中古: 153 Terms and Phrases

• 中古
• used
• second-hand
• old
• Middle Ages
• Chuuko
• The Middle Ages (the times around the Heian period)
• The Chuko period

• 中古音
• Middle Chinese

• 中古瀬
• Nakagose

• 中古味
• Nakakomi

• 中古沢
• Nakakosawa

• 中古門
• Nakafurukado

• 中古志
• Nakakoshi

• 中古場
• Nakakoba

• 中古見
• Nakakomi

• 中古品
• secondhand goods

• 中古屋
• Nakagoya

• 中古閑
• Nakakoga

• 中古賀
• Nakakoga

• 中古の
• secondhand
• used

• 中古車
• used car
• secondhand car

• 田中古川
• Tanakafurukawa

• 上中古屋
• Kaminakagoya

• 下中古屋
• Shimonakagoya

• 中古文学
• Literature from the Chuko period (the times around the Heian period)

• 古代・中古
• Ancient and medieval ages

• 田中古川町
• Tanakafurukawachou

• 中古世代の
• Mezzo-Palaeozoic

• 中古日本語
• Early Middle Japanese

• 認定中古装置
• certified used equipment

• 中古プラント
• second-hand equipment
• second-handplant

• 中古三十六歌仙
• The Medieval 36 Immortal Poets

• 中古車を買った
• bought a secondhand (or used) car

• なに、中古だよ。
• No, it's second hand.

• 私の車は中古だ。
• My car is a used one.

• 日本の中古文学史
• The History of Classical Japanese Literature

• 中古 (時代区分)
• Chuko (periodization)

• 新刊書店、中古書店
• Bookstores handling new books, and bookstores handling pre-owned books

• 中古品を買いに行く
• junk

• 安い中古品を売る店
• a shop that sells cheap secondhand goods

• 中古三十六歌仙の一。
• He is regarded as one of the medieval 36 Immortal Poets.

• （→日本の中古文学史）
• (See Japanese medieval literary history)

• 中古三十六歌仙の一人。
• She is one of the Chuko Sanjurokkasen (medieval 36 Immortal Poets).
• She is regarded as one of the Medieval 36 Immortal poets.
• He was one of the Chuko Sanjurokkasen (medieval 36 Immortal Poets).
• He is counted among the medieval 36 Immortal Poets.
• He was regarded as one of the medieval 36 Immortal Poets.
• She was regarded as one of the medieval 36 Immortal Poets.
• He is regarded as one of the Chuko sanjurokkasen (medieval 36 Immortal Poets).
• He was one of the medieval 36 Immortal Poets.

• 中古のレース用の車だ。
• -- a second-hand racer.

• 四帖目第五通「中古已来」
• The fifth letter of the fourth collection 'chukoirai'

• この中古車は売り物です。
• This used car is for sale.

• 私には中古車も買えない。
• I can not afford to buy a used car.

• 彼は中古車を扱っている。
• He deals in used cars.

• 彼が中古マンションを探す。
• He looks for used condominium.

• 太郎は先週中古車を買った。
• Taro bought a used car last week.

• 彼は、中古を買うことを好む
• he prefers to buy secondhand

• 私は、中古を買うことを好む
• I prefer to buy second hand

• 彼は中古の品を売っていた。
• who sold second-hand articles,

• 中古品を値段を下げて売る店
• a shop that sells secondhand goods at reduced prices

• この中古車の価格は手ごろだ。
• The price of this used car is reasonable.

• この中古車は新車同様である。
• This used car is as good as new.

• 長能も中古三十六歌仙の一人。
• Nagato is also regarded as one of the Chuko sanjurokkasen.

• 彼は中古車を買ったばかりです。
• He has just bought a used car.

• 中古車にしては、値段が幾分高い。
• The price is kind of high for a used car.

• 私の中古車は１００ドルで売れた。
• My old car brought me $100.

• 代わりに、私たちは中古車を買える
• alternatively we could buy a used car

• 私は再中古のニュースを手に入れた
• I got the news thirdhand

• 彼は中古車を買うべきだったのに。
• He should have bought a used car.

• 中古三十六歌仙の一人藤原長能の姉。
• She was the older sister of FUJIWARA no Nagato, one of the medieval 36 Immortal Poets.

• 中古車にしてはこの値段はやや高い。
• The price is kind of high for a used car.

• その中古の冷蔵庫はひどい代物だった。
• That used refrigerator was a real dog.

