・国衙の積極的な援助のもとに大規模な開墾を展開する。
• After the Konden Einen Shizai Law (a law allowing farmers to permanently own reclaimed fields) was enacted, temples and shrines, as well as nobles in the capital began reclaiming fields on a large scale with active support from the Kokuga (provincial government offices) under the ritsuryo code.

• 長年土佐の中央部で戦い抜いてきた歴戦の強者どもとまともにやり合えるわけもなく、たちまち総崩れとなり敗走した。
• There was no way that they could squarely fight with the veteran troops who had survived the various battles in central Tosa for a long time, and the Ichijo army collapsed immediately and was routed.

• なお、中央銀行たる日本銀行発足以前の事であるためこの紙幣は日本銀行券ではなく、不換紙幣の「政府紙幣」であった。
• This banknote was issued before the establishment of Central Bank, the Bank of Japan, therefore this was not Bank of Japan note but inconvertible paper currency, 'government note.'

• そのため、国衙機構が戸籍に基づく人別支配をし、なおかつ中央政権の維持に必要な税の徴収を行うことは困難となった。
• Therefore, the system of kokuga executed dominance by person based on the census and it became difficult to collect tax to maintain the central government.

• 平安前期は、前代（奈良時代）からの中央集権的な律令制を、部分的な修正を加えながらも、基本的には継承していった。
• In the early Heian period, the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) of centralized governance structure from the former period (the Nara period) was basically continued with partial amendments.

• 下京区から分区した名残で、南区の担当集配郵便局が、下京区にある京都中央郵便局（南区北端部と至近）となっている。
• Collection and delivery in Minami Ward is operated by Kyoto Central Post Office (located near the northern edge of Minami Ward) in Shimogyo Ward due to the Minami Ward's history of separation from Shimogyo Ward.

• この「駅弁マーク」を有する弁当のみが「駅弁」であるという定義づけは、当の中央会や一部の人々の間で行われている。
• The definition that only a box lunch with this 'Ekiben mark' is recognized as 'Ekiben' is supported among members of the Center Committee and some people.

• 襟につけられた紐は、長い紐を二つ折りにした中央で蜻蛉を作り、その両端を長くたらして、そこに蜷結びを施している。
• The long cords attached to the collar are folded at the center and kagero is made there and both ends are suspended long and made into a ninamusubi (a sort of decorative knot).

• 五色とは密教の陰陽五行説由来し重んじられた青・白・赤・黒・黄でそれぞれ五色は東・西・南・北・中央を表している。
• Goshiki (five colors) means blue, white, red, black and yellow originated from Onmyo-gogyo-setsu (The Theory of Five Elements) of the Esoteric Buddhism and these five colors represent east, west, south, north and center, respectively.

• 日本茶に関連する資格としては「日本茶インストラクター」「日本茶アドバイザー」があり、日本茶業中央会が認定する。
• With regard to qualifications related to Japanese tea, 'Nihoncha instructor' and 'Nihoncha adviser' are certified by Japan Tea Industry Central Association.

• いわゆる『部落解体』を行い中央集権体制を作ろうとしたが、地方におけるまとまりが強く達成することができなかった。
• It was meant to establish the centralized administrative framework through the so-called 'hamlet demise,' which was not accomplished due to a strong connection local communities had.

• 中央行政機構以外に、内政統治を行うための行政区域が設置され、日本統治の50年間に10回もの改変が行われている。
• In addition to the central administrative bodies, the administrative regions were established for local governance and during fifty years under Japanese rule, they were changed as many as ten times.

• 因みに図1の徳川家康本陣備は中央に描かれていた単独の備である酒井左衛門尉備を除外し、家康直属部隊のみを示した。
• Incidentally, in Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's army headquarters sonae in Figure 1, the independent sonae of Saemon no jo SAKAI drawn at the center is omitted, and only the unit under the direct command of Ieyasu is shown.

• 中央政府と地方行政組織を結ぶ日本の古代道路（幅約6～12メートル）が整備され、さらに、関や駅なども整備された。
• The roads (6-12 meters wide) of ancient Japan which linked central government with regional administration organizations were built, and seki (barriers) and umaya (facilities for providing houses, food, etc.) were constructed.

• この反乱による中央の動揺ははなはだしく、聖武天皇は、山背の恭仁、摂津の難波、近江の紫香楽と転々と都をうつした。
• The central government was terribly shocked with this rebellion and the Emperor Shomu transferred the capital repeatedly to Kuni in Yamase, Nanba in Settsu and Shigaraki in Omi.

• 更に浮浪・逃亡により持ち主不在になった土地は寺社や有力貴族の荘園、公領と化し、中央財源減少に拍車をかけていた。
• In addition, lands of absentee owners due to vagrancy and getaway transformed into shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and koryo (an Imperial demesne) that belonged to temples, shrines and the influential nobility, and thus accelerated the decrease of the central government's financial resources.

• 一つは信長・秀吉の天下統一事業に代表される、強大な権力者を頂点とする中央集権体制、いわば「タテの支配」である。
• One was the centralized administrative framework in which an enormously powerful person was at the top such as Nobunaga and Hideyoshi's project to unify the country, what was called 'a vertical control.'

• その始祖は日本橋 (東京都中央区)の人気芸者の「菊弥」という女性で日本橋で揉め事が会って深川に居を移したという。
• Tatsumi Geisha originated from a popular Geisha in Nihonbashi (present-day Chuo Ward, Tokyo) named 'Kikuya,' who moved to Fukagawa because she had trouble in Nihonbashi.

• 側金も加熱され長さが芯金の倍になるくらいに叩き伸ばされ中央から切り離されて、芯金と同じ長さの側金が2本作られる。
• Gawagane is also heated, and struck and elongated to become twice as long as the Core metal, and is then cut in the center to make two Gawagane of the same length as the Core metal.

• 紀元前後より、アフガニスタンから中央アジアを経由して、中華人民共和国・大韓民国・日本に伝わっている（北伝仏教）。
• Around the time of the birth of Christ, Buddhism came down from Afghanistan via Central Asia to the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Korea, and Japan (Hokuden Buddhism).

• 初期のどら焼きは皮を一枚だけ用い、端の部分を折りたたんだため四角く、片面の中央はあんこがむき出しであったという。
• It is said that the original dorayaki were made using only one cake with the edges folded over so they were square and the bean paste could be seen on one side.

• 有名どころとしては、東京都中央区 (東京都)の「チャイナクック龍華」、大阪市北区 (大阪市)の「まんねん」など。
• There are some restaurants famous for their omu chahan dishes including 'China Cook Ryuka' in Chuo Ward, Tokyo and 'Mannen' in Kita Ward, Osaka City.

• 以後は、もっぱら中央集権化を進めて土豪の在地支配を解体しようとする秀吉政権の動きに雑賀衆は一貫して反発し続けた。
• From then on, Saikashu consistently rebelled against Hideyoshi's administration that was promoting the centralization to dissolve the land ruling by each powerful local clan.

• 平城京の市街区域は、大和盆地中央部を南北に縦断する大和の古道大和の古道下ッ道・大和の古道中ッ道を基準としている。
• The urban area of Heijo-kyo was constructed based on Shimotsu-michi Street and Nakatsu-michi Street of Yamato no kodo (the ancient paths in Yamato Province), which divided the middle part of the Yamato basin into north and south.

• この他、中央と地方の情報伝達を遅滞なく行うための交通制度（駅伝制）なども、律令制を構成する制度として採用された。
• Other systems, including a transportation system called Ekidensei for conveying information between the capital and local regions without delay, were also adopted to form the Ritsuryo system.

• 加えて朝廷も不動穀の充実振りに目を付けて本来であれば中央に上げられる上供分で賄うべき経費を正税から得ようとした。
• In addition, the Imperial Court focused on ensuring that there was a sufficient quantity of fudokoku, and they tried to cover the cost of this with shozei, even though it was supposed to be made up with tributes to the central government.

• 条坊制（じょうぼうせい）とは、中国・朝鮮半島・日本の王城都市に見られる都市プランで、南北中央に朱雀大路を配した。
• Jobosei was the city plan seen in cities that contained the Emperor's palace in countries such as China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan; furthermore, the Suzaku-oji Street was placed in the center of the city running from east to west.

• 中央で統括した部署は幕府勘定奉行方酒造掛、末端で実務を遂行したのは、大都市では有力酒屋、地方では村役人であった。
• A department named shuzogake of bakufu kanjo bugyogata (commissioner of finance) was in charge of overall management at the central government, while at the margins, a leading brewery and a village officer carried out practical work in large cities and regional areas respectively.

• 公営田の収穫の中から、中央へ納入すべき調・庸や耕作百姓への食料・報酬（佃功という）、溝池修理料などが支弁された。
• From the harvest from Kueiden, Cho and Yo were paid to the Central Government, food and reward (called tsukudako) to the cultivators, and charges for repairing rivers and ponds were also paid.

• 757年には中央の制度改革に伴って学生が細分化されて講経生・傅生・医生・針生・天文生・陰陽生・暦算生に分かれた。
• In the wake of the institutional reforms implemented by the central government in 757, students were further segmented into kogyosho (講経生), densho (傅生), isho, harisho (students of acupuncture), tenmon no sho (students of astronomy), onmyo no sho (students of onmyo), and rekisansho (students of mathematics).

• 軍事貴族は確かに在地有力者との主従関係の構築を進めてきてはいたが、その存立基盤はやはり中央政界にあったのである。
• Although military aristocrats worked on establishment of subordinate-superior relationships with locally powerful individuals, the foundation of their existence was after all in central politics.

• これは、算博士の職掌が次第に算生の教育よりも中央の財務・経理官人としての職務に移りつつあったことの反映であった。
• This reflected the gradual shift of the official duties of San hakase to those of central government officials of finance and accounting, rather than those of Sansho educators.

• だが、その政権及びその長としての公認はいまだ中央権力としての地位を保っていた天皇による将軍宣下によって行われた。
• However, official recognition to hold administrative power as the head was made according to the appointment to Shogun by the Emperor who still maintained the position as the central authority.

• また、中央政権は太閤蔵入地を通じてその地の財政・内政に関与することができるなど、豊臣政権は地方に発言力があった。
• The central administration was able to take part in the rural area's financial and domestic administrations through Hideyoshi's directly-controlled land, which indicated the local regions carried a lot of weight.

• あるいは奥州に下った中央官人の安倍氏のいずれかが任地で子孫を残したとも、朝廷に従った蝦夷（俘囚）とも言われている。
• In turn, it is also said that any one of the Abe clan who was a central government official, came down to Oshu and left his offspring at the place of his post, or that the Ezo (Fushu [barbarians]) who had submitted themselves to the Imperial Court were the ancestors of the Abe clan.

• 2001年（平成13年）1月6日には、中央省庁等改革の一環として内閣府設置法が施行され、宮内庁は内閣府に置かれた。
• On January 6, 2001, Cabinet Office Establishment Act came into force as part of the reform of central government ministries and agencies and the Imperial Household Agency was incorporated into the Cabinet Office.

• 2001年1月　中央省庁再編により、「関西文化学術研究都市建設推進室」が国土庁の所属から国土交通省の所属に変わる。
• January, 2001: Corresponding to the reorganization of the ministries and agencies of the central governments, the affiliation of 'the office for promoting the construction of Kansai Science City' changed from National Land Agency to Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• 園部町（そのべちょう）は、2005年12月31日まで京都府の中央部に存在した地方公共団体で、園部城の城下町である。
• Sonobe-cho is a municipality which existed in the central part of Kyoto Prefecture until December 31, 2005, and is a castle town of Sonobe-jo Castle.

• 東京都中央区日本橋にある鳥料理専門店「玉ひで」の五代目当主の妻「山田とく」が1891年に考案したのがはじめである。
• Toku YAMADA, the wife of the fifth family head of the spatchcock restaurant 'Tamahide' in Nihonbashi, Chuo Ward, Tokyo, first invented the dish in 1891.

• 地方統治は、中央に近い大和国・山城国・河内国・和泉国・摂津国の五国を畿内とし、その他を七つの道（どう）に区分した。
• As for local government, the five provinces close to the capital, Yamato Province, Yamashiro Province, Kawachi Province, Izumi Province, and Settsu Province were grouped into the Kinai and the other provinces were divided into seven 'Do' (circuits).

• 総督の組織は中央集権式に特徴があり、台湾総督により行政、立法、司法、軍事が総覧され専制的な統治権が施行されていた。
• The Sotoku-fu, characterized by the highly centralized system with the Governor-General wielding supreme executive, legislative, judicial and military power, governed Taiwan dictatorially.

• その後、台湾総督府の中央集権的な特権を認めた六三法の撤廃を求めて啓発会が結成され、その解散後は新民会が結成される。
• After that the Keihatsukai (The Enlightenment Society) was founded aiming at repealing Law No. 63 that allowed the centralized privileged of the Sotoku-fu, followed by Shinminkai (New People 's Society) formed after the Keihatsukai was disbanded.

• 官印の制度は春秋時代から見られるが、統一的な制度として定着したのは中央集権制・法治体制が確立された秦代からである。
• The system of kanin had already started in the Spring and Autumn period but it became firmly established as an unified system after the Qin Dynasty which was the time when the centralized authoritarian rule and the constitutional system were established.

• 教部省（きょうぶしょう）は明治初期の太政官制度のもと、宗教統制による国民教化の目的で設置された中央官庁組織である。
• Kyobusho (Ministry of Religion) is the central governmental organ founded for the purpose of national edification by controlling religion under Dajokan System (the system of Great Council of State) established in the early Meiji period.

• 一方、旧天領や旗本支配地等は政府直轄地として府と県が置かれ中央政府から都道府県知事（知府事・知県事）が派遣された。
• On the other hand, bakufu-owned land and hatamoto (bakufu's direct retainer) territory became land directly controlled by the central government and prefectural governors (chifuji/chikenji) were dispatched from the central government.

• しかし、一方では中央政界から遠く辺境にあったが故に確保できた自立性の強さは伊達氏に台頭の機会を十分に与えたといえる。
• However, the geographical merit for the Date clan of being located far from the central authority helped the clan to retain a strong autonomy in the region and gave it a lot of opportunity to gain power.

• 平安初期の嵯峨天皇治世前後の弘仁・貞観文化は、中央貴族たちの文化だったが、中国（唐）の影響を色濃く受けた文化だった。
• Konin-Jogan culture around the reign of the Emperor Saga in the early Heian Period, was centered around the culture of the central nobles, which was deeply influenced by China (Tang).

• 地元以外からは、愛知県などが属する中京圏と同じように「ちゅうきょう」と読まれたり、「中央区」と誤記されることも多い。
• Nakagyo Ward (中京区) is often mispronounced by people other than local residents as 'Chukyo' as in the 'Chukyo area' (中京圏), which includes Aichi Prefecture; it is also often misspelled as 'Chuo Ward' (中央区).

• 心御柱は、社殿の中央にある柱のことであるが、建築構造上、意味をなさない柱であり、本来は神の依代であったと考えられる。
• Shin-no-mihashira, which is in the center of a pavillion structure, is a non-structural post, and is considered to have been yorishiro, an object originally capable of attracting kami.

• 奈良時代には薄い皮を折り込んで裏面中央で合うようにし、折り山にあたる上下端は麻紐の芯を入れて丸みをつけるものが多い。
• In the Nara Period, a piece of thin leather was folded and joined to the center of the back section, and the upper and lower ends that correspond to tops of the folds had a piece of hemp inserted to make a core, before being rounded off.

• 一方、近代化を進める中央政府は明治9年（1876年）3月8日に廃刀令、同年8月5日に金禄公債証書発行条例を発布した。
• On the other hand, for the purpose of promoting modernization, the central government issued Haitorei on March 8, 1876 and Kinrokukosaishoshohakkojorei on August 5 in the same year.

• この期間内、台湾総督は六三法により「特別立法権」が授権され、立法、行政、司法、軍事を中央集権化した存在となっていた。
• During the period, the Governor-General of Taiwan was authorized 'special legislative power' in accordance with the Law No. 63, and had the centralized authority with administrative, legislative, judicial and military powers.

• 伊予松山藩では中央で発布された神仏分離令の解釈により、神仏習合の祠を「淫らなもの」として廃絶する政策が打ち出された。
• In Iyo-Matsuyama Domain, from their interpretation of the Ordinance Distinguishing Shinto and Buddhisum issued by central government, a measurement to abolish the hokora (a small shrine), a syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism, was created, considering it something impure.

• 中央交渉会（ちゅうおうこうしょうかい）とは、明治時代に存在した院内会派（1892年4月23日－1893年3月1日）。
• The Central Negotiation Committee is parliamentary group (April 23, 1892 - March 1, 1893) during Meiji Period.

• 紀伊は寺社勢力や国一揆といった、天下人を頂点とする中央集権思想に真っ向から対立する勢力の蟠踞する地だったからである。
• It was because Kii was the place where the powers such as temples and kuni ikki (uprising in a province) which opposed the idea of central government topped by tenkabito (person becoming the ruler of the country) had ruled.

• 奥州藤原氏は、中央から来る国司を拒まず受け入れ、奥州第一の有力者としてそれに協力するという姿勢を最後まで崩さなかった。
• The Oshu Fujiwara clan had never changed its attitude throughout its life that it would never refuse to accept kokushi (provincial officers) dispatched from the central government and cooperate with them as the most influential clan in the Oshu region.

• 院政時代全国の在地支配層は、こぞって中央の有力者に荘園を寄進してその庇護を受け、院の武者として勢力を拡大しようとした。
• All the families belonging to the local ruling class in Japan in the Insei period (the period of the government by a retired emperor) tried to extend their influence as warriors of the retired emperors, receiving the protection from those powerful figures in the center by donating them their estates.

• 正倉（しょうそう）とは、律令制において中央・地方の官衙や寺院など公的な施設に設置された穀物や財物を保管する倉庫のこと。
• Shoso is an repository for grain and property, and is placed in the public facilities, such as central and regional kanga (government office) and temples in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).

• 六間の大きさで、その内部をみると、正面中央に押板床がある以外は、扁額三十六歌仙絵が飾られるだけの、何もない空間である。
• It had six rooms and empty space decorated with only Hengaku-Sanjurokkasen-e (a framed picture of Thirty Six Poets) other than the floor which had oshiita in the central front area when looking within.

• 重源の大仏様の東大寺開山堂の桟唐戸は、横桟を二本吹き寄せにして、中央に縦桟を配し、桟は山形に鎬（しのぎ）をとっている。
• The sangarado of Kaisando of Todai-ji Temple in daibutsuyo introduced by Chogen is a style that sets fukiyose of two horizontal crosspieces, with vertical crosspieces in the center and crosspieces in shinogi (the upper part of a timber that are cut diagonally on each side in order to form a peak).

• これは伊丹十三がアイディアを出し、東京日本橋 (東京都中央区)にある洋食屋の老舗たいめいけんがつくりだしたものである。
• This variation of rice omelet was the brainchild of Juzo ITAMI and was developed by Taimeiken, the old establishment of yoshokuya (restaurants serving Western food) in Nihonbashi, Tokyo (Chuo Ward, Tokyo).

• しかし、この場合は醤油業中央公正取引協議会の業界基準により、製品表示に「天然」「生」等の用語を利用することができない。
• However, using this technology disables to use terms such as 'natural' or 'raw' on product labels as it is not meeting the industry standard of Central Fair Trade Control of Soy-sauce Manufacturing Industry.

• 中央政府から派遣される国司には多大な権限を与える一方、地方豪族がその職を占めていた郡司にも一定の権限が認められていた。
• Kokushi (provincial governor) dispatched from the central government were given substantial authority, while Gunji (local magistrates) whose position was occupied by powerful local clans were also given a certain level of authority.

• 平安時代頃から、中央貴族に対する死刑は好まれなくなり、死刑に繋がる重い刑罰である謀反・謀叛はほとんど適用されなくなる。
• People started to avoid the death penalty for nobles of the capital during the Heian Period, and few people were charged with muhon, as it was a severe crime leading to the death penalty.

• 柏原文太郎（のち中央大学附属高等学校第3代校長）を実質的な責任者として運営され、1898年から1918年まで存続した。
• Tokyo-dobun-shoin was run by Buntaro KASHIWARA (later the third principal of Chuo University Senior High School) as a substantial person in charge and it existed from 1898 to 1918.

• 大坂・江戸などの中央市場での米価の低下が深刻化し、新田開発による耕地の増大や年貢増徴による収入の増加も頭打ちとなった。
• The price of rice became alarmingly low on such central markets as Osaka and Edo, and the increase in the income due to the increase of agricultural land made by the development of new fields and the increase of land tax also reached the limit.

• それに対して、中央政府においても当然、王朝国家体制への移行に伴う何らかの行政機構変革があったとする見解が示されている。
• On the other hand, there is a view asserting that some administrative organization reform must have been implemented at the central government in association with the transition to the Dynastic polity.

• 田堵負名層が中央政府へ国司の非法を訴える国司苛政上訴は、こうした状況の表れであり、10世紀後期から顕著となっていった。
• Kokushi kasei joso, an appeal made by tato fumyo to the central government against lawless actions of kokushi, was the manifestation of the above situation and became conspicuous after the late tenth century.

• 鎌倉時代には、幕府が中央政府からの委任に基づいて、検断権行使の中枢を担っていたが、あくまで建前上の権限は領主にあった。
• During the Kamakura period, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) played an central role to exercise the right based upon a delegation from the central government, but lords continued to have the power in principle at least.

• 8世紀になると中国の政治体制に倣った律令制が整備され、天皇を中心とした中央集権制が確立し、親政が行われた（古代天皇制）。
• With the onset of the eighth century, the Ritsuryo system taken from China was implemented and the centralized authoritarian rule centering on Emperor was established; accordingly, Emperor directly administered the government (the Emperor System in the ancient sovereignty).

• 日本の東部と西部に分かれており、東部の事務局は東京都千代田区有楽町、西部の事務局は大阪市中央区 (大阪市)高麗橋にある。
• The association has both eastern and western offices in Japan: the former is at Yuraku-cho, Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo and the latter is at Koraibashi, Chuo Ward, Osaka City.

• 現在の歴史学界では、継体が応神の5世孫かどうかは不明とするが、中央豪族の支持を得て即位したのは事実とする説が有力である。
• Widely-accepted theory in the present Japanese historical community is that Keitai was enthroned with the approval of central ruling families, while the question of his origin as the fifth generation descendant of Emperor Ojin remains unsolved.

• 平安京の北辺には宮城である平安宮（大内裏）があり、その内部の中央東寄りに南北約300m、東西約200mの内裏が存在した。
• Heiangu (the Outer Palace Precincts), the palace, was located on the northern side of Heiankyo, and the dairi measured approximately 300 m from north to south and 200 m from east to west in the easterly of the center within the Heiangu.

• 中央政府は二官、八省、一台、五衛府で構成され（二官八省）、各省は職、寮、項目名司の名をもった若干の官庁をしたがえている。
• The central government was composed of nikan (two departments), hassho (eight ministries), ichidai (one office), and goefu (five guards) (two departments and eight ministries), and there were several government offices named shiki (agency), ryo (bureau), and Komoku-meishi under the ministries.

• それまで中央行政の経費は地方からの調・庸によっていたが、畿内に設定した官田の収益を行政経費に充てることとしたものである。
• The profit from Kanden in Kinai (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) was used for administrative costs but until that time, the expenditure had depended on the tax collected from the countryside, Cho (tributes) and Yo (labor).

• ここに中央政府の地方への求心力が失墜し、各地豪族は自ら力を蓄え、或いは力ある存在に身を寄せる法なき時代に入ったのである。
• Here, the force of the central government to provinces declined and the lawless era, in which gozoku (local ruling families) in various provinces developed power or relied on others who had power, commenced.

• 20世紀に日本の中央の政府（地方を除く）が国民服の様式を規定した法律は、国民服令と国民服制式特例だけであり、他にはない。
• The National Uniform Edict and the Special Case of the National Uniform System were only the laws promulgated by the central government, except for those of local governments, to stipulate the forms of the national uniform in the twentieth century.

• しかし、包囲後も本願寺は楼岸（現大阪市中央区_(大阪市)）や木津（同浪速区）から海上を経由して弾薬・兵糧を補給していた。
• After the besiege, however, Hongan-ji Temple still had ammunition and food supplied from Ronokishi (now Chuo Ward, Osaka City) and Kizu (now Naniwa Ward, Osaka City) by sea.

• そのため、開発領主の多くは、中央の有力貴族や有力寺社へ荘園を寄進することで、荘園の支配権・管理権を確保するようになった。
• Consequently, many Kaihatsu-ryoshu tried to retain their dominion and the right to manage shoen by donating their shoen to the powerful central nobility, temples, and shrines.
• This made many kaihatsu-ryoshu donate their shoen to dominant nobles, temples or shrines in central capital in order to secure the dominion and the management rights over the shoen.

• なお、後年において不動穀の一部を中央に貢進させる年料租舂米の制が布かれた際には主として年料舂米負担国が対象とされている。
• When the Nenryososhomai system required part of the Fudokoku (emergency grain) to be tithed to the central government, the target of the system was mainly the Nenryoshomai provinces.

• また藩鎮の勢力を削り、それまで藩鎮の下部組織と成り果てていた州およびその長官たる刺史も中央直属としての実態を取り戻した。
• Also, hanchin's power was reduced, allowing prefectures and their governors that had been placed under its control to regain their previous status as entities directly controlled by the central government.

