両: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 安賀両家
- Angaryo Family (Abe Family and Kamo Family)
- 両軍の兵力
- Strength of both forces
- 両説不決」
- The both theories are uncertain.'
- 両細川の乱
- The Two Hosokawas' War
- 両軍の構成
- Composition of the two opposing armies
- けんか両成敗
- in a quarrel, both parties are to blame
- 現代の千両箱
- Sen-ryo-bako in modern age
- 両軍の開戦理由
- Casus Belli of Each Side
- 「両之為両。」
- And twice the 12 shu is set equal to 1 ryo.'
- 'The mass of black mille filled 2 Kosho is 1 ryo.'
- 額面は金一両。
- The face value was kin (gold) 1 ryo.
- 東西両京の狭間で
- In the shadow of both Kyoto and Tokyo
- 両国 (墨田区)
- Ryogoku (Sumida Ward)
- Ryōgoku
- 「十六両為斤。」
- '16 ryo equals one-kin (斤).'
- 鎌倉時代の両統迭立
- Ryoto tetsuritsu during the Kamakura period
- 平安時代の両統迭立
- Ryoto tetsuritsu during the Heian period
- 質量単位としての両
- Ryo as the weight unit
- 「二十四銖為両。」
- 'Namely, 24 shu equals 1 ryo.'
- 通貨単位としての両
- Ryo as a currency unit
- 両軍の兵力数と損害数
- The Number of Soldiers and Damages in Each Army
- 総額4,800万両。
- These bills were issued in the total amount of 48 million ryo (old Japanese currency).
- 日清戦争軍票(両単位)
- Sino-Japanese War Military Currency (in a currency unit, Ryo)
- 大木・江藤の東西両都案
- Draft from Oki and Eto for both Kyoto and Tokyo to be capitals.
- 日本以外の国の両統迭立
- Ryoto tetsuritsu in countries other than Japan
- 八上・神尾山両城の戦い
- The Battle at the Yakamijo and Kannosanjo Castles
- また両者は書体も異なる。
- Furthermore, their calligraphic styles were also different from each other.
- 犬の食費は年間9万8千両。
- Food expenses for the dogs cost 98,000 Ryo per year.
- 両者は不可分の関係にある。
- These were deeply related.
- -- 100分の1尺(両)
- A 100th shaku (ryo)
- 両国関係の本格化~途絶まで
- From the period of active relations to the period of interrupted relations
- 台所役…岩田弥一兵衛(5両)
- Daidokoroyaku (supervisor in the kitchen) - Yaichihyoue IWATA (5 ryo)
- 12月11日両軍は激突する。
- Both armies collided with each other on February 1, 1336.
- 1両 10匁 37.5グラム
- 1 ryo = 10 monme = 37.5 grams
- -- 1000分の1尺(両)
- A 1000th shaku (ryo)
- これから24銖が1両となる。
- Therefore, 24 shu equals 1 ryo.
- 賠償金4億5000万両のその後
- Aftermath of Reparations of 450 Million Taels
- 真言宗の小野・広沢両流に通ず。
- An expert of both Ono and Hirosawa schools of the Shingon sect of Buddhism.
- 中小姓近習12両2分3人扶持。
- Chugosho (the lowest rank of samurai) and kinju (attendant) with a stipend of half of 12 ryo for three people.
- 徒目付、5両3人扶持(新参)。
- Kachi-metsuke (night watch and inspector) with a stipend of 5 ryo for three people (newcomer).
- Kachi-metsuke, with a stipend of 5 ryo for three people (newcomer).
- 横目付、5両3人扶持(新参)。
- Yokometsuke with a stipend of 5 ryo for three people (newcomer).
- 馬廻、15両3人扶持(二代)。
- Umamawari (horse guard) with a stipend of 15 ryo for three people (second generation).
- 両翼の部隊での損害が増大した。
- Casualties increased in both wings.
- 両截体制(1882-1892)
- Ryosetsu system (1882-1892)
- このために両者の対立が続いた。
- As a result, the side of Toshimichi OKUBO and that of Shigenobu OKUMA and Hirobumi ITO remained at odds.
- 17日に両者の葬儀が行われた。
- On May, 17, the funerals for both were performed.
