両替: 212 Terms and Phrases

• 両替
• change
• money exchange
• Ryougae
• Money changing;
• Exchange of money
• Money exchange business;
• Bureau de Change

• 再両替
• reconvert

• 両替機
• money-changing machine

• 両替商
• money-exchange business
• moneychangers
• Money Changer

• 両替所
• exchange counter (office)
• money exchange
• charge booth

• 両替人
• money exchanger

• 両替町
• Ryougaechou
• Ryougaemachi

• 元両替
• Motoryougae

• 両替屋
• money-exchange shop

• 両替町通
• Ryougaechoutoori
• Ryogaemachi-dori Street

• 元両替町
• Motoryougaechou

• 両替天秤
• Exchange Balances

• 再両替する
• reconvert

• 両替手数料
• commission for an exchange

• 烏両替室衣
• Karasu-Ryogae-Muro-Koromo

• 両替町久田家
• The Ryogae-machi Hisada family

• 通貨両替日時
• Currency conversion date

• E. 両替
• At the Money Exchange

• 両替商の株組織
• Guilds of Money Changers

• 江戸時代の両替商
• Money Changers in the Edo Period

• 両替町久田家歴代
• History of the Ryogae-machi Hisada family

• 現金に両替できない
• not convertible to cash

• 両替にかかる手数料
• a fee charged for exchanging currencies

• 両替したいんですが。
• I'd like to change some money.

• 両替所はどこですか。
• Where is the money exchange counter?

• 外貨両替を扱う両替商
• Foreign Exchange Dealers

• 日本円を両替できますか
• Excuse me. Can you exchange Japanese yen here?

• 後に両替商も開業する。
• He later started money-exchange business.

• 両替町通 - 諏訪町通
• Ryogaemachi-dori Street -- Suwancho-dori Street

• 日本国外における両替商
• Money Changers outside Japan

• 両替業務を行う者への準用
• Application, Mutatis Mutandis to Those Engaged in Money Exchange Business

• 彼は銀行に行き両替した。
• He went to the bank and changed his money.

• 両替所はどこにありますか。
• Where can I find a place to change money?

• 円をドルに両替できますか。
• Can I exchange yen for dollars here?

• これ、両替してくれますか。
• Could you change these for me, please?

• この辺に両替所はありますか。
• Is there a money changer around here?

• 1万円をドルに両替してください
• Please exchange 10 thousand yen into dollars.

• 彼に両替を頼んだらしてくれた。
• He accommodated me when I asked him for change.

• これをドルに両替してください。
• Please change this to dollars.

• ペソを両替して欲しいんですけど。
• I'd like to change these pesos, please.

• どのように両替いたしましょうか。
• How do you want them?

• どこで円をドルに両替できますか。
• Where can I exchange yen for dollars?

• 私は銀行で円を少しドルに両替した。
• I exchanged some yen for dollars at the bank.

• 今日の両替のレートはいくらですか。
• What's today's exchange rate?

• 両替・預金業務も行うようになった。
• This developed into exchange and deposit operations.

• 両替人の金を散らし、その台を倒した。
• He scattered the coins of the money-changers and overturned their table.

• 横浜にて一年間生糸商・両替商を営む。
• He carried on the raw silk trade and the money-exchange business for a year in Yokohama.

• このお札を両替してくださいませんか。
• Could you change this bill, please?

• どこでドルをポンドに両替できますか。
• Where can dollars be exchanged for pounds?

• これをアメリカドルに両替してください。
• Can you change this into American dollars?

• 本人確認義務の対象とならない小規模の両替
• Small Money Exchange Exempted from the Obligation to Identify Customers, etc.

• 日本円をアメリカドルに両替してください。
• Please change this Japanese yen to U.S. dollars.

• 物質の純度または有効性を減少させる両替屋
• a changer who lessens the purity or effectiveness of a substance

• この円の現金を、ドルに両替してください。
• I'd like to change yen to dollars.

• 私のドルをポンドに両替してくださいませんか？
• Could you convert my dollars into pounds?

• このトラベラーズチェックを両替してください。
• I'd like to cash a travelers' check.

• サリーは２０ドル紙幣を５ドル紙幣に両替した。
• Sally exchanged a twenty-dollar bill for five-dollar bills.

• 彼は20ドルを両替し、タクシー運転手へ支払った
• he got change for a twenty and used it to pay the taxi driver

• どこか行く前に、いくらかお金を両替しないとね。
• Before we go anywhere, we should exchange some money.

• 同じ様な両替商は、日本以外の国々にも存在した。
• Similar money changers existed in courtiers other than Japan.

• １万円札を５０ペンス硬貨に両替してくれませんか。
• Can you exchange a 10000 yen note into 50 pence coins?

• 同価値の別の通貨に両替または交換することができない
• incapable of being exchanged for or replaced by another currency of equal value

• （紙幣について）所有者の意向では硬貨に両替できない
• (of paper money) not convertible into coin at the pleasure of the holder

• 両替商の信用を下に貨幣が流通した当時の状況が窺える。
• This gives a glimpse of the situation at the time in which coinage was circulated on the exchangers' credit.

• 現在の日本の銀行の多くは江戸時代の両替商が前身である。
• Most of the present Japanese banks derived from money changers in the Edo period.

• このため、大量に溶解して銅材とし、両替を拒んだのである。
• That is why people refused exchanging old money, and rather preferred to melt them down into copper products.

• このため銀座の所在地はしばしば両替町と呼ばれるようになる。
• The locations of Ginza were often called 'Ryogae-cho' (a town of exchange).

• 藩札は、貞享・宝永・天明・升屋札・両替所札などがあげられる。
• Issued han bills included Jokyo, Hoei, Tenmei, Masuya and Ryogaejo bills.

• 日本における両替商は室町時代を発端として江戸時代に確立した。
• The Japanese exchange business that first appeared in the Muromachi period was established in the Edo period.

• 京都の青木家に生まれたが、伊勢の両替商中川家の養子となった。
• He was born in the Aoki family in Kyoto, but was adopted by the Nakagawa family, who owned money-exchange business in Ise Province.

• 4代不及斎の長男の宗玄は両替町に移り両替町久田家を起こした。
• Sogen, the eldest son of Fukyusai, the fourth grandmaster of the Hisada family, relocated to Ryogae-machi, and established the Ryogae-machi Hisada family.

• 現代では主に、空港などで外貨の両替を行う店舗および窓口を指す。
• In modern times the money changer mainly refers to stores and windows at airports that handle foreign money exchange.

• 両替町通（りょうがえまちどおり）は京都市内の南北の通りの一つ。
• The Ryogaemachi-dori Street is a street running north-south through Kyoto city.

• 標準の正金に両替できないが、政府が法定貨幣であると宣言するお金
• money that the government declares to be legal tender although it cannot be converted into standard specie

• 外国通貨と自国通貨の両替のみならず振替業務や貸付業務も行った。
• Besides exchanging foreign currencies for domestic currencies or vice versa, they handled money transfer and lending.

• 続いて古代ギリシア・古代ローマの都市において両替商が出現した。
• Then, in the cities of ancient Greece and Rome money changers emerged.

• 銭貨は時の銭相場に応じて両替商に売却されることにより発行された。
• Coins were issued by selling them to ryogaesho (money exchangers) in accordance with their current market value.

• また金座および銀座周辺では両替商が集中し、金銀の売買が行われた。
• Around the Kinza (where gold coins were minted, appraised and traded) and Ginza where money changers concentrated, gold and silver were traded.