• 廉価品や中古品のストリートマーケット
• an open-air street market for inexpensive or secondhand articles

• 中古三十六歌仙・女房三十六歌仙の一人。
• She was one of the medieval 36 Immortal Poets and the 36 Immortal Lady Poets.
• She is regarded as one of the Chuko sanjurokkasen (medieval 36 Immortal Poets) and one of the Nyobo sanjurokkasen (36 Immortal Lady Poets).

• ジョンが中古車を買ったのは先週であった。
• It was last week that John bought a car.

• 父は六歌仙・中古三十六歌仙の一人文屋康秀。
• His father was FUNYA no Yasuhide, who was one of the Rokkasen (six best waka poets) and one of the Chuko sanjurokkasen (the Medieval 36 Immortal Poets).

• 棟梁も中古三十六歌仙の一人に選ばれている。
• Muneyana was also selected as one of the Chuko sanjurokkasen.

• トムは彼にその中古車を買わないよう忠告した。
• Tom advised him not to buy the secondhand car.

• 中古車ディーラーが販売のために車を展示する駐車場
• a parking lot where a dealer in used-cars displays cars for sale

• 兄は中古車を買ったので、それはあまり高くなかった。
• My brother bought a used car, so it was not very expensive.

• 私は中古車を買う余裕がない、まして新車は買えない。
• I can't afford to buy a used car, much less a new one.

• 日蓮の本仏思想は、中古天台思想の影響といわれている。
• It is said that Nichiren's belief in honbutsu was affected by Chuko Tendai Shiso (literally, thought of half-old Tendai sect doctrine.)

• 彼らは、中古車のいんちき商品を私に売りつけようとした
• they tried to sell me a bill of goods about a secondhand car

• あそこの販売店で、中古の日産を２０万円で売ってくれた。
• The dealer gave an old Nissan to me for 200,000 yen.

• 中古車を下取りしてもらい新車を購入する、車を買い換える
• trade in an old car for a new one

• 新しい接地面を与えるために改造された中古自動車のタイヤ
• a used automobile tire that has been remolded to give it new treads

• このため、近年では「中古」という語を用いない傾向にある。
• It is for this reason that there is a tendency to avoid the use of the word 'chuko.'

• 私には中古車も買えない。まして、新車を買う余裕などない。
• I can't afford to buy a used car, much less a new one.

• 現在では中古後期を代表する作り物語として評価されている。
• Nowadays, it is considered a fictional story that represents the latter Heian period.

• 女流歌人で中古三十六歌仙の一人藤原道綱母は異母姉にあたる。
• His elder paternal half-sister was the mother of FUJIWARA no Michitsuna, who is regarded as a female waka poet and one of the Chuko sanjurokkasen (medieval 36 Immortal Poets).

• 『中古治亂記』には、1501年（文亀元年）に、南蛮国から伝来。
• 'Chuko Chiranki' mentions that guns were introduced into Japan in 1501 from Western Europe.

• 書籍の帯と同様、中古での売買時には欠損している事が珍しくない。
• Like obi for books, it is not unusual for them to be lost on the second-hand market.

• 私は中古車を買う余裕などなく、ましてや新車などはもってのほかだ。
• I can't afford to buy a used car, much less a new car.

• 中世日本語は中古日本語からの9種類の動詞の活用を全て継承している。
• Middle Japanese succeeded all of the nine types of verb conjugation from Early Middle Japanese.

• そのため中古店では帯の有無で買取価格、販売価格が異なる場合が多い。
• Because of that, most of the time, the price of buying and selling changes according to with or without obi in second-hand stores.

• これに影響されて、中古三十六歌仙や女房三十六歌仙などが後世にできた。
• Influenced by the Thirty-six Master Poets, other master poet designations such as the Medieval 36 Master Poets and Nyobo sanjurokkasen (Thirty-six female poets of Nyobo sanjurokunin utaawase) were established later on.

• 中古期における『源氏物語』の影響は大まかに2期に区切ることができる。
• The influence of 'The Tale of Genji' in the old and middle times can be roughly divided into two terms.

• 秀吉の命により太平記の続書として長編歴史書「中古日本治乱記」を執筆。
• He worked on writing a full-length history book called 'Chuko Nihon Chiranki' (literally, the History of Peace and War of medieval Japan) which was commissioned by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI because Hideyoshi wanted a book sequel to Taiheiki (The Record of the Great Peace).

• その一方和歌には巧みであり、中古三十六歌仙の1人としても知られている。
• On the other hand, he was good at making waka poems (31-syllable Japanese poems) and known as one of Chuko sanjurokkasen (the Medieval 36 Immortal Poets).