• それぞれ南北朝時代 (日本)に南朝 (日本)方の武将として転戦したが、南朝の衰微により中央貴族としての子孫は残らなかった。
• All three of these men were heavily involved in battles as military commanders on the side of the Southern Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan); when the Southern Court fell into decline, they all, as noblemen central to the Southern Court's existence, were unable to leave behind any descendants.

• このころ中央では尊氏と弟足利直義の間に対立が深まり、直義の養子足利直冬が九州に下向してきたため、九州は三勢力に分断された。
• Around that time, the confrontation between Takauji and his younger brother, Naoyoshi ASHIKAGA was intensified, and as Naoyoshi's adopted son, Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA came down to Kyushu, the Kyushu was divided into three powers.

• 中央においては、大蔵省に租庸調を納める正倉があり、地方では当初各郡に正税を納める正倉があり、郡司により管理運用されていた。
• In the center, okura-sho (Ministry of the Treasury) had a shoso for soyocho (a tax system, corvee) and in the regions, at first, each gun (county) had shoso for shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices warehouse) administered by gunji (district managers).

• 特権的な貴族層が、全国の人民を直接支配するためには、中央から地方の末端にいたるまでの体系的な行政・司法の機構を必要とした。
• For the privileged kizoku class to directly rule the people nationwide, a systematic administrative/judicial structure covering the center and the remote provinces was necessary.

• 広場の中央に櫓を立て、やぐらの上で音頭とりが音頭を歌い、参加者はその周囲を回りながら音頭にあわせて踊る形式が一般的である。
• The general style of the Bon festival dance is that a tower is set up at the center of an open space; a caller atop the tower sings a folk song for a dance, and participants dance to the song as they circle the tower.

• この建物入口に「唐破風」（記事冒頭部、子宝湯頭写真中央の曲線形の庇）もしくは「破風」が正面につく建築様式を『宮型』という。
• The architectural style under which 'karahafu' (cusped gable) (the curved eave in the center of the photo of Kodakara-yu at the start of the article) or a gable is attached at the front of the entrance of the building implies that it is 'shrine-shaped.'

• 五衛府（ごえふ）とは、天皇の身辺警護をはじめ、宮城の警護、京内の夜間巡回などを主な任務とする律令制下の中央軍事組織をいう。
• Goefu was the central military organization under the Ritsuryo System whose main missions were the personal protection of an emperor, the protection of Kyujo (place where an emperor lives), the night patrol in Kyoto and so on.

• 旧来地域の様々な問題を自治的に解決してきた町村を否定して、代わりに中央の命令の伝達と施行しかしない機関を設けたからである。
• It is because the government undervalued the villages and towns which had resolved various regional issues autonomously for a long period of time, but instead established an administrative body which did nothing but relay and enforce the orders of the central government.

• 中央集権国家の複都制では、皇帝が常住する京や都を上京・上都・京城・皇都・京師などと言い、その他の都を陪都（ばいと）という。
• In the multi-capital system of centralized government, the palace or the capital where the emperor always resides is called kamikyo, joto, kyojo,or kyoshi and other capitals are called baito (secondary capital city).

• しかし、近代的な中央集権国家を目指すべく出された改正掛の提言が、その後の近代国家の建設に大きな影響力を与えることとなった。
• However, proposals by Kaiseigakari which were made to build a modern centralized government had great effect on building a modern state after that.

• そのため、日本軍は戦争の進展に応じて様々な軍票や傀儡政権下の中国聯合準備銀行や中央儲備銀行が発行した銀行券も使用していた。
• So, Japanese military, according to the development of the war, used various kinds of military currency, as well as the bank notes issued by Federal Reserve Bank Of China and Central Reserve Bank Of China under the then puppet government.

• いずれにせよ、全く記録に残っていない払田柵の存在は当時のこの地区の人が中央の管理とは別に比較的自由に行動できたことを示す。
• In either case, the presence of the Hotta no saku without any record indicates that people in the region at that time were able to act with relative freedom, irrespective of the control of the central government.

• 『中央公論』『改造 (雑誌)』などの総合雑誌、『大阪朝日新聞』などの新聞は京大を支援し文部省を批判する論説を多く掲載した。
• General opinion magazines such as 'Chuo Koron,' 'Kaizo,' and newspapers such as 'Osaka Asahi Shinbun' supported Kyoto University and published many editorials criticizing the Ministry of Education.

• 織田信長の没後、秀吉は中央政権を掌握し、単に「秀吉」と記した書状を発給し始め「羽柴」と記した書状を発給することはなくなった。
• Hideyoshi, who seized power in the central government after the death of Nobunaga ODA, started to issue the letters simply signed by the name of 'Hideyoshi,' instead of the name of 'Hashiba.'

• 都の北端中央に大内裏を設け、そこから市街の中心に朱雀大路を通して左右に左京・右京（東側が左京、西側が右京である）を置くという
• The Daidairi (the greater imperial palace) occupied the northernmost central position, and the Suzaku-oji Avenue (main avenue of Heian-kyo) was laid out from there to the center of the city, so as to bisect into Sakyo (left city) and Ukyo (right city) (Sakyo is on the east side and Ukyo is on the west side).

• 以前は1467年に始まった応仁の乱を戦国時代の始期とする見解が有力とされていたが、その後も幕府は中央政権として機能していた。
• In the past the view that the Sengoku Period started at the time of Onin War, which commenced in 1467, was prevailing, but the bakufu functioned as the central government even after that.

• 織豊政権は戦国大名の統治機構を母体とする強力な中央集権体制であり、その裏づけに天皇・朝廷の権威を利用するという形式を執った。
• The Shokuho government was a strong centralized administrative framework whose parent structure was the governing system of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku Period, and to support the structure, the government took advantage of authorities of the Emperor and the Imperial Court.

• 中央集権律令国家の誕生の地である事から飛鳥時代の宮殿や史跡が多く発掘されている事で知られ、「日本の心の故郷」とも紹介される。
• Since it is a birthplace of the centralized state under the Ritsuryo system, a lot of palaces and historical sites of the Asuka period were excavated and the village is introuced as 'a mental hometown to the Japanese.'

• 左の絵では比較しにくいが、ジャポニズム以前の絵画では、地平線の位置が画面中央付近から下部に水平に表現されるのが普通であった。
• In paintings before the introduction of Japonism, the horizon was usually depicted horizontally in the lower half of the picture, although it is difficult to compare this in the two pictures shown on the left.

• また地方の首長層であった豪族たちの多くは郡司層に姿を変えてゆき、中央から派遣される官僚である国司の監督下で地方統治を行った。
• Many of Gozoku who were belonging to the local chief class were transformed into the class of Gunji (local magistrates), and reigned over regions under the supervision of Kokushi (provincial governor) who was dispatched from the central government.

• ユーラシア大陸の中央部にあるアルタイ地方には約4万年前頃に幅1センチメートル以下の石刃（細石刃）がすでに発生していたという。
• It is said that the flint blades whose width was less than a centimeter (called saisekijin, or flint microblades) already came into existence in the Altai Region, which is in the central part of the Eurasian Continent, about 40000 years ago.

• しかし、富国強兵を目的とする近代国家建設を推進するためには、中央集権化による政府の地方支配強化は是非とも必要なことであった。
• However, the government desperately needed strong control over the provinces in order to develop the construction of modern state, to enrich the country and to strengthen the military.

• 天下人が全てを掌握し管理する近世中央集権体制にとって、権力の介入をはねのける寺社勢力の存在は許せるものではなかったのである。
• This is because the existence of temple and shrine power which rejected the intervention of authority could not be allowed by the centralized administrative framework of recent times in which tenkabito (person becoming the ruler of the country) grasped and controlled all things.

• 京都では内裏で天皇の警護(近衛部隊の前身のようなもの)に就く滝口武者を世襲し、他にも衛門府、兵衛府など中央の官職を有していた。
• In Kyoto, in addition to serving by succession as Takiguchi no musha (samurai guards of the Imperial Residence and the forerunner of the Konoe troops), the members of the Watanabe clan held some central governmental posts including Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards) and Hyoefu (Headquarters of the Middle Palace Guards).

• そもそも丹波は、中央集権体制を進める明治政府の大久保利通らにより、但馬・丹後を含め似通った地域性を無視して2府県に分けられた。
• In the first place, Tanba, Tajima and Tango were divided up into two prefectures by people like Toshimichi OKUBO in the Meiji government who wanted to strengthen centralized control, ignoring their regional similarities.

• その間、中央で直義の殺害に成功した尊氏は、斯波家兼を新たな奥州管領として派遣したため、この斯波家兼が奥州における最有力となる。
• Meanwhile, Takauji succeeded in killing Tadayoshi at the center of Japan, sent Iekane SHIBA as new Oshu Kanrei, thus Iekane SHIBA became the most influential person in Oshu.

• 信長はその後も勢力を拡大し日本中央部を制圧するに至るが、天下統一の目前と思われた天正10年（1582年）に本能寺の変で倒れた。
• Subsequently, Nobunaga further expanded his power and eventually controlled central Japan; however, in 1582, when it seemed he was very close to unifying Japan, he was defeated in the Honnoji Incident.

• 三国岳、頭巾山、長老山など、8～900メ－トル級の連山に囲まれ、その山あいを縫うように、由良川の源流が町の中央部を流れている。
• The town is surrounded by a mountain range with the 800- to 900-meter class mountains of Mt. Mikunidake, Mt. Tokin and Mt. Choro; the headstream of the Yura-gawa River threads its way through the mountains and flows through the center of the town.

• その形状は通常の小袖（長着）と特に異なるところはなく、背中の中央部、両袖の後側、両胸の部分に紋が入っているところが特徴である。
• Montsuki kosode has the same shape as that of the common kosode (called 'nagagi' [full-length garments]), and the characteristic of montsuki kosode is the use of family crests: - one at the center of the back, two situated symmetrically on the backs of the sleeves, and two symmetrically on the chest.

• 現代の大相撲では、一辺が6.7mの正方形に土を盛り、その中央に直径4.55m（15尺）の円が勝負俵（計16俵）で作られている。
• For modern grand sumo tournaments, a square-shaped platform made of clay having a side of 6.7 m is first built, and a circle having a diameter of 4.55 m (15 shaku) is defined at the center by placing 16 bales (Shobu-dawara) on the platform.

• 中央須弥山上に日輪を負い趺坐する一字金輪（大日金輪）が描かれ、着衣には七宝繋ぎ文、立涌、甃文など精緻な截金文様が施されている。
• This depicts Ichiji Kinrin (also referred as Dainichi Kinrin) seating in a typical Buddhist style with Nichirin (the sun) on the back at the center on Mt. Sumeru, whose clothes provide delicate kirikane patterns of connected shippo, tachiwaku and ishidatami (checker) and others.

• 平城京は南北に長い長方形で、中央の朱雀大路を軸として右京と左京に分かれ、さらに左京の傾斜地に外京（げきょう）が設けられている。
• The shape of Heijo-kyo was a long rectangle which had Suzaku-oji Street dividing Ukyo (west part of capital) and Sakyo (east part of the capital), and further down the Sakyo, Gekyo (extra part in the east part of Heijo-kyo) was constructed on sloping ground.

• 町奉行配下の与力と同心の多くは、八丁堀 (東京都中央区)に屋敷を拝領し（いわば現代の警察官舎）、しばしば同心の代名詞とされた。
• Yoriki (police sergeant) under the control of the town magistrate and many of doshin were given their residence (which was like modern police quarters) in Hatchobori (Chuo Ward, Tokyo Prefecture), which was often used as a byword for doshin.

• 京職は地方における国司にあたるが､格式はそれらより高く､国司が外官（地方官）であるのに対し､京職は京官（中央官）扱いであった。
• Kyoshiki was equivalent to Kokushi (Provincial Offices) in the province, but, its social status was higher than that of Kokushi, and Kyoshiki was treated as kyokan (central government official) while Kokushi was treated as an outside official (local official).

• このような７世紀の東アジアの激動を背景として，倭（天武天皇による国号制定以後日本）では中央集権的律令国家建設の必要性が生じた。
• Facing the highly volatile situation in East Asia in the seventh century, there emerged a need for 'Wa' (ancient Japan, 'Wa' was called 'Japan' after the establishment of the name of the country by the Emperor Tenmu) to establish a centralized state under the Ritsuryo system.

• その土地を賃租し、地子（賃租の利益）を今まで持ち主不在であった土地の租税分に充てることで、中央財源の不足を補うべきと主張した。
• He insisted that the government should make up for the deficit by leasing such lands and applying the jishi (profit from the land rent) to the land tax of absentee owner land.

• 長城外節度使には武人や蕃将（異民族出身の将軍）が就けられ、長城内節度使には中央から派遣された文官が付くのが当初の方針であった。
• The policy at the beginning was to assign warriors and bansho (non-Han generals) as setsudoshi stationed in the regions outside of the Great Wall, and to place civil officers sent from the central government as setsudoshi stationed in the areas on the inside of the Great Wall.

• 戦後は、長良川中央漁業協同組合と長良川漁業協同組合の境界（長良川、今川、津保川合流点上流あたり）が長良と小瀬の境界となっている。
• After the war, the border between Nagaragawa Chuo Fisheries Cooperative Association and Nagaragawa Fisheries Cooperative Association (the upstream of the junction of Nagara-gawa River, Ima-gawa River and Ibo-gawa River) became the border of Nagara and Oze.

• 『日本書紀』によると、大阪にも大隅宮（おおすみのみや。現在の大阪市東淀川区大隅、一説に同市中央区 (大阪市)）が置かれたという。
• According to 'Nihonshoki,' there was also built, in Osaka, Osumi no miya (present-day Osumi, Higashi Yodogawa Ward, Osaka City, or, according to one theory, Chuo Ward of Osaka City).

• 平氏政権の崩壊とともに、中央政府である朝廷とは別個に、内乱を収拾して東国の支配権を得た鎌倉幕府が登場し、平安時代は幕を下ろした。
• With the collapse of the Taira clan administration, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) came to power after sorting out the civil wars aside from the Imperial Court, and the central govenment gained the right to rule the Eastern provinces, leading to the end of the Heian period.

• ボウリングでレーンオイルの乗り方が、レーン中央が厚め（滑りやすい）で左右が薄め（滑りにくい）の状態のことを「カマボコ型」と呼ぶ。
• In bowling, when the lane oil is spread thickly on the central lane (slippery) and thinly toward the edges of the lane (not slippery), it's called 'kamaboko-gata' (kamaboko style).

• 光背は宝珠形の頭光（ずこう）で、中央部に八葉蓮華を表し、その周囲には同心円状の文様帯があり、その外側の周縁部には火焔文様を表す。
• The halo is in the shape of a lotus flower, with hachiyorenge (a kind of lotus flower) shown in the center and surrounded by a pattern of concentric circles, with the outer margins representing a flame pattern.

• メソアメリカでは、チアパス州のボナンパク遺跡（古典期後期）と中央高原のカカシュトラ遺跡（後古典期前期）の壁画がよく知られている。
• In Mesoamerica, the wall paintings in Bonampak ruins in the State of Chiapas (Late Classic period) and Cacaxtla Archaeological Ruins (Early Post Classic period) in the Central Plateau are well-known.

• 席に着いてから袱紗を抜き取り、右手で端を取り、左手親指を中央にいれて、袱紗を半分に折り曲げ、右手に取って、茶入、または棗を拭う。
• After the person is seated, he or she removes the fukusa, takes it by its end in the right hand, place the thumb of the left hand on its center, fold the fukusa in half, take it in the right hand, and clean the chaire or natsume.

• 当初は文書の全面に太政官印を押していたが、奈良時代後期には文書の首尾と中間にあたる中央部の計3ヶ所と日付の付近に1ヶ所に限った。
• At first, Daijokanin was stamped on the whole part of documents but in the later Nara period, only the 3 areas in the header, footer, and center, plus 1 area near the date were allowed to be stamped.

• 地子の割当を受けた令制国では、公田から賃租された地子稲を財源として沽価に基づいて絹や鉄などを調達して中央の太政官厨家に送付した。
• Governors of provinces that were required to submit a land tax quota would use rice collected from koden as a financial resource in order to purchase silk or iron based on koka (selling prices) and sent it to the Daijokan chuke (manager of the kitchen of the Great Council of State) in the central government.

• 島津氏の家臣であるとはいえ、朱印をもって都城8万石を給されている忠棟を殺害したことは、中央政権に対する反逆ともとれる行為である。
• Although he was a vassal of the Shimazu clan, the act of killing Tadamune, who had been given Miyakonojo, the land worthwhile 80,000 koku of rice, with a certificate, could have been taken as an act of treason against the central government.

• 下総国千葉郡小弓城（現在の千葉市中央区_(千葉市)生実・同緑区_(千葉市)おゆみ野の一帯）に本拠地があったことから、その名がある。
• The name has its origin in Oyumi-jo Castle in Chiba County of Shimousa Province (the present whole area of both Oyumino, Midori Ward, Chiba City & Omi, Chuo Ward, Chiba City), where they established their base.

• 中央では好古の孫にあたる橘則隆の子孫が嫡流として続き、中世にはこの系統から橘氏唯一の堂上家で、代々橘氏長者となった薄家を輩出した。
• In the middle, the descendents of TACHIBANA no Noritaka, who was Yoshifuru's grandson, succeeded as the legitimate line of the clan, and in the Middle Ages, the Susuki family, which was the only Tosho-ke (the hereditary lineage of Court nobles occupying relatively high ranks) from this lineage and succeeded uji no choja (the head of the clan) of the Tachibana clan for generations, was produced.

• 宣経の死去後家督を継いだ宣直の頃、土佐中央部に進出してきた本山氏と土佐西部の土佐一条氏に挟まれた状況を打開するため一条氏と結んだ。
• Around the time of Nobunao who succeeded the family estate after Nobutsune's death, joined the Ichijo clan to break the situation in being caught between the two clans; the Motoyama clan which had expanded power to the center part and the Tosa Ichijo clan in the west part.

• この戦争の結果、薩長、薩長協力藩（佐賀藩、土佐藩等）出身者が明治政府の主体となり、日本は近代的な中央集権国家への道を歩んでいった。
• As a result of the war, members from the Sat-Cho (the Satsuma and Choshu Domains) and their supporting domains (the Saga and Tosa Domains) played an active role in the Meiji government, and Japan was to head for the modern system of centralized government.

• 地方豪族についても、702年（大宝 2）、諸国国造の氏姓を政府に登録することによって、中央豪族と同様の対応がなされたものとされる。
• It is said that in 702 the same treatment with the powerful clans in the capital was made for the powerful local clans by letting the powerful local clans to register the clan name and hereditary title of Kuni no Miyatsuko in the various provinces to the government.

• このほか総督府は北廻線、南廻線、中央山脈横断線などの調査も行ったが、これらの新規路線は太平洋戦争の激化により計画にとどまっている。
• In addition, the Sotoku-fu conducted research for the north link line, the south link line and the line through the mountains of central Taiwan but they were not established due to the outbreak of the Pacific War.

• しかしこのような官印の規定は、律令制の弛緩とともに中央省庁や国府などの律令行政機関が支配力を失ったことにより、次第に崩れていった。
• The rules of kanin gradually collapsed while the control of the administrative agencies under the ritsuryo system, such as the central and local government agencies, weakened as the ritsuryo system was loosening.

• 1068年に即位した後三条天皇は、1069年に延久の荘園整理令を発し、荘園整理事務を中央で処理するために記録荘園券契所を設置した。
• The Emperor Gosanjo, who was enthroned in 1068, promulgated Enkyu manor regulation Acts in 1069 and set up kiroku shoenken keijo (kirokujo: land record office) in order to process the office work for arranging shoens in the central government.

• その噴火・発光、湯だまりの変異等の自然現象が起きる度に、神霊現象として中央へ報告され、神階が上昇し、封戸が与えられるなどしていた。
• Each time a natural phenomenon such as eruption, light emission, or changes in the crater lake occurred, it was reported to the central government as a phenomenon caused by a Shinto god, resulting in a raise of shinkai (a rank granted to Shinto gods) and granting of fuko (residential units (ko) assigned as prebends (fu) to support top-ranking officials, temples, shrines, and royal households such as those of the queen-consort and crown prince).

• 式の際には、中央の祭壇の脇に遺影を置き、祭壇の奥に置かれた棺の後方に、銘旗と呼ばれる故人の名前が書かれた旗が立てられる場合が多い。
• In the ceremony, a portrait of a deceased person is placed by an altar at the center and a flag called Meiki (the funerary flag with which the name of the deceased, an official rank, etc. are described) is displayed behind the coffin placed at the rear of the altar in many cases.

• 平安時代中期以後は、藤原北家に押され政治的に衰退する中、武智麻呂の四男藤原巨勢麻呂の子孫が中央貴族として続き、多くの学者を輩出した。
• After the mid-Heian era, amid the political decline of the Southern House due to the expanding power of the Northern House, the descendant of FUJIWARA no Kosemaro, who was the fourth son of Muchimaro, survived as the central nobility and many of the descendants became scholars.

• 天皇の御料地である県の官人を任す意味から、県召の除目（あがためしのじもく）ともいい、中央官以外の官を任じるから、外官の除目ともいう。
• Since officials of agata are also appointed, which is an imperial estate, it is also referred to as agatameshi no jimoku (ceremony for appointing local officials), as well as gekan no jimoku because officials other than central officials are appointed.

• ただし、貞観 (日本)4年7月27日付宣旨（『類聚符宣抄』巻六）によって、官物免除を除く諸国から中央への申請は全て太政官で決定した。
• However, following the imperial decree issued on August 30, 863 (source; 'Ruiju fusensho' (A collection of official documents dating from the years 737 to 1093), vol. 6), Daijokan (the Great Council of State) was allowed to approve all applications made by each country to the central government, except application for exemption from Kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes).

• 757年当時の政治状況を見ると、それまで中央政府に君臨していた聖武天皇が756年に没し、政府内で複数の勢力が主導権争いを始めていた。
• Looking back the political situation around 757, Emperor Shomu, who had reigned over the central government until then, died in 756, and multiple powerful groups inside the government started to fight to take the leadership of the government.

• モンゴル国立中央図書館に収められている'tümen uls-un yerüde čaγaĴa'は、マーティン本のモンゴル語訳である。
• A book titled 'tümen uls-un yerüde čaγaĴa' stored at National Library of Mongolia is a translation of Martin version.

• 土佐国の守護は細川氏であるはずだが、七守護（土佐七雄）と称した豪族が土佐中央部に割拠、幡多郡に疎開してきた土佐一条氏を盟主と仰いだ。
• Although shugo for the Tosa Province should have been the Hosokawa clan, gozoku who called themselves nanashugo (seven shugo) (Tosa shichiyu (seven ruling families in Tosa)) took separately their bases in the central part of Tosa and accepted the Tosa-Ichijo clan, that was evacuated to Hata-gun as their leader.

• 元の滅亡や南北朝動乱の継続により、日中双方の中央政体が混乱し、唐船に与える名目も喪失したため、寺社造営料唐船の時代は終わりを告げた。
• The age of trading vessels dispatched to Yuan ended because the grounds given to Tosen disappeared under the confusion of the central governments of both Japan and China due to the fall of Yuan as well as continued disturbances between Northern and Southern Dynasties.

• この事件以降、12世紀中葉の平治の乱まで中央の政治抗争は武力を伴わず、死刑も執行されない非武力的な政治の時代が永らく続くこととなった。
• After this incident, until the Heiji War in the middle of 12th century, the non-violent political age continued, during which central political conflicts did not lead to military confrontations or the execution of the death penalty.

• 異説もあるが、旧八木町に丹波国府が置かれたり、今では地名となっている氷室があったりするなど、古くから中央律令政府とつながりは深かった。
• Although other people have different opinions, Nantan City has had a deep relationship with the central administrative government for a long time because the provincial capital was located in former Yagi town, and Himuro (ice house used to store ice throughout the year prior to the invention of the refrigerator) which is used as a place name at present, was established there.

• 現在でも、家の中央から見て鬼門にあたる方角には、門や蔵、および水屋・便所・風呂などの水を扱う場所を置くことを忌む風習が強く残っている。
• Even now, there is still a strong custom against positioning any gate or storage room, or any place using water such as a kitchen, rest room, or bath, in the direction coinciding with the kimon as seen from the center of the house.

• 同年9月29日から10月6日まで全国の20歳以上の男女1万人を対象（有効回収票8,700）、社団法人中央調査社の調査員による面接聴取。
• Nationwide polls were conducted from September 29 to October 6 of the same year through individual interviews with 10,000 men and women over the age of 20 (valid respondents: 8,700) by researchers of Central Research Services, Inc.

• また、店名だけではなく日本中央競馬会の競馬場内で販売する「GI焼き」など、発売場所のイベントや祭りに関する名称を付けている場合もある。
• In addition to cake named after shops or manufacturers, there are also cases in which names are related to events or festivals held at places where imagawa-yaki are sold; for example 'GI-yaki' which is sold in racetracks of the Japan Association for International Horse Racing.

• - 新潟市中央区西堀の善導寺と宗現寺にあり、松尾芭蕉がこの土地に立ち寄ったことを記念して後世に建立された古くなった蓑の道具塚でもある。
• - Located at the grounds of Zendo-ji Temple and Sogen-ji Temple in Nishibori, Chuo Ward, Niigata City, Niigata Prefecture, they are also dogu zuka for old worn straw raincoats erected to commemorate the occasion of Basho Matsuo's visit to this area.

• 最盛期は明治時代から大正時代にかけてのころで、呉服の街として名高い日本橋 (東京都中央区)には葛籠の職人も多く、葛籠屋の組合もあった。
• Its height was from the Meiji period to the Taisho period and there were many tsuzura craftsman in Nihonbashi (Chuo Ward, Tokyo), a famous town for kimono, and there was also a tsuzura traders' union.