• 銀行の地図記号は江戸時代の両替商で用いられた分銅の形に由来する。
• The map symbol for the bank is drawn from the shape of a counterbalance used by the money changer in the Edo period.

• 本両替を利用したのは大名、有力商人など大口取引を行う者に限られた。
• Major customers of honryogae exchangers were limited to feudal lords and powerful merchants who handled large-amount transactions.

• 町人などが一般に利用したのは脇両替すなわち銭屋（ぜにや）であった。
• The common people such as the merchant class used wakiryogae exchangers or 'zeniya.'

• なお、この町会所の実際の管理・運営は勘定所御用両替商があたっていた。
• The control and management of this machi-gaisho was carried out by the official exchangers licensed by the finance ministry.

• 南鐐二朱銀および一分銀を小判へ両替する場合などにこの逆打が見られた。
• The reverse commission was often required for the exchange of Nanryonishugin silver or ichibungin silver for kobans.

• 唐から宋 (王朝)にかけて、金銀鋪・兌房と呼ばれる両替商が成立した。
• Money changers called 金銀鋪 (dealers of gold and silver coins) and 兌房 (dealers of copper coins) came into existence under the Tang and the Song Dynasty.

• これには大型の針口天秤（はりぐちてんびん）（両替天秤）が用いられた。
• A large balance for exchange known as 'hariguchi tenbin' was used to weigh the tsutsumigin packets.

• そうしないと出国時に余剰の貨幣を再両替することができないこともある。
• In failing to do so, they may not be able to change surplus money back into their own currencies when they leave the countries.

• 秤量銀貨の量目を定め、包封することは両替商の重要な仕事のひとつである。
• Deciding the ryome of silver-by-weight coins and packing them in bags was one of the important jobs for money-exchangers.

• 今回、まだ両替していなかったので、日本円を人民元に替える必要があった。
• This time I hadn't converted my money yet, so I needed to change Yen into Yuan.

• 三組両替および番組両替には酒屋および質屋などを兼業するものも多かった。
• Many mikumi and bangumi exchangers often ran liquor shops or pawnshops.

• そこで1～2%程度の手数料を徴収して両替を行う商売が成立することになる。
• Thus, the exchange business that changed money for a 1 or 2 percentage commission came into existence.

• 更に10世紀に遠隔地商業網が再建されると再び両替商の役割が大きくなった。
• In the 10th century the money changer played a more important role as the commercial network was rebuilt between Europe and remote places.

• 幕府の経済政策に協力する義務を負い両替屋仲間の監督機関の役割を果たした。
• They were responsible for cooperating with the shogunate's economic policy and supervised the other exchangers.

• このため、この橋はポン・ド・シャンジュ（両替橋）と呼ばれるようになった。
• That is why the bridge came to be called the Pont de Change (the Bridge of Exchange).

• 両替商で用いられた分銅は両が基本単位であり、匁は補助的な単位となっている。
• The money-exchange business used the ryo as the basic unit of the balance weights, with using the monme as a supplementary unit.

• 中世後期になると、フランドル・カタルーニャ州・スイスにも両替商が勃興した。
• In late medieval times, money changers appeared in the Flanders, Catalonia and Switzerland.

• 外国為替公認銀行及び両替商の報告に関する政令（昭和二十四年政令第三百七十七号）
• Cabinet Order concerning Report by a Certified Foreign Exchange Bank or a Money Exchanger (Cabinet Order No. 377 of 1949)

• 小判、丁銀および銭貨を手数料を取って交換、売買すなわち両替した商店から始まった。
• It began with stores where 'koban' (oval gold coins), 'chogin' (silver coins) and copper coins were exchanged for a commission and were traded, that is, changed for other currencies.

• そこで江戸幕府は取り扱う両替商および商人への南鐐二朱銀に対する優遇措置を行った。
• So the Edo bakufu (shogunate) gave priority to exchangers and business people who dealt with Nanryo Nishu Gin.

• そして、宮の中に、牛や羊や鳩を売るもの達と両替人達が座っているのをご覧になった。
• In the temple courts he found men selling cattle, sheep and doves, and others sitting at tables.

• フランスでは1141年にパリの両替商・金銀細工師をグラン・ポン橋の周辺に集めた。
• In France the money changers and gold- and silversmiths were gathered around the Grand-pont in 1141.

• 延享3年（1746年）、廻船業・両替商の桑山昌澄の子として紀伊国和歌浦に生まれる。
• He was born in 1746 in Wakanoura in Ki Province the son of Masuzumi KUWAYAMA the owner of a small cargo vessel and money lender.

• 銀錠と銅銭の交換を専門に行う銭荘・銀楼などと呼ばれる両替商も出現するようになった。
• Money changers, known as 銭荘 (Qian-zhuang) or 銀楼, who specialized in exchange between silver sycee and copper coins appeared.

• 「両替」という言葉は両替商で一両小判を秤量銀貨や銭貨に換（替）えたことに由来する。
• The Japanese word 'ryogae' (exchange) came from changing (in Japanese, 'kae' or 'gae') 1 ryo of koban at an exchange house into various other coins, such as hyoryo ginka and the copper coin.

• 京都銀座では常是屋敷は両替町御池の北東側角にあり、銀座役所はその北側に隣接していた。
• In Kyoto-ginza, the Jouze estate is located at the northeastern corner of Ryogaecho-oike, with the ginza office adjoining it to the north.

• この若狭野浅野氏は大坂の両替商の天王寺屋などが引請人となった銀札、銭匁札を発行した。
• Undertaken by the Tennoji-ya money exchanger in Osaka, this Wakasano-Asano clan issued gin-satsu and senme-satsu.

• 木綿・呉服のほか、材木・紙・酒を扱った伊勢商人がおり、金融業・両替商となる者もいた。
• While some Ise shonin dealt in wood, paper, and sake besides cotton and kimono fabric, some of them started finance businesses and exchange shops.

• 小銭が足りないときには、運転手の横の両替機で1000円以下の紙幣と硬貨が両替できる。
• When more small change is needed, one can change a \1000 note into coins or a coin into smaller ones with the money changer placed beside the bus driver.

• 国によっては入国時に公認両替商で両替を行い両替証明書を発行してもらわないといけない。
• In some countries the travellers need to exchange money at an authorized foreign exchange dealer to obtain a certificate of exchange when they enter the countries.

• しかし幕府は慶長小判回収を促進するため、二朱金への両替は元禄金に限るという策を講じた。
• However, bakufu took a measure to allow only Genrokukin at currency conversion to Nishukin to encourage collection of Keicho koban.

• 江戸時代以前には、灰吹銀および極印銀が、鋳造者である富商や両替商の極印によって流通した。
• Before the Edo period, refined silver coins and hallmarked silver coins were circulated with the hallmarks of wealthy coiners and money-exchange businessmen.

• これらの貨幣には金座および銀座による極印以外に両替商極印が多数打たれたものが見受けられた。
• Many of these coins were hallmarked by the Kinza and Ginza as well as money changers.

• 祐忠の子祐滋（別の子で千橘とする説もある）は改易後、京に出て萬屋の屋号を用い両替商となった。
• His son, Sukeshige (or Senkitsu), went to Kyoto and became a Yorozu-ya (a money changer).

• 法第二十二条の三に規定する政令で定める小規模の両替は、二百万円に相当する額以下の両替とする。
• The small money exchange specified by Cabinet Order as prescribed in Article 22-3 of the Act shall be money exchange not more than the amount equivalent to two million yen.