• 大和物語（やまとものがたり）は、平安時代に成立した中古日本の物語である。
• Yamato Monogatari (literally, 'Tales of Yamato') is a story of the Middle Ages of Japan, written in the Heian period.

• また、道綱母も中古三十六歌仙の一人であり、女房三十六歌仙の一人でもある。
• Michitsuna's mother was also one of the medieval 36 Immortal Poets and one of the 36 Immortal Lady Poets.

• ラテンアメリカ人で、米国で中古品を買い、ラテンアメリカに持って行って売る
• a Latin American who buys used goods in the United States and takes them to Latin America to sell

• 『落窪物語』は『源氏物語』に先立つ中古の物語で、『枕草子』にも言及がある。
• 'Ochikubo monogatari' is a tale of from Japan's Middle Ages that precedes 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of Genji) and is also mentioned in 'Makura no Soshi' (the Pillow Book).

• 日本文学史においては「中古六歌仙」・「中古三十六歌仙」などの語が存在する。
• In Japanese literary history, the word chuko is used in the 'Chuko Rokkasen' (six Japanese poets presented in the prelude of Kokinshu, A Collection of Ancient and Modern Poetry in the early Heian period) and the 'Chuko Sanjurokkasen' (Thirty-six Japanese poets of Nochi no Rokurokusen selected by FUJIWARA no Norikane).

• メキシコ政府は１９９８年型の中古車以外の中古車の輸入を禁止すると発表した。
• The Mexican government announced the banning of all imports of second-hand cars, except for 1998 models.

• 子に中古三十六歌仙の一人在原元方・藤原滋幹母（ふじわらしげもとのはは）がいる。
• His children include one of the Chuko sanjurokkasen (medieval 36 Immortal Poets) ARIWARA no Motokata and the mother of FUJIWARA no Shigemoto.

• また、中古日本語においては/kw,gw/のような唇音化した子音も用いられていた。
• Furthermore labialized consonants such as/kw, gw/ were also used in Early Middle Japanese.

• 当時の公式文書は漢文であったが、平仮名の中古日本語による表現が盛んにはじまった。
• Although the official documents during this period continued to be written in Chinese prose, expressing things in Early Middle Japanese, using hiragana, started to become popular.

• あのカーデイラーはこの中古のトヨタが調子がいいなどと、まんまと一杯くわせやがった。
• That car dealer gave me a bum steer when he told me this used Toyota was in good condition.

• 中古日本語から受け継がれた形容動詞の活用の種類は2つある。ナリ活用、タリ活用である。
• There are two types of conjugations of adjective verbs which was inherited from Early Middle Japanese.

• 父は中古三十六歌仙の一人在原棟梁で、六歌仙・三十六歌仙の一人在原業平は祖父にあたる。
• His father was one of the Chuko sanjurokkasen (medieval 36 Immortal Poets) ARIWARA no Muneyana, and his grandfather was ARIWARA no Narihira who was one of Rokkasen (six best waka poets) and one of the Sanjurokkasen (36 Immortal Poets).

• 『落窪物語』（おちくぼものがたり）は、10世紀末頃に成立したとされる中古日本の物語である。
• 'Ochikubo monogatari' (The Tale of Ochikubo) is a tale of Japan's middle ages, which reportedly originated around the end of the tenth century.

• 朝廷などで公私の用向きに充てる新規の和紙や中古和紙である漉返紙（宿紙）などの製造にあたった。
• It produced new paper for public or private use in the Imperial Court, and recycled paper called sukigaeshi-gami (paper made from dissolved old paper), or shuku-gami.

• 『源氏物語』に比肩する中古文学の双璧として、後世の連歌・俳諧・仮名草子に大きな影響を与えた。
• Together with 'The Tale of Genji,' this book is considered one of the twin masterpieces of Heian literature, and it had a great influence on the Renga (linked verse), Haikai (seventeen-syllable verse), and Kanazoshi (old stories witten in the kana script) that followed.

• 彼のけちなおやじさんがメリーズ・レーンで中古の店をやってた時のことを忘れてやがるんだなあ。」
• I suppose he forgets the time his little old father kept the hand-me-down shop in Mary's Lane.'

• 現象そのものは古くから知られており、またそれを防ぐ火入れも日本酒の歴史中古から行なわれていた。
• This phenomenon itself has been known from ancient times, and the heating process to prevent it has been done from the Middle Ages (the times around the Heian period) in the history of sake.

• このため中古車両は日本国外、ミャンマーで見られる程度であり、日本国内には売却されることはない。
• Therefore, those used buses are only found outside Japan (for example, in Myanmar) and are never sold in Japan.