• 版籍奉還（はんせきほうかん）とは、明治2年6月17日（1869年7月25日）に日本の明治政府により行われた中央集権化事業の1つである。
• The return of lands and people to the Emperor is one of the centralization enterprises undertaken by the Meiji government in Japan which was established on July 25, 1869.

• 冒頭に五箇条の御誓文を掲げてこれを政府の基本方針と位置づけ、国家権力を総括する中央政府として太政官を置き、2名の輔相をその首班とした。
• The Constitution of 1868 stated the Imperial Covenant Consisting of Five Articles at the beginning to define the basic policy of the new government, established Dajokan (Grand Council of State) as the central government to control national authority, and assigned two hosho (co-equal executive officers) as the heads of Dajokan.

• 地子交易（じしこうえき）とは、律令制において国司が公田から得た地子稲を中央に上供する際に運搬に便利なように軽貨に交換（売買）すること。
• Jishi Koeki refers to the exchange (buying and selling) of rice as a land tax that was collected from koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) by a provincial governor under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code); rice was exchanged for light commodities that were easier to carry and submit to the central government.

• 元は租庸調として各国より特産品が実物の形で貢納されて中央で消費されていたが、その不足分を補うために行われた制度であると考えられている。
• Originally, specialty goods from each province were sent as Soyocho tithes to the central government and consumed there but it is considered that this system was established to make up a shortfall.

• かかる事態においては黄衣を着た春日大社の神人が現地に派遣され、春日大社の榊に四手をかけた簡易な仕立の神木を問題の田畠の中央部に立てた。
• In such a case, the shrine's jinin in 'koe' (yellow vestments) was dispatched to the manor, and simplified Shinboku, which was made up of the shrine's sakaki and 'shide' (a hanging), was stood at the center of the paddy or the field in question.

• 京田辺市は京都府南部、八幡市・城陽市・綴喜郡井手町・相楽郡精華町・大阪府枚方市・奈良県生駒市と接し、三府県の三角地帯の中央部に位置する。
• Kyoutanabe is in the southern part of Kyoto Prefecture near the cities of Yawata and Jouyou, and the towns of Tsuzuki-gun Ide and Souraku-gun Seika, as well as Hirakata City in Osaka Prefecture, and Ikoma City in Nara Prefecture; it is located at the intersection of three prefectures.

• 市販用については、従来は、調査捕鯨の実務を委託されている日本共同船舶株式会社を通じ、各都道府県の中央卸売市場での販売などが行われてきた。
• Formerly, the whale meat for commercial use was sold at the central wholesale market of each prefecture through Nihon-kyodo-senpaku-kabushikikaidha (literally, Japan joint ship Co., Ltd.) where the actual jobs related to the scientific whaling was entrusted.

• 法隆寺金堂壁画は鉄線描と呼ばれる強い線描と濃い陰影表現が特色で、その様式の源流はインドや西域（中央アジア）の絵画にあると見なされている。
• The characteristics of the wall paintings of Kondo (the Golden Pavilion) of the Horyu-ji Temple are strong wire-drawing called Tessenbyo (wire-line drawing) and deep shaded expressions, and these styles are considered to have originated from the paintings in India and the western region (Central Asia).

• 10世紀中葉から後期にかけて、ある官職に伴う権限義務を特定の家系へ請け負わせる官司請負制が中央政界でも地方政治でも著しく進展していった。
• From the middle to the end of the 10th century, the government official contract system developed in the national political arena as well as in regional politics: specific family lines were given contracts to have authority and duties associated with certain government posts.

• 南方に緩やかに、北方に急峻な地形であり、水系としては日本海へ注ぐ由良川水系と瀬戸内海に注ぐ加古川水系とに分かれる中央分水嶺となっている。
• Its topography is gentle on the south and steep on the north; and in terms of water systems, it is the central divide between the Yura-gawa Water System which flows into the Sea of Japan, and the Kako-gawa Water System which flows into Seto Inland Sea.

• 全都道府県の54地方連盟（東京都は第一・第二・第三の3地区連盟、北海道は中央・西部・南部・東部・中部・北部の6地区連盟）が加盟している。
• Fifty-four local federations from all prefectures are affiliated (Tokyo Prefecture has three district federations--First, Second, Third--and Hokkaido has six district federations--Central, Western, Southern, Eastern, Chubu and Northern).

• 1月6日（日）：太鼓祭 in さいたまスーパーアリーナ【さいたまスーパーアリーナ】（さいたま市中央区 (さいたま市)）/主催日本太鼓協会
• January 6 (Sunday): Taiko-matsuri in Saitama Super Arena (Japanese Drum Festival in Saitama Super Arena) (Chuo Ward, Saitama City), sponsored by Japan Taiko Association

• 朝廷は中央集権体制を確立するために地方行政区画をおこない、政治力・経済力や土地面積・石高・人口などの国力により地方諸国を四等級に分けた。
• The Imperial Court decided local administration sections in order to establish centralized administrative framework and divided various provinces into four grades in accordance with political power, economic power and national power such as land area, kokudaka (crop yield), population.

• モンゴルを代表とする北アジア・中央アジアの遊牧民においては、中国王朝の「天」に対応あるいは類似する概念として「テングリ」概念が存在する。
• Among the nomads in North Asia and Central Asia represented by those in Mongolia, the notion called 'Tenguri' exists as the comparable or similar notion to 'Ten' (the sky or heaven) of Chinese dynasties.

• 平安時代後期に、在地領主が国衙などによる収公から荘園を守るため、中央の貴族や寺社へ寄進してその保護を求める寄進地系荘園が急速に増加した。
• In the late Heian period, there were rapidly growing numbers of donated manors, shoen donated to central nobles, temples or shrines by local lords asking for their protection of the shoen from shuko (confiscation) by kokuga (provincial government offices) and so on.

• 石室を上から見たとき、羨道が玄室の中央につけられているものを両袖式、羨道が玄室の左右のどちらかに寄せて付けられているものを片袖式と呼ぶ。
• When looking at the rock chamber from above, if the passage is located at the center of the burial chamber, it is called Ryosode-shiki and if the passage is located toward right side or left side, it is called Katasode-shiki.

• さらに、明治4年7月14日 (旧暦)（1871年8月29日）には、廃藩置県が行われ、名実共に藩は消滅し、国家権力が中央政府に集中された。
• In addition, on August 29, 1871, the policy of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and the establishment of prefectures) was enforced, and feudal domains were practically abolished and the central government seized all ruling powers.

• 鏡面にタガネで千手観音の立像と侍立する眷属を彫り、背面には中央に宝相華文、四方に蝶や鳥を配した図柄の八稜鏡であり、国宝に指定されている。
• It is a hachiryokyo (eight-lobed bronze mirror) and designated as a national treasure; the standing statue of Senju Kannon with kenzoku (one's family and relations) are carved with tagane (chisel) on the mirror side, and on the back side of the mirror, Hosoge-mon (flower motif) is carved in the center as well as butterflies and birds in four directions.

• 団扇絵を多く手掛け、現在は日本橋 (東京都中央区)で団扇、扇子、カレンダー業を営み、新宿伊勢丹、日本橋三越、銀座伊東屋などに出店している。
• It dealt with many Uchiwae (pictures on fans), currently it runs a fan, folding fan and calendar business in Nihonbashi (Chuo Ward Tokyo) and has branch stores at Isetan Shinjuku Store, Nihonbashi MITSUKOSHI, GINZA ITO-YA and so on.

• この「中央会加盟業者が調整元である」「米を使っている」という条件に該当する弁当は包装紙に共通デザインの「駅弁マーク」と呼ばれる商標を入れ、
• A box lunch satisfying the conditions that 'a member company of the Center Committee produced it' and 'it contains rice' is allowed to put a common trademark called 'Ekiben mark' on the wrapping paper.

• 日本茶業中央会の定める緑茶の表示基準では「ほうじ茶とは、煎茶や番茶などを強い火で焙って製造したもの」と定義されており、緑茶の1分類である。
• According to the green tea labeling standard of the Japan Tea Industry Central Association, hojicha is a type of green tea and is defined as being 'produced by roasting sencha or bancha leaves at high heat.'

• そして3月8日 (旧暦)（4月4日）に江戸急進派のリーダー格の堀部安兵衛と両国米沢町（現東京都中央区 (東京都)東日本橋）で会談に及んだ。
• On April 4, a meeting was held in Yonezawa-cho Town, Ryogoku (current location of Higashi Nihon-bashi, Chuo Ward, Tokyo) with one of the leaders of the Edo radicals, Yasubei HORIBE.

• さらに朝鮮政府の中央では大院君の支持者が交渉中止を求めたために議論が紛糾し、東莱政府も確実な回答を日本側に伝えることが不可能となっていた。
• In addition, because at the center of the Korean government, the supporters of Daewongun demanded halting the negotiation, the discussions became complicated, and it also became impossible for the Torai government to give a firm reply to the Japanese government.

• 松方は中央銀行を設置する一方で漸進的に紙幣消却を進め、紙幣流通量と正貨保有量が同じ水準となった時点で兌換紙幣に切り替えていく方針を定めた。
• Matsukata established the Bank of Japan, and at the same time, he progressively moved forward with the incineration of paper money, setting a policy of converting the paper money into the convertible paper money when the paper money supply reached the level equal to the specie holdings.

• その後、政体書体制がなし崩しになり、さらには明治4年（1871年）の廃藩置県により中央集権が確立するに至り、御誓文の存在意義が薄れかけた。
• The system based on the Constitution of 1868 was undermined and moreover in 1871 centralization was established by Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) and the importance of Charter Oath began to fade.

• 年料舂米（ねんりょうしょうまい）とは、日本の律令制において、令制国より毎年一定量の白米を中央に貢進させる制度、またその舂米そのもののこと。
• Nenryoshomai was the term for the shomai itself or the system under the Ritsuryo system which required a designated amount of white rice from the provinces to be tithed to the central government every year.

• しかし、西国をはじめ、日本国内を中央集権的に統治しようとする北条氏嫡流家である得宗家が御家人を排除し、被官である御内人を重用するようになる。
• But the Tokuso family--the primary lineage of the Hojo clan--which was bent on extending and strengthening their central authority and rule throughout the country and especially in the west, started to exclude gokenin, and began trying to promote only miuchibito (private family retainers) who were Hikan (vassals working for the Rokuhara Tandai).

• 一般に本殿よりも大きく建てられ、床を張るのが一般的であるが、建物の中央が吹き抜けの土間となっており、通り抜けることができる「割拝殿」もある。
• Haiden is typically built larger than honden and have raised floors of timber; in some cases, however, the center of the building has earthen floors with vaulted ceilings, a structure called wari-haiden, to allow people to pass through.

• 立涌紋は「たちわき」とも言い、公家装束に多く用いられ、相対した山形の曲線を縦に連ね、向き合った中央はふくれ、両端はすぼまった形の図案のこと。
• The tatsuwaku-mon, which is also called 'tachiwaki' and used often for dresses for a court noble, is a design in which a pair of symmetrical mountain-shaped curves line vertically and the distance between the pair of the curves is wide in the center and narrow at both ends.

• そこで、中央銀行が金地金との交換を保証された兌換紙幣（だかん-）とその補助貨幣を流通させる事により、貨幣価値を金に裏付けさせる事が行われた。
• To address such situation, the central bank issued convertible currency and subsidiary currency, which were guaranteed to be exchanged with gold bullion in order to support the value of the currency.

• これによって、南朝は大打撃を受ける一方、北朝方の室町幕府は中央のみならず顕家の根拠地であった奥州においても有利な戦いを進めていく事になった。
• As a result, the Southern Court suffered severe damage, while the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which supported the Northern Court, gained advantage in wars not only in areas around Kyoto but also in Oshu, which had been the base of Akiie.

• 院庁は、白河院～後鳥羽院の院政最盛期を経て、室町時代前期に院政が実質を持たなくなるまで、朝廷（中央政府）の重要な政務機関として機能し続けた。
• After the height of Insei from the Retired Emperor Shirakawa to the Retired Emperor Gotoba, In no cho continued to function as an important political institution of the Imperial Court (central government) until Insei lost substance in the early Muromachi period.

• 主税寮は主計寮が調の税収監査を行って中央財政を管轄するのに対し､租税(特に租)や出挙の帳簿との照合などによる監査を通じて地方財政を管轄した。
• While Shukeiryo (Bureau of Statistics) controlled the Central Finance by auditing the tax yields of cho (tributes), Shuzeiryo controlled local finance through auditing by verifying account books of land taxes (especially rice tax) and suiko (government loans made to peasants).

• 小袋坂は山側で鎌倉勢の赤橋守時が守るのに対し新田勢の堀口貞満らが攻め、中央の化粧坂には北条貞将に対し新田義貞、脇屋義助が率いる主力が攻める。
• On Kobukuro-zaka Slope, situated on a mountain, Sadamitsu HORIGUCHI, on the side of Yoshisada forces, attacked Moritoki AKAHASHI, on the side of the Kamakura bakufu, and on Kewai-zaka Slope, situated in the center of Kamakura, the main forces led by Yoshisada NITTA and Yoshisuke WAKIYA attacked Sadayuki HOJO.

• 代表的な発生地としては、西からタクラマカン砂漠（中国西部）、ゴビ砂漠（中国北部・モンゴル南部）、黄土高原（中国中央部）の3か所が挙げられる。
• The typical areas where kosa is generated are the following three areas, listed from the in order from the most western, the Takla Makan Desert (located in the western part of China), the Gobi Desert (located in the northern part of China and the southern part of Mongolia) and the Loess Plateau (located in the central part of China).

• さらに三浦周辺の地方官吏や辺将（朝鮮王朝の地方武官）に止まらず朝鮮王朝中央高官の中にさえ、商人に便宜を図り密貿易に関与する者が出現している。
• In addition to local officials and hensho (local governors) around Sanpo, some higher-ranked officials of the central government of the Korean Dynasty began to provide merchants some assistance and participate with them in the illegal trading.

• 一般的な形式は「一間四面堂堂」と称される、方三間から五間の方形の堂で、中央の方一間に阿弥陀如来を安置し、その周囲に庇をめぐらすタイプである。
• The common type is a squared hall whose side ranges from sangen (approx. 5.4 meters) to goken (nine meters) in length, being called 'Ikken shimen do' (一間四面堂), that centrally contains a square hall whose side is ikken (approx. 5.8 meters) in length in which to put Amida Nyorai (Amitabha Tathagata).

• 幕府水軍の拠点は三浦半島の浦賀と江戸の日本橋 (東京都中央区)に設けられ、1631年に建造された将軍の御座船安宅丸を初めとする巨船を擁した。
• The footholds of the bakufu's suigun were set up in Uraga on the Miura Peninsular and Nihonbashi (Chuo Ward, Tokyo) of Edo, and the bakufu possessed large ships including the pleasure boat Atake maru for the shogun built in 1631.

• 物語は元禄11年 (1698) 冬、大坂長町裏（現在の大阪市中央区 (大阪市)日本橋 (大阪府)）で起きた魚屋による殺人事件を題材にしている。
• The story is based on a murder case by a fish dealer that occurred in Osaka Nagamachiura (the current Nipponbashi, Chuo-ku, Osaka City) in the winter of 1698.

• そこで「延久の荘園整理令」では従来の荘園整理令よりも強固に実行するためにそれまで地方諸国の国司達に依存していた職務を全て中央で行うようにした。
• Therefore, in the 'Enkyu-no Shoen Seiri-rei,' for a more solid execution compared to traditional Shoen Seiri-rei, all duties that depended upon the kokushi in provinces were performed centrally.

• 髪飾りとして使うものは中央が印籠継ぎで分かれており、髪への挿入が容易になるものもある（髷の中で合わせるので、特にこのタイプを中差しともいう）。
• Products used for hair ornaments consists of two pieces connected by inrotsugi placed in the center and users can easily insert it into mage (this type of product is also called nakasashi because it is connected inside mage).

• ただし、そもそも徳一が『仏性抄』で論難したのは中央仏教界の最澄ではなく、東国で活動していた道忠（生没年不明）とその教団であったとする説がある。
• However, one theory says that in 'Bushosho' Tokuitsu first criticized not Saicho in the central Buddhist world but Dochu (his date of birth and death unknown) who were around Togoku and his religious sect.

• が、その一方で、中央官僚は科挙による人材登用が本格化して増加し、周辺異民族も不穏な動きを見せているため、軍事費、人事経費が膨大なものとなった。
• On the other hand, however, more central government officials were employed through Kakyo (Imperial Examination) in earnest, and surrounding different ethnic groups were exhibiting disquieting behavior, and as a result, military expenditure and the cost for personnel affairs swelled.

• 結果的にはその後の紆余曲折を経て廃藩置県により連邦国家アメリカ以上の中央集権国家となったが、政体書作成当初はそこまでの展望は開けていなかった。
• As the result, through implementation of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), the government became a more centralized government than the United States, but it was not foreseeable at the time of creation of the Constitution.

• なお、中世の西ヨーロッパ・中央ヨーロッパに見られたmanor（英語）、Grundherrschaft（ドイツ語）の訳語としても用いられている。
• And it is also used as the translation of manor (English) or Grundherrschaft (German) as seen in medieval Western Europe or Central Europe.

• これは、幕府や藩などの媒介なしに、天皇の下にある中央政府が直接に土地と人民を支配し、統治権（立法権・行政権・司法権）を行使することを意味する。
• This meant that the central government, on behalf of the emperor, could directly rule land and people, and exercise ruling powers (legislative power, executive power, and judicial power).

• 日本の武家はいわゆる「源平藤橘」やその他の中央の貴族の末裔を称することが多いが、大内氏は百済の聖明王の第3皇子である琳聖太子の後裔と称している。
• In many cases, samurai families in Japan call themselves a descendant of so-called 'genpeitokitsu' (shortened expression of four major families) or other central nobles, however, the Ouchi clan calls itself a descendant of Rinsho taishi, the third prince of Seongmyeong-wang of Paekche.

• 札幌市北区にある屯田 (札幌市北区)（とんでん）、中央区 (札幌市)山鼻の東屯田通駅、西屯田通は、屯田兵が駐屯したことから付けられた地名である。
• Tonden in Kita Ward, Sapporo City, Higashi Tonden-dori Station and Nishi Tonden-dori Street in Yamahana, Chuo Ward, Sapporo City were place names because tonden soldiers stayed there.

• 宮城道雄と提携し、宮城作曲の尺八譜の公刊を独占したこと、評議員制の導入など中央集権的な組織作りを行ったことなど都山流は尺八界最大の組織となった。
• By collaborating with Michio MIYAGI and coming to hold the exclusive rights to publishing shakuhachi notation for MIYAGI's compositions, introducing a council system and the like, Tozan NAKANO established a centralized organization that grew to become the largest organization in the shakuhachi world.

• 福岡市の博多区中洲・中央区 (福岡市)天神 (福岡市)・長浜 (福岡市)地区など、「屋台街」と呼ばれる歩道上に屋台が集合して商売する場所もある。
• Located inside the city of Fukuoka are, Nakasu of Hakata Ward, Tenjin of Chuo Ward, and Nagahama; and within them is a place called 'Yatai Gai' (streets with food stands), where street stall businesses gather on the sidewalk.

• またさらに完成度を高めた弓として、トルコ民族はさらに軽量・コンパクトな弓を用い、矢は両端が細く中央部に膨らみを持たせた造りにして飛翔力を高めた。
• The Turks used lighter and smaller bows completed to a higher quality, and the bow has thin top and bottom ends with a fat body in the centre so that the bow would fly better.

• 7世紀後半以降、百済の滅亡など緊迫する東アジアの国際情勢の中で、倭国は中央集権化を進めることで、政権を安定させ、国家としての独立を保とうとした。
• In and after the latter half of the seventh century, under the tense international circumstances in East Asia such as the fall of Baekje and so on, Wakoku (Japan) intended to stabilize the government and keep the independence as a nation by promoting the centralization.

• 松山藩は騒動の首謀者を死罪にするため、中央政府に御仕置伺い書を提出したが、良民にたいし危害を加えたわけではないとして徒刑（懲役）の処罰となった。
• Matsuyama domain submitted a letter to the central government to condemn the leader of the riot to death, however the leader was sentenced to penal servitude because he didn't harm law-abiding people.

• その一方で国民協会は独自の院内会派を結成しなかったために、国民協会所属のまま会派だけは中央交渉会に籍をおく議員が存在するなど複雑な状態となった。
• On the other hand, there were some councilors who belonged to Kokumin Kyokai while remaining to be members of the Central Negotiation Committee as a parliamentary group since Kokumin Kyokai didn't organize their own parliamentary group, and situation became very confusing.

• 平維衡を祖とする伊勢平氏は伊勢国に地盤を持った武士で、中央では検非違使などとして朝廷の武力として活動していたが、さほど目立った存在ではなかった。
• Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) whose ancestor was TAIRA no Korehira was the bushi (warriors) based on Ise Province, and worked as a military force of Chotei doing kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers), but maintained a low profile.

• その後、弥生時代前期には東北へと伝播し、青森県弘前市砂沢遺跡では小規模な水田跡が発見され、中期には、中央高地の松本平、信濃川流域までひろがった。
• Rice-paddy cultivation had spread to the Tohoku region during the early Yayoi period and a small remains of a rice-paddy field was discovered in the Sunazawa site located in Hirosaki City, Aomori Prefecture, and it had spread to Matsumoto-daira Basin in Chuokochi (Central Highlands) and the Shinano-gawa River area during the middle of the Yayoi period.

• 5番目のコメントは、1960年6月に発行された、地理学者の飯塚浩二による「アジアと日本」（『アジアのなかの日本』、中央公論社）の中に発見された。
• The fifth comment was found in 'Asia to Nihon' (Asia and Japan) ('Asia no Naka no Nihon' [Japan in Asia], published by Chuo Koronsha) by geographer Koji IIZUKA in June, 1960.

• 来日したベックマンは、築地から霞が関に都市の中心軸を置き、中央駅、劇場、博覧会場、官庁街、新宮殿、国会議事堂などを配する壮大な都市計画を立てた。
• When Böckmann came to Japan, he undertook the grandiose project of city planning of Tokyo; it was to set the center of the capital around the area from Tsukiji to Kasumigaseki, and to place buildings, such as a central station, a theater, a venue for exhibitions, government offices, a new palace and a congress hall.

• かつては10世紀初頭以降の政治状況・社会状況を指して、中央政府が統治権をほとんど放棄し、地方の無秩序状態をきたした状態と評価されたこともあった。
• In the past, political/social situations in the early 10th century was thought of as a society where the central government abandoned almost of its ruling power and invited the state of chaos in the provinces.

• しかし、内裏の焼亡などを契機とした臨時措置として全国的な租税賦課が実施されると、荘園側は、国衙でなく中央の太政官へ免税の申請を行うようになった。
• However, when, starting with the burning-down of dairi (Imperial Palace), the central government levied national taxes as a temporary measure, the manor side came to apply for tax exemption to Daijokan in the central government, instead of kokuga.

• 朝廷はそれまでの氏姓制度を改め、公地公民制や統一的税制（租庸調制など）を施行し、地方行政機構を改組して中央集権化するなど、律令制の導入を図った。
• The Imperial Court made efforts to introduce a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes by reforming the system of clans and hereditary titles, enforcing the ownership of all lands and serfs by the emperor, and introducing a uniform tax system (taxes in kind or service).

• 形状は、小判形と呼ばれる楕円形で表面には上下に扇枠に囲まれた桐紋（ごさんのきり）、中央上部に「壹两」下部に「光次（花押）」の極印が打たれている。
• It was oval called kobangata and on the surface Gosan no Kiri mon (paulownia patterns) were engraved in fan-shaped frame on the top and the bottom and at the top center '壹两, or ichi ryo (one ryo)' was engraved and at the bottom a hallmark, '光次, or Koji (Kao written seal mark)', was engraved.

• それが、戦後しばらくしてから、天満市場主宰の地車囃子を蒲生・今福地区が、大阪中央卸売市場主宰の地車囃子を長柄地区とがそれぞれ受け持つこととなった。
• Sometime after the World War Ⅱ, Gamo and Imafuku areas came to have charge of the danjiri-bayashi hosted by Tenma ichiba (market) and Nagae region came to take charge of danjiri-bayashi organized by Osaka Municipal Central Wholesale Market.

• 禅宗建築として代表的な鎌倉の円覚寺舎利殿では、中央は一般的な桟唐戸であるが、両脇の扉が花灯窓を大きく意匠した構えで、内側に桟唐戸を立て込んでいる。
• In the Shari-den (a special hall for keeping the Buddha's bones relics) of the Engaku-ji Temple, which is a representative architecture of Zen sect, while the central door adopts conventional sangarado, both side doors have large Katomado with sangarado set inside.

• 何世紀にも渡って、中央アジア、西アジア、アレクサンドリアや古代ギリシア、古代ローマなどの芸能が、シルクロード経由で徐々に中国に持ち込まれていった。
• Various arts of Central Asia, West Asia, Alexandria, ancient Greece and ancient Rome were introduced, via the Silk Road, into China over a period of several centuries.

• 携行を容易にするため、両端を刃とする2本の棒手裏剣を中央でハサミのように留め、携行時は閉じて棒状、使用時は開いて十字にする、という形式も見られる。
• In order to make it easy to carry, there are pairs of bo shuriken with blades on both sides, secured in the middle like scissors, to close into the shape of a stick when carried and open into a cross when used.