- 両軍の損害は不明とされている。
- The amount of damage sustained by each of the opposing forces is said to be unknown.
- -- 10000分の1尺(両)
- A 10,000th shaku (ryo)
- 従って1/10両=1銭となる。
- Therefore, a tenth ryo was 1 sen.
- 「権者銖・両・斤・鈞・石也。」
- 'Shu, ryo, kin (斤), kin (鈞) and seki are units.'
- 両者の内訳は以下の通りである。
- Each division was further classified as below.
- 虫遁-虫や爬虫類、両生類を利用。
- Chuton-Making use of insects, reptiles, and amphibians.
- 札座横目、8両3人扶持(二代)。
- Satsuza Yokome (officers' supervisor) with a stipend of 8 ryo for three people (second generation).
- -- 100000分の1尺(両)
- A 100,000th shaku (ryo)
- 日本にも両方の「両」が伝わった。
- Both 'ryo,' smaller ryo and larger ryo, were introduced into Japan.
- 両者の性格に原因を求める説もある。
- There is another theory which looks into both of their personalities.
- 隠居付台所役…三田八右衛門(5両)
- Attendant daidokoroyaku for inkyo - Hachiemon MITA (5 ryo)
- 「内外の両門は本(もと)一体たり。
- The inner and outer gates are one and the same.
- 片刃がやや多いが両刃も少なくない。
- Although single-edged axes were slightly more found, double-edged ones were not a few.
- これによって両国の国交が開かれた。
- National relations were established through this treaty.
- 両社を合併させ日本郵船が成立した。
- The government merged the two companies and established Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha (NYK Line).
- 両統迭立は第3世代の時代を迎える。
- Ryoto tetsuritsu entered into its third generation.
- 文保の和談/両統迭立(1317年)
- 1317: The Bunpo no Wadan (Reconciliation of the Bunpo Era) is reached and the system of alternate succession (between the two rival imperial lineages) begins.
- 神護寺両界曼荼羅(通称高雄曼荼羅)
- Mandala of the Two Realms (commonly called Takao Mandala), Jingo-ji Temple
- 虚をつかれた両隊はたちまち敗走した。
- Surprised by the attack, the two troops fled at once.
- 安奉線の使用権継続と両国共同事業化。
- Continuous use of the Antung-Mukden Railway should be allowed and a consortium of the two countries should be organized.
- ただし、形式上は両省とも存続された。
- However, both ministries officially remained.
- 「両」には「二つ」という意味がある。
- The Chinese character 'ryo' has a meaning of 'two.'
- 吉田忠左衛門の足軽、3両2分2人扶持。
- Ashigaru to Chuzaemon YOSHIDA, with a stipend of 3 ryo shared between two people.
- 26日、宇治川を挟んで両軍は対峙した。
- On the twenty-seventh (twenty-sixth in lunar calendar), the two armies confronted each other across the Uji-gawa river.
- 現代の中国の1市両は50グラムである。
- In today's China, 1 ryo (liang in Chinese) is set at 50 grams.
- この分銅は「両」を基本単位としている。
- The basic weight unit of the fundo was 'ryo.'
- 中小姓・蔵奉行、10両3人扶持(新参)。
- Chugosho (the lowest samurai rank) and Kurabugyo (warehouse magistrate) with a stipend of 10 ryo for three people (newcomer).
- 10月になって、両軍は撤退して終わった。
- Entering October, both forces retreated, ending the confrontation.
- 元使殺害の評価については賛否両論がある。
- There are both arguments for and against the killing of the Yuan envoys.
- 自身は飯盛山城から両軍の総指揮を執った。
- Nagayoshi acted as the commander for both armies in the Imoriyama-jo Castle.
- しかし,両者とも天皇を呼んだものである。
- However, in both cases, 'the king of Japan' referred to the emperor of Japan.
- 「権者銖・両・斤・鈞・石 (単位)也。」
- The units of weight are shu (in pinyin, 'zhu'), ryo, kin (in pinyin, 'jin'), kin (in pinyin, 'jun'), and koku (in pinyin, 'dan').'
- 1貫 100両 1000匁 3.75kg
- 1 kan = 100 ryo = 1000 monme = 3.75 kilograms
- 両者の比較については瞬発式火縄銃を参照。
- See instantaneous discharge matchlock for comparison between the two systems.