• 武奈ヶ岳は、奥比良の他の山岳同様、中古生層にあり、砂岩や泥岩等の堆積岩により形成された露頭である。
• Same as other mountains in Okuhira, Mt. Bunagatake is in middle-paleozoic strata and is an outcrop which is composed of sedimentary rocks such as sandstones, mudstones and so on.

• リグ・ヴェーダでは最勝なる性愛の義に使用されたが、中古以来、恐るべき鬼神として認められるようになった。
• Though Ashura was used for the strongest sexual justice in The Rig-Veda, it has been recognized as an awful Kijin (fierce god) since the Middle Ages (the times around the Heian period).

• 箸墓古墳（はしはかこふん、箸中山古墳とも）は、奈良県桜井市箸中に所在する箸中古墳群の盟主的古墳である。
• Hashihaka-kofun Tumulus (also called Hashi Nakayama-kofun Tumulus) is the leading kofun (tumulus) of the Hashinaka-kofun Tumuli Group in Hashinaka, Sakurai City, Nara Prefecture.

• 宮前古墳群から阿武隈川を挟んで西側に拡がるのが矢吹町の鬼穴古墳群・弘法山古墳群と、谷中古墳群などである。
• Oniana tumuli, Koboyama tumuli, and Yanaka tumuli are located in a wide area in the Yabuki-machi Town on the west side of the Miyamae tumuli across the Abukuma-gawa River.

• また、上代・中古・中世・近世・近現代という区分けには研究者によって異論もあり、中古を設定しない場合もある。
• In addition, there are some scholars who differ on opinions about the categories of Jodai (until the Nara period), Chuko (in and around the Heian period), medieval, early modern, modern, and present, and in some cases Chuko is not used at all.

• 無名草子は散逸物語の研究資料としてのみならず、中世初期に於ける人々の中古文学享受史が伺える貴重な作品である。
• Mumyo Zoshi is a valuable literary work not only for research on scattered and lost tales but also for understanding how people in the early Medieval Period accepted the Heian literature.

• 連体形で文を終止することは、上代日本語にも中古日本語にも会話文を中心に見られるが、室町時代にはほぼ一般化した。
• Both in Old Japanese and in Early Middle Japanese a sentence was sometimes terminated with an attributive form, especially in conversation, and such usage was generalized almost completely in the Muromachi period.

• 中古三十六歌仙（ちゅうこさんじゅうろっかせん）とは、藤原範兼の『後六々撰』に載っている和歌の名人36人の総称。
• The Medieval 36 Immortal Poets is a collective term for the 36 master poets of waka included in 'Nochi no Rokurokusen' (an anthology of poems collected by FUJIWARA no Norikane) compiled by FUJIWARA no Norikane.

• 中世日本語（ちゅうせいにほんご）とは、中古日本語と近世日本語の間に位置する、日本語の発展における一段階である。
• Middle Japanese is a stage in the development of the Japanese language located between Early Middle Japanese and Early Modern Japanese.

• 中古（ちゅうこ）とは、時代区分に用いられる表現の1つで、上古・中古・近古の三分法を用いた際の2番目に相当する。
• Chuko (Middle Ages) is a word used to represent a time period, and is the second of the three words: joko (ancient times), chuko (middle ages), and kinko (early modern age).

• 日本の中古文学史（にほんのちゅうこぶんがくし）は、中古 (時代区分)（およそ平安時代）の日本文学の歴史である。
• Classical Japanese literature (Chuko Bungaku) refers to literature written in the Chuko (middle-older) era of Japanese history, especially that of the Heian period.

• 中古までの連体形終止には余情・余韻が感じられたが、中世に一般化すると終止形終止の機能と変わりのないものになった。
• Until Early Middle Japanese a sentence terminated with an attributive form produced suggestiveness and a lingering feeling, but it became almost the same as a sentence terminated with an end-form after termination with an attributive form was generalized in Middle Japanese.

• 中古三十六歌仙の一人に数えられ、42首の小柄な家集『清少納言集』（歌数は異本による。流布本では31首）が伝わる。
• She was one of the medieval 36 Immortal Poets, and her 42 poems were collected in 'Collection of Sei Shonagon' (the number of collected poems depends on the ihon (alternative version) (for example, the rufubon (type of manuscript) contains 31 poems).

• 戦争からの開放感もあり、「占領軍ファッション」として中古アメリカ衣料への傾倒が起こり、戦後初めての流行感覚が生まれた。
• With the feeling of having been liberated from the war, people became attached to the old American clothes and the 'occupation force fashion' occurred, which was the first fashion trend after the war.