• 徴税（民部省）と財政（大蔵省）機構の一体化による中央集権体制の確立を主張する大隈重信（民部大輔）、伊藤博文（大蔵少輔）が強く推進した結果であった。
• This merger resulted from the strong pressure exerted by Shigenobu OKUMA (Minbu-no-Taifu) and Hirobumi ITO (Okura-no-Shofu) aiming to establish the centralized administrative framework by integrating a tax collection system (Minbu-sho) and a financial system (Okura-sho).

• しかし、これらの反平氏勢力は平氏追討を建前として掲げてはいたが、本音では自らの権利の確保、そして中央政府からの一定範囲での独立を真の目的としていた。
• However, while the anti-Taira clan forces attacked the Taira clan, the real reason was to keep their own rights and privileges and to obtain a certain degree of independence from the central government.

• そのうちの1つ、南方朱雀に属する7宿のうち、中央の「星宿」は、西洋星座のうみへび座の心臓部に当たり、その中心は、うみへび座の主星アルファルドである。
• Among the seven constellations grouped into the south, Suzaku's domain, the central constellation, called the 'Star' is the heart of the Hydra constellation in Western astronomy; its central star is the principal star in the Hydra constellation, Alphard.

• そうならなかったのは、むしろ粗悪な渡来銭を積極的に流通させていたのが、室町幕府ら中央の権門のほうであり、悪銭の中心は渡来銭だったことを明示している。
• However, the reason why such a situation did not occur actually was that the parties responsible for circulating low-quality Torai-sen were the Muromachi bakufu and influential families in the central government, explicitly showing that Torai-sen were at the center of the low-quality coins.

• 開発領主は国衙よりも権威のある中央の有力貴族や有力寺社へ開発田地を寄進して（寄進型荘園）、国衙の圧力を断ち切ることで支配権・管理権を確保していった。
• Therefore, kaihatsu-ryoshu tried to secure their dominion and management rights by donating their developed fields to major central nobility, temples, and shrines, that were more powerful than kokuga, to eliminate the pressure from kokuga (those shoen were specifically categorized as donated shoen).

• 渡辺綱の後裔は、摂津国の渡辺津(大阪市中央区)という旧淀川河口辺の港湾地域を本拠地とする「渡辺党」と呼ばれる武士団を形成し、瀬戸内海の水運に関与した。
• The descendants of WATANABE no Tsuna formed the 'Watanabe Party,' an armed group based in Watanabe no Tsu in Settsu Province, the seaport area at the mouth of the Kyu-Yodo-gawa River and were involved in the water transportation business in the Seto Inland Sea.

• 平均の直径が24.44ミリメートルの円形で、中央には一辺が約6mmの正方形（厳密には、0.5mmほど横長の長方形）の穴が開いた、円形方孔の形式である。
• It was a round coin with a rectangle hole; the round shape of the coin had a diameter of 24.44 mm on an average, and had a square hole 6 mm on a side (to be exact, rectangle 0.5 mm longer on a long side) in the center.

• また、1882年に日本銀行条例を制定して中央銀行構想を確立し、翌1883年には国立銀行条例を改正して国立銀行発行紙幣を整理・廃止する方針を打ち出した。
• Furthermore, he established the idea of the nation's central bank as the Bank of Japan Act was promulgated in 1882, and in 1883, after the revision of the National Bank Act, he announced the policy of readjusting and abolishing the paper money issued by the national banks.

• 定頼の死後、後を継いだ六角義賢は、当時管領代となり、畿内に一大政権を築きつつあった三好長慶と抗争して、中央政界での勢力を拡大しようとしたがこれに失敗。
• After the death of Sadayori, his successor Yosikata ROKKAKU attacked Nagayoshi MIYOSHI who was then Kanrei-dai and started building up a strong political power in Kinai area and tried in vain to expand his strength among the national political arena.

• その結果、本願寺の権力は年々増大し、11世の顕如が門跡（門跡は皇族・貴族が僧籍に入り住職となる際の呼称）になるなど、中央権力との結びつきが強くなった。
• As a result, the Hongan-ji Temple power grew year by year and strengthened a connection with the central authority when the 11th chief priest Kennyo became Monzeki (this title was basically given to the Imperial family and nobility who entered into priesthood and became a chief priest).

• 年料別貢雑物（ねんりょうべっこうぞうもつ）とは、律令制において紙・筆・ウマ皮革・薬草などの雑物を現物の形で毎年規定量を令制国より中央に貢納させた制度。
• Nenryo bekko zomotsu was the system where a designated amount of Zomotsu such as paper, brushes, horse skin and herbal plants were directly tithed to the central government by Ritsuryo provinces.

• また、黄砂のような砂塵の大規模な発生地帯には、中央アジア（黄砂など）、アフリカ（ギブリ・シロッコなど）のほかに、北アメリカ、オーストラリアなどがある。
• The areas where large-scale dust like kosa is produced include northern America and Australia, in addition to central Asia (where kosa and others are generated) and Africa (ghibli, scirocco and others are generated).

• しかし、中央公論社は嶋中事件の後遺症で「皇位簒奪」の用語を用いることを恐れ、今谷の反対を押し切って、「王権簒奪」という不正確な表題にしてしまったという。
• However, afraid of using the term, 'usurpation of the imperial throne' following the aftermath of Shimanaka incident, Chuo Koronsha used an inaccurate title 'usurpation of sovereignty,' overriding Imatani's opposition.

• むしろ親王任国が集中した東国が平氏系武士の盤踞地で、その一族がその後、中央（朝廷）に勢力を伸ばし、西国にも平氏勢力が広がっていったという方が適切である。
• In fact, it would be more appropriate to say that the influence of the samurai of Taira lineage first covered the Togoku where many imperial princes were appointed to the governors of provinces, and later the Taira clan expanded their sphere of influence to the center (the Imperial court) and to the Saigoku.

• 断層角盆地で、中央を桂川 (淀川水系)が横断するが、どちらかというと市街地のある南側の地盤が低いため、ひとたび川が増水すると、亀岡市街地は冠水しやすい。
• One side of the basin is limited by a fault, and the Katsura-gawa River (Yodo-gawa River system) traverses the central part of the basin, but, since the ground of the southern part where the urban area is located is comparatively low, the urban area of Kameoka City is flooded easily when the river water increases.

• 盧舎那仏は、華厳経（西暦400年前後に中央アジアで成立し、中国経由で日本へもたらされた仏教経典）に説かれる仏で、華厳経に言う「蓮華蔵世界」の教主である。
• Birushana-butsu was a Buddha teacher who had been taught in the Kegon-kyo (Avatamsaka Sutra; a body of Buddhist scriptures which were formed in Central Asia before and after 400 A.D., and it was brought to Japan via China), and was described as the head of a religious sect of 'the Lotus Matrix World' by the Kegon-kyo.

• 竹ひごに縮緬を巻いて作った輪に糸を7本掛け、各々に7個（計49個）布製の人形を吊るし、中央に柳川鞠を2個配したものを2組1セットとして雛壇の両側に飾る。
• Both sides of the tiered stand for hina dolls are decorated with one set of two rings of bamboo sticks wrapped with crepes, with each of seven strings hanging seven cloth dolls (49 dolls in total) and two Yanagawa mari balls in the centers of the rings.

• その後、墳頂中央で家型埴輪の周りに盾形・蓋形などの器財埴輪で取り巻き、さらに円筒埴輪で取り巻くという豪華な配置の定式化が4世紀後半の早い段階で成立する。
• After that, the formularization of the sumptuous arrangement was established in the early stage of the late fourth century, which was displaying Kizai Haniwa such as lid-shaped Haniwa and peltate Haniwa around house-shaped Haniwa on the center of the mound top, and cylindrical Haniwa around them.

• 箱館府が置かれていた箱館（函館市）は旧・蝦夷地の人口・産業の中心であったが、位置が南に偏りすぎているため、北海道の中央部に本庁を設けることになっていた。
• Although Hakodate (Hakodate City) where Hakodate-fu was established played a central role in Ezo in terms of population and industry, it was planned to establish a new head office in central Hokkaido because Hakodate was positioned far south.

• そのため、臨時に穎稲を上供させる「年料舂米」・「年料別料租穀」や大粮米を正税の穎稲で補う「年料租舂米」などが導入されたために大量の正税が中央に運ばれた。
• Therefore, they introduced 'nenryo shomai' (rice made by pounding it in a mortar and paid in kind for the taxes) and 'nenryo betsuryo sokoku' (denso stored in shoso separately from fudokoku to supply in case of central government's financial difficulties) that could bring them extra eito, and 'nenryo soshomai' (tax payment in milled rice) that could cover tairomai (rice given to low-ranking staff under the Ritsuryo system) with eito of shozei, accordingly, a large amount of shozei brought in the central government.

• 中央権力の威信が低下した時代には、所領紛争を法的手段で解決する方法が無力であったために、代わりに自力救済の一環としてこうした戦いがしばしば行われていた。
• During periods when the dignity of central authority declined, legal means to resolve territorial disputes were ineffective, and instead these wars were often waged as a form of self-preservation.

• いずれも租税免除を目的とした動きであり、不輸権だけでなく、不入権（田地調査のため中央から派遣される検田使の立ち入りを認めない権利）を得る荘園も出現した。
• The moves were for the purpose of tax exemption and the shoens which had not only the right of tax exemption but also funyu no ken (the right to keep kendenshi (investigator of a rice field), who were sent from the central government for the survey of rice field, from entering the property) also appeared.

• しかしこうして10世紀後期以降、受領と田堵負名層との間に紛争がしばしば見られるようになり、受領の施策に不満の田堵負名層が中央政府へ訴え出ることもあった。
• However, from the late 10th century and onwards, there were frequent conflicts between the zuryo and the tato fumyo, and in some cases, the tato fumyo appealed to the central government about measures taken by the zuryo.

• 年料租舂米（ねんりょうそしょうまい）とは、平安時代に太政官符によって、令制国の租の稲穀を精米した白米を中央に貢進させる制度、またその舂米そのもののこと。
• Nenryososhomai was the term for the shomai (milled rice) itself or the system determined by Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) during the Heian period which required the raw grain collected as So in the provinces to be tithed to the central government as refined white rice

• また富豪層は受領との名田請負契約に基づいて巨富を築くと同時に中央官界とも直接結びついて受領を牽制するなど、受領の統制を超えて権益拡大を図る存在でもあった。
• Millionaires made enormous fortunes through the Myoden contract system and tried to increase their interest beyond the zuryo's control by directly connecting to central official circles.

• 大乗仏教（だいじょうぶっきょう、Mahāyāna Buddhism）は、伝統的に、ユーラシア大陸の中央部から東部にかけて信仰されてきた仏教の分派のひとつ。
• Mahayana Buddhism is a sect of Buddhism that has been traditionally practiced in central and eastern Eurasian Continent.

• 第2条は、政治の中枢となる首都の設置、畿内・令制国・郡といった地方行政組織の整備とその境界画定、中央と地方を結ぶ駅伝制の確立などについて定めるものである。
• Article 2 was to stipulate the establishment of the capital as the political center, the organizations of local administrative offices in Kinai (regions surrounding the capital city), Ryoseikoku (provinces) and counties, the border demarcation between the regions, and the establishment of ekiden-sei (the transportation system) to connect the capital with the other regions.

• 中には土佐の一条氏（土佐一条氏）のように、荘園領主である中央貴族が荘園支配を維持するため、荘園へ下向し、そのまま土着して戦国大名となってしまった例もある。
• Among them, like the Tosa Ichijo clan, some central aristocrats who were the lords of shoen went to the shoen to maintain the governance of shoen and were indigenized there to become Sengoku-daimyo.

• 慶応3年12月9日 (旧暦)（1868年1月3日）に勃発した王政復古 (日本)のクーデターは事実上の中央政府が江戸幕府から朝廷へ移っただけに過ぎなかった。
• Osei-fukko (Restoration of Imperial Rule) declared on January 3, 1868 was a coup through which the actual power of central government was shifted from the Edo bakufu to the Imperial Court.

• ヤマト王権はこれらの渡来人や全国各地の豪族たちを徐々に組織化していくとともに（部民制の形成）中央の豪族層を大臣 (日本)・連を頂点として系列化していった。
• The Yamato Kingdom gradually organized these settlers and the regional ruling elite (the formation of the bemin system) and placed the central ruling families in the top oomi and muraji positions.

• 中臣氏（なかとみうじ）は、古代の日本において、忌部氏とともに神事・祭祀をつかさどった中央豪族で、古くから現在の京都市山科区中臣町付近の山階を拠点としていた。
• The Nakatomi clan, together with the Inbe clan, was a powerful family serving the Yamato court in ancient Japan, who took charge of Shinto rituals and religious services, and had occupied the region Yamashina -approximately corresponding to today's Nakatomi-cho, Yamashina Ward, Kyoto City - as their base through the ages.

• 打製石器は時代に従って、石を砕いただけの礫器から、薄い剥片を用いた剥片石器・石の中央部を利用した石核石器へ移行し、最終的には細石器が用いられるようになった。
• Chipped stone tools changed from small stone tools made just by crushing stones to flake tools using thin flakes and core tools using the center part of a stone, and finally, microlithes came in use.

• 天皇の宮(首都)を飛鳥から難波宮（現在の大阪市中央区 (大阪市)）に移し、蘇我氏など飛鳥の豪族を中心とした政治から天皇中心の政治への転換点となったとされる。
• The palace of Emperor (the capital city) was transferred from Asuka to Naniwanomiya Palace (present Chuo Ward, Osaka City), which is said to have become the turning point from the politics centered around Gozoku (local ruling families) such as the Soga clan to the politics centered around Emperor.

• また中央の謀反者の東国への逃走を防ぐ目的もあり、天平宝字8年（764年）の藤原仲麻呂の乱では、愛発関を閉じる事で仲麻呂が息子のいる越前国へ逃げる事を防いだ。
• Also there was a purpose to prevent rebels against the capital from fleeing to Togoku; in FUJIWARA no Nakamaro's War in 764, closing Arachinoseki prevented Nakamaro from escaping to Echizen Province where his son lived.

• この時点では連邦型国家の中でも、ドイツ連邦のような分権型国家か、あるいはアメリカのようなより中央集権を強めた国家とするかという二つの選択肢が考えられていた。
• Two models of federal states were considered at that time and one option was decentralized government of German Confederation and another was centralized government of the United States.

• 王朝国家論が唱えられ、史学的検証が進んでからは、以上に見るとおり、中央政府は積極的に社会実態に適合した統治体制（王朝国家体制）を構築していったとされている。
• As explained above, it is now contemplated, thanks to progress in the study of Dynastic polity and its historical verification, that the central government actively built up the governing structure which could adapt to changing social situation.

• かかる危機に直面した国衙行政と中央財政を再建させるために、院宮王臣家と富豪層の関係を断ち切るとともに、国司へ大幅な支配権限を委譲する改革が行われたのである。
• In the reformation to reestablish the kokuga administration and the finance of the central government, the relationships between Ingu oshinke and rich and powerful persons was broken and much of the control right was transferred to kokushi.

• 領家はほとんどの場合、中央に在していたため、現地で紛争が発生した時は、その対応を荘官へ任せたり、御使（おんし）という使者を派遣して対応させることが多かった。
• Since ryoke mostly resided in the central areas, when disputes or trouble erupted in local areas, ryoke usually had shokan deal with them, or dispatched an envoy called onshi to solve the situation.

• 中級貴族であった経基の子源満仲（多田満仲）が藤原北家による摂関政治の確立に協力して中央における武門としての地位を築き、摂津国川辺郡多田の地に武士団を形成する。
• MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka (TADA no Manju), the son of Tsunemoto who was a middle-ranking noble, cooperated with the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan for the establishment of Sekkanseiji (regency), thereby gaining the status as the central samurai family and forming a samurai group in Tada, Kawabe District, Settsu Province.

• 茶会初日である10月1日は、北野天満宮の拝殿（12畳分）を3つに区切り、その中央に黄金の茶室を持ち込んでその中に「似たり茄子」などの秀吉自慢の名物を陳列した。
• On October 1, the first day of the tea ceremony events, the front hall (12 tatami mats in area) of the Kitano Tenmangu Shrine was divided into 3 areas, and into the middle space a gold tearoom was set in place and, within this space itself, Hideyoshi's own treasured tea ceremony utensils (such as the 'Eggplant Resembling' porcelain) were displayed.

• その部分は前髪を１つにまとめた状態であることからその断面は円に近い形になっており、その部分だけしか挿すところがないため櫛の中央部分に歯があればよいからである。
• As the cross section of a bundle of bangs at the above-mentioned part of the head is almost circular, there is no place to insert the comb except at this part and no teeth are needed other than those situated in the middle section of comb.

• 鵜飼舟1隻には鵜匠1人、中乗1人、艫乗2人、計4人が乗り組み、鵜匠は舳で12羽の鵜をつかい、中乗は中央で4羽の鵜をつかい、艫乗は艫で舟の進退旋回の任にあたる。
• On one Ukai boat there is one ujo, one nakanori, and two tomonori, that is, a total of four persons, and ujo uses twelve cormorants at the bow, nakanori uses four cormorants at the center and tomonori is in charge of piloting a boat at the stern.

• 賠償金は1912年に清朝が滅亡した後も、清朝を引き継いだ国家とみなされた中華民国にそのまま負わされ、中央政権が軟弱な基盤しか持ちえなかった理由の一つとなった。
• Even after the Qing dynasty perished, the reparations were succeeded by the Republic of China because it was considered to be a nation that succeeded the Qing dynasty, and that was one of reasons that the central government had weak foundations.

• 冒頭の「官武一途」は語は福岡孝弟の修正案で追加されたものであり、「官」とは太政官すなわち中央政府、「武」とは武家すなわち地方の諸侯、「一途」は一体を意味する。
• The word '官武一途 (no less than the civil and military officials)' at the beginning was added in the revised draft of Takachika FUKUOKA and '官 (the civil officials) ' means Daijokan (the Great Council of State) and central government, '武 (the military officials) ' means military families and regional lords, '一途 (no less than) ' means united.

• 「近江」が「ちかつあはうみ（都近くの淡水湖）」に由来し、現在も滋賀県が「湖国」と呼ばれることからも窺えるように、県の中央に位置する琵琶湖は本県のシンボルである。
• As it can be guessed from the facts that 'Omi' derived from 'Chikatsu awaumi (a fresh-water lake near the capital)' and Shiga is called a 'Lake Country,' Lake Biwa, which is located in the center of the prefecture, is a symbol of Shiga.

• 鳥羽作道（とばのつくりみち・鳥羽造道）は、平安京の中央部を南北に貫く朱雀大路の入口である羅城門より真南に伸びて鳥羽 (京都市)を経由して淀方面に通じた古代道路。
• Toba no Tsukurimichi (Toba New Road) was an ancient road from Rajo-mon gate, the entrance to the Suzaku-oji Street running through north to south in the center of Heian-kyo, to Yodo through Toba (Kyoto City).

• また東京大学出身の吉野・美濃部の両人に加え、中央大学出身の長谷川如是閑や早稲田大学出身の大山郁夫といったジャーナリストや学者の発言も在り方に大きな影響を与えた。
• The theory upheld by YOSHINO and MINOBE of Tokyo Imperial University was buttressed further by journalists and other political scientists such as Nyozekan HASEGAWA of Chuo University and Ikuo OYAMA of Waseda University.

• 同法は墾田の永年私有を認めるものだったため、資本を持つ中央貴族・大寺社・地方の富豪（かつての豪族層）は活発に開墾を行い、大規模な土地私有が出現することとなった。
• As the law admitted a permanent ownership of cultivated lands, central aristocrats, large temples and shrines and local rich men (formerly the class of gozoku), who had capital, actively cultivated lands and then a large scale private ownership of land appeared.

• 被告人としては、交差点中央付近から左折して、予定通りの行進を行うつもりであったが、機動隊は、デモ隊がそのまま河原町通を南下するものと見てこれを阻止しようとした。
• The defendant was going to turn to the left around there and continue to march as planned, but the riot police thought that they were not going to turn and tried to stop them from going straight on Kawaramachi Street to the south.

• 当初、関東や北陸で勃興した反平氏勢力は、旧勢力の期待するところであって平氏政権を排除した後は、それまでの歴史の通りにいずれ中央政府に帰順するものと考えられていた。
• Initially, the anti-Taira clan forces that began in the Kanto and Hokuriku regions were acting as the old regime anticipated and it was thought that after the Taira clan government was removed, the country would return to a central government as in the past.

• 結び方は、後紐の一方（これをかりに(b)とする）が上になるようにして前紐(a)の中央部分に重ね、もう一本の後紐（これをかりに(c)とする）をさらにその上に重ねる。
• To tie them, put one of the back straps (referred to as [b] below) on the center of the front strap [a] and put the other one (referred to as [c] below) on it.

• このうち、国司には中央から派遣されたが、郡司・里長はかつての在地首長である地域の豪族層が終身官として任命され、実質上自分の支配地域を行政単位として認められていた。
• The provincial governor was sent from the central government, whereas the local magistrate or village chief was appointed for life from local powerful clans who had ruled the area, which virtually meant that they were approved to govern the areas they originally ruled as administrative districts of the central government.

• 『上記』、『うへ津婦美（上つ文）』、『上記直訳』及び『上記鈔訳』は、内閣文庫に保管された後、中央省庁再編に伴い国立公文書館に移管され、現在は同館で公開されている。
• After '上記', 'うへ津婦美(上つ文)', 'Uetsufumi Chokuyaku' and 'Uetsufumi Shoyaku' were stored in Naikaku bunko, they were transferred to National Archives of Japan due to the reorganization of central government ministries and agencies and are now open to public.

• 王朝国家体制期における中央政治機構や軍制・荘園政策・負名体制に関する研究は著しい進展を見せ、さらには王朝国家に代わる新たな古代-中世移行論が唱えられ始めてはいる。
• The study of central government organization, military systems, shoen policy, and local tax management systems during the Dynastic polity period has marked significant progress and another theory concerning the transition from the ancient times to the medieval age was proposed in lieu of the theory of Dynastic polity.

• 寛平・延喜年間（9世紀末期-10世紀初期）になると、板東において、中央へ進納する官物を強奪するといった「群盗蜂起」が頻発した（しゅう馬の党・寛平・延喜東国の乱）。
• In the Kanbyo-Engi period (from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century), there were frequent 'outbreaks of banditry' (Shuba-no-to and Kanbyo-Engi-Togoku-no-ran (disturbances by banditry in Togoku during the period between Kanbyo and Engi)) in which Bando were robbed of kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) to be offered to the central government.

• このほか中央の文献には当時、伯耆国内で有力であった小鴨氏、南条氏、村上氏_(伯耆国)などと並んで進氏の名が記されており、西伯耆の有力者であったことがうかがい知れる。
• In some records of the administrations, the name of the Shin clan is found as well as the Kogamo clan, Nanjo clan, Murakami clan of Hoki Province and so on which were powerful clans in Hoki Province in those days, therefore, the Shin clan is considered to have been one of such influential clans in West Hoki.

• 亀岡市の中央部を縦断し、保津峡を南東に流れ、嵐山で京都盆地に出て南流、伏見区で鴨川 (淀川水系)を併せ、大阪府との境で木津川 (京都府)、宇治川と合流し淀川となる。
• The river runs through the center of Kameoka City, flows south-east down Hozu-kyo Gorge, and then into the Kyoto Basin at Arashiyama southward; the river then merges with the Kamogawa River (Yodo-gawa River System) in Fushimi Ward, and is joined by the Kizu-gawa and Uji-gawa Rivers on the border with Osaka Prefecture, where it becomes the Yodo-gawa River.

• 塀や長屋で囲った敷地内または外に、長屋または小屋など、各地で呼び名は異なるところはあるが部下が住まう屋敷と中央となる役所と奥向きである本陣が造られることが多かった。
• Within or outside the area enclosed by walls or nagaya (row houses) were residences called nagaya or koya (small houses) depending on the region, in which followers lived, a central office, and an inner part called the honjin.

• 中央・地方のウジは、大王との間に隷属・奉仕の関係を結び、それを前提にして氏上は朝廷における一定の政治的地位や官職・職務に就く資格と、それを世襲する権利を与えられた。
• The uji in the capital and local provinces established a relationship with the great king of vassalage and service, and on this premise, they were given the license to take up fixed political standings and government posts/duties along with the right to make them hereditary.

• しかし、中央集権化を進め、改革を全国的に網羅する必要があることから、藩の存在は邪魔となり、また藩側でも財政の逼迫が続いたことから自発的に廃藩を申し出る藩が相次いだ。
• Yet, the existence of domains hindered centralization and reform throughout the country, and many governors of domains voluntarily asked for the abolishment of the feudal domains because of their constant financial difficulties.

• また、平安京遷都後に明法生の講義と宿舎の場として中央の堂（校舎）と東西に分かれた直曹（寄宿舎）からなる明法道院（みょうほうどういん）が大学寮の一番南側に建設された。
• Also after the transfer of the capital to Heian-kyo, Myohodoin, a facility for the Myoho students to take lectures and boards was constructed including the central school building and east/west dormitories on the southernmost side of Daigakuryo.

• 従前の高官に代わって平氏一族や親平氏的貴族が登用され、また知行国の大幅な入れ替えもあって中央・地方の両面において平氏一門を中心とする軍事的な支配体制が強化していった。
• Members of the Taira clan and pro-Taira aristocrats took the places of previous high officials and there was an extensive replacement of province governors, leading to the strengthening of military control organization on the central and local level by the members of the Taira clan.