• 両替商（りょうがえしょう）とは、両替および金融を主な業務とする商店あるいは商人のことである。
• A money changer is a store or merchant who mainly deals with changing money and finance.

• 明治時代以降は両替商は銀行として金融業務を行うようになり、この銀行を両替商という場合もある。
• In the Meiji period and onwards the money changers began to deal with banking business as banks, which are sometimes called 'money changers.'

• すなわち南鐐二朱銀の小判および丁銀への両替に対し、2割5分の増歩を要求するというものであった。
• They asked for a 25% fee when exchanging Nanryo Nishu Gin to Koban and/or Chogin.

• 南ドイツのフッガー家や北イタリアのメディチ家は、両替商から銀行家へと発展した典型的な例である。
• The Fugger family in South Germany and the Medici family in North Italy are the typical examples of the money changers who later became bankers.

• 日本国内では以前、外国為替および外貨両替を扱うことができるのは外国為替公認銀行に限られていた。
• In former times only the authorized foreign exchange banks were allowed to handle foreign exchange and foreign money exchange in Japan.

• 本両替商は江戸では本両替仲間、大坂では十人両替仲間を形成し、金相場会所いなどについて協定した。
• Main exchangers formed the 'Honryogae Nakama' (Association of Main Exchangers) in Edo, the 'Junin Ryogae Nakama' (Association of 10 Exchangers) in Osaka, and each agreed on gold exchange rates, etc.

• こうした通貨間の交換を図るために9世紀にはサッラーフ（şarrāf）と呼ばれる両替商が成立した。
• In the 9th century money changers called 'sarraf' came into being to facilitate the exchange of such foreign currencies.

• また外国人の1ドル銀貨から一分銀への両替要求が多額に上ったため、開港場では一分銀は瞬く間に払底した。
• Furthermore, ichibu-gin silver coins got scarce at the treaty ports in no time because foreigners demanded exchanges of so many one-dollar silver coins into ichibu-gin silver coins.

• 両替という言葉は、一両小判を、丁銀、豆板銀すなわち秤量銀貨に、また銭貨に換（替）えたことに由来する。
• The term 'money changer' derives from the fact that a one-ryo gold koban was exchanged for 'shoryo' silver coins whose values were determined by equivalent standard weight of silver and which included chogin and 'mameitagin' (small silver coins), or for copper coins.

• 金銀貨の両替や米・綿・油などの商品の取引相場を定めて取引を行う、取引所・事務所としての役割を果たした。
• Kaisho served as an exchange market and a trading office, where the exchange market rate was determined for exchanging gold and silver currencies and the trading of such as commodities as rice, cotton and oil was undertaken.

• 外国人大使らは一年間にこのような両替を5～6サイクル程繰り返し、利益を上げることが可能であったという。
• It is said that foreign ambassadors could make profits by repeating such cycles of exchange five to six times a year.

• 両替商・その他商人は贋金による取引を一切禁じる（贋金が鋳造・流通している事実を内外に正式に公表する）。
• Money-exchange business and other exchanges by merchants using counterfeit money is strictly forbidden (the fact that Japan was coining and circulating counterfeit money would be announced to Japan and foreign countries).

• 大坂で本格的な両替商を始めて創業したのは慶長年間の天王寺屋五兵衛によるものというのが通説となっている。
• As has been commonly assumed, a person called Gohei of Tennojiya was the first to start fully-fledged exchange business in Osaka during the Keicho era.

• 同じ頃、北イタリアの都市国家は独自貨幣を発行するようになり、都市間の貨幣の交換を行う両替商が生まれた。
• At about the same time city states in northern Italy began to issue their own currencies, giving rise to the money changer who changed a city's currency for another's.

• 日本国外においては古くから国境を越えた交易が盛んであり、外貨両替、金融などを扱う両替商が多く存在した。
• Outside Japan where cross-border transactions flourished from ancient times, there were many money changers who dealt with foreign money exchange and finance.

• 三千家の縁戚として表千家の茶を業とする高倉久田家と、久田流（ひさだりゅう）を称する両替町久田家とがある。
• There are the Takakura Hisada family, who were tea masters of the Omotesenke school under the Sansenke (three houses of Sen, [Omotesenke, Urasenke and Mushakojisenke]), and the Ryogae-machi Hisada family, called the Hisada school.

• 伏見桃山駅（ふしみももやまえき）は、京都府京都市伏見区両替町4丁目にある、京阪電気鉄道京阪本線の鉄道駅。
• Fushimi-momoyama Station, located in 4-chome, Ryogae-machi, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture, is a railway stop on the Keihan Main Line of Keihan Electric Railway.

• なお、ヨーロッパではマルコ (福音記者)が両替商の守護聖人として彼らの間で崇敬を集めていたとされている。
• In Europe Mark (the Evangelist) has been venerated as the guardian saint of the money changers.

• 前項の規定は、郵政官署又は本邦において新法第二十二条の三第一項に規定する両替業務を行う者について準用する。
• The provision of the preceding paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis to the postal service office or a person who engages, in Japan, in Money Exchange Business prescribed in Article 22-3, paragraph (1) of the New Act.

• さらに地方の都市にも開業されるようになり、大坂の両替商を中心に互いに連絡を取り合い三貨制度の発達に貢献した。
• Exchangers also started business in provincial cities, keeping close contact mostly with those in Osaka and contributing to the development of the tri-metallic monetary system.

• 永銭勘定自体は両替商等でも一般に使用されたが、紙幣の額面として用いられている点はこの地域に特有の特徴である。
• The Eisen-kanjo procedure itself was generally used, for example, by money exchangers, but it was a feature specific for this area in that the procedure was used for expressing the monetary worth of paper money.

• しかし両替商にとって、この金銀含有量は大変重要な情報であり、密かに分析が行われ商人の知るところとなっていた。
• However, the rate of containment for gold and silver was very important information for money changer, and it was analyzed in secret, and the mechants knew the result.

• 慶長17年（1612年）に駿府銀座の機能は江戸へ移転したが、この地は現在静岡市葵区両替町として名残を有する。
• The functions of Sunpu-ginza moved to Edo in 1612, but the name remains in the location as Ryogae-cho, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka City.

• 現在は両替町通御池通上ルに「此附近 二条殿址」、室町通御池上ルに「二条殿御池跡」と彫られた石碑が建っている。
• Now, there is a stone monument at Ryogaemachi-dori Oike Agaru with the words 'Near Here are The Ruins of Nijo-dono' carved on it; another one at Muromachi-dori Oike Agaru that says 'Nijo-dono Oike Remnants.'

• 改易後、京に出て萬屋平右衛門として両替商となり成功を収め、寛文年間以降は陣屋を預けられるほどの豪商となった。
• After the forfeit, he went up to Kyoto and he became a successful money changer, naming himself Heizaemon YOROZUYA, and since the Kanbun era (1655-1672), he had grown up to be such a wealthy merchant that he took charge of jinya (regional government office).

• 大坂の脇両替は十人両替とは独立して仲間組織を結成し、三郷銭屋仲間（北組・南組・天満組）と南仲間両替があった。
• Independently of the Junin Ryogae, wakiryogae exchangers in Osaka formed two nakama-soshiki unions, the Sango Zeniya Nakama (Union of Copper Exchangers in Sango, i.e., Group Kita, Group Minami and Group Tenman) and the Minami Nakama Ryogae (Union of Exchangers in Minami).

• イタリアの両替商はイングランド・フランドル・シャンパーニュなどヨーロッパ経済の先進地帯や主要都市に進出をした。
• Italian money changers went to more economically advanced areas or major cities in Europe such as England, Flanders and Champagne.