• 新古今時代（しんこきんじだい）とは、文学の区分のことで平安文学（中古文学）と鎌倉文学（中世文学）の間の移行期に当たる。
• The Shinkokin period is a literary period that refers to the era of transition from Heian literature (literature in Chuko) to Kamakura literature (medieval literature).

• 中古三十六歌仙の一人として知られ、勅撰和歌集（『古今和歌集』、『後撰和歌集』、『拾遺和歌集』）に17首が入首している。
• He was known to be one of the Chuko Sanjurokkasen and had seventeen of his waka poems in Chokusen wakashu (anthology of Japanese poetry compiled by Imperial command) ('Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), 'Gosen Wakashu' (the second of the Imperial anthologies of classical Waka poetry), and 'Shui Wakashu' (Collection of Gleanings of Japanese Poems)).

• 妻は紫式部の夫山城守藤原宣孝の娘（紫式部の娘か否かは不明）で中古三十六歌仙のひとり上東門院中将をもうける（中古歌仙伝）。
• He was married to a daughter of FUJIWARA no Nobutaka, who was Yamashiro no kami (the governer of Yamashiro Province) and the husband of Murasaki Shikibu (the author of the Tale of Genji) (although it is not known whether she was her mother), and had a child, Jotomonin no chujo, who was selected as one of Chuko sanjurokkasen (36 great waka poets, who had been not been chosen as 36 Great Poets by Fujiwara no kinto, or those of later times).

• 火入れの技法は、室町時代に書かれた醸造技術書『御酒之日記』にもすでに記載され、中古から畿内を中心に行なわれていたことがわかる。
• The hiire technique was already described in 'Goshu no Nikki' (literally, 'diary of sake'), which is the technical guidebook for sake brewing written during the Muromachi period and we can know that this technique was used since the medieval times in the area centering on the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara).

• 左方に小野小町から相模までの中古歌人を、右方に式子内親王から藻壁門院少将までの中世初頭の歌人を配し、一人三首ずつ対戦させる形式。
• In this contest, the poets of the Heian period (from ONO no Komachi through Sagami) were deployed on the left-hand side and the poets of the beginning of the medieval period (from Imperial Princess Shokushi through Sohekimon-in no Shosho) were deployed on the right-hand side, and then three poems were selected per poet to have them compete against each other.

• 相模（さがみ、生没年不明、長徳四年頃（998年？） - 康平四年（1061年）以降か）は、11世紀初頭の女流歌人で、中古三十六歌仙の一人。
• Sagami (dates of birth and death unknown, 998? - after 1061) was a female poet in the early eleventh century, and one of the medieval 36 Immortal Poets.

• 中古三十六歌仙と呼ばれる和歌の名人三十六撰に、大江氏から大江千里 (歌人),大江匡衡,大江嘉言,女性からは和泉式部,赤染衛門らが選出されている。
• Thirty-six excellent waka poets called 'chuko-sanjurokkasen,'OE no Chisato (wakanpoet), OE no Masahira, OE no Yoshitoki, and from ladies, Izumi Shikibu, Akazome Emon, were chosen from the Oe clan.

• 中古中期における『源氏』受容史の最大の特徴は、それが『源氏』の文体、世界、物語構造を受継ぐ諸種の作品の出現をうながしたところにあるといえるだろう。
• The biggest characteristic in the history of acceptance for 'The Tale of Genji' at the midpoint of the medieval ages could be that it encouraged the emergence of certain kinds of works that inherited its style, world and narrative structure.

• 貴醸酒は、国立醸造試験所が、日本酒中古の日本酒古文書『延喜式』（927年）に記されている宮内庁造酒司による古代酒の製法「しおり」をもとに考案した。
• The concept of kijoshu sake was conceived by the National Brewery Institute based on an ancient description of Japanese sake written by a brewery master of the Sake Brewery Division of the Imperial Household Agency that appears in a legal document of the Heian period, 'Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) (published in 927).

• 「清少納言枕草子者、中古文学之遺風、日本語之俊烈也。并義於紫式部源氏物語、尤当閲翫之者也」で始まる「延宝二年七月十七日甲寅北村季吟書」の跋を持つ。
• The book has an epilogue written by Kigin KITAMURA on August 18, 1674 which begins 'Sei Shonagon, the author of Makura no Soshi, was a genius of Heian literature and the Japanese language. She was greatly admired by Murasaki Shikibu, author of Genji Monogatari.'