• 長さの目安は、前垂れを出さない場合、生地の端を持ち、両腕で水平に拡げ、次に、残こり生地の端を持ち、身体中央から更に、片腕で水平に伸ばした長さである。（胴回りの約3倍）
• When worn without making a maedare (apron), the length of a rokushaku fundoshi should be equal to the length from one hand to the other hand when both arms are stretched out horizontally plus the length from the center line of the body to one hand the arms are stretched out horizontally (approximately three times the circumference of the waist).

• 活字の底は四角く平らになっており中央を横切るように太い溝が彫ってあるので、それを印刷すると「〓」となり、これが下駄の歯の跡に見えることから「下駄（ゲタ）」と呼ばれた。
• Since types had square and flat bottoms, and had inscriptions of thick grooves crossing the center, the shape of '〓' which appeared when they were printed was called 'Geta' because it looked like a footprint of Geta.

• 騎射はすぐに中央アジアの遊牧民の間に波及し、フン族、アヴァール人、マジャル人など同様の遊牧民族に次々と取り入れられ、後にモンゴル族にも及び、古代世界に普及して行った。
• Kisha skills soon spread through the nomadic tribes of Central Asia, and spread into other nomadic tribes such as the Hun, the Avar, the Magyar, one after another, later on reaching Mongolia and spreading into society in ancient times.

• また兵庫県西部（播磨）地域には円形住居の床面中央部に1O（イチマル）土坑と呼ばれる特殊な遺構を持つ例が分布するなど、竪穴住居の形態には多様な地域性があり、注目される。
• Also there is the various regionality in tateanajukyo (a pit dwelling house), such as a round shaped dwelling with special ancient structural remnants called 10 (read; 'Ichimaru') pit at center of its floor, in western Hyogo Prefecture (Harima).

• 同時期に仙北郡で極めて大規模な城柵として使わたのにも関わらず、記録が全く残っていない払田柵跡にあった施設で中央から監視しに来た人を接待したのではないかとする説もある。
• Another theory maintains that there has been no record of facilities at the site of the Hotta no saku (fort in Hotta), though they had constructed an extremely large fort, because officials sent from the central government to monitor the region were entertained in those facilities.

• しかし神祇信仰と習合しやすい呪術的要素を持ちながら国家護持や普遍性・抽象性を備えた教説を整えた中央の大寺院として諸国神宮寺の心を捉えたのが空海の伝えた真言宗であった。
• However, Kukai's Shingon sect of Buddhism attracted Jingu-ji Temples of various countries as a central large temple because it had magical essence, which was easy to combine with Jingi belief, as well as preaching a story, providing protection for the nation, universality, and abstractness.

• 中国武術や琉球の武術においては、「棒」ではなく中央が若干太いいわゆる「棍」を使用し拳法の延長としての武器術として創意工夫された『棍術』（こんじゅつ）と称される術である。
• In the martial arts of China and Ryukyu, it refers to the art which is called 'konjutsu', which uses a stick with the little thicker center known as a 'kon,' instead of 'bo' (staff), and was devised as a martial art that originated from kenpo (martial art by hands).

• だから、ちょうど現代の中央銀行が公定歩合を上げ下げして景気をコントロールしようとするのと同じで、そのときどきの米相場や食糧事情によって、幕府は酒造を統制したのであった。
• The bakufu controlled sake brewing based on the market price of rice and the food situation of the time, as current central banks control the economy by changing the official interest rate.

• 中央の有力豪族が中心である臣に対して連の姓を名乗る氏族は、朝廷の役職と直結しており、大伴氏も物部氏も古来からヤマト王権の軍事を束ねる役割をしていた氏族だと言われている。
• Unlike the kabane of Omi that were mostly the influential ruling clans in the capital, the clans with the kabane of Muraji were directly connected to the posts of the Imperial Court and it is said that the Otomo and the Mononobe clans were those who were in charge of the military affairs for the Yamato sovereignty from ancient times.

• これは地方の領主達にとって負担も確かに大きいものの、一方で「ハレ」の場であり、中央の勢力とのコネクションを得る為にもと意気込み、それがまた「武士身分の獲得」ともなった。
• While it proved to be a heavy burden for district lords, it was the place of 'hare' (the non-ordinary space and time of ceremonies), and they were eager to obtain power and connections of the central government, and also attain the 'establishment of samurai social status.'

• そして、一族の者は中央に出仕して代々蔵人を務め嫡流は「多田蔵人」を称したが、摂関家の政治力の低下とも相俟ってその勢力は振るわず、行綱に至るまで主だった人物は出ていない。
• The Tada clan worked at court as secretary of the emperor for generations and the head of the clan called himself 'Tada Kurodo' while the decrease of political power of the regent family broke the force of the Tada clan and no prominent person had appeared before Yukitsuna.

• 高野山北海道別院隆光寺（札幌市中央区 (札幌市)）、青龍寺 (青森市)（青森市）、高野山倉敷別院（岡山県倉敷市）、高野山吉備別院（倉敷市）、高野山今治別院（愛媛県今治市）
• Ryuko-ji Temple of Koyasan branch temple in Hokkaido (in Chuo Ward, Sapporo City), Seiryu-ji Temple (in Aomori City), Koyasan branch temple in Kurashiki (in Kurashiki City, Okayama Prefecture), Koyasan branch temple in Kibi (in Kurashiki City), Koyasan branch temple in Imabari (in Imabari City, Ehime Prefecture)

• また、中央においては都（平安京）における価格安定や大宰府における対外貿易の統制（輸入品の多くは平安京で消費されたために、両者には連動性があった）の估価が必要とされていた。
• In addition, koka was required to stabilize the prices in the capital (Heian-kyo) and to control foreign trade in Dazai-fu (local government offices in Kyushu region) (because the imported goods were mostly consumed in Heian-kyo, prices there and foreign trade were closely related).

• 内裏は、宮城の中央政庁である「朝堂院」の北側に位置し、周囲を築地塀に囲まれ、その内部は北側に後宮、南側に天皇の政務所である紫宸殿や日常生活の中心地である清涼殿などがあった。
• Dairi was located on the north side of 'Chodoin' which was the central government of the palace, surrounded by tsuijibei (a roofed mud-wall), and the inner palace was located on the north side and Shishinden (the Hall for State Ceremonies) which was the emperor's state affairs office (Seimusho) and Seiryoden which was the center of daily life were located on the south side inside the dairi.

• 南丹（なんたん）とは、京都府の丹波地方南部を指す呼称で、行政区分として京都府中央部の亀岡市、南丹市、船井郡京丹波町の3市町の地域（旧船井郡・旧北桑田郡・旧南桑田郡）をいう。
• Nantan refers to the southern part of the Tanba area of Kyoto Prefecture, and administratively includes the two cities and one town of Kameoka City, Nantan City and Kyotanba-cho of Funai-gun (former Funai-gun, former Kitakuwada-gun and former Minamikuwada-gun), all of which are located in the central part of Kyoto Prefecture.

• 慶長17年（1612年）に駿府銀座より移転し、通町京橋 (東京都中央区)より南へ四町までを拝領して、既に江戸金座が本両替町と呼ばれていたことから、この地を新両替町と称した。
• Sunpu-ginza was moved Edo in 1612, to occupy the 4 town blocks south of Torimachi Kyobashi (Chuo-ku Tokyo), which was then called Shin-ryogae-cho, because there already was Hon-ryogae-cho where Edo-kinza was located.

• なお、関を閉鎖するのは東国から畿内への侵入を防ぐためという見方が従来あったが、逆に中央で起きた非常事態の東国への波及を阻止する事が目的だったとする見解が近年では有力である。
• By the way there was a view in the past that the gate was closed to prevent people from entering Kinai from Togoku (eastern provinces), but recently another view has been plausible that it was closed to prevent the state of emergency which had occurred in the capital from spreading to Togoku.

• 当時、在地豪族（地方軍事貴族）はたびたび国衙に反抗的な行動をとっていたが、中央の有力貴族との私的な関係を通じて不問になることが多く、実際に追討宣旨が下されることは稀だった。
• At that time, local powerful clans (local military aristocracies) often behaved disaffectedly to the kokuga (provincial government office), but it was overlooked due to the private relationship with central dominant nobilities, so an imperial decree to hunt down and kill Tadatsune was rarely issued.

• 平安時代中葉の10世紀後期から11世紀以降、地方の開発領主らは法的根拠に欠けた自らの私有地（荘園）を、国衙の収公から逃れるため受領層（中央の有力貴族や有力寺社）に寄進した。
• Starting from the late 10th century or the 11th century, which was the middle of the Heian period, local kaihatsu ryoshu started to donate their private lands (shoen) that they illegally owned to the zuryo (provincial officers such as dominant nobilities, temples, and shrines in the capital) in order to escape from confiscation by the kokuga (provincial government offices).

• ここで注意しなくてはならないことは、清和源氏が武家の棟梁という地位を得たのは、その武勇によってというよりも、摂関家への奉仕という中央貴族の内部事情に起因するという点である。
• It should be noted here that Seiwa-Genji became the leader of samurai families not because of their bravery but because of internal affairs of central aristocrats such as contributions to the regent family.

• その改革は、地方官（国司）へ租税収取や軍事などの権限を大幅に委譲するというもので、国司は中央へ確実に租税を上納する代わりに、自由かつ強力に国内を支配する権利を得たのである。
• The reform involved transferring a great part of the power to impose and collect taxes as well as the military power to the local officials (kokushi); in return for the secure payment of taxes to the central government, the kokushi gained the freedom to govern the province at his will.

• また国立銀行条例による国立銀行 (日本)（ナショナルバンク）を経て、通貨発行権を独占する中央銀行としての日本銀行設立（1882年）など、資本主義的金融制度の整備も行われた。
• Also, the capitalistic financial system was organized, including the foundation of the Bank of Japan in 1882, formerly the National Bank of Japan under the National Bank Act, which dominates the right of issuing currency as the central bank.

• 室町時代後期になると、小笠原氏の小笠原長清の末裔とされる小笠原頼勝は、福知山盆地の中央部に位置する「横山」と呼ばれた丘陵地に簡素な空堀と土塁だけで出来た福知山城を築きあげた。
• In the latter half of the Muromachi period, Yorikatsu OGASAWARA who is considered to be a scion of Nagakiyo OGASAWARA in the Ogasawara clan, built the simple Fukuchiyama-jo Castle with only an empty moat and earthworks in the hilly area called 'Yokoyama' located in the central part of Fukuchiyama Basin.

• 瀬戸内海の海流は満潮時に豊後水道や紀伊水道から瀬戸内海に流れ込み瀬戸内海のほぼ中央に位置する鞆の浦沖でぶつかり、逆に干潮時には鞆の浦沖を境にして東西に分かれて流れ出してゆく。
• At high tide, the ocean currents from the Bungo-suido Channel and the Kii-suido Channel flow into the Seto Inland Sea, where they collide off the coast of Tomonoura (located roughly in the center of the Seto Inland Sea); at low tide, however, they flow away from each other, with the current from the Kii-suido Channel flowing to the east and that from the Bungo-suido Channel flowing to the west and the coast of Tomonoura serving as a kind of central border.

• 帳台構えは、敷居を畳より一段上げ、鴨居を長押より一段低く設け、三本の方立（ほたて）をたて四枚の金碧画の襖絵を入れ、中央の二枚は左右に引き分け外側の二枚は嵌め殺しとなっている。
• Chodai-gamae consists of the four fusuma paintings on gold foil background, being set in a threshold which is one step higher than tatami, a kamoi (a generic term for a head jamb, normally having tracks for sliding doors or partitions) which is one step lower than nageshi and three hotate (a thin board or narrow post set on each side of a door or gate to provide a neat finish), and the central two fusuma-e paintings are pulled apart to the right and left, while the outside two paintings are fixed.

• 3月26日、黒田参軍は別働第1旅団を左翼、別働第2旅団を中央、警視隊を右翼に配し、艦砲射撃の援護のもと三方から小川方面の薩軍を攻撃し、激戦の末、薩軍を撃退して小川を占領した。
• On March 26, Sangun Kuroda deployed the detached 1st brigade in the left flank, the detached 2nd brigade in the center, and the Keishi-tai troop in the right flank, and attacked the Satsuma army in the Kogawa area from the three directions under cover of naval bombardment and seized Kogawa by driving back the Satsuma army after a fierce battle.

• 国司苛政上訴（こくしかせいじょうそ）は、日本の平安時代に郡司・田堵・負名・百姓階層が地方官である国司（受領）の苛政・非法を中央政府（太政官）へ訴えた行為、現象または闘争形態。
• Kokushi kasei joso refers to acts and phenomena of appeals and armed struggles by Gunji (local magistrates), Tato (cultivators), Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field), and the farmer class in order to complain to the central government Daijokan (Grand Council of State) about tyrannies and illegal behaviors of Kokushi (or Zuryo) (provincial governors), Chihokan (local officials) during the Heian period in Japan.

• 9世紀中期～10世紀頃になると、従来の律令制（編戸制・班田制など）による統治に限界が見られるようになり、中央政府は租税収入を確保するため、社会の実情に即した国制改革を進めた。
• From the mid 9th century to the 10th century, the conventional administration based on the ritsuryo system (such as henko-sei, the organization of the citizens, and handen-sei, the ritsuryo land-allotment system) faced its organizational limit, and the central government promoted a nation-wide reform of the system to reflect the actual social situations in order to maintain the level of the tax revenue.

• 現在の兵庫県神戸市中央区 (神戸市)には、楠木正成・正季兄弟終焉の地として正成ら楠木一族を祭神に祀った湊川神社があり、徳川光圀自筆の「嗚呼忠臣楠子之墓」の石碑などが存在する。
• In modern day Chuo Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture, Minatogawa-jinja Shrine enshrining Masashige and the KUSUNOKI family stands on the place in which the brothers Masashige and Masasue KUSUNOKI died, and there are stone monuments such as 'A Shushin Nanshi no Haka' (the grave of loyal subject Nanshi) written by Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA himself.

• 大量の銭を持ち歩く際、持ち運びやすく数えやすいように、銭の中央に空いている穴に紐を通して（貫いて）1000枚を1組としておくということがよく行われた（短陌の場合は960枚）。
• When a large number of copper coins were carried, it was common that a set of 1000 coins was bundled up with a string at their center holes for convenience of a carry and count and there existed a simpler version of a set of 960 coins, called tanhaku.

• 上記(c)の紐を5cm程度の幅に折りたたんで横の「一」とし、その中央部を結び目にあわせて(b)の紐で何度も(a)に巻きつけ、最後に縦の「｜」が(a)の下から出るように按配する。
• Fold the above the strap [c] to a width of about five centimeters so that it becomes a horizontal line '一', align its center with the knot, wind the strap [b] around [a] several times and finally make adjustments so that a vertical line '|' comes out from under [a].

• 江戸時代の遺品は練らない革(新しかったときのことはわからないが、現状ではあめ色の半透明な堅いものに見えるものが多い)を芯にして、薄い革を折り込み、裏面中央で合うようにして包む。
• The existing belts made in the Edo Period had unpolished leather for the core (the condition of the leather when it was new is unknown, but it looks light-green, translucent and hard in many cases), and a piece of thin leather was folded and wrapped so that it was joined at the center of the back.

• のちに江戸時代に入ってからもしばらくは、地方によっては日本酒の歴史江戸時代後期まで、中央から招いた醸造技術者に対しては「杜氏」よりも「酒師」「麹師」という呼称が一般的であった。
• Brewing specialists who were invited from the capital city were generally called sakashi or kojishi rather than toji even after the Edo period began, or until the latter of the Edo period in some regions.

• 人生50年と言われた時代に女性は一歩引いて49年と配慮した意味を含ませ、さらに中央に特大柳川まり2連を加え計51個とする事により、人生50年よりも長生きできるように願をかける。
• During the time when the lifespan of a person was considered to be fifty years, women would fall one step back by making to 49 years, but adding two rows of grand Yanagawa mari in center to wish for the child to live beyond fifty years of age by making the total sum 51.

• 当時、旧民法賛成派であったのが明治法律学校(現明治大学)や和仏法律学校(現法政大学)であり、反対派であったのが東京帝国大学(現東京大学)やイギリス法律学校(現中央大学)である。
• At that time, supporters of the Old Civil Code included Meiji Law School (now Meiji University) and Japanese-French Law School (now Hosei University), while the opponents included Tokyo Imperial University (now Tokyo University) and English Law School (now Chuo University).

• 土着国司やその子孫は中央では身分が比較的低い軍事貴族として摂関家などに仕え、また旧郡司層は健児として地方軍事力を支えてきた存在であり、ともに国司へ軍事力を提供する主体であった。
• Local kokushis and their offspring served sekkan-ke (five top court noble families of FUJIWARA family's offspring) as comparatively low-ranking military aristocrats, old gunshi class supported the local military forces as kondei (local military army), and both provided kokushis with the military forces.

• 当時、中央集権体制を進めるために廃藩置県の必要があることは政府内の共通認識となっていたが、その実施に向けた方策について急進的な木戸孝允と漸進的な大久保利通との対立が続いていた。
• Although there was a shared understanding within the government at that time that Haihan-chiken had to be carried out in order to move towards a centralized administrative system, Takayoshi KIDO (who insisted on radical reform) and Toshimichi OKUBO (who insisted on moderate reform) continued to hold differing views concerning practical procedures.

• この時の格に文章生と明法生は雑任・白丁の子弟から採ることが規定され、中央・地方の下級官人あるいは庶民の子弟が明法生となり、貴族子弟を学生とした明経道よりは格下と看做されていた。
• The ordinance at that time stated to take the students of Monjo and Myoho from the children of Zonin officials and Hakucho people, therefore the children of lower-level officials of the central and local governments or common people became the Myoho students and it was seen as a lower ranking department than Myogyodo which took students from the children of aristocrats.

• 1965年12月19日、三木らは中央本部からの中止勧告を無視する形で日本共産党の支持のもとに第13回府連大会の開催を強行し、三木を委員長とする府連体制（三木府連）を築き上げた。
• On December 19, 1965, supported by the Japanese Communist Party, Miki and others forced the 13th Kyoto Federation meeting, ignoring the recommendation for cancellation by the Headquarter, to establish the Kyoto Federation system (Miki Furen, Miki faction's Federation) with Miki as a chairman.

• これに対して朝田善之助らは、1966年1月15日、部落解放同盟中央本部の指示によって独自に府連大会を開き、朝田を委員長とする別個の府連体制（以下「朝田府連」と呼ぶ）を構築した。
• On the other hand, on Janurary 15, 1966, ordered by the Buraku Liberation League Headquarter, Zennosuke ASADA and others held their own Kyoto Federation meeting to establish another Kyoto Federation system (hereinafter referred to as 'Asada Furen,' Asada faction's Federation) with Asada as the chairman.

• 1870年に「藩制」が制定されて藩組織の全国的な統一が強制されるなど、中央政府による各藩に対する統制が強められる一方、多くの藩で財政の逼迫が深刻化し、廃藩を申し出る藩が相次いだ。
• Control of han by the central government was tightened as evidenced by the 'fief system' established in 1870 to force a nation-wide unification of han organizations, and at the same time, since the financial condition of domain administration was worsened, domain governments who requested abolition of 'han' appeared one after another.

• この遺跡は草創期の掃除山遺跡や前田遺跡の場合と違って、竪穴住居跡の数の大幅な増加、住居の拡張、重複した住居跡、これらの住居跡やそのほかの遺構が中央広場を囲むように配置されている。
• The number of remains of tateanajukyogun greatly increased, the dwellings were expanded, the dwelling sites were overlapped and these remains of the dwellings and other structural remnants were placed around an open space in the center at the Kakuriyama remain which is different from the Sojiyama remains or the Maeda remains from the incipient period.

• しかし、福岡市の今津地区（西区 (福岡市)）、生の松原（西区）、西新（百道）地区（早良区）、地行地区（中央区 (福岡市)）などは国の史跡として整備され、露出した状態になっている。
• However, the borui in Imazu area (Nishi Ward, Fukuoka City), Iki-no-matsubara (Nishi Ward), Nishijin (Momochi) Area (Sawara Ward), Jigyo Area (Chuo Ward, Fukuoka City), and others has been maintained as a national historical site, and is kept exposed.

• 奈良時代初期は、律令に基づいて中央政府による土地・民衆支配が実施されていたが、人口や財政需要の増加に伴い、722年、国家収入を増やすため政府において大規模な開墾計画が策定された。
• During the early Nara period, the land and people were governed by the central government based on the Ritsuryo system, but in 722, with the increase in population and financial demands, a large scale land development program was formulated to increase the national income by the government.

• その範囲は、中央官制・法制・宮廷・身分制・地方行政・金融・流通・産業・経済・教育・外交・宗教政策など多岐に及び、日本をアジアで最初の西洋的国家体制を有する近代国家へと変貌させた。
• The restoration affected all areas of life, such as the organization of the central government, legislation, the Imperial court, the class system, the local administration, the distribution system, industry, education, diplomacy, and religious policy, and effectively converted Japan into the first Western-style modern state in Asia.

• 英国では、第二次世界大戦で敵対した記憶は未だ褪せておらず、戴冠式において13番目の席次（前列中央の座席で、隣席はネパール王子）を与えられたものの、女王との対面まで長時間待たされた。
• With the United Kingdom still having bad image toward Japan as a hostile country in World War II, the Crown Prince could finally meet Elizabeth II after being kept waiting for long hours, despite being given the 13th order of seats in the coronation (a seat in the center of the front row, next to the Crown Prince of Nepal).

• また、京で源満仲と武士の勢力を競っていた藤原千晴もこの事件で流罪となり藤原秀郷の系統は中央政治から姿を消し、清和源氏が京での勢力を伸ばし、京武士として摂関家と強く結ぶようになった。
• FUJIWARA no Chiharu who was competing with MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka on the strength of their samurai, was also deported during this incident, removing the FUJIWARA no Hidesato lineage from the central government, while Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) gained power in Kyoto and built strong ties with the sekkan-ke (line of regents and advisers).

• もう1つは伝馬町牢屋敷から江戸城の外郭にある日本橋 (東京都中央区)、赤坂御門、四谷御門、筋違橋、両国橋を巡り、当時の刑場である小塚原刑場や鈴ヶ森刑場に至る「五ヶ所引廻」があった。
• The other route was called 'Gokasho-hikimawashi' (五ヶ所引廻), whereby the parade started from Tenma-cho prison, went past Nihonbashi bridge, Akasaka Gomon, Yotsuya Gomon, Sujikaibashi bridge and Ryogokubashi bridge, which were all located in the outer block of the Edo-jo castle, and then reached one of the then execution sites such as Kozukahara and Suzugamori.

• また、県札を発行して、経済流通の活性化、全国の小学校開設に先立って郷学校を再興して県学として近代教育のスタートを切るなど、中央の統制を越えて、積極的な地方行政を押し進めようとした。
• Furthermore, by going over the authority of the central government and through the issuance of prefectural ordinances, he actively pushed forward regional legislations to stimulate the distribution economy by issuing prefectural bills, and launched the modern educational system as a prefecture-wide model through the restoration of provincial schools ahead of the opening of elementary schools across the nation.

• 裏面中央に家紋の一覧沢瀉（おもだか）、亀甲桐紋、花押の極印が打たれた澤瀉大判（おもだかおおばん）は秀吉が毛利輝元に後藤家で大判を作製することを許したと推定する説もあるが定かでない。
• Some historians also consider that 'the Omodaka oban' was minted by order of Terumoto MORI whom Hideyoshi permitted to mint using the Goto family; the theory is based on the mark at the middle of the back of the oban, such as the Mori family's crest of Omodaka (a swamp plant), the Goto family's Kamon of paulownia in a hexagon and Goto's Kao; however, there is no positive proof for the theory yet.

• 記録所は、平安時代に藤原摂関家から権力を取り戻そうとした後三条天皇が1069年（延久元年）に記録荘園券契所を設置したことに由来し、建武政権における中央官庁の最高機関として設置された。
• The Records Office had its origin in the Heian-era Office of Records for Land Deeds to Shoen established by Emperor Gosanjo in 1069 in an attempt to wrest back control over land ownership from the Fujiwara line of regents and advisors; it was set as the highest and most powerful branch of the central bureaucracy in the Kenmu government.

• その後、韓国国内でも、旧植民地の遺構として撤去を求める意見と、歴史を忘れないため保存すべきという意見があり議論が行われたが、大韓民国の韓国国立中央博物館として利用されることになった。
• Later in Korea, there were opinions to remove it as remains of the former colony and opinions to conserve not forget the history, and discussions were held, but it was decided to be used as the National Museum of Korea.

• 大宝律令には都の東西両市における估価をはじめ、貿易や口分田などの公田からの納税（地子）を代物で納める（あるいは、地子を中央へ送るために地子交易を行う）ときの估価などが規定されている。
• Taiho Code defined the koka in the cities on both east and west of the capital, and the koka for in-kind payment of taxes on trade or taxes on fields administered directly by a ruler (jishi), such as kubunden (the farm land given to each farm in the Ritsuryo system) (or when conducting jishi trade in order to send jishi (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system to the central govenment)).

• ヨーロッパにおける荘園制(Manorialism or Seigneurialism)は、中世の西ヨーロッパ農村及び中央ヨーロッパの一部農村に見られた経済・社会構造を指す用語である。
• Manorialism or Seigneurialism in Europe is the word which refers to the economical and social structure as seen in the villages in west European villages or some villages in central Europe in medieval times.

• 近年、中世国家の東西境界周辺の得宗被官である、西の千竈氏と東の安東氏の比較検討研究が進み、ともに中央部の武士団に比べて所領面積が広大であり、国家の境界外に及んでいる点が指摘されている。
• Recent years, comparative studies on the Chikama clan in the West and the Ando clan in the East, both of which were Tokuso's bureaucrats taking charge of the respective peripheral border in the east and in the west of the medieval nation, have developed and it is revealed that both of them had a huge extension of the territory compared with the samurai groups in the center, and their territories were even reaching outside the national territory.