- 木造阿弥陀如来及両脇侍坐像(京都・三千院)
- The wooden seated statue of Amitabha Tathagata (Amida Nyorai in Japanese) and the wooden seated statues of his two attendants flanking him on either side (Sanzenin Temple in Kyoto)
- ここでいう剣は両刃、刀は片刃の刃物を指す。
- In this context, a sword means a double-edged cutting instrument, and a blade refers to a single-edged cutting instrument.
- 24日、教康は逆襲に出て両軍は激しく戦う。
- On 18th, Noriyasu counterattacked and both armies fought fiercely.
- 「両」の漢字には「二つ」という意味がある。
- Incidentally, the Chinese character of '両' (reads as ryo) has the second meaning of 'two.'
- 両名の指南役は高家の肝煎・吉良義央であった。
- Their instructor was koke's (the position in charge of rituals and ceremonies) sponsor Yoshinaka KIRA.
- 両国の官吏は少しもこれに関係してはならない。
- Government officials of both countries should not participate in it.
- 両者を合わせて上達部(かんだちめ)と称する。
- Both of them were collectively called kandachime (court nobles).
- そのため、次第に両者の関係は冷却化していく。
- Accordingly, relations between them gradually deteriorated.
- 守山藩 - 賞典禄1000両があたえられた。
- Moriyama Domain: one thousand ryo (gold currency) of the shotenroku was provided.
- 両統は皇位を争奪し、鎌倉幕府が仲裁していた。
- The two lines fought over the throne and the Kamakura Shogunate intervened.
- 江戸時代以前は「両」を基本の単位としていた。
- Ryo' was the basic unit of mass in and before the Edo period.
- したがって、両者とも相応の成果を得たといえる。
- Therefore, it can be said that both sides accomplished certain achievements.
- 上海市に同文会館を設け、両国有志の協同を図る。
- Dobun-kaikan was established in Shanghai City to promote cooperation of like-minded members in both countries.
- 仍四日之御状、同八日御注進状、両通具披露申候。
- Both the letter dated 4th and the letter of proposals dated 8th were presented.
- 調は、絹2丈と綿3両を収めることとされていた。
- In Cho, people were obliged to present six meters of silk and about 120 grams of cotton.
- この政治権力の分立状態は「両将軍」と評された。
- This separation of political power was called 'Ryoshogun' (two shoguns).
- 両者にとって大きなメリットのある妥協であった。
- This was a compromise that had large benefits to both sides.
- 16両が1斤、30斤が1鈞、4鈞が1石となる。
- Furthermore, 16 ryo is defined as 1 kin (斤), 30 kin (斤) is defined as 1 kin (鈞), and 4 kin (鈞) is defined as 1 seki.
- この条約締結後、1891年に日墨両国公使を交換。
- In 1891, Japan and Mexico exchanged their ministers after the conclusion of the treaty.
- 3月12日、段山をめぐる両軍の争奪戦が起こった。
- On March 12, a struggle for Daniyama started.
- このように両軍総帥の督戦する中で戦闘は行われた。
- In this way, the battle was fought, while the top commanders of both sides were urging their soldiers to fight more vigorously.
- その後、両旅団と薩軍とは一進一退の激戦を続けた。
- After this, both of the brigades fought back and forth fiercely with the Satsuma army.
- 浅井・朝倉両軍は北国往還道へ敗走を余儀なくされ、
- Both Azai and Asakura troops were forced to flee to the Hokkoku Okan Highway.
- 日本では、通常は1斤=16両=160匁とされる。
- In Japan, 1 kin, 16 ryo, and 160 monme (momme; a unit of weight) are commonly equalized with each other.
- これを「両截体制」(りょうせつたいせい)という。
- The system was called 'Ryosetsu system' (両截体制).
- 両者は危機感を持ったが幕府内では少数派であった。
- Although both men sensed the emergency of the situation, they were a minority within the Shogunate.
- 両統迭立は、すでに当然のこととして定着していた。
- Ryoto tetsuritsu was now established as a given.
- これに基づくと1両は3.8銭(匁)程度であった。
- According to this description, 1 ryo is estimated to be around 3.8 sen (monme).