• このため、大阪（大坂）の両替商などの経営に大打撃を与え、近代金融資本への転換における大きな足枷の1つになった。
• This gave great damage to management of Osaka merchants, which became a heavy burden for shifting towards modern financial capital.

• 後世の両替商はこうした業者が後述の三貨制度の確立によって両替の分野にも関わるようになったものと考えられている。
• These money dealers, precursors to the later money changers, came to enter the exchange business after the sanka seido or tri-metallic monetary standard was established, as mentioned below.

• 久田流を称して主に東海地方に広まるが、その一方両替町住邸は元治元年（1864年）の兵火により焼失して現在に至る。
• He named his school the Hisada school, and actively spread his teachings throughout the Tokai region; however, in 1864 the residence in Ryogae-machi was consumed in a fire caused by a war, and has not been rebuilt to this day.

• 諏訪町通（すわんちょうどおり）は両替町通を南へ延長した線上にあり、北は高辻通から南は東本願寺の北端の花屋町通まで。
• Suwancho-dori Street, located along the southern extension of the Ryogaemachi-dori Street, runs from Takatsuji-dori Street in the north to Hanayacho-dori Street at the northern end of Higashihongan-ji Temple in the south.

• しかし、戦後もフィリピンや香港で日本軍が発行した軍票に強制的に両替させられた住民による、戦後補償を求める訴えがある。
• However, even after the WWII, in the Philippines and Hong Kong, some residents who were forced to change their money into the Japanese military currency demanded individual compensation from the Japanese government.

• 一方、少額貨幣を高額貨幣に両替する場合の手数料が高額貨幣からの手数料より高くなる場合は逆打（ぎゃくうち）と呼ばれた。
• If, however, a commission for changing smaller currencies for a larger one is higher than one for exchanging a large currency for small ones, it was called 'gyakuuchi' (reverse commission).

• しかし両替商にとって、この金銀含有量は重要な情報であり、試金石などを用いて分析が行われ、商人の知るところとなっていた。
• However, the exchangers analysed it using touch stone because the imformation of the contained amount of gold and silver was important for them, and it came to merchants' knowledge.

• その後、寛文8年（1668年）には6人に倍増し、同10年（1670年）には10人となり、十人両替仲間を形成するに至った。
• Their number increased to 6 in 1668 and to 10 in 1670 at which point they formed the Junin Ryogae Nakama.

• 丁銀、豆板銀による大口取引は秤量の煩わしさを伴うことから両替商を通じて行われる手形による信用取引は不可欠なものとなった。
• Credit transactions made through bills issued by exchangers were indispensable for large-amount transactions in chogin and tobangin which required the cumbersome valuation of silver by weight.

• そして牛、羊、はとを売る者や両替する者などが宮の庭にすわり込んでいるのをごらんになって、 (ヨハネによる福音書 2:14)
• He found in the temple those who sold oxen, sheep, and doves, and the changers of money sitting. (John 2:14)

• このように国内に三種類の通貨が同時に流通することとなり、これらの取引を円滑に行うためには、これらの通貨間の両替が必要となる。
• In this way the three types of currencies were circulated in the country at the same time, and therefore, cross-currency exchange was required to facilitate the currency transactions.

• なわでむちを造り、羊も牛もみな宮から追いだし、両替人の金を散らし、その台をひっくりかえし、 (ヨハネによる福音書 2:15)
• He made a whip of cords, and threw all out of the temple, both the sheep and the oxen; and he poured out the changers' money, and overthrew their tables. (John 2:15)

• 以後、両替商で用いられる分銅は後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、これ以外のものの製作および使用は不正を防止するため厳禁とされた。
• And thereafter, Shirobei GOTO family was only allowed to produce fundo (counterweight) used at an exchange house, and the production and use of other kinds of fundo was prohibited strictly for the prevention of illegal exchange.

• その他、戦国時代 (日本)より現れた両替商兼銀細工師である銀屋（ぎんや）が各地で極印銀を鋳造し、銀座はこうした業者から成立した。
• Ginza was also formed by 'ginya,' money changers who were also silver craftsmen and minted hallmarked silver coins in various parts of the country, starting in the Sengoku Period.

• 内陸部にあって陸上流通の拠点の1であるとともに、若狭湾から琵琶湖や淀川など経る内水系流通経路にあって両替商などの金融業も発達した。
• The city functioned as a commodities' distributing center by land due to its inland location, and enjoyed the growth of the financial industry, such as the money changers, taking advantage of the river routes connecting from Wakasa Bay to Lake Biwa and Yodogawa River.

• 両替屋は大坂に本店を置くことが多く本両替が発達し、江戸は支店が多く脇両替が多く見られ、京都はその中間的な性格を持っていたといわれる。
• Many exchangers had their headquarters in Osaka where honryogae developed, and branches in Edo where many wakiryogae were found, while Kyoto was somewhere between the two.

• 香港では中国中に流通していた日本軍の軍票が一挙に流入させられたため、前述のように強制的に両替させられた住民は大きな経済的損害を受けた。
• Since Hong Kong had to accept the Japanese military currency circulated in China a brust, the residents who were forced to change their currency into the Japanese military currency were financially damaged.

• 法第二十条第三号又は第四号に規定する対外支払手段又は債権その他の売買契約の締結（法第二十二条の三に規定する両替業務に係るものを除く。）
• Conclusion of a sales contract for the means of payment or claims or another sales contract as prescribed in Article 20, item (iii) or (iv) of the Act (excluding those pertaining to money exchange business as prescribed in Article 22-3 of the Act)

• その結果、藩札は大坂の両替商の関与を断たれ、桜井谷陣屋の米奉行が発行し、豊嶋郡の領内有力農民が銀穀方として運用する形態が幕末まで続いた。
• As a result, the currency exchangers in Osaka stopped supporting the domain's han bills, so their han bills were issued by a kome bugyo (commissioner of rice) of Sakuraidani jinya and were circulated as 'ginkokukata' by influential peasants in the territory of Teshima-gun until the end of the Edo period.

• この両替に用いられる天秤は、承応2年（1653年）に世襲的特権を与えられた、京都の天秤座（はかりざ）で製作されたもののみ使用が許された。
• The balances allowed to be used for this type of exchange were those produced by Hakariza in Kyoto that received a hereditary privilege in 1653.

• 銀品位の分析では試金石は役に立たないが、銀座の銀見役、両替商など熟練者は、表面の錆色、割れ目などに見られる共晶組織から品位を判断したという。
• The quartz was not useful in the analysis of karat of silver, but those who were well versed in it such as appraiser of silver and money changer determined the karat by eutectic composition that was seen in rust on the surface and crack.

• 武蔵国岡部藩（のち三河国半原藩）では、摂津国の飛地領で、大坂堂嶋御用場の出入り両替商加嶋屋熊七、天王寺屋彦十郎が引請人となった銀札を発行した。
• Okabe Domain of Musashi Province (later Hanbara Domain of Mikawa Province) issued a ginsatsu guaranteed by Kumashichi KASHIMAYA and Hikojuro Tennojiya, the money exchangers who had business with Osaka Dojima Goyoba, in the detached territory of Settsu Province.

• 空港などにおいて、主に入国者および出国者を対象に、2国間の通貨を手数料を徴収して、為替相場に応じて外貨両替を行う窓口または店舗を両替商と呼ぶ。
• A money changer is a window or store at an airport that exchanges the currency of one country for that of another at exchange rates on behalf of those who leave or arrive at the country for a commission.