• しかし、後に臣従して「日本国王良懐」（『太祖実録』の記述による）として冊封を受け、中央では既に南朝勢力は衰微していたものの、懐良親王は明の権威と勢力を背景に独自に九州に南朝勢力を築く。
• However, later on, Kanenaga followed SHU, and he was granted the title of 'King of Japan Kanenaga' (based on the record of 'Taiso Jitsuroku' - the history of the founder) under sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors), and with the help of Ming's authority and power, Imperial Prince Kanenaga built the Southern Court force in Kyushu, even though the Southern Court forces had waned in the center of the politics.

• また、日本橋 (東京都中央区)にあった「白木屋 (デパート)」デパート（旧・東急百貨店日本橋店の前身、現在の「コレド日本橋」）で発生した大規模火災で、やはり和装の人々に被害が多かった。
• In addition, when the massive fire broke out at 'Shirokiya department store' (the predecessor of the former Tokyu Department Store Nihonbashi shop, and present day 'COREDO Nihonbashi') in Nihombashi (Chuo Ward, Tokyo), victims were mainly people wearing kimono.

• 天にかたどった地貝の伏せ方は、まず中央に12ヶ月にかたどって12個を伏せ、7曜日にかたどってしだいに7個をくわえ、1年の日数にかたどった360個のハマグリ殻を過不足無く9列にならべる。
• Jigai as heaven are put inside down, starting with 12 of them in the center representing 12 months, then 7 shells as the days of the week are added, and finally, exactly 360 clamshells representing the days of a year are arranged in 9 rows.

• これにより台湾の教育制度は完全に統一され、特殊な台湾原住民を対象とする教育以外、中央或いは地方財政で学校が運営され8歳以上14歳未満の学童に対し6年制の義務教育が行われるようになった。
• In this way, the education system in Taiwan was finally unified and all schools (except for a few aboriginal education) were operated by central and local budget with six year compulsory education introduced for children aged from 8 to 13.

• 政体書第11条は、アメリカを例にして連邦政府による連邦内の小政府の権限制約について解説した箇所であるが、これを政体書に取り入れることで中央集権の法理導入の根拠としようとしたものである。
• The Article 11 of the Constitution of 1868 explains restrictions, which are imposed on limited government in federation of states by federal government taking the United States example, the aim was to introduce a principle of law based on centralized authoritarian rule by adopting this idea in the Constitution.

• だが、皇朝十二銭の廃絶などで貨幣流通が衰退する一方で代納品による租税の物納やそれに伴う交易による中央への上供品の購入が一般化すると、交換の価値基準としての估価が求められるようになった。
• However, with the elimination of Kocho-Junisen (twelve coins casted in Japan), circulation of currency fell, and on the other hand, with the wide-spread use of in-kind tax payments and purchasing goods from the trade related to the in-kind tax payments to deliver to the central government, koka was called for as the standards for prices.

• 廃藩置県（はいはんちけん）とは明治維新期の明治4年7月14日 (旧暦)（1871年8月29日）に、明治政府がそれまでの藩を廃止して地方統治を中央管下の府と県に一元化した行政改革である。
• Haihan-chiken was an administrative reform implemented on August 29, 1871 through which the Meiji government abolished feudal domains and established prefectures that were under the control of the central government.

• しかし、全国の茶業者の中心団体日本茶業中央会に所属する他の産地が○○茶という場合、「荒茶生産地（静岡茶なら静岡県産）」と定義しているなか、そうした宇治茶の定義のあり方が議論を呼んでいる。
• However, other production areas belonging to the Central Association of the Japan Tea Industry, the main association for Japanese tea industry, define 'unfinished tea production areas (Shizuoka Prefecture produce for Shizuoka cha, for example)' when calling so-and-so tea, so, such a definition of Uji cha has caused controversy.

• 中央の大和堆（水深約400m）を挟んで主に3つの深い海盆があり北に日本海盆（水深およそ3,000m）、南西にやや浅い大和海盆、南東に対馬海盆（ともに水深およそ2500m）と呼ばれている。
• Surrounding the Yamato Bank (approximately 400 meters in water depth), there are 3 major deep basins: the Japan Basin (approximately 3,000 meters in water depth) on the north, the Yamato Basin on the southwest and the Tsushima Basin on the southeast (approximately 2,500 meters in water depth, respectively).

• 大和朝廷は大王（おおきみ）を推戴する豪族、特に大和の中央豪族たちによる連合政権というべきものであり、大王位の継承を巡る争いは豪族たちの軍事力によって行われ、豪族たちの向背が帰趨を制した。
• The Yamato Dynasty was actually a coalition government by Gozoku being presided over by an Okimi (great king), especially Gozoku living in Yamato, and since any dispute over succession to the post of Okimi was conducted by the Gozoku's military power, a consequence depended on the stances of more than one Gozoku.

• その直後に行われた恭仁京などの遷都計画、東大寺の東大寺盧舎那仏像の造営などで国家財政が悪化すると、地方財源である正税が中央に送られて消費され、これを補うために不動穀の取り崩しが行われた。
• Right after this order was issued the capital moved to Kuni-Kyo; and along with this transfer of the capital the construction of the statue of Birushana Buddha in Toda-ji Temple adversely affected the financial condition of the Imperial government; because of this weak financial condition, the rice tax, which was the source of local government, was sent to the capital and to supplement the lack of funds, fudokoku came to be taken out gradually.

• その一方で、知藩事の家禄は藩の実収石高の十分の一と定められて藩財政から切り離され、藩の職制・禄制・兵制は中央政府が定めた規定に従うこととされており、藩の内情についても強く監督されていた。
• On the other hand, however, the Karoku (hereditary stipend) for the Chihanji was set to 10% of the gross yield of their domain, separated from the domain's finance, and the Chihanji had to follow the rules set by the central government about the systems of office organization, salary and military in their domains, leaving the internal affairs to be under scrutiny.

• 西南戦争のさなか、佐野常民や大給恒から「博愛社」（後の日本赤十字社）設立の建議を受けるが、官軍のみならず逆徒である薩軍をも救護するその精神を熾仁親王は嘉し、中央に諮る事なくこれを認可した。
• During the Seinan War, he received a proposal to establish 'Hakuai sha' (later called the Japanese Red Cross Society) by Tsunetami SANO and Yuzuru OGYU, he approved it without consulting the main government, as he was moved by the spirit to rescue not only the government army, but also to help the rival, Satsuma army.

• この期間の政治体制は、中央政権たる室町幕府が上位に立ち、地域権力たる守護大名が幕府の監督下にありつつも、両者が相互補完的に政治的経済的支配を展開する室町幕府-守護体制として理解されている。
• The Muromachi bakufu, as the central administrative authority, enjoyed a preeminent position above everyone else, but the political system during the period was characterized more by the shugo daimyo, somewhat analogous to feudal barons in their control over their respective provincial areas, and though they were nominally under the direction of the bakufu, in practice the bakufu and the system of daimyo can be understood to have ruled jointly, with each mutually complementing the other in exercising and developing political and economic control.

• 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけて、巨大な官僚組織と精緻な法令システムを前提とする律令制の維持がもはや不可能となり、一定の行政司法権を地方官や中央官庁へ請け負わせる王朝国家が新たに成立した。
• From the end of the ninth to the beginning of the tenth century, it was no longer possible to keep the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code), based on the huge bureaucratic organization and the sophisticated statutory system, and a dynastic nation-state was newly established, in which certain administrative and legislative authorities were undertaken by the local officials and central bureaucrats.

• 18世紀末から19世紀のはじめにかけて（寛政年間）、初世植村文楽軒は歌舞伎の人気に押されて廃れつつあった人形浄瑠璃の伝統を引き継ぎ、高津橋（大阪市中央区 (大阪市)）に座を作り再興させた。
• During the Kansei era, between the end of the eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century, Bunrakuken UEMURA I created a za (theater) at Kozu-bashi Bridge (Chuo Ward, Osaka City), inheriting the tradition of ningyo joruri, which was about to go out of fashion with the popularity of kabuki.

• 続いて、中央集権体制の近代国家にとって国民軍の創出が必要と認識され、西郷隆盛も最終的には山縣の考え方を支持して、山城屋事件で山縣が辞職に追い込まれた後も、西郷は桐野利秋らの反対論を退けた。
• Subsequently, the necessity to create a national army for a modern nation under centralized administrative framework was recognized, and Takamori SAIGO finally supported Yamagata's opinion and turned down the opposing opinions by Toshiaki KIRINO and others, even after Yamagata was forced into resignation due to the Yamashiroya incident.

• 管轄区域内での決裁事項に対して裁可を下したり、中央に申請や報告を行ったりするのがその主な業務となるが、この際には必ず公式に行われたものであることの証明を添付した公文書を発行する必要がある。
• Their main businesses included approving decisions within their jurisdiction and sending applications and reports to the central government, and on those occasions, official documents were required to be issued with attached evidence which proved the event had been performed officially.

• 大成会は程無く解散したものの、その後中央交渉部に引き継がれ、更に1892年に佐々友房が品川弥二郎を盟主として国民協会_(日本)を結成することによって同党を中心とする吏党の枠組みが完成した。
• Although the Taiseikai party was dissolved shortly after, it was later taken over by the Chuo kosho-bu (Central Negotiating Section), and Tomofusa SASSA set up the Kokumin Kyokai (National Union Party in Japan) appointing Yajiro SHINAGAWA as a leader in 1892, thereby completing the framework of the the Rito party core.

• 名体制を確立するため、現地支配に当たる国司の筆頭者の権限強化が求められるようになり、10世紀中頃には租税収取・軍事警察などの分野で中央政府から現地赴任筆頭国司への大幅な権限委譲が行われた。
• As strengthening the authority of the head of kokushi, who were responsible for local administration, was required in order to maintain the above system, a big transfer of authority from the central government to the head of kokushi was made in the mid-10th century concerning tax collection and military police.

• 中世期の特徴は、土地の支配権および収益権をめぐって、中央貴族や有力寺社、在地領主・地頭・名主など様々な主体が入り組みながら重層的な権利関係を形成している点にあった（これを職の体系という）。
• A feature of the medieval period was that, concerning land-controlling rights and tax-collecting rights, persons in various social statuses, such as nobles in Kyoto, powerful temples and shrines, local ryoshu, jito and nanushi, were related with each other and formed multi-tiered right oriented relationships (this structure called shiki-no-taikei (literally, a job system)).

• 室町時代から江戸初期までの社会用語としては、神社勢力が強訴などの要求を行うための武力である僧衆（江戸時代に僧兵と呼ばれる）も含め、中央もしくは地方政権から非公認の武装勢力そのものを指した。
• As a sociological term from the Muromachi period to the Edo period, ikki referred to military forces that had not been officially recognized by the central government or the local government; such forces included monk-soldiers (known in Edo period as sohei, meaning 'armed priests'), who the shrine authorities used to submit claims such as a goso (a petition lodged directly with the Imperial Court or the shogunate government).

• 幕藩体制の崩壊に伴い、中央集権国家の確立を急ぐ必要があった新政府は、律令制を範とした名称を復活させた（例：太政官、大蔵省など。ただし、当然のことながら実態は律令制のそれとはかなり異なる）。
• The new government, which needed to establish a centralized government quickly after the feudal system of the Shogunate collapsed, restored job titles and names of government offices following the Ritsuryo system (such as Dajokan [Grand Council of State] and the Ministry of Finance. Naturally, the actual work of the given titles was substantially different from that under the Ritsuryo system).

• 結果的に坂東平氏は源氏一門や藤原氏一門に恭順し家臣となるか、あるいは抵抗して追討されるなどして、東国史上華々しい成果を収めなかったのに対し、伊勢平氏の平清盛は西国を制して中央政権を牛耳った。
• Families of the Bando-Heishi clan either became retainers for or rebelled against and suppressed by the Genji and Fujiwara clans, and thus hardly left their marks on the history of Togoku, while TAIRA no Kiyomori who came from the Ise-Heishi ruled Saigoku and controlled the central government.

• 能有は朝廷の儀礼や政務に通じた有能な人物として知られ、貞観4年(862年)に従四位に初叙任されると、以後徐々に中央官界において頭角を顕し、弟の清和天皇、それに続く陽成天皇の治世をよく輔けた。
• Yoshiari was known as a person of ability who was familiar with rites and government practices of the Imperial Court, after he was first given the rank of Jushii (Junior Fourth Rank) in 862, he gradually distinguished himself in the national political arena and supported his younger brother, Emperor Seiwa and the subsequent Emperor Yozei well.

• 国家権力によって強制的に執行されたものであるとされてきた洞部落移転問題であったが、この認識に対する反証を行ったのが移転後の部落に生まれ育った辻本正教（後の部落解放同盟中央執行委員）であった。
• Although the relocation of Hora Buraku was considered to have been forcibly executed by the state power, Masanori TSUJIMOTO (later became a member of the central executive committee at Buraku Liberation League), who was born and brought up in this buraku after relocation, disproved this recognition.

• その「私営田経営者」の時代に平将門の祖父・平高望らが関東に下向したのは板東群盗を押さえる為といわれるが、彼ら中央から下った軍事貴族は、国司と私営田領主の紛争解決の担い手としても位置づけられた。
• It is said that TAIRA no Takamochi, who was the grandfather of TAIRA no Masakado, and others went to Kanto region to capture gangs of robbers in Bando during the period of 'Shieiden Managers,' but military aristocrats like them that came from capital had the main duty to settle the conflict between the governor and the lord of Shieiden.

• 1966年から1980年にかけて、京都市左京区の「部落問題の中央センター」である文化厚生会館（府連書記局が設置されていた）の帰属を巡り、部落解放同盟京都府連合会と部落問題研究所の間で争われた。
• From 1966 to 1980, the Buraku Liberation League, Kyoto Federation and the Institute of Buraku Problem disputed over whether the Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall belonged, which was regarded as 'the central center of Buraku problems' (where the Kyoto Federation's secretariat was located) in Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City.

• それに替わって、俘囚を私兵として治安維持活動の実戦に参加したことのある受領経験者やその子弟で、中央の出世コースからはずれ、受領になりうる諸大夫層からも転落した者達が、地域紛争の鎮圧に登用された。
• Instead of this, people with zuryo experience or their children, who had participated in actual fighting or security duties using the barbarians as private armies and were off the career track of the central government and fell from the class of shodaibu who could become zuryo, were recruited to suppress regional conflicts.

• また交差点及びその周辺では、透水性舗装の車道に加えて、電線類地中化や歩道のタイル舗装化、中央分離帯には五重塔の屋根を模したデザインの照明が設置される等、環境・景観向上のための工夫が施されている。
• The intersection and its surrounding areas have devices used to improve the environment and appearance by making the road water permeable, centralizing electricity lines, decorating pedestrian walk with tiles, and having electric lights designed like the roof of Gojo Tower at the central division of the road.

• 「天下の台所」と呼ばれた経済都市の大阪は健在であったが、江戸期以来参勤交代で富裕層の集住に成功して大消費地となった江戸が、東京となって中央集権体制を確立し、税と外貿で富を更に集めるようになった。
• As Osaka, an economic city called the 'kitchen of Japan,' was in good health, Edo succeeded in attracting many wealthy people by Sankinkotai system (a daimyo's alternate-year residence in Edo) and became a major consumer area in Edo period, and after changing its name to Tokyo, established a centralized administrative framework, and came to collect more wealth by taxes and foreign trade.

• 江戸八丁堀 (東京都中央区)の住人栃面屋弥次郎兵衛（とちめんや やじろべえ）と、居候の喜多八（きたはち）が、厄落としに伊勢神宮を思い立ち、東海道を江戸から伊勢神宮へ、さらに京都、大坂へとめぐる。
• Yajirobe TOCHIMENYA, a resident of Edo Hatchobori (Chuo Ward, Tokyo) and Kitahachi, his freeloader, decide to visit Ise-jingu Shrine to get rid of their bad luck, and they travel the Tokai-do road from Edo to Ise-jingu Shrine, and further on to Kyoto and Osaka.

• この年、全日本学生自治会総連合中央委員会は、「教授、職員学生の団結によって明るい学園を復興しよう」をスローガンとした「学園復興会議」を京都市の3大学を会場に5日間の予定で開催することを決定した。
• That year, the central committee of the Japan Students Autonomous Union planned to hold 'the Gakuen Fukko Kaigi' at three universities in Kyoto City for five days, with the slogan 'the Revival of Clean Universities by the Union of Professors, Staff, and Students.'

• 中央会加盟業者がJRの駅構内で販売している場合でも、横浜駅や鳥栖駅で売られている焼売や、大船駅で売られているサンドイッチ弁当のように、米飯が入っておらず「駅弁マーク」を付けることができなかったが、
• Although sold by member companies of the Central Committee within station precincts, some box lunches were not allowed to attach the 'Ekiben mark' because it lacks rice, which include 'Chinese steamed meat dumpling' sold at Yokohama Station and Tosu Station and 'Sandwich' (sandwich box lunch) sold at Ofuna Station.

• 室町時代の中期頃から畳が急速に普及し始め、書院（書院造りの座敷、又は居間兼書斎）などの小室には畳を敷きつめるようになったが、会所などの大広間では、周囲に畳を追回しに敷いて、中央は板敷を残していた。
• After around the mid-Muromachi period, the popularity of tatami mats rapidly began to spread and were bedded in small rooms such as shoin (zashiki of Shoin-zukuri or living and study room), but in a large room like kaisho, tatami mats were used in oimawashi (where the long side of tatami is set against the wall), leaving a wood floor in the center.

• 2006年3月現在、日本酒造組合中央会など日本における「公式」といってもよい日本酒の歴史によれば、このオーストリア万博への出品を以て日本酒のヨーロッパへの初めての「輸出」とみなしているようである。
• According to the 'official' history of sake in Japan supported by the Japan Sake Brewers Association as of March 2006, this entry of the World Exposition in Vienna seems to be the first 'export' of sake to Europe.

• 地侍たちは、侍身分となることで、中央の守護や、在地の国人のような領国支配者の下で小領主となることを指向していたが、支配者から見れば、地侍は在地百姓の有力者に過ぎず、被支配者と見なされがちであった。
• Ji-zamurai intended to become small lords under the rule of central and provincial governors, but they were regarded as subjects since they were just powerful farmers from the perspective of governors.

• 武家の棟梁の地位が源氏から平氏へ移動した背景には、中央政界の中心が摂関家から院政を布く治天の君へシフトしたという事情がある（源氏は摂関家の権威を背景に、平家は院の権威を背景に台頭したことによる）。
• The leader of samurai families changed from the Minamoto clan to Taira clan as the center of politics shifted from the regent family to Chiten no kimi who established the cloister government (the Minamoto clan gained power using the power of the regent family, and the Taira clan gained power using the power of the cloister government).

• 649年（大化5年）には「筑紫大宰帥」の記述があるほか、天智天皇から天武天皇にかけての時期にはほかに「筑紫率」「筑紫総領」などが確認でき、中央から王族や貴族が派遣されていた事を示すと考えられている。
• Besides there are descriptions of 'Tsukushi no Omikotomochi no sochi' in 649, 'Tsukushi no kami,' and 'Tsukushi no soryo,' which have been confirmed during the period from Emperor Tenchi to Emperor Tenmu, and are thought to indicate that the royal families and nobles were dispatched from the central government.

• 早期の北部九州の住居には、縄文時代晩期の系譜を引き継ぐと考えられる平面方形のもののほかに、平面円形で中央に浅い皿状のくぼみを持ち、その両脇に小さな穴（柱穴か）を1対持つ特徴的な形態の住居が存在する。
• A dwelling with square ground shape that carries on the tradition from last period of the Jomon period and a dwelling with a distinctive shape, which has a round ground shape with a bowl like shallow concavity at center and a pair of small hole (could be holes for pillars) at the side of the concavity, both from earlier period are found in northern Kyushu.

• また道三掘や平川の江戸前島中央部への移設、それに伴う埋め立てにより、現在の西丸下の半分以上が埋め立られている（この時期の本城といえるのはこの内、本丸・二ノ丸と家康の隠居所として造られた西丸である）。
• Additionally, the diversion of the Dosan Moat and Hira-kawa River to the central area of Edo Maejima, and the concurrent reclamation project led to the reclamation of more than half of present-day Nishinomaru-shimo area (During this period, the main castle enclosure included Honmaru, Ninomaru, and Nishinomaru [a retreat for Ieyasu]).

• 上国家は、一般的に湊家と称し、遅くとも天文 (元号)年間には京都扶持衆となっていること、代々「左衛門佐」を名乗り本願寺や細川氏とも誼を通じるなど中央との交流があったこと等が史料から確認されていること。
• Based on the historical materials, the following facts were confirmed; the Kaminokuni family usually used the name of Minato family, and at latest in the Tenmon era, the family was raised to Kyoto fuchishu (warriors from Kanto or Tohoku region in the Muromachi Period, who served Seii taishogun in Kyoto under a direct master-servant relationship), and that, the family had a certain connection with the central government as associating with Hongan-ji Temple and the Hosokawa clan, and the family proclaimed itself 'Saemon no suke' (assistant captain of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) for generations.

• このように、明応の政変は中央だけのクーデター事件ではなく、全国、特に東国で戦乱と下克上の動きを恒常化させる契機となる、重大な分岐点であり、戦国時代の始期とする説が近年の日本史学界では有力となっている。
• Similarly, in recent years there is an influential theory among Japanese historians, that the Meio Incident was not only a coup d'etat in the central government but also a critical turning point, which led to social upheaval and rebellions against the ruling classes, especially in the eastern provinces, and was the initial stage of the Warring States period.

• しかしその一方で、官選である郡長・区長が戸長の上に位置し、また郡長・区長が同じく官選である府県知事の指揮下に置かれ、その府県知事を内務省 (日本)が指揮することで、中央集権の体制維持も図ったのである。
• Meanwhile, it aimed to maintain the centralized government system by placing the Guncho and Kucho, who were appointed by the government, in a higher position than the Kocho, while putting them under the control of the Prefecture governor, who was appointed likewise and directed by the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs.

• 平安宮内裏の正殿である紫宸殿は、正面九間の母屋の四方に廂（ひさし）の間を設けた間取りであり、外部との仕切りの建具は四隅と北廂中央に妻戸を開く他、柱間に一枚の大きな蔀戸を設け、昼間は内側に釣り上げて開く。
• The layout of Shishinden, the state chamber of Heiankyu Dairi (the Emperor's residential compound in Heian-kyo (ancient capital in Kyoto)), consists of moya of 16.36 m wide in front with hisashi no ma in four directions, and the doors of the external partition are tsumado which is placed at the four corners of the enclosure and the center of kita-hisashi (room in the northern surrounding building) and a large Shitomido on bays which is opened by being pulled up inside during the daytime.

• なお、日本語では「和」からしと日本固有の食材であるかのように呼称するが、カラシナはもともと中央アジア原産の植物であり、香辛料としてのからしもインドや中国を経由して日本に伝わったものであると言われている。
• The name 'Japanese mustard' may imply that it originated in Japan, but in reality mustard is a spice from central Asia that was brought into Japan via India and China.

• アラビア室は、本館東端に位置し、スペインのアルハンブラ宮殿内の王室の壮観を模したものといわれ、床は白と黒の大理石で基盤に敷かれ、中央の四角い池には噴水があり、周囲にはペゴニアやコケ類の鉢が置かれていた。
• The Arabian room, which was modeled after the magnificent king's room in Alhambra Palace, was located at the east corner of the main building; the floor had a checkerboard pattern of black and white marble, there was a fountain in the central square pond, and there were pots of begonias and moss varieties.

• 一例として、下記の林思雲の論文中で言及されている中国内での理解、そして韓国の新聞中央日報に掲載された金永熙（キム・ヨンヒ）国際問題大記者執筆の2005年11月25日のコラム「日本よアジアに帰れ」がある。
• As examples, there are responses within China as mentioned below in the thesis by Si Yun LIN and a column 'Japan, Come Back to Asia' by Young-hee KIM, a senior journalist in international affairs, published on November 25, 2005 in the Joong Ang Ilbo, a newspaper in Korea.

• 江戸は、江戸後期に現在の、千代田区・中央区 (東京都)・港区 (東京都)・新宿区の東側（四谷付近まで）・文京区・台東区・墨田区・江東区の辺り、のちの東京市の内十五区部分ぐらいまで広がったといわれている。
• It is said that in later Edo Period, Edo almost encompassed fifteen Wards of later-Tokyo City, present-day Chiyoda, Chuo, Bunkyo, Taito, Sumida, and Koto wards, as well as the east side of Shinjuku Ward (up to Yotsuya).

• 国衙の目代と現地の寺社が、寺領荘園の所務を巡り紛争を起こすことは各地で頻発していたが、この事件では白山が山門の末寺で、国司が院近臣・西光の子であることから、中央に波及して山門と院勢力の全面衝突に発展した。
• It was common for the Mokudai of the governor's office and temples/shrines at the province to fight over various aspects regarding shoen (private estates) owned by temples, but this incident sent ripples into the central government and caused a full confrontation between the Sanmon and the cloistered government group because Hakusan was a branch temple of the Sanmon and the governor was a child of Saiko, a close aide of the cloistered government.