- その排除に動き出したため、両者の対立が激化した。
- When they started actions to expel Asada, the clash between the two parties intensified.
- 若い両将の目付けとして秀隆が本隊から派遣された。
- In order to supervise two young generals, Hidetaka was dispatched to form the main unit.
- これは1両の約1/4であるから1ドル=1分である。
- It is equal in value to about one-fourth of 1 ryo, so one dollar is worth 1bu.
- 改革派を継いだ藤田東湖が両派の関係修復に尽力する。
- Toko FUJITA, who took over the reformers, made an effort to make up the relationship between the conflicting factions.
- 升は元々は両手で掬った量に由来する身体尺であった。
- Originally, sho was an anthropomorphic unit that represented the quantity scooped up with both hands.
- 3月25、26日の両日で1500名ほどを徴兵した。
- In two days of the 25th and 26th of March, they recruited around 1,500 soldiers.
- 「凡そ都城宮室は一処にあらず、必ず両参を造らん。」
- 'The capital and palace should not be one, so I will build more than one.'
- そのため現存するのは1両軍票数枚という珍品である。
- Therefore, that military currency is a rare article, which remains only a few pieces of one-ryo military currency.
- 両王朝並立をもって古田の「多元的古代史観」という。
- The two dynasties existed at the same time is called 'Pluralistic Views of Ancient Japanese History' by Furuta.
- 三千院阿弥陀如来像・両脇侍像(京都市左京区、国宝)
- Statues of Amida Nyorai and ryowakiji (attendants statues on both sides), Sanzen-in Temple (Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City, a national treasure)
- こうして東西両軍の間には厭戦気分が漂うようになる。
- This made samurai in both Eastern and Western camps weary of war.
- 東寺両界曼荼羅(通称真言院曼荼羅または西院曼荼羅)
- Mandala of the Two Realms (commonly called Shingonin Mandala or Saiin Mandala), To-ji Temple
- この両は3銭8分程度(銭は日本の匁と同じ)である。
- Here, 1 ryo was roughly equal to 3 sen (also called monme in Japan) and 8 bu.
- 当初は朱雀大路南端の羅城門の両脇に設けられていた。
- Initially, the Korokan was located on both sides of Rajomon Gate situated at the south end of Suzaku-oji Street.
- などの経緯を経て両者の決裂は決定的なものとなった。
- Through these circumstances, the split between both parties became decisive.
- この当時は後の両番のような親衛隊的側面も有していた。
- At the time, oban had a role as the bodyguard which was later succeeded by ryoban.
- 日露両国の軍隊は、鉄道警備隊を除いて満洲から撤退する
- The armies of Japan and Russia shall be withdrawn from Manchuria except for a railway garrison.
- 待矢場両堰はその後も渡良瀬川からの直接取水を続けた。
- Therefore, the Union of Machi-Yaba Ryozeki kept drawing water directly from Watarase-gawa River after the works.
- このため、両会派を合わせて「幸倶楽部派」とも呼んだ。
- Therefore, both of the factions together were termed the 'Saiwai-Club.'
- 両軍は、東海道の難所である駿河国薩峠で合戦となった。
- The two forces plunged into a battle at Sattatoge, Suruga Province, which was a dangerous spot on the Tokai-do Road.
- また私鉄として唯一自社工場で機関車23両を製造した。
- Also they made 23 locomotives in their manufacturing plant as a sole private railway.
- 両者の間には隠逸に対する本質的な考え方の変移がある。
- The existence of these two types of recluses demonstrates an essential change in the views about recluse over times.
- 両者を区別するために室町期守護を特に守護大名という。
- To distinguish these two shugo, the shugo in the Muromachi period is specifically called 'shugo-daimyo.'
- 殿上の侍臣が脂燭に候し、近習の公卿が両3人供奉する。
- Inside the room, courtiers held shisoku (a kind of lighting) and two to three nobles attended to the Emperor.
- その貨幣価値は1/4両に相当し、また4朱に相当する。
- The currency value was equivalent to 1/4 ryo or 4 shu.
- その貨幣価値は、1/16両、また1/4分に相当する。
- Its currency value was equivalent to one sixteenth of ryo and a quarter of bu (unit of currency, 4 bu = 1 ryo).