• このため、中国の条約港で流通している銀貨を日本に持ち込んで金に両替し、再び中国に持ち帰り銀に両替するだけで、一攫千金濡れ手で粟の利益が得られた。
• As a result, merely by bringing some of the silver circulating in the treaty port of China into Japan and exchanging it for gold and then taking that gold back to China and exchanging it for silver, people had found a very easy way by which to get rich quick.

• 旧法第十五条に規定する外国為替公認銀行又は両替商が施行日前に行った旧法の適用を受ける業務に係る同条の規定による報告については、なお従前の例による。
• With regard to reports pursuant to the provision of Article 15 of the Old Act pertaining to business to which the Old Act is applicable, which has been conducted by certified foreign exchange banks or money exchangers prescribed in Article 15 of the Old Act prior to the Date of Enforcement, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• この様な貨幣は市場に出ると当時としては余にも高額なものであったため、金屋および銀屋などの両替商に持ち込まれ、銭貨に替えて使用されることが多かった。
• Once these coins entered the market, many of them were taken to money changers, such as gold shops or silver shops, and converted to senka (base metal coins) for use, as the precious metals were worth more than their money value.

• 堺の両替商、湯浅作兵衛に命じて取り仕切らせ、頭役には、末吉氏の末吉利方(平野(末吉)勘兵衛利方)と子の末吉吉康（吉安）(末吉孫左衛門吉康)がなった。
• There, he ordered the Sakai money changer Sakubei YUASA to supervise the operation, which was headed Yoshikata SUEYOSHI (Kanbei Yoshikata HIRANO (SUEYOSHI) and his son Yoshiyasu (Saemon Yoshiyasu SUEYOSHI).

• しかし、小判と丁銀相互の変動相場制による両替を元に利益を上げていた両替商にとって南鐐二朱銀の発行は死活問題であり、両替商の抵抗は激しいものであった。
• For money exchangers however, who were making profit from the flexible rate between Koban and Chogin, the issue of Nanryo Nishu Gin was a matter of life and death and was feircely opposed.

• 政府は東西の市司に命じて物価を統制し、銭の価値を高く固定しようとしたが、このことはかえって安く仕入れた中国銭を素材に両替詐欺まがいの行為を助長させた。
• Then government had ordered its ichi-no-tsukasa (governmental organization) to regulate prices of commodities for fixing at high the value of currency, but as a result, such initiation of the government helped to increase fraudulent acts of money-exchange by using cheap coins made and used in China.

• 平成10年（1998年）4月の「外国為替及び外国貿易法」の改正により規制が緩和され、一般企業でも外国為替および外貨両替を扱うことができるようになった。
• After 'The Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law' was revised in April 1998, the former restriction was lifted, enabling any commercial company to deal with foreign exchange and foreign money exchange.

• また、振り手形（現在の小切手に相当）の形式で、発行藩及び取引先両替商の信用の元で不特定多数に流通できるよう藩札用の小型で厚手の和紙で作製したものもあった。
• Moreover, some han bills were used as a form of furi-tegata (equivalent to a modern cheque), which were made from small thick Japanese paper to be circulated among the general public under the credibility of issuers (domains) or money-exchangers.

• しかしながら、高額貨幣は、東日本は金貨（小判）が、西日本は銀貨（丁銀）が流通の基本となっており、その相場も日々変動したため、両替商などの金融業を発達した。
• However, in the eastern Japan gold coins (koban) were circulated as large denomination coins, while in the western Japan, silver coins (chogin), and the exchange rate fluctuated on a daily basis, the financial industry including money brokers developed.

• この各地銀座所在地の両替町という名称は諸国の銀山より産出される灰吹銀を、銀座が公鋳の丁銀を以って買い入れることを南鐐替（なんりょうがえ）と称したことによる。
• The name Ryogae-cho found in various ginzas is due to the fact that cupellated silver from various silver mines in the country was purchased by each ginza with the officially minted chogin silver, and this trade was named Nangyo-gin silver exchange.

• 日本で外貨両替を扱っているのは、主に銀行および空港などの両替窓口であるが、海外ではこれに加えて大都市および観光地などでも両替商を多く見かけるのが一般的である。
• While banks and exchange bureaus at airports mainly handle foreign money exchange in Japan, foreign exchange dealers are also found in major cities and sightseeing spots outside Japan.

• 銀屋（ぎんや/かなや/かねや）あるいは銀吹屋（ぎんふきや）と呼ばれた銀地金の売買および精錬などを手掛ける者が現れ、後の銀座 (歴史)および両替商の前身となった。
• Ginya (also known as Kanaya, or Kaneya) who dealt with the silver ingot trade and Ginfukiya, silver refiners, appeared and became the predecessor of the later Ginza (silver mint) and money-exchange businesses.

• むしろ、陸上・海上交通によって自国・外国間の貨幣の流入・流出が盛んであったヨーロッパ・イスラム世界・中国などでは日本よりも以前から両替商の活動が記録されている。
• Rather, in Europe, Islamic world and China where currencies frequently came to and went from the countries through land and sea traffic, the records of money changers' activities predated those of the Japanese counterpart's.

• 例えば「売上四分、買上八分」すなわち、両替商が南鐐二朱銀を売るとき買手に一両当り銀四分を与え、買上げるときは南鐐二朱銀の売り手から銀八分を徴収するよう取り決めた。
• For example, it was '4 bun when selling, 8 bun when buying' which means when money changers sell Nanryo Nishu Gin silver coins they would give 4 ichibu gin coins per ryo (0.6%) to the buyers but when they were buying they charged 8 ichibu gin coins (1.2%) to the sellers of Nanryo Nishu Gin.

• このように八重崎検校の音楽的功績は多大であるが、金銭には疎く清貧な生涯を送ったことが知られ、質素な生活ぶりで、京都の両替商万屋がパトロンとして八重崎を支えていた。
• The musical achievement of Kengyo YAEZAKI was huge like this, but allegedly he was ignorant of money and led a life of honorable poverty and austerity and was supported by the money changer Yorozuya as a patron in Kyoto.

• 結果的にほとんどの藩が蔵屋敷を設置し、江戸よりも幕府による制約が少ない大坂に資金調達先が求められ、大坂の蔵元・掛屋・両替商などが大名貸の有力な担い手となっていった。
• As a result, domains sought for financial sources in Osaka, where most domains held their kurayashiki (warehouse-residence) and there were fewer restrictions from the bakufu than Edo, and therefore, kuramoto, kakeya, and ryogaeshou (merchants in banking business) in Osaka became powerful in the Daimyogashi business.

• 寛文5年（1665年）に度量衡の「衡」が統一され、両替商で用いられる分銅は後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、これ以外のものの製作および使用は不正を防止するため厳禁とされた。
• In 1665, the Japanese weight units were standardized, and thereafter, Shirobei GOTO and his descendants monopolized the right to produce counterweights used at an exchange house, and the production and use of other kinds of counterweights were prohibited strictly for the prevention of illegal exchange.

• 徳川幕府の中枢が移るに従い駿府にも銀座が設けられ、さらに慶長13年（1608年）に伏見銀座は京都両替町、続いて慶長17年（1612年）に駿河銀座は江戸新両替町に移された。
• The location of the ginza moved with the transition of power of the Tokugawa shogunate, with ginza created in Sunpu, followed by Fushimi-ginza in Kyoto Ryogae-cho in 1608 and Suruga-ginza in Edo Shinryogae-cho in 1612.