• 上記全集には『日本文化史研究』、『支那絵画史』、『支那史学史』、『支那目録学』、『支那上古史』、『支那中古の文化』、『支那近世史』などが収められている。
• The Complete Works mentioned above contained the following: 'A Study on Japanese Cultural History,' 'History of Chinese Painting,' 'History of Chinese Historical Study,' 'A Study of Chinese Bibliography,' 'History of Chinese Ancient Times,' 'Culture of the Middle Ages of China,' and 'The Early Modern Times of China.'

• 中古三十六歌仙の一人、小倉百人一首にもその歌が収められている、平安時代を代表する歌人である和泉式部にふさわしく、日記のなかに和歌の贈答の場面が頻出している。
• Izumi Shikibu, whose poem is included in the Ogura Anthology of One Hundred Poems by One Hundred Poets, is one of the Medieval Thirty Six Immortal Poets (the thirty-six major poets selected by FUJIWARA no Norikane in the middle of the Heian period), and her diary includes many correspondence of waka (traditional Japanese poems of thirty-one syllables), reflecting her talent as one of the greatest poets of the Heian period.

• 「達（ダチ）」を「ダル」と読むのは中古漢語の入声tが朝鮮語漢字音で流音lに変化したため達datは朝鮮半島でdalに変わり、その音が日本に伝わったためとされる。
• It is considered that the reason for reading '達' ('dachi') as 'daru' is that the nissho (one of the four tones in Chinese) 't' of kango (words of Chinese origin) which was used in the Middle Ages changed into the liquid 'l' in the Korean pronunciation of kanji (based on adopted Chinese pronunciations), and 達 'dat' changed into the sound 'dal' in the Korean Peninsula on its way to Japan.

• かつては個人商店や小規模な食品スーパーと、国道1号線沿線にガソリンスタンド・中古車販売店がいくつかあるくらいで、商業面が弱く、宇治市や京都市に多く依存していた。
• Commerce used to be weak due to the existence of only noncorporate stores, small-scale food supermarket, gas stations and used car dealerships along National Route 1, and used to rely heavily on Uji City and Kyoto City.

• これは中古日本語から受け継がれた統合の結果であるが、子音の後にこれらが続く場合にどのように発音されたのかはいまだ明らかでなく、更なる議論が待たれるところである。
• This is a result of the integration derived from Early Middle Japanese, but it is still unclear and remains to be further discussed how those vowels were pronounced when they followed consonants.

• 特徴としては、平仮名・片仮名の発明で中古日本語の表記が容易になったことによる、和歌・日記・物語文学の隆盛、官衣束帯の登場（官服の国風化）、寝殿造の登場などがある。
• It is characterized by the following: the prosperity of waka, diaries, chronicles, which occurred because description of ancient and medieval Japanese became easier following the invention of hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) and katakana (one of the Japanese syllabaries); the appearance of Kan-i-sokutai (official uniform in aristocratic culture), and the appearance of Shinden-zukuri style (architecture representative [characteristic] of a nobleman's residence in the Heian period).

• 先行する数多の漢文学、仮名文学双方を踏まえた紫式部による『源氏物語』は、中古の文学の代表作とも言うべき長大な作品で、以降の日本の文学史全体に強い影響を与えている。
• 'The Tale of Genji' by Murasaki Shikibu, which was written under the influence of many of the preceding literary works in both Chinese and kana, can be said to be a masterpiece of classical Japanese literature and has had a great influence on the entire history of Japanese literature.

• 京阪神緩行線もセミクロスシートの51, 70系であれば互角の勝負を挑めるが、中古の63系上がりの72系では、整備の行き届いた広軌63系の山電700系にも及ばなかった。
• The Keihanshin Local Line could have competed with them if type 51 and 70 cars equipped with semi-cross seats had been used, but type 72 cars converted from second-hand type 63 cars were inferior to even broad-gauge 63 cars and Sanden 700 series cars that were well maintained.

• それによると「神道にあらず儒道にあらず仏道にあらず、神儒仏三道融和の道念にして、中古以降専ら武門に於て其著しきを見る。鉄太郎（鉄舟）これを名付けて武士道と云ふ」とある。
• It was written 'It is neither Shinto nor Confucianism and Buddhism. It is a concept harmonizing those three ways of thoughts. Since the Middle Ages it has flourished among samurai families. I, Tetsutaro (Tesshu) name it as Bushido.'

• 更に、前方後円墳の最古級に属する箸墓古墳を含む纏向古墳群（箸中古墳群）を別にすれば、少し後からの築造と考えられている大和・柳本を合わせて大和・柳本古墳群とすることができる。
• Furthermore, excluding the Makimuku tumulus group (or also called Hashinaka tumulus group) that includes the Hashihaka tumulus, one of the oldest keyhole-shaped tumuli, the two groups of Oyamato and Yanagimoto, which are considered having been constructed later, can be integrated into the Oyamto/Yanagimoto tumulus group.