• この律令の制定によって、天皇を中心とし、日本の官制（太政官・神祇官の二官、中務省・式部省・治部省・民部省・大蔵省・刑部省・宮内省・兵部省の八省）の官僚機構を骨格に据えた本格的な中央集権統治体制が成立した。
• The establishment of these Ritsuryo codes brought about the formation of fully centralized governing system, which centered on the emperor and set a bureaucratic organization of Japanese government-regulated organization or facility, etc. (Nikan of Dajokan [Grand Council of State] and Jingikan [department of worship], and Hassho [eight ministries and agencies] of Nakatsukasasho [Ministry of Central Affairs], Shikubusho [Ministry of Ceremonial], Jibusho [the Ministry of Civil Administration], Minbusho [Ministry of Popular Affairs], Okurasho [Ministry of the Treasure], Gyobusho [Ministry of Justice], Kunaisho [Ministry of the Sovereign's Household] and Hyobusho [Ministry of Military]), as the bone structure.

• どの戦国大名も従来の大名に替わって室町幕府に「郡検断」「軍勢催促」「段銭徴収」等の諸権力を公認されることで各地域の中心勢力を形成し、そして新しい中央政権たる豊臣秀吉の奥州仕置によって既得権益を追認された。
• Each sengoku daimyo formed the central power of influence in each region by being authorized to execute various powers such as 'jurisdiction,' 'demand for military assistance,' and 'collection of Tansen (tax on rice fields)' by the Muromachi bakufu in place of the existing daimyo and then had their vested interests confirmed by Oshu-shioki (repression of the Oshu region) by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as the new central government.

• 室町時代にも荘園は存続したが、中央貴族・寺社・武士・在地領主などの権利・義務が重層的かつ複雑にからむ状況が生まれる一方、自立的に発生した村落＝惣村による自治が出現し、荘園は緩やかに解体への道を歩み始めた。
• Also during the Muromachi period shoens continued, but while the rights and duties of central aristocrats, temples and shrines, samurais, local lords and so on began to be complicated in a multi-layered way, the autonomous control by the independently emerging village = soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) started and shoens began to disappear slowly.

• これらの牧は各令制国毎に牧監（もくげん）が設置され（ただし、武蔵のみは各牧単位で別当が設置）、在庁官人が中央官庁より一定の任期を持って任命されて馬寮及び兵部省によって勤怠状況が監督されていたと考えられている。
• It is considered that in those Maki, Bokugen (or Mokugen) was assigned for each Ryoseikoku (province), except for Musashi, where Betto was assigned for each Maki, and Zaichokanjin was stationed by the central authority for a certain period of time while Meryo and Hyobusho were established to supervise work attendance.

• 落語専門定席の不在が上方落語の滅亡につながる事を懸念した上方落語協会は、会長・笑福亭松鶴の主導の下、中央区 (大阪市)千年町の島之内教会を借りて、1972年（昭和47年）2月より、月5日の「島之内寄席」を開催。
• Concerned that the absence of a theater dedicated to rakugo might lead to the loss of Kamigata rakugo, the Kamigata Rakugo Association under the initiative of the Chairman Shokaku SHOFUKUTEI held 'Shimanouchi Yose Theater' five days a month, beginning in February 1972 at the Shimanouchi Church in Sennen-cho, Chuo Ward (Osaka Prefecture).

• しかし、地方に本拠を置く軍事貴族も、中央の有力貴族に名簿 (名札)（みょうぶ）を差し出し、私的な主従関係を結んで、多くの場合は直接京に出向いて奉仕し（それが「侍」であるが）、その推挙により武官の官職を得ている。
• However, military aristocrats with a main base in districts submitted the Myobu (identification) to central powerful aristocrats, held the private master and servant relationship, and many went directly to Kyoto to serve (that was 'samurai'), and obtained the court position of military officer by their recommendations.

• 氏姓制度（しせいせいど）とは、古代日本において、中央貴族、ついで地方豪族が、国家（ヤマト王権）に対する貢献度、朝廷政治上に占める地位に応じて、朝廷よりウヂの名とカバネの名とを授与され、その特権的地位を世襲した制度。
• Shisei Seido (the system of clans and hereditary titles) is a system made in ancient Japan in which the Imperial Court gave the nobles living in the capital and the powerful local clans a clan name and a hereditary title according to each person's degree of contribution to the state (Yamato Sovereignty) and the position the person occupies in the Government of the Imperial Court and let them kept the special privilege by the hereditary system.

• 表面中央に「拾両後藤（花押）」、右上に「天正十六」などと年号が墨書され、菱形枠の桐極印が上部に一箇所、下部に二箇所に打たれていることから菱大判と呼ばれるが、同形式で丸枠桐極印が上下にそれぞれ一箇所のものの存在する。
• At the middle of the front, the names of the monetary unit and the craftsman's Kao (a stylized signature) are written in ink as 'Ten ryo Goto'; at the upper right, the name of the era is written also in ink such as 'Tensho sixteen (the sixteenth year of Tensho era)'; at the top, one Kiwamein (hallmark) of paulownia in a diamond ('hishi') is stamped; and at the bottom, two same Kiwamein are stamped; therefore it is called 'Tensho hishi oban', however, some of those have one Kiwamein of paulownia in a circle at the top and one same Kiwamein at the bottom, instead of three Kiwamein of paulownia in a diamond.

• 源宛（箕田宛）の子の源綱（みなもと・の・つな）は、摂津国多田(兵庫県川西市)に清和源氏の武士団を形成した源満仲の娘婿である源氏の源敦の養子となり、母方の里である摂津国渡辺（大阪府大阪市中央区 (大阪市)）に居住した。
• MINAMOTO no Atsuru (Atsuru MITA)'s son, MINAMOTO no Tsuna was adopted by MINAMOTO no Atsushi, an adopted son-in-law of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka who formed an armed group consisting of Seiwa-Genji (the Minamoto clan originated from the Emperor Seiwa) in Tada, Settsu Province (present-day Kawanishi City, Hyogo Prefecture), and lived in Watanabe, Settsu Province (present-day Chuo Ward, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture), his mother's hometown.

• 七宝つなぎの種類は七宝の中央に花を入れたものを「花七宝（はなしっぽう）」、鳥と花菱を組み合わせて七宝形にしたものを「鳥襷（とりだすき）」、幾つかが繋がった形で部分的に用いたものを「破れ七宝（やぶれしっぽう）」という。
• There are several variations of shippo tsunagi, such as 'hana shippo,' which is a shippo pattern with a flower motif in the center, 'toridasuki,' which is a shippo pattern with a combination of birds and hanabishi motifs, and 'yabure shippo,' in which the shippo pattern is interrupted.

• またこうした政と祭りに一致は中央政府に限らず、地方や町や集落でも、その年の吉凶を占う祭りや、普請としての祭りが行われ、「自治としての政」に対し資金調達や、吉凶の結果による社会基盤の実施の時期の決定や執政の指針とした。
• Such unity of politics and religion was not limited to the central government, however; in the provinces, towns and villages of Japan, festivals were held to determine whether the area in question could expect to enjoy good fortune or to conduct construction work so as to raise funds for 'autonomous matsurigoto' and, based on the results of the fortune telling, to determine when to start social infrastructure work and provide guidance for the administration.

• これに従って諸藩でも同様の措置を取ると同時に自藩の法令を併せて掲示して自藩の法令の公示に用いた（代表的な高札場としては江戸日本橋 (東京都中央区)、京都三条大橋、大坂高麗橋、金沢橋場町、仙台芭蕉辻などが挙げられる）。
• Following the Bakufu order, each domain took the similar measure, while Kosatsu was also utilized for the public notification of the act of each domain. (Major examples of the set up location of Kosatsu can be mentioned as follows; Edo Nihonbashi [Chuo Ward, Tokyo Prefecture], Kyoto Sanjo O-hashi Bridge, Osaka Korai-bashi Bridge, Kanazawa Hashiba-cho, Sendai Bashotsuji and so on.)

• だが、江戸時代に入ると、主君である征夷大将軍あるいは大名への土地支配権力の集中や藩中央と家臣の年貢米売却の競合による米価下落に伴う換金収入減少など財政上の都合から、地方知行を止めて蔵米知行に切り替える場合が増加した。
• During the early Edo period, however, more and more lords gave up Jigatachigyo in favor of Kuramaichigyo; this was due to land ruling power being concentrated in the hands of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and the Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'); it was also due to financial reasons, such as a decrease in income as a consequence of rice falling in price caused by competition between domains and vassals in annual rice tax sales.

• 年料別納租穀（ねんりょうべつのうそこく）とは、平安時代に令制国の正倉に納められた租を不動穀とは別に稲穀の形態で現地で保管して、中央において財政が不足した折に太政官符に基づいて位禄・季禄・衣服料として京官に支給したもの。
• Nenryo betsuno sokoku was rice kept as seed at the local level, separate from that of So collected in the Shoso (warehouse) of Ritsuryo provinces as Fudokoku (staples for an emergency), and was given to kyokan (an official of the Capital) as Iroku, Kiroku and Ifukuryo based on the Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) when the central government did not have sufficient funds.

• 酒造技能士（しゅぞうぎのうし）とは、国家資格である技能検定制度の一種で、都道府県知事（問題作成等は中央職業能力開発協会、試験の実施等は都道府県職業能力開発協会）が実施する、酒造に関する学科及び実技試験に合格した者をいう。
• Licensed brewer is someone who passed the written and practical tests about sake brewing which is a kind of skill assessment system of nationally-accredited qualification conducted by prefectural governors (the questions are made up by Japan Vocational Ability Development Association and the administrator is Prefectural Vocational Ability Development Association).

• 製法は明時代の中国における軟落甘（小麦粉・米粉を水飴や脂肪で練り固めて乾燥させた菓子。西～中央アジアに由来するといわれ、元 (王朝)時代に中国に伝来した）に基づき、室町時代に日明貿易で伝わり、茶道の勃興によって広まった。
• The recipe is based on that for nanrakukan (a sweet made by drying the kneaded mixture of wheat flour or rice flour and starch syrup and fat, which is said to have originated from the western and central Asia and to have subsequently been introduced to China in the Yuan Dynasty era) produced in the Ming Dynasty era in China; the nanrakukan was introduced to Japan in the Muromachi period through the Japan-Ming trade (the trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China) and became popular along with the rise of the tea ceremony.

• 毎年8月には勅旨牧から中央に貢馬牽進の儀式である駒牽が行われ、毎年240疋（甲斐60疋・信濃80疋・上野50疋・武蔵50疋、なお武蔵2牧増加後は60疋が追加されて110疋となり、毎年総計300頭となる）が朝廷に献上された。
• Every year in August, Komahiki (The Horse-Leading Ceremony), a ceremony of Komakenshin, horse presentation from Chokushimaki to the central authority, was held and 240 horses (Kai Province 60, Shinano Province 80, Kazusa Province 50, Musashi Province 50. In addition, 60 horses were added after inclusion of two Maki in Musashi, bringing the total to 110 horses from Musashi and the grand total horses presented to 300 per year) was presented to the Imperial Court every year.

• こうした武家の棟梁に対する恩賞は、所領を棟梁から家人へ分け与える一方、棟梁自らはさらなる勢力拡大のために収入の多い国の国司職や、中央政界における地位向上につながる位階の昇叙、御所への昇殿などを獲得するよう積極的に運動した。
• While Buke no toryo distributed territories to their kenin, they actively sought to become kokushi, which would provide them both handsome income, or to obtain a higher rank, which would lead higher grade in the central government, or to access to the Imperial Palace to advance their political status in the Imperial Court.

• 場所は現在の兵庫県神戸市中央区 (神戸市)から兵庫区北部にあたり、平氏の拠点のひとつである貿易港の大輪田泊（現在の兵庫港・神戸港西部）に人工島の経が島（経ヶ島）を築き整備拡張した港を見下ろす山麓に都を置くことが計画された。
• The plan was build Fukuhara-kyo in an area extending from Chuo Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture to northern Hyogo Ward, and it would stand at the foot of a mountain looking down over an expanded Owada no Tomari (present-day Hyogo Port/western Kobe Port), a trading port and one of the bases of the Taira clan, where an artificial island named Kyogashima Island was to be built.

• 大名の多くが「所領没収」で姿を消し、全国の要所は直轄領（天領）として大名を置かず、多数の親藩大名に大領を持たせ、その合間に外様大名を配置し、譜代大名には小領と中央政治に関与する権利を与えるという絶妙の分割統治策を実施した。
• The Tokugawa shogunate carried out a clever policies of dividing and ruling that many former feudal loads were forced to ruin by the enactment of 'confiscation of territories,' and that the places of strategic importance across Japan were set under the direct control of shogunate (shogunal demesne) avoiding influence of feudal loads (daimyo), who were classified into three groups, namely 'family daimyo' (a feudal load of a Tokugawa family branch or affiliation) with large territories, 'hereditary vassal daimyo' with small territories and the rights to participate in the state administration, and 'outside' daimyo (a feudal load who was not a hereditary vassal of the Tokugawa family) with the territories inserted between domains of 'family daimyo.'

• 1871年8月29日（7月14日 (旧暦)）に、薩摩・長州藩出身の指導者により廃藩置県が実施され、都道府県制度が設置され（当初は3府302県、直後に整理され3府72県）、中央政府から都道府県知事を派遣する制度が実施された。
• Therefore, on August 29, 1871, the leaders from Satsuma domain and Choshu domain abolished feudal domains and established prefectures instead (Haihan-chiken), and the modern prefecture system of Japan was established (at first, there were 3-fu and 302-ken, and soon after the system was organized to 3-fu and 72-ken), and then the system of dispatching the prefectural governors from central government was implemented.

• しかしながら、続く平城天皇朝の大同2年（807年）に当時政権№2,3の座にあった、藤原雄友（是公の子：大納言）・藤原乙叡（継縄の子：中納言）が伊予親王の変により失脚し、仲麻呂に続き、豊成・乙麻呂の系統も中央貴族としては衰退した。
• However, in 807, during the era of Emperor Heijo, FUJIWARA no Otomo (son of the Korekimi, or Dainagon (chief councilor of state)) and FUJIWARA no otoei/Tadatoshi (son of the Tsugutada, or Chunagon (vice-councilor of state)), who were in the second and third positions of the political power at the time, fell from power as a result of Iyo Shinno no Hen (the Conspiracy of Imperial Prince Iyo), whereby the family lines of Toyonari and Otomaro declined as the central nobility, followed by the fall of Nakamaro.

• 加賀守・藤原師高の目代が白山の末寺を焼いたことが発端で、当初は目代と現地の寺社によるありふれた紛争にすぎなかったが、白山の本寺が延暦寺であり、師高の父が院近臣の西光だったため、中央に波及して延暦寺と院勢力との全面衝突に発展した。
• The beginning was an incident where Kaga no kami (the governer of Kaga Province) FUJIWARA no Morotaka burned a branch temple of Hakusan, and initially this was simply an ordinary conflict between the Mokudai (personal deputy of an absentee provincial governor) and the local temple, but the main temple of Hakusan was Enryaku-ji Temple and because Morotaka's father was the cloistered government aide Saiko, this led to a direct confrontation at the central government between the Enryaku-ji Temple and the cloistered government.

• 錦市場（にしき いちば）は、京都市街ほぼ中央に位置する錦小路通のうち「寺町通 - 高倉通」間の商店街で、魚・京野菜などの生鮮食品食材や、乾物・漬物・おばんざい（京都言葉で日常の惣菜）などの加工食品を商う老舗・専門店が集まる市場。
• Nishiki Market is a shopping street which is on Nishikikoji-dori Street between 'Teramachi-dori Street and Takakura-dori Street,' and approximately located in the center of Kyoto City; there are a lot of long-established stores and specialty stores that sell fresh foods like fish and Kyoto vegetables, and processed foods such as dried goods, tsukemono (Japanese pickled vegetables), and obanzai (precooked food in Kyoto dialect).

• 薩軍の右翼隊は未明、山鹿から菊池川に沿って南下し、玉名付近の官軍左翼を攻撃し、中央隊は田原坂を越え、木葉で官軍捜索隊と遭遇戦になり、左翼隊は吉次峠・原倉と進み、ここから右縦隊は高瀬橋に、左縦隊は伊倉・大浜を経て岩崎原に進出した。
• The right flank of the Satsuma army left Yamaga toward south along the Kikuchi-gawa River at dawn and attacked the left flank of the government army which was staying near Tamana; the center troop went over Tabaru Slope and engaged in an encounter battle with the reconnaissance party of the government army at Konoha; and the left flank advanced through the Kichiji-toge Pass and got to Harakura, where the right column headed for the Takase-hashi Bridge and the left column advanced through Ikura and Ohama and got to Iwasakihara.

• 南北朝時代の活力が背景にあり、3代将軍義満の時代（北山文化）は中央集権的で公家文化と武家文化の影響や中国文化の影響があるのに対し、8代将軍義政の時代（東山文化）は庶民的で「侘び・寂び」という禅宗などの影響が強いのが特色といわれる。
• Given the energy and vitality of the Northern and Southern Court period, the (Kitayama) culture during the reign of the third Shogun, Yoshimitsu, was centralized and authoritarian, influenced both by aristocratic and warrior culture and by Chinese culture, while by contrast, the (Higashiyama) culture during the reign of the eighth Shogun, Yoshimasa, was based in commoner culture and was heavily influenced by Zen Buddhism, for example in the twin aesthetic principles of wabi-sabi (the beauty and pathos of loneliness, simplicity, and imperfection).

• その結果、中央財政にも影響を与えるようになり、宋王朝では乾興 (宋)元年（1022年）に官僚荘園を30頃、将吏衙前荘園を15頃に制限する提案が出されたものの失敗し、その後限田免役法を行って免役の範囲や寄進に制約を課そうとしている。
• As a result, the finance of the central government was influenced by this and during the Sung dynasty in 1022, the proposition that the manors owned by a bureaucrat be limited to 30 and shorigozenmaeshoen to 15 was issued but it failed and later the regulations of tax exemptions were promulgated to impose the restrictions on the range of tax exemptions and the donations.

• 外国元首・弔問使節の拝礼、参列者の一斉拝礼の後、再び葬列を組んで四谷四丁目、新宿三丁目、新宿四丁目、首都高速道路首都高速4号新宿線初台出入口、中央自動車道八王子インターチェンジを経て陵所（武蔵陵墓地昭和天皇陵「武蔵野陵」）へ向かった
• A funeral procession was re-formed after prayer by heads of states, funeral envoys from other countries, and other attendants, and then they went to His Majesty's Mausoleum named the Musashino no Misasagi in the Musashino Imperial Graveyard via Yotsuya 4-chome, Shinjuku 3-chome, Shinjuku 4-chome, the Hatsudai exit of the Metropolitan Expressway No. 4 Shinjuku Route, and the Chuo Expressway Hachioji Interchange.

• 一方関東地方や東北、九州南部などの地域においては、既に中央の統制下から離れた状態のまま、各地域内部において有力武家間の大規模な紛争が発生しており、この戦いとは全く無関係に戦乱状態に突入していた（関東については享徳の乱を参照のこと）。
• On the other hand, in some regions including Kanto, Tohoku and Southern Kyushu, large-scale conflicts had already begun among influential samurai families within individual territories already out of central control, and these areas were already in a state of war irrespective of the battle in and around the capital region (for further information on Kanto, see the article on Kyotoku Incident).

• 文化厚生会館事件（ぶんかこうせいかいかんじけん）とは、部落解放同盟京都府連合会が、朝田善之助を委員長とし、同盟中央が認めた組織（朝田府連）と、三木一平を委員長とし、日本共産党が支援する組織（三木府連）に分裂したことに端を発した紛争。
• The Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall Affair is a conflict that started with the Buraku Liberation League, Kyoto Federation being divided into two groups, one (Asada Furen, Asada faction's Federation) with Zennosuke ASADA as a chairman, approved by the Headquarter of the Buraku Liberation League and the other (Miki Furen, Miki faction's Federation) with Ippei MIKI as a chairman, supported by the Japanese Communist Party.

• アメリカ中央情報局のWebページにある”The World Factbook”（各国要覧）のには、”Independence 660 BC (traditional founding by Emperor JIMMU)”とされている。
• In 'The World Factbook' in the Web page of Central Intelligence Agency, the Imperial era of Japan is described as 'Independence 660 BC (traditional founding by Emperor JIMMU).

• 北インドの地で生まれた世界宗教としての仏教は、主として東南アジア方面（クメール王朝、シュリーヴィジャヤ王国）に伝播した上座部仏教（南伝仏教）と、西域（中央アジア）を経由して中国から朝鮮半島などへ広がった大乗仏教（北伝仏教）に分かれる。
• Buddhism, which began in northern India as a world religion, is mainly categorized into Theravada Buddhism (Nanden bukkyo [Buddhism that spread from India to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia]) which spread in southeast Asia (Khmer Dynasty, Sriwijaya Kingdom), and Mahayana Buddhism (Hokuden bukkyo [Buddhism that spread from India to northern Asia]) which spread to China, the Korean peninsula, and other regions through the western regions of China (Central Asia).

• 10月14日-15日に開かれた閣議は紛糾したが、採決で同数になった結果、この意見が通らないなら辞任する（西郷が辞任した場合、薩摩出身の官僚、軍人の多数が中央政府から抜けてしまう恐れがある）とした西郷の言に恐怖した議長の三条が即時派遣を決定。
• The cabinet meeting held on from October 14 to 15 got complicated, but chairman SANJO who was afraid of SAIGO's remark that he will resign when his idea couldn't put through as a result of a tie (there is a possibility that numerous bureaucracies and military men from Satsuma will leave from central government in case of Saigo's resignation), determined immediate dispatch.

• 3つの形態に分かれた機構を共通にしようとすれば既に中央政府から派遣された官吏によって統治される形式が採られていた「府」・「県」とは違い、知藩事と藩士によって治められた「藩」の異質性・自主性が「三治一致」の最大の障害となることは明らかであった。
• In unifying three different systems, it was obvious that the different nature of 'han', which were governed by chihanji and hanshi unlike 'fu' and 'ken' that were governed by the government officials, became the biggest obstacle for 'sanchi-icchi'.

• 2006年11月3日、同市場商店街振興組合はイタリアトスカーナ州フィレンツェ市公設の中央市場（itMercato Centrale (Firenze)。通称 サン・ロレンツォ市場）と知名度向上、観光客誘致、および相互理解を目的に友好提携を結んだ。
• On November 3, 2006, the Shopping District Promotion Association established friendly relations with Mercato Centrale of Firenze City, Toscana Region, Italy (commonly known as San Lorenzo Market) in order to gain publicity, attract tourists, and deepen mutual understanding.

• 薩摩藩の島津久光が不満を述べた以外は目立った反撥はなかった（すでに中央軍制が整い、個別の藩が対抗しにくくなっていたこと、藩財政が危機的状況に陥り、知藩事の手に負えなくなったこと、旧藩主が華族として身分・財産が保証されること、などが理由とされる）。
• There was no remarkable objection except that Hisamitsu SHIMAZU in Satsuma Domain complained about the system (the reasons why there were so few objections are that it was difficult for each domain to oppose the already organized central military system; governors were not able to deal with the serious financial problems in their domains; and former governors of feudal domains were assured their position and properties as nobles).

• 宋代の官田は、民田が州・県などの地方政府によって管理されるのに対し、官田を専管する中央官庁の下に置かれ、国家は契約した小作人（官佃戸）から租を徴収していたが、元、明と時代が下るにつれて、官田の多くは民田と共に地方政府によって管理されるようになった。
• Unlike private estates which were managed by local governments such as zhou (prefecture) and xian (county), Kanden in the Song period was under the control of central authorities and the state collected land taxes from contracted tenant farmers, but in more recent years in Yaun and Ming, most kanden were controlled by local governments as well as private estates.

• 二ノ足（足金物の内中央寄りの方）と鞘尻の石突金物との間には責金が一つ入るのが基本的な形式で、これは古墳時代晩期の蕨手刀等に既に見られる形式であり、下っては江戸時代の半太刀（はんだち太刀風の金具を用いた打刀拵）や昭和初期の太刀風の軍刀にまで踏襲された。
• The basic style features a semegane fitting mounted between the ninoashi (ashikanamono around the scabbard center) and ishitsuki fitting (end cap), which is a style already seen in warabite and other swords in the late kofun period and inherited to the Edo period in handachi (koshirae employing handachi [transitive style between curved swords to straight swords]-style fittings) and the early Showa period in tachi-style military swords.

• フメリニツキーの乱でもフメリニツキーはワルシャワの中央政府で正式に登録されたコサックでシュラフタ（ポーランド貴族）とみなされており、しかも国王の錦の御旗を立てることでこれは強訴でありポーランド国家そのものに対する反逆行為ではないことをアピールしている。
• In the Khmelnytsky Uprising, Khmelnytsky insisted that it was goso and not treason against the nation, based on the fact that he was considered as a Cossack officially registered in the central government in Warsaw and as a szlachta (noble), and that he raised the banner of the King.

• 最も重い処分となったのは、同学会中央執行委員として学園復興会議の開催に奔走していた（しかし荒神橋でのデモ自体には関与していなかったとされる）文学部生の松浦玲（のちの日本近代史家）で、退学より重い放学処分となった（のち立命館大学文学部に再入学し卒業した）。
• A student of the faculty of literature, Rei MATSUURA, who had made an effort to hold the Gakuen Fukko Kaigi as a member of the central executive committee, was punished most heavily, expelled from the university (heavier than suspension) (Matsuura is considered not to have been involved in the demonstration at Kojin-bashi Bridge; later he entered the same faculty of the same university and graduated, becoming a modern Japanese historian).