• このため外国人大使は1ドル銀貨をまず一分銀3枚に交換し、両替商に持ち込んで4枚を小判に両替して、国外に持ち出し地金として売却すれば莫大な利益が得られるというものであった。
• As a result, foreign ambassadors could make a large profit by first exchanging a one-dollar silver coin into three ichibu-gin silver coins, further exchanging four ichibu-gin silver coins into koban at ryogaesho (money exchangers), taking koban out of Japan and selling them as bare metal.

• 慶長17年（1612年）に駿府銀座より移転し、通町京橋 (東京都中央区)より南へ四町までを拝領して、既に江戸金座が本両替町と呼ばれていたことから、この地を新両替町と称した。
• Sunpu-ginza was moved Edo in 1612, to occupy the 4 town blocks south of Torimachi Kyobashi (Chuo-ku Tokyo), which was then called Shin-ryogae-cho, because there already was Hon-ryogae-cho where Edo-kinza was located.

• 備後国備後福山藩では、通説よりも早い寛永7年（1630年）に、当時の藩主であった水野勝成が領内の殖産興業のために領内の両替商を発行元に藩札を発行したとの記述が地元の書籍にある。
• A local book states that Katsunari MIZUNO, who was the lord of Bingo-fukuyama Domain of Bingo Province at that time, introduced han bills issued by currency exchangers in the domain in 1630 (earlier than common belief) for the purpose of promoting the industry in the domain.

• この寳永通寳は量目二匁五分程度すなわち寛永通寳2枚半程度の銅銭であり、また金銭の計算に不便であったことなどから市場での評判はすこぶる悪く、両替商も苦情を申し立てる始末であった。
• This kaneitsukan was a copper coin whose weighted value was 2.5 monme, that was 2 pieces and a half of kaneitsukan, and it was inconvenient for calculation of money, which means that it had a bad reputation where money changer complained.

• それから、イエスは宮にはいられた。そして、宮の庭で売り買いしていた人々をみな追い出し、また両替人の台や、はとを売る者の腰掛をくつがえされた。 (マタイによる福音書 21:12)
• Jesus entered into the temple of God, and drove out all of those who sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the money changers' tables and the seats of those who sold the doves. (Matthew 21:12)

• もともと政府の設定した銭の価値に問題があり、新銭の価値が10倍である根拠がなかったため、市民からみれば、貯蔵している旧貨が両替によって10分の1に減ることは、大きな打撃であった。
• From the beginning, the government's way to decide a new denomination was problematic, because, for example, it made a groundless decision to fix the new money's value at 10 times the old, citizens were forced to suffer devaluation of their savings of old money to one tenth their original value.

• 19日の会談終了後、澤と大隈・伊藤は直ちに久世治作・上野景範・花房義質ら若手官僚と東京の有力両替商からなるチームを編成して全国の開港場・開市場で外国人の保有二分金の検勘を開始した。
• After the conference ended on the 19th, SAWA, OKUMA, and ITO immediately organized a team with young bureaucracy and influential money exchangers in Tokyo, and started conducting authenticity tests on foreigner's nibukin at open ports and markets.

• 諸藩における年貢米の売り上げ、物品購入代金の管理を任命された両替商、および天領である石見銀山、生野銀山などで産出される上納灰吹銀の量目を掛け改めた役職は掛屋（かけや）とも呼ばれた。
• The name given to money exchangers who were appointed to calculate the revenue from each domain's annual rice tax and to manage money for the purchasing of goods was 'Kakeya'; this name was also used for persons in charge of reapplying the ryome for cupellated silver that had been produced in the Iwami Ginzan and Ikuno Ginzan Silver Mines (which were located in lands owned by the bakufu) and paid to the authorities.

• それから、彼らはエルサレムにきた。イエスは宮に入り、宮の庭で売り買いしていた人々を追い出しはじめ、両替人の台や、はとを売る者の腰掛をくつがえし、 (マルコによる福音書 11:15)
• They came to Jerusalem, and Jesus entered into the temple, and began to throw out those who sold and those who bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the money changers, and the seats of those who sold the doves. (Mark 11:15)

• 江戸では金銀両替および金融業務を行う本両替（16人）、専ら小判、丁銀、および銭貨の両替を行う三組両替（神田組・三田組・世利組）および銭貨の売買を行う番組両替（一～二十七番）に分化していった。
• In Edo the money changers were divided into honryogae exchangers (16 people) who handled gold and silver exchange and finance, 'Mikumi Ryogae' (three groups of main exchangers consisting of Group Kanda, Group Mita and Group Seri) specializing in koban, chogin and zenika (copper coins), and 'Bangumi Ryogae' (Nos. 1 to 27) who traded in copper coins.

• 豆板銀については持ち運び可能な銀秤（ぎんばかり）により随時秤量しての支払いが可能であり、また現金を銭緡（ぜにさし）で持ち歩くよりも携帯に便利で、適宜両替商で銭貨に替えて使用するなど、重宝された。
• Mameitagin were used widely, as they enabled each payment by weighing them with a portable Ginbakari (scale for silver) and were exchanged into silver coins at money changers as needed because they were easier to carry than cash in Zenisashi (a string to bundle coins).

• 、市場に流れた場合は両替商において含有金量および需要に基づいて価格が決められ、慶長小判、一分判に対し含有金量に基づけば大凡、七両二分であるが初期の慶長年間は道具値段として八両二分が相場であった。
• In case such a coin drifted to the currency market, its value was determined at an exchange shop according to the amount of contained gold and demand for the coin, and as for Keicho Koban and Ichibuban, their value was approximately 7 ryo 2 bu according to their gold content but in the early Keicho era, the market price of Keicho Koban and Ichibuban was 8 ryo 2 bu as a coin used for rewards and gifts.

• 享保大判は慶長大判の品位に復帰するものであったが、通用が停止されていた慶長大判が両替商に持ち込まれた際の扱いについて、享保11年（1726年）4月に大岡忠相は通用を認めず潰金扱いの裁定を下した。
• Kyoho-Oban was supposed to have it's gold content equivalent to that of the Keicho-Oban, but due to the money-handler's dealing of the Keicho-Oban, which was no longer in circulation, Tadasuke OOKA did not approve it's circulation and made the decision to melt it on April 1726.

• そのため、府域が京都、東京や周辺地域と比べて最小で銀目廃止令による両替商の相次ぐ倒産に大名貸の不良債権による大阪経済の地盤沈下もあり大阪府を「府」に相応しい規模にするために行われたと考えられている。
• For that reason, it is said that Sakai was incorporated into Osaka to bring Osaka's size up to the level where it was fit to be called a 'Prefecture,' as it was the smallest in size compared to Kyoto, Tokyo or other peripheral prefectures and as the economy of Osaka had hit the bottom due to bad debts incurred by loans made to Daimyos (feudal lords) in addition to continuous bankruptcies of money-exchange businesses from the abolition of silver grain currencies.

• しかし、グレシャムの法則が働き良貨である小判の鋳造量は衰退し、市場では悪貨である二朱金および一分銀のような名目貨幣が凌駕するような状態であったため、一分銀から小判への両替には大幅な増歩が要求された。
• Based on the Gresham's law, however, the amount of mintage of koban, which was good money, was decreased and nominal coins such as Nishu kin gold and ichibu-gin silver coins, which were bad money, prevailed in the market, so a great amount of premium was demanded for an exchange of ichibu-gin coins into koban.