• 中古三十六歌仙の一人に列せられるが、『中古歌仙三十六人伝』には「後拾遺集目録云、号廬主云云」（後拾遺集目録に云はく、廬主と号すと云々）としか記されておらず、詳細は未詳である。
• Although he was included in the 'Chuko Sanjurokkasen' (thirty-six poets selected by FUJIWARA no Norikane), 'Chuko Kasen Sanjuroku-nin Den' only recorded that 'it is written in 'Goshuishu Mokuroku' as his pseudonym is Ionushi,' and the details are not known.

• 1978年10月のダイヤ改正の際に、新造車と大阪環状線の予備T及び山手線の中古Tcに明石の予備車を活用して7連×2本+予備4両1編成（計18両）を編成、通勤時の輸送力増強を図った。
• At the time of timetable revision in October 1978, JNR tried to increase the transportation capacity during commuting hours by organizing two sets of seven-car trains with an extra set of four-car train (total eighteen cars), composed of newly built cars plus existing cars like the extra trailer coach on the Osaka Loop Line, a used Tc transferred from the Yamanote Line and an extra car from Akashi Depot.

• 中古日本語から中世日本語への変化の過程で、/i/ と /wi/の統合、/e/ と /ye/ と /we/ の統合、/o/ と /wo/ の統合が起こったため、ワ行は下記の通りとなる。
• As/i/ was unified with/wi/,/e/ and/ye/ with/we/, and/o/ with/wo/ in the process of transition from Early Middle Japanese to Middle Japanese, WA-row sounds were as follows:

• また、火入れの技法そのものは中古からあったものの、それを施さなかったときに起こる腐造のことを火落ち、あるいはそれを起こす菌を火落ち菌と呼ぶようになったのは、このころ以降のことである。
• In addition, although the technique of pasteurization itself had been used since the Middle Ages, it was after this period when putrefaction, which occurred when pasteurization was not done, became to be called hiochi and the bacteria which caused it came to be called hiochi bacteria.

• 「物語批評」では源氏物語の各巻や登場人物、印象的な場面に関する短評を先頭に、『狭衣物語』『夜半の寝覚』『みつの浜松（浜松中納言物語）』『とりかへばや物語』ら中古の作り物語についての議論を交わす。
• The 'Critique of Monogatari' starts with a short review of chapters, characters, and impressive scenes of 'The Tale of Genji,' followed by discussions of tsukuri monogatari' (fictional tales) in the Heian Period, such as 'Sagoromo Monogatari' (The Tale of Sagoromo), 'Yowa no Nezame' (Awaken at the midnight), 'Mitsu no Hamamatsu' (Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari [The Tale of Hamamatsu Chunagon]), and 'Torikaebaya Monogatari' (The Changelings).

• このときやってきた編成は京阪神緩行線初の全車中古編成で、MM2ユニットとT、西明石側のTcは山手線からの流れ組、京都側のTcはクハ101改造のクハ103-2052と、見事なまでの中古車揃いだった。
• At that time, the Keihanshin Local Line received for the first time a train set of only used cars, consisting of two MM-units and one Trailer, of which the Tc directed to Nishi-Akashi had been used on the Yamanote Line and the Tc directed toward Kyoto was a Kuha type 103-2052 car converted from original Kuha type 101.

• すでに真夏の兆しがロードハウスの屋根に現れ、それからリペアガレージ（一種のガソリンスタンド、修理・中古車販売なども請け負う）の正面でもまた、真新しいガソリンポンプが光のプールに浸っている姿が見られた。
• Already it was deep summer on roadhouse roofs and in front of wayside garages, where new red gas-pumps sat out in pools of light,

• 王朝国家体制期は、通常古代の末期に位置づけられるが、分権的な中世の萌芽期と位置づけることも可能であり、古代から中世への過渡期と理解されている（日本文学史研究においては「中古」という表現も用いられている）。
• Although the dynasty system is usually placed as having existed during the end of ancient times, it is also possible to place it during the early years of the middle age having a decentralized system and it is generally accepted as a transient period from the ancient period to the middle age (the expression 'Chuko' (literally, middle old) is used in the historical study of Japanese literature).