• 藤原京は大和の古道（中ツ道・下ツ道・横大路・山田道）に囲われた領域に南北12条東西4坊ずつの街路が整備され、東西南北3門ずつ計12門を持ち、宮城は市域の中央北寄りに位置しており、その北には苑池が配されていたとことなどから、北魏洛陽城の影響が指摘されている。
• The influence of Luoyang of Northern Wei has been pointed out in the layout of Fujiwara-kyo, for its characteristics such as the area surrounded by the ancient paths in Yamato Province (Nakatsu Michi, Shimotsu Michi, Yokooji and Yamada Michi), the streets dividing the city into twelve rows and eight columns (each of the east and west towns devided into four), three gates attached on each of the north, south, east and west walls (twelve in total), the imperial palace located slightly north to the center and a pond park located further north.

• 現存する公文書や『令集解』における明法家の説からは、祭祀に使う特殊な陶器を除いた宮中及び官司で用いられる陶器類は調・年料雑器による貢納や正税交易（正税を用いた調達）によって賄われ、筥陶司は中央に集められた陶器の管理・出納業務のみを行っていたと考えられている。
• The theories of existing official documents or scholars of the law in 'Ryonoshuge' (Commentaries on the Civil Statutes) says that earthenwares, used in the Imperial Court or government officials except for special earthenwares used for rituals, were provided by tributes of cho (tributes) and nenryo zakki (ware paid as a tribute) or shozei koeki (provision by shozei [the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse]) and kyotoshi is considered to have only managed and done cashier job for earthenwares collected in the central government.

• しかし、この戦いの後に中央で足利尊氏が室町幕府を開いた後も菊池氏は南朝方として頑強に抵抗を続け、さらに南朝の後醍醐天皇の皇子である懐良親王が伊予国の宇都宮貞泰と共に九州に上陸して幕府勢力と戦い、一時期九州は懐良親王率いる征西軍府の南朝方が圧倒的優位の地となる。
• However, after the battle, Takauji ASHIKAGA established the Muromachi Shogunate as the central government, but the Kikuchi clan continued to resist stubbornly as the Southern Court side; furthermore, Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, an Imperial prince of Emperor Godaigo, along with Sadayasu UTSUNOMIYA of Iyo Province landed in Kyushu to fight the Shogunate side, and the Southern Court side led by Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi in the anti-western forces posts dominated Kyushu for a while.

• 明治維新後も新政府は、江戸時代の貨幣制度をほぼそのまま受け継いだが、中央集権的な国家を建設するためには、各藩が独自に発行していた藩札（さらにそれを受け継いだ府県札）の整理や、東日本の小判（計数貨幣）と西日本の丁銀（秤量貨幣）の統一なども課題として残されていた。
• Although the currency system in the Edo period had been kept in almost the same manner by the new government after Meiji Restoration, there were problems including organizing han bills (bills usable only in a particular feudal clan) (further, prefectural bills taken over from the han bills) issued by each domain independently and integrating koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) (Keisu kahei [currency by table]) in eastern Japan and chogin (collective term of silver) (Hyodo kahei [currency valued by weight]) in western Japan in order to establish a centralized state.

• 近代日本の官制（きんだいにほんのかんせい）は、王政復古 (日本)によって明治維新が始まった慶応3年12月9日 (旧暦)（西暦1868年1月3日）から、内閣官制が制定された1889年（明治22年）12月24日に至るまでの中央政府における主な機関の変遷を概観する。
• Under the title 'Government Organization of Early Modern Japan,' this article outlines the changes of major agencies of the central government of Japan from rom January 3, 1868, when the Meiji restoration was started with Restoration of Imperial Rule, to December 24, 1889, when the official organization system under the Cabinet was established.

• 木山寺（真庭市）、西大寺 (岡山市寺院)（岡山市）、極楽寺（廿日市市）、国分寺（下関市、防府市）、立江寺 (小松島市)（小松島市）、薬王寺 (美波町)（美波町）、鶴林寺 (勝浦町)（勝浦町）、三角寺（四国中央市）、南蔵院（福岡県篠栗町）、呑山観音寺（福岡県篠栗町）
• Kiyama-ji Temple (in Maniwa City), Saidai-ji Temple (in Okayama City), Gokuraku-ji Temple (in Hatsukaichi City), Kokubun-ji Temple (in Shimonoseki City, in Hofu City), Tatsue-ji Temple (in Komatsushima City), Yakuo-ji Temple (in Minami-cho), Kakurin-ji Temple (in Katsuura-cho), Sankaku-ji Temple (in Shikokuchuo City), Nanzo-in Temple (in Sasaguri-machi, Fukuoka Prefecture), Nomiyama Kannon-ji Temple (in Sasaguri-machi, Fukuoka Prefecture)

• また、朝廷が皇族を臣籍降下させ源氏とした背景としては、上級貴族として皇室の藩塀とすることという理由もあったが、実際には3代目以降も上級貴族であり続けた例はほとんどなく、大半は受領階級として地方へ赴任しそこで土着して武士化するか、中央で中下級貴族として細々と生き延びた。
• Although one of the aims of the Imperial court's demotion of their family members to their subjects by giving them the surname of Minamoto was to allow them to be the subsidiary of the Imperial Family as upper class nobles, in fact only a few of them kept their status for more than three generations, while many others took regional posts as middle classes and later became samurai, or earned a sparse living as middle and lower classes in the center.

• 友好提携締結の翌2007年の4月24日から26日にかけて中央市場関係者を招いて同市場内でフィレンツェ市の食材を紹介するイベントを開き、近隣のイタリア料理店の協力をえて関連ブース四店を開設、無料のワイン試飲やトスカーナ伝統料理の試食を通しフィレンツェの食文化を紹介した。
• An event to promote Firenze's foodstuffs was held from April 24 through 26 in 2007, the following year when the friendship ties was established, and with the support of neighboring Italian restaurants, four related booths were set up to introduce the food culture of Firenze, serving free sample wine and Tuscan traditional food.

• とはいえ一介の国人であった伊達氏が、京都扶持衆に列したのを契機に中央政界との緊密性を獲得し、陸奥国守護職補任、さらには室町幕府において足利一門にのみ許されてきた奥州探題職に補任、かつ足利一門屈指の名門で斯波氏の同族　大崎氏に庶子を入嗣として送り込み事実上の傘下に治めた。
• Nevertheless, what a mere local lord, the Date clan, had done at that time, such as establishing a close relationship with a central government after appointed as Kyoto fuchishu, holding the posts of Mutsu shugoshiki and even Oshu Tandai which was reserved for the Ashikaga clan and also putting the Osaki clan, a family line of the Shiba clan (the most powerful Ashikaga family) under its control by sending its illegitimate child to the Osaki clan, were not what other local lords could easily achieve.

• 周の礼制を規範とする儒教では周の封建制を重視するが、官僚となり中央集権政治を担うようになった儒者たちにとって大きな矛盾をはらみ、たびたび封建論あるいは郡県論として論議された（ここでいう封建制・郡県制は歴史学上の実際のものではなく儒教思想上の理念として語られたものである）。
• Confucianism, which follows the example of the Li system of Zhou, put importance on the Hoken system of Zhou, but for confucianists who began to take part in centralized politics, the hoken system was very contradictory and was often discussed in the form of essay on the Hoken or Gun Ken system.

• これに抗した河内源氏流の坂東源氏・源頼朝が平氏を追討して東国に鎌倉幕府を開き、さらに後醍醐天皇の意向を受けた新田義貞・足利尊氏が坂東平氏に乗っ取られた鎌倉幕府を倒して新たな中央政権樹立に貢献したこと、さらに鎌倉幕府・室町幕府・江戸幕府揃って坂東源氏の政権であったことなどあった。
• After MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who was descended from the Bando-Genji line of the Kawachi-Genji, rebelled against and defeated the Taira clan, he founded the Kamakura bakufu in Togoku, but Yoshisada NITTA and Takauji ASHIKAGA, under orders from Emperor Godaigo, toppled the Kamakura bakufu, which had been taken over by the Bando-Heishi, and contributed to the establishment of a new central government; moreover, the Kamakura, Muromachi and Edo bakufu were feudal governments administered by the Bando-Genji.

• 条坊制は儒教の古典である『周礼』（しゅらい）考工記による都制の基準で、都城は9里の方形であること、南北9条、東西9坊の街路が走りその幅が車のわだちの9倍であること、中央に宮室を置きその左右に宗廟と社稷を配置すること、宮室の南には朝廷、北には市場を配すること、などが記されている。
• Jobosei is the rule of capital system stated by Kao Gong Ji (Records of technology, architecture, city planning etc.) in 'Rites of Zhou,' a classic of Confucianism, which defines Tojo as follows: (1) its shape is a square, nine li (li is an old Chinese unit of distance) on each side; (2) it has nine north-south streets and nine east-west streets, which are nine carriage tracks in width; and (3) the palace is located in the middle, with the alter of imperial ancestors on the east, the altar of soil and grain on the west, the imperial court on the south, and the market on the north.

• そこで平安時代に入ると、朝廷も公廨稲の利息より正税の不足分を補わせる「正税率分」の導入や格式に必要最低限の正税出挙に対する国司の支出義務（農民への強制的な貸付強制と徴収（返済）の義務化）を定めた「正税式数」を規定するなど、中央への上供体制維持を目的とした正税回復政策を取り始めた。
• Thus, in Heian period, Imperial Court began to launch political measures to recover the shozei for the purpose of maintaining the tribute-to-central system, such as introduction of 'shozei ritsubun (the tax system where two-tenth of the tax delivered from the provinces to the Ministry of Finance at Heian-kyo [the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto] were supplied to the tax storage called 'ritsubun-do')' that made up the shortage of shozei with the interest on kugaito and establishment of 'shozei shikisu' in which kokushi's minimum liability for shozei suiko (compulsory loaning to and collecting repayments from peasants) was prescribed in kyakushiki (a kind of law in the ritsuryo system).

• 遣唐使船は、大阪住吉区の住吉大社で海上安全の祈願を行い、海の神の「住吉大神」を船の舳先に祀り、住吉津（大阪市住吉区）から出発し、住吉の細江（現・細江川。通称・細井川。細井川駅）から大阪湾に出、難波津（大阪市中央区 (大阪市)）に立ち寄り、瀬戸内海を経て那の津（福岡県福岡市）に至る。
• People used to pray in Sumiyoshi-taisha Shrine in Sumiyoshi Ward, Osaka, for safety of the ships for mission to Tang China, and put 'Sumiyoshi-Daijin,' the alter of the god of the sea, on the bow of the ships; they left Suminoe no tsu (Suminoe Port) (Sumiyoshi Ward, Osaka City) and entered the Osaka gulf from Hosoe in Sumiyoshi (current Hosoe-gawa River, commonly called as Hosoi-gawa River; Hosoigawa Station), stopped over in Naniwa no tsu (Naniwa Port) (Chuo Ward, Osaka City) and arrived at Nanotsu (Fukuoka City in Fukuoka Prefecture) via Seto Island Sea.

• 江戸時代には、江戸の日本橋 (東京都中央区)の魚市では「大には鯨、小には鰯、貴品には鯛、鰈等があるなかにも堅魚は近海の名産にして、四月八日の初市には、衣を典し衿を売るも必ずこれを食ふの旧習民間に行はる」という言葉が残されており、江戸城下で鯨肉が広く一般に流通していたことがうかがえる。
• In the fish market at Nihonbashi (present Chuo Ward, Tokyo) in the Edo period, the following was said, showing that whale meat was available widely in the areas around the Edo castle: 'If you want big fishes, there are whales, if you want small fishes, there are sardines, if you want precious fishes, there are sea breams and flounders, but skipjack tunas are excellent inshore fishes, and people always eat skipjack tunas as a traditional custom at the first fair of selling them on April 8, even if they have to pawn their clothes or to sell their collars.'

• その一方で明治4年（1871年）に中央政府に復帰して下野するまでの2年間、上京当初抱いていた士族を中心とする「強兵」重視路線が、四民平等・廃藩置県を全面に押し出した木戸孝允・大隈重信らの「富国」重視路線によって斥けられた事に対する不満や反発が西郷の心中に全く無かったとも考えられない。
• Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that SAIGO might have resentment and antagonism toward the incident that a policy of placing a great importance on 'military buildup' mainly with the warrior class, which he had fostered during his early days in Tokyo for two years from his comeback to the central government in 1871 until he left the government, was defeated by a policy of placing a great importance on 'national enrichment' by Takayoshi KIDO and Shigenobu OKUMA, which emphasized the equality of all people and the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures.

• 事件は、京都帝国大学法学部の瀧川幸辰教授が、1932年10月中央大学法学部で行った講演「『復活』を通して見たるトルストイの刑法観」の内容（レフ・トルストイの思想について「犯罪は国家の組織が悪いから出る」などと説明）が無政府主義的として文部省および司法省内で問題化したことに端を発する。
• The incident started when a lecture, 'Tolstoy's view on penal law through his novel, 'Resurrection'' in October 1932 by Professor Yukitoki TAKIGAWA of the Faculty of Law, Kyoto Imperial University explained in his talk that 'Criminal offenses occur when organization of the national governmental is bad,' which was considered problematic by the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Law as being anarchist.

• 前布の紐は後（帯の結び目）で一度交差させて前に出し、前布の下5cmから10cmを紐が通るように按配して（かりにこれを(a)とする）、もういちど交差させ（二度目に紐をどこで交差させるかは、右腰、左腰、前布の中央などさまざまなやり方があるが、一般的には右腰であることが多い）、後で紐を結ぶ。
• Cross the straps of the front cloth at the back (the knot of the obi [sash]) once, pull it forward, pass the straps 5 to 10 cm below the front cloth (referred to as [a] below), cross them again (there are various methods of crossing them the second time, such as the right or left of the waist, or the center of the front cloth, but it is generally crossed at the right of the waist) and tie them at the back.

• 明治政府が進める富国強兵路線を継承する次世代の政治家を育てる手段として中等以上の財産家を集めて新党を結成して地方自治において主導権を握るとともに、彼らに政治的経験を積ませて中央に進出させ、穏健な保守勢力を形成させることで、過激な自由民権派や国粋主義者の台頭を食い止める構想を打ち明けている。
• He also introduced the concept of collecting the wealthy men above the middle class to establish a new political party having the central power in local districts, make them have seasoned political experience before dispatching to central political district to develop moderate conservative power to prevent the increase of school of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement and nationalist as means of providing the politicians of the next generation who will continue the policy of enhancing the wealth and military strength of a country sought by the Meiji government

• また、広義の場合には、豪族（大豪族）が中央から下ったか在地かはともかく、その地域で、数郡を支配する大勢力を有したのに対し、一般にその傘下にあるか、あるいは独立した在地の数村を支配する小規模の豪族である、地頭やその系譜をひく国人領主の家臣或いは被官たる者で地侍の主筋になる在地領主をも含む概念。
• In wider sense, while larger gozoku (local ruling families) had a large power to reign some counties in his assigned region whether he stayed in the center or the local, dogo was a retainer or hikan (low-level bureaucrat) of jito, who were usually smaller gozoku and reigned some villages which were under control of or independent from the larger gozoku, or kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lord) of the jito's linage, and even included zaichi-ryoshu (local lord) which was to be the main stream of jizamurai.

• 特に安政の大獄を断行した大老井伊直弼が桜田門外の変で横死して後、公武合体を望む幕府が征夷大将軍徳川家茂の正室として孝明天皇の妹和宮の降嫁を求めた1861年（文久元年）頃から、薩摩藩・長州藩・土佐藩などの雄藩が中央政界への進出をうかがうようになり、尊王攘夷派がぞくぞくと京都に集まるようになった。
• In the Sakuradamongai Incident (1860), extremists murdered Tairo (a councilor of the Council of Five Elders) Naosuke II who had conducted Ansei no Taigoku (the suppression of extremists by the Shogunate), soon after that, in 1861 the Shogunate offered the lawful marriage of Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') the 14th shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA with Kazunomiya (a younger sister of Emperor Komei) to the Imperial Family for the purpose of gaining the Imperial Court's cooperation; especially since then, statesmen of strong clans including the Satsuma clan, the Choshu clan and the Tosa clan aimed for advance to the political center, and the following of Sonno Joi came to Kyoto one after and another.

• 実際に開港されたのは、神奈川宿の場合、街道筋から離れた横浜村（現横浜市中区 (横浜市)）であり、兵庫津の場合もやはりかなり離れた神戸村（現神戸市中央区 (神戸市)）であったが、いずれにしても開港場には外国人が一定区域の範囲で土地を借り、建物を購入し、あるいは住宅倉庫商館を建てることが認められた。
• In the case of Kanagawa-juku ('way-station'), the port that was actually opened was in the village of Yokohama (today's Naka ward in the city of Yokohama) which was quite far from the path of the main road, and similarly in the case of Hyogo, the port opened was in the village of Kobe (modern-day Chuo ward of the city of Kobe) which was also far from the main road, but in any case foreigners were allowed to rent land in certain sections of the ports and to purchase buildings or build houses, warehouses, and trading houses.

• 地子稲収入は畿内・伊賀国では正税の補充に、大宰府管内諸国では対馬国・多禰国（後に廃止）の公廨の補充に、陸奥国・出羽国では兵士の兵糧や蝦夷への狄禄の補充に充てられ、他の令制国では中央に近い諸国や沿岸諸国では舂米の形で、それ以外の国々では地子交易を行って軽貨の形で太政官厨家に納入されることが定められていた。
• Jishito revenue was used for replenishment of shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse) in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and Iga Province, and for maintaining public offices for Tsushima Province and Tane Province (abolished later) in provinces within Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), and for replenishment of army provisions for soldiers and for stipends to Ezo (northerners) in Mutsu Province and Dewa Province, and in other provinces under ryoseikoku (province), jishito was paid to Daijokan (Grand Council of State) in the form of shomai (rice made by pounding it in a mortar) in provinces near the central government or sea and in the form of keika (fabrics such as silk or cotton or other local specialties) after doing jishi trade in provinces other than those.

• しかし東京都が首都とみなされる理由としては、日本国憲法で「日本国の象徴であり日本国民統合の象徴」と規定される天皇が常在し、皇居が東京都に所在すること、同じく憲法で国会（立法府）、首相官邸や中央省庁（行政府）、最高裁判所（司法府）という三権の最高機関のいずれもが東京都（中でも千代田区）に所在することが挙げられる。
• As for reasons supporting that Tokyo is regarded the Capital of Japan, two are generally given: the Emperor who is prescribed by Japanese Constitution as 'the symbol of Japan and the symbol of Japanese people's integration' is permanently stationed and the Imperial Palace is located in Tokyo, and also the highest organs of the three powers ruled by Japanese Constitution such as the Diet (legislature), the prime minister's official residence and central government ministries and agencies (administration) and the Supreme Court (administration of justice) are located in Tokyo (they are especially concentrated in Chiyoda Ward).

• マヨネーズは大抵どの店でも付いているが、厨房で作って出す店の場合は関西のようにソースを塗ったあとで生地の上にヘラで塗り広げたりせずにソース→青海苔→鰹節と仕上げてから全体や中央にかけられるか、客が自分のテーブル席で焼く店なら好みでかけられるように小さなパック入りの使いきりタイプのマヨネーズが別に付いてくる場合が多い。
• In every shop mayonnaise is served, but in the shops where the staff cooks and serves okonomiyaki, without spreading mayonnaise on the dough with the spatula after saucing, they put the sauce, aonori-ko, sliced dried bonito on the dough and after that, mayonnaise is put over all the dough or in the center, or in the shops where the customers grills by themselves at the table, in order for them to be able to put mayonnaise on by preference, a little sachet of it is often served additionally.

• 花弁により十菊（じゅうきく）や十二菊（じゅうにきく）、中央にがくが見えるものを裏菊（うらきく）、輪郭を浮かせたものを陰菊（かげきく）、その他、菱菊（ひしきく）や尾形光琳の描く菊を図案化した光琳菊（こうりんぎく）、半分に割れた割菊（わりぎく）や半菊（はんぎく）、その半菊の下に水の流れが描かれた菊水（きくすい）などがある。
• There are a variety of designs: Jukiku (Chrysanthemum with ten petals) and Junikiku (Chrysanthemum with twelve petals) classified according to its number of petals, Urakiku which shows calyx at the center, Kage-kiku with spaces in the outline, Hishikiku, the square-shaped Chrysanthemum, Korin-kiku, the Chrysanthemum designed by Korin OGATA, Wari-giku or Hangiku, the halved Chrysanthemum, and Kikusui which is Hangiku with water flowing under the flower.

• 湊川の戦い（みなとがわのたたかい）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の1336年7月4日（（建武 (日本)3年）5月25日 (旧暦)）に、摂津国湊川（現・兵庫県神戸市中央区_(神戸市)・兵庫区）で、九州から東上して来た足利尊氏・足利直義兄弟らの軍と、これを迎え撃った後醍醐天皇方の新田義貞・楠木正成の軍との間で行われた合戦である。
• The Battle of Minatogawa was fought on July 12, 1336 during the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) in Minatogawa, Settsu Province (modern day Chuo Ward/Hyogo Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture) between the forces of the brothers Takauji and Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA who had traveled east from Kyushu and Yoshisada NITTA and Masashige KUSUNOKI who were loyal to Emperor Godaigo.

• 1896年に施行された台湾ニ施行スヘキ法令ニ関スル法律明治29年法律第63号（六三法）及び1906年に公布された台湾ニ施行スヘキ法令ニ関スル法律明治39年法律第31号（三一法）或いは1921年の台湾ニ施行スヘキ法令ニ関スル法律大正10年法律第3号（法三号）により台湾に委任立法制度が施行され、総督府はその中央機関と位置づけられた。
• The law relating to laws and ordinances to be enforced in Taiwan (Law No. 63) enacted in 1896, the amended law (Law No. 31) in 1906 and the third amended law (Law No. 3) in 1921, enforced delegated legislation in Taiwan, and the Sotoku-fu was positioned as the central authority.

• また、旧薩摩藩士の心情として、鹿児島属廠の火薬・弾丸・武器・製造機械類は藩士が醵出した金で造ったり購入したりしたもので、一朝事があって必要な場合、藩士やその子孫が使用するものであると考えられていた事もあり、私学校徒は中央政府が泥棒のように薩摩の財産を搬出した事に怒るとともに、当然予想される衝突に備えて武器・弾薬を入手するために、夜、草牟田火薬庫を襲って弾丸・武器類を奪取した。
• Since all the gunpowder, bullets, arms, and making machinery in the Kagoshima arsenal had been constructed or purchased with the money contributed by the then retainers of the Satsuma Domain, the former retainers took it for granted that these things were to be used by the retainers and their descendants in an emergency; therefore, because the Shigakko students got angry with the central government for carrying the domain's property out from there like a thief and for the purpose of being prepared with arms and ammunition for a possible conflict with the central government, they made a night attack on the powder house at Somuta and seized bullets and arms.

• 14世紀から18世紀まで存在したヨーロッパ史有数の巨大国家であるポーランド・リトアニア連合（俗に「ポーランド」と呼ばれる）では、「黄金の自由」と呼ばれた貴族民主主義の政治システムの体制下で、国王（すなわち中央政府）と大貴族（マグナート）たち、国王と貴族（シュラフタ）たち、ポーランド国会（セイム）と一部の少数派貴族たちの間で利害の対立が深刻化した際にしばしば大規模な強訴が発生した。
• The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth magnate, which existed from the 14th century to the 18th century and was one of the greatest nations in the history of Europe, often experienced large-scale goso when conflicts of interests intensified between the King (the central government) and the major nobles (magnate), the King and the nobles (szlachta), and the parliament (Sejm) and some of the minor nobles.

• ポーランド史最大のロコシュは、1648年から1657年にかけて、当時はポーランド王国領であったウクライナで、ポーランド国会（セイム）のコサック（首都ワルシャワの中央政府に登録されたコサックはポーランド・リトアニア同君連合における正式な地方貴族だった）冷遇政策に反発したコサックたちが自治権などコサックの権利拡大を求めてポーランド国王の錦の御旗を立てて起こしたフメリヌィーツィクィイの乱であると言える。
• But the biggest rokosz in the Polish history is the Khmelnytsky Uprising in Ukraine, the territory of the Kingdom of Poland at the time, which continued from 1648 until 1657 and in which Cossacks (whose registration in the central government in Warsaw, the capital, officially made them local nobles in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) in the parliament (Sejm) who objected to the discriminatory policies on them raised a rebellion with the banner of the King raised, appealing for furthering of their rights including autonomy.

• 国司は中央政府から検田権を委譲されると、治田（ちでん、田堵の開発した小規模の墾田）や公験（くげん、正式に土地所有を認めた文書）のない荘園・私領（郡司・郷司など在地領主の所領）を次々に没収して国衙領に組み入れ、税収を確保しようとした（この権限が強かったことは、若狭国にあった摂関家の荘園が国司に接収された際に関白藤原頼通が国司に公験不備を指摘されると、国司の判断を妥当とした（『小右記』万寿2年9月1日・13日条）ことでも明らかである）。
• When the right of cadastral surveys was transferred to kokushi from the central government, the shoens and private lands (lands of local lords such as gunji (district managers), goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system) and so on) without chiden (small scale land already developed by tato) or kugen (official documents authorized by kokushi or gunji (local magistrates) for transfer of the ownership of private property) were confiscated one after another into kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) in order for them to secure tax revenue (it is clear that this authority was strong because when the shoen of sekkan-ke in Wakasa Province was confiscated by kokushi and it was pointed out that FUJIWARA no Yorimichi, the chief adviser to the emperor, was wrong in kugen, the judgment of kokushi was justified (in the description on September 1 and 13, 1025 in 'Shoyuki' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke)).