• ただし、「役金」には上記のものと違う意味合いで用いられる場合もあり、例えば肝煎名主への給金や両替屋への賦課、池などで漁猟をする者への「池魚役」などの賦課などで「役金」という言葉が使われる例があった。
• However, in some cases, the word 'yakukin' was used in different meanings from the above: for example, salaries paid to village and town representatives, impositions on bankers, and impositions on pond fishers as 'pond fishing charges.'

• 両替商はやがて小判および丁銀の金銀両替および、為替、預金、貸付、手形の発行により信用取引を仲介する業務を行う本両替（ほんりょうがえ）と、専ら銭貨の売買を行う脇両替（わきりょうがえ）に分化していった。
• Money changers were later divided into 'Honryogae' (main exchangers) who handled changing koban and chogin, i.e., gold and silver, money orders, deposits, lending and credit transactions agency through the issuance of credit bills, and 'Wakiryogae' (subsidiary exchangers) who specialized in copper coinage transactions.

• 小判を一分金に、あるいは豆板銀を銭に換えるなど、より使い勝手の良い小額の貨幣に両替する場合は切賃（きりちん）と呼ばれる手数料が発生し、少額貨幣から高額貨幣への両替手数料より割増されるのが普通であった。
• If a customer wants to break a koban into ichibunkin (a quarter of a koban) or tobangin into copper coins, that is, if he wants to change a large currency for smaller ones which are more usable, he had to pay a commission called 'kirichin' which was usually more expensive than one for which small change was converted into a large currency.

• 慶長期は小判師が吹屋職人を率い、各自で製造した判金を後藤役所に持参し、品位および量目（質量）を改めた上で極印の打印を受け両替商に売却することにより発行されるという、いわゆる「手前吹き」という形式であった。
• In the the Keicho Period, Kobanshi leaded Fukiya craftmen, submitting bankin (gold coins) they had made to Goto office, selling it to exchanger after correcting a carat and ryome (a weighed value) and having hallmark printed on it, which was called the form of Temaebuki.

• 慶長13年（1608年）、伏見銀座より移転し、京都の室町通と烏丸通の中間、二条通から三条通までの四町（二条下ル、押小路通下ル、御池通下ル、姉小路通下ル）に亘って拝領して設立され、この地を両替町通と称するようになった。
• Kyoto-ginza was created with the move from Fushimi-ginza in 1608 to the location between Muromachi-dori Street and Karasuma-dori Street and across 4 town blocks south of Nijo-dori Street, Oshikoji-dori Street, Oike-dori Street and Aneyakoji-dori Street, which came to be known as Ryogaecho-dori.

• 諸藩における商品調達および年貢米売却などの代金の管理、また国許および武家屋敷への送金、さらに資金が不足した場合の貸付、いわゆる「大名貸」を行う役職は掛屋（かけや）と呼ばれ、大手両替商の中から任命されることが多かった。
• A position called 'Kakeya' in domain was in charge of procuring goods, managing the proceeds from selling rice collected as annual taxes, transferring money to the countries and lords' residences, and 'daimyo-gashi' or lending money to feudal lords in case of fund shortage, and powerful exchangers were often appointed as kakeya.

• このような秤量銀貨は取引の度に秤量するという煩雑さを伴うため、銀座および両替商で賞賜目的には銀一枚（43匁）、および商取引などには500匁毎にまとめ、和紙で包み封印をした、「包金銀」の形で取引に使用されるようになった。
• Since silver by weight standard needs many works by weighing at each trade, at ginza and currency exchange, it was defined to be a piece of silver (43 momen) for giving as prize and 500 momen for trading, where it was used as 'gold and silver by wrapping' that was wrapped by Japanese paper with seal.

• 慶長13年（1608年）（慶長11年との説も有り確定的でない）大坂高麗橋東一丁目両替町に設立された銀座は、主に生野銀山および石見銀山からの灰吹銀および大坂銅吹所における粗銅からの絞銀を集積して京都の銀座に送る役割を果たした。
• The ginza located in Ryogaecho, Koraibashi-higashi 1-chome, Osaka, was established in 1608 (or 1606, according to another report) for the purpose of gathering cupellated silver from Ikuno and Iwami silver mines and silver extracted from silver ore at the Osaka Dobukijo refinery and sending them to the ginza in Kyoto.

• 更に大坂堂島米会所に所属する米仲買・米方両替である「浜方」と呼ばれる商人から、米切手を担保として融資を受ける浜方先納と呼ばれる融資を得ることもあったが、この方法は通常の大名貸の方法では融資が受けられなくなった藩が採ることが多かった。
• Besides, there was another way to borrow money on rice-check from merchants called 'hamakata' who were rice brokers in the Osaka Dojima Rice Exchange House, but it was an option for domains who could not arrange loans by a usual procedure of daimyogashi.

• 第十八条第二項から第四項まで、第十八条の二から第十八条の四まで及び前条第一項の規定は、本邦において両替業務（業として外国通貨又は旅行小切手の売買を行うことをいう。）を行う者が顧客と両替（政令で定める小規模のものを除く。）を行う場合について準用する。
• The provisions of paragraphs 2 to 4 inclusive of Article 18, Articles 18-2 to 18-4 inclusive, and paragraph 1 of the preceding article shall apply mutatis mutandis to cases where those engaged in money exchange business (meaning buying and selling foreign currencies or traveler's checks in the course of trade) in Japan exchange money (excluding small money exchange specified by Cabinet Order) with customers.

• 開港場では6月2日より1ドル銀貨との引き換えが始まったが、この二朱銀は開港場のみでしか通用せず、もともと日本国内全般に含有銀量の多い二朱銀を流通させることが困難であり、一般に流通しているのは依然一分銀であったため、国内では一分銀に両替しないと通用しないと定められた大凡貨幣としての機能を欠くものであった。
• These Nishu gin silver coins started to be exchanged with one-dollar silver coins at treaty ports on June 2, but they could be used only in those ports and lacked functions of a common currency because they had to be exchanged into ichibu-gin silver coins for domestic use, for it was difficult to distribute Nishu gin silver coins, which contained comparatively much silver, all over Japan in the first place, and ichibu-gin silver coins were still generally in circulation.

• 第五条の規定の施行の際現に同条の規定による改正前の外国為替及び外国貿易管理法第十条第三項（同法第十四条第二項において準用する場合を含む。）の規定による外国為替業務若しくは両替業務を営む営業所の名称若しくは位置の変更の許可を受けている者又はその申請を行っている者は、第五条の規定による改正後の外国為替及び外国貿易管理法第十条第四項（同法第十四条第二項において準用する場合を含む。）の規定による届出を行ったものとみなす。
• Any person who has actually obtained or applied for a permission to change the name or location of a business office wherein he/she operates foreign exchange business or money exchange business pursuant to the provision of Article 10, paragraph 3 of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act prior to the revision by Article 5 (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 14, paragraph 2 of the said act) at the time of the enforcement of the said article shall be deemed to have given a notification pursuant to the provision of Article 10, paragraph 4 of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act revised by Article 5 (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 14, paragraph 2 of the said act).