• 『みかきが原』『あさくら』『海人の藻塩火』のごとき散逸物語はいうまでもなく、『夜の寝覚』『浜松中納言物語』のように不完全な姿で伝来する物語の欠巻を補うのに役立ち、『無名草子』と共に中古作り物語の研究資料として貴重。
• This collection is a useful supplement to incomplete extant stories such as 'Yoru no nezame' and 'Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari (The Tale of Hamamatsu Chunagon),' not to mention stories such as 'Mikakigahara,' 'Asakura,' and 'Amabito no moshiobi' that had been scattered and ultimately lost, and this fact makes Fuyo Wakashu a valuable document for the study of fictional stories in the Middle Ages (the times around the Heian period) together with 'Mumyo Zoshi (Story Without a Name).'

• こうしたことから翌年の中央本線瑞浪電化で70系をほとんど根こそぎ大垣運輸区に転出させた一方で（サハ58は岡山に転出）、代わりに京浜東北線から大量の中古72系を受け入れて、昼間時の着席サービスを犠牲にすることでラッシュ時の輸送力増強を図った。
• Under such circumstances, the Osaka Railway Bureau transferred most of the type 70 cars to Ogaki Transportation Depot when the Chuo Main Line was electrified in Mizunami City (Saha 58 cars were transferred to Okayama) in the following year while receiving many second-hand type 72 cars from the Keihin-Tohoku Line, and enforced the transport capacity during rush hours at the expense of the number of seats to be provided to passengers during the daytime.

• なお、用紙は職事蔵人がいつ勅旨を受けても対応できるように、またあくまでも勅旨伝達は口頭であり口宣は覚書（メモ）として作成されるという性格により、製造が簡便である中古紙を再生した宿紙を用いるのが例とされ、後に書式の一環として定着するようになった。
• In order to make the shikiji, kurodo always prepared for the imperial order and because the imperial edict was entirely conveyed verbally and the kuzen was made just as a memorandum (memo), the custom was established using sheets of shukushi (also referred to as sukushi), which was simply made by recycling used paper -- That choice of paper formed a part of the document standards later on.

• その理由は、明治政府の雇った鉄道建設担当の英国人技師レイが詐欺まがいの人物で、それまで南アフリカ共和国の鉄道で使われていて、不要になってインドに当時置かれていた中古品（線路・車両）を使って鉄道を安上がりに建設して、私腹を肥やそうとしたからともいわれる。
• The reason for this is said to be that a British railroad construction engineer called Ray who had been employed by the Meiji government engaged in fraudulent practices, scheming to line his own pockets by reducing costs through the use of used and unnecessary equipment (tracks and carriages); this equipment were being stored in India at that time, but had been used in the Republic of South Africa prior to that.

• それによると「神道にあらず儒道にあらず仏道にあらず、神儒仏三道融和の道念にして、中古以降専ら武門に於て其著しきを見る。鉄太郎（鉄舟）これを名付けて武士道と云ふ」とあり、少なくとも山岡鉄舟の認識では、中世より存在したが、自分が名付けるまでは「武士道」とは呼ばれていなかったとしている。
• According to this, 'it is not Shinto, not Confucianism, not Buddhism, but the concept which mixes these three and since ancient and medieval times it has excelled only in military art; Tetsutaro (Tesshu YAMAOKA) called it bushido' and at least from the viewpoint of Tesshu YAMAOKA, it had existed since the medieval times but he said that it was not called 'bushido' until he named it.

• 後世においては製造に高度な技術を必要として製造経費もかかる白紙ではなく、低廉で非常時の綸旨発給に備えやすい中古紙からの再生紙である薄墨紙（宿紙/漉返紙）が用紙として用いられるようになり、後に綸旨には薄墨紙用いる事を書式とする慣例が成立したために、薄墨紙を「綸旨紙」、綸旨自体を「薄墨綸旨」と呼ぶ例も見られるようになった（ただし、天皇から蔵人頭・蔵人以外の官人（弁官など）に対して作成・発給が命じられた場合には薄墨紙は用いられていない）。
• In the later age, usuzumi gami (gray paper) (shukushi (recycled paper) or sukigaeshi gami (paper made from dissolved paper), recycled paper made from used paper, which was inexpensive and easy to be stocked for urgent issuance of rinji, came to be used instead of white paper whose manufacturing cost was expensive because an advanced technique was required for manufacturing, and thereafter it became a custom to use usuzumi gami for rinji as a documentary format; therefore, in some cases, usuzumi gami was called 'rinji gami' (rinji paper), and rinji itself was called 'usuzumi rinji' (however, usuzumi gami was not used for rinji which was created and issued by the Emperor to government officials (esp. low to medium rank) (such as benkan, etc.) other than Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) and Kurodo).