- 1市両は50グラムである(市制 (単位系)も参照)。
- 1 liang is set equal to 50 grams (refer to the article of 'Chinese Traditional System of Measurement').
- 二条城の会談により両者の緊張は緩和したものと思われた。
- It seemed that the tension between the both had been eased by the meeting.
- 命中精度も高かったため、両軍の主力銃として用いられた。
- This type of rifle was used both by the bakufu and the imperial forces as the accuracy of fire was high.
- 上海における同文学堂をもって、両国人の教育機関とする。
- The Dobungakudo in Shanghai was an educational institution for students in both countries.
- 更に女性の場合には夫とその両親に対する殺人が含まれる。
- In female cases it also included killing their husband and his parent(s).
- 井上源三郎:1868年1月4日、淀千両松の戦いで討死。
- Genzaburo INOUE: Died January 4, 1868 fighting in the Battle of Yodo-Senryomatsu
- 質量の単位としての両は、古代中国で生まれたものである。
- Ryo as the weight unit originated in ancient China.
- これは「両」が本来の質量の基本単位であったためである。
- This was because the basic weight unit in Japan was 'ryo.'
- 10倍が両、10分の1が分であるのは日本と同じである。
- 10 times 1 sen is 1 ryo, and a tenth of 1 sen is 1 bu, which are both the same as Japan.
- この一枚の質量は1/10両で、これを1銭(匁)とした。
- The mass of 1 coin of the Kaigen-tsuho was defined as a 10th ryo or 1 sen (monme).
- - 宿場の両端の街道をクランク (道路)状に曲げた場所。
- Places bent like a crank at both ends of the kaido (road) in a shukuba.
- 両国橋で赤穂浪士達と遭遇したが、大石には同道を断られた。
- However, he was refused to join the party by Oishi when he bumped into the Ako Roshi in Ryogokubashi.
- 第二款 日朝両国が相互にその首都に公使を駐在させること。
- Provision 2 - ministers of Japan and Korea should reside in the capitals of each other's country.
- なお、この時代、両水利組合が共同で行った運動も若干ある。
- By the way, those two unions sometimes took some actions together in that period.
- 剥片の両端が打ち砕かれ、つまみ状の突出部が作られている。
- The flake is broken at both ends to form a handle-like projection.
- そして、5月22日(6月10日)に堺浦で両軍は激突した。
- On June 10, the two armies fought a fierce battle in Sakaiura.
- 徳島藩の銀札及び銭札は阿波国及び淡路国の両国で通用した。
- The ginsatsu and the zenisatsu issued by Tokushima Domain were circulated in both Awa Province and Awaji Province.
- しかし1613年(慶長18年)に両者とも改易されている。
- However, in 1613, both lords were deprived of their domains.
- その後戊辰戦争の各地の戦いで薩長両軍を中心に使用された。
- The army of the Satsuma clan and the Choshu clan put it up at many battle fields of the Boshin War.
- 磐城平藩 - 新政府に7万両を献納し、所領安堵となった。
- Iwakitaira Domain: 70 thousand ryo was proffered to the new government, and the territory became an authorized one.
- 両統迭立は終わっても、その理念は、なおしばらく残存した。
- Even though Ryoto tetsuritsu ended, the concept still remained for a while.
- その貨幣価値は1/8両に相当し、また1/2分に相当する。
- The currency value was equivalent to 1/8 ryo or 1/2 bu.
- しかし、隋代にこれの約3倍の大両と呼ばれる制度ができた。
- However, in the period of Sui Dynasty, a new unit standard large ryo was established that 1 large ryo was equivalent to about 3 times larger than 1 ryo.
- この段階で両者の戦線が行き詰まり、和平交渉が始められた。
- At this stage, the battle lines for the both parties seemed fixed, and peace talks commenced.
- 清国は、戦争賠償として4億5000万両を銀で列国に支払う。
- The Qing Dynasty shall pay the Powers an indemnity of 450 million taels in silver as war reparations.
- 喧嘩両成敗により猶村は切腹改易、鈴木と木造も改易となった。
- Naomura was sentenced to commit seppuku and kaieki (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties), and Suzuki