• この政令施行の際現に効力を有する改正前の外国為替銀行及び両替商の報告に関する政令、輸出貿易管理令、輸入貿易管理令、外国為替管理令又は日本国とアメリカ合衆国との間の安全保障条約第三条に基く行政協定の実施に伴う外国為替管理令等の臨時特例に関する政令に基く外国為替管理委員会規則若しくは総理府令、大蔵省令、通商産業省令又は総理府令、通商産業省令は、この政令施行後は、改正後の外国為替銀行及び両替商の報告に関する政令、輸出貿易管理令、輸入貿易監理令、外国為替管理令又は日本国とアメリカ合衆国との間の安全保障条約第三条に基く行政協定の実施に伴う外国為替管理令等の臨時特例に関する政令に基く相当の主務省令若しくは大蔵省令若しくは通商産業省令又は大蔵省令、通商産業省令としての効力を有するものとする。
• The Order Concerning Reports of Foreign Exchange Banks and Money Exchangers, the Export Trade Control Order, the Import Trade Control Order, the Foreign Exchange Control Order, or the Foreign Exchange Control Commission Rules, Ordinance of the Prime Minister's Office, Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance or Ordinance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry based on the Cabinet Order Concerning Temporary Special Provisions of the Foreign Exchange Control Order, etc., upon Implementation of the Administrative Agreement under Article III of the Security Treaty between Japan and the United States of America, or an Ordinance of the Prime Minister's Office or Ordinance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, all of which are effective at the time of enforcement of this Cabinet Order and have not yet been revised, shall be effective, after the enforcement of this Cabinet Order, as the Order Concerning Reports of Foreign Exchange Banks and Money Exchangers, the Export Trade Control Order, the Import Trade Control Order, the Foreign Exchange Control Order, or the relevant ordinance of the competent ministry, Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance or Ordinance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry based on the Cabinet Order Concerning Temporary Special Provisions of the Foreign Exchange Control Order, etc. upon Implementation of the Administrative Agreement under Article III of the Security Treaty between Japan and the United States of America, or an Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance or Ordinance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, all of which have been revised.

• この政令施行の際現に効力を有する改正前の外国為替銀行及び両替商の報告に関する政令、輸出貿易管理令、輸入貿易管理令、外国為替管理令又は日本国とアメリカ合衆国との間の安全保障条約第三条に基く行政協定の実施に伴う外国為替管理令等の臨時特例に関する政令に基く外国為替管理委員会規則若しくは総理府令、大蔵省令、通商産業省令又は総理府令、通商産業省令は、この政令施行後は、改正後の外国為替銀行及び両替商の報告に関する政令、輸出貿易管理令、輸入貿易管理令、外国為替管理令又は日本国とアメリカ合衆国との間の安全保障条約第三条に基く行政協定の実施に伴う外国為替管理令等の臨時特例に関する政令に基く相当の主務省令若しくは大蔵省令若しくは通商産業省令又は大蔵省令、通商産業省令としての効力を有するものとする。
• The Order Concerning Reports of Foreign Exchange Banks and Money Exchangers, the Export Trade Control Order, the Import Trade Control Order, the Foreign Exchange Control Order, or the Foreign Exchange Control Commission Rules, Ordinance of the Prime Minister's Office, Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance or Ordinance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry based on the Cabinet Order Concerning Temporary Special Provisions of the Foreign Exchange Control Order, etc., upon Implementation of the Administrative Agreement under Article III of the Security Treaty between Japan and the United States of America, or an Ordinance of the Prime Minister's Office or Ordinance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, all of which are effective at the time of enforcement of this Cabinet Order and have not yet been revised, shall be effective, after the enforcement of this Cabinet Order, as the Order Concerning Reports of Foreign Exchange Banks and Money Exchangers, the Export Trade Control Order, the Import Trade Control Order, the Foreign Exchange Control Order, or the relevant ordinance of the competent ministry, Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance or Ordinance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry based on the Cabinet Order Concerning Temporary Special Provisions of the Foreign Exchange Control Order, etc. upon Implementation of the Administrative Agreement under Article III of the Security Treaty between Japan and the United States of America, or an Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance or Ordinance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, all of which have been revised.

• この政令施行の際現に効力を有 する改正前の外国為替銀行及び両替商の報告に関する政令、輸出貿易管理令、輸入貿易管理令、外国為替管理令又は日本国とアメリカ合衆国との間の安全保障条 約第三条に基く行政協定の実施に伴う外国為替管理令等の臨時特例に関する政令に基く外国為替管理委員会規則若しくは総理府令、大蔵省令、通商産業省令又は 総理府令、通商産業省令は、この政令施行後は、改正後の外国為替銀行及び両替商の報告に関する政令、輸出貿易管理令、輸入貿易管理令、外国為替管理令又は 日本国とアメリカ合衆国との間の安全保障条約第三条に基く行政協定の実施に伴う外国為替管理令等の臨時特例に関する政令に基く相当の主務省令若しくは大蔵 省令若しくは通商産業省令又は大蔵省令、通商産業省令としての効力を有するものとする。
• The Order Concerning Reports of Foreign Exchange Banks and Money Exchangers, the Export Trade Control Order, the Import Trade Control Order, the Foreign Exchange Control Order, or the Foreign Exchange Control Commission Rules, Ordinance of the Prime Minister's Office, Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance or Ordinance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry based on the Cabinet Order Concerning Temporary Special Provisions of the Foreign Exchange Control Order, etc., upon Implementation of the Administrative Agreement under Article III of the Security Treaty between Japan and the United States of America, or an Ordinance of the Prime Minister's Office or Ordinance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, all of which are effective at the time of enforcement of this Cabinet Order and have not yet been revised, shall be effective, after the enforcement of this Cabinet Order, as the Order Concerning Reports of Foreign Exchange Banks and Money Exchangers, the Export Trade Control Order, the Import Trade Control Order, the Foreign Exchange Control Order, or the relevant ordinance of the competent ministry, Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance or Ordinance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry based on the Cabinet Order Concerning Temporary Special Provisions of the Foreign Exchange Control Order, etc. upon Implementation of the Administrative Agreement under Article III of the Security Treaty between Japan and the United States of America, or an Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance or Ordinance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, all of which have been revised.

• 資本取引に係る契約の締結（法第二十二条の三に規定する両替業務に係るものを除く。）に基づいて行われる行為のうち、現金、持参人払式小切手（小切手法（昭和八年法律第五十七号）第五条第一項第三号に掲げる持参人払式として振り出された小切手又は同条第二項若しくは第三項の規定により持参人払式小切手とみなされる小切手をいう。以下この号において同じ。）、自己宛小切手（同法第六条第三項の規定により自己宛に振り出された小切手をいう。以下この号において同じ。）、旅行小切手又は無記名の公社債（所得税法（昭和四十年法律第三十三号）第二条第一項第九号に掲げる公社債をいう。）の本券若しくは利札の受払いをする行為であつて、その金額が二百万円に相当する額を超えるもの（持参人払式小切手及び自己宛小切手にあつては、小切手法第三十七条第一項に規定する線引がないものに限る。）
• Among acts committed based on the conclusion of a contract pertaining to capital transactions (excluding those pertaining to money exchange business prescribed in Article 22-3 of the Act), acts of receiving or paying cash, bearer checks (meaning checks drawn as bearer checks listed in Article 5, paragraph (1), item (iii) of the Checks Act (Act No. 57 of 1933) or checks deemed to be bearer checks pursuant to the provision of paragraph (2) or (3) of the said Article; hereinafter the same shall apply in this item), bank cashiers checks (meaning checks drawn to self pursuant to the provision of Article 6, paragraph (3) of the said act; hereinafter the same shall apply in this item), traveler's checks, or certificates or interest coupons of public and corporate bonds not bearing the owner's name (meaning public and corporate bonds listed in Article 2, paragraph (1), item (ix) of the Income Tax Act), of which the amount exceeds that equivalent to two million yen (for bearer checks and bank cashiers checks, limited to those without crossing prescribed in Article 37, paragraph (1) of the Checks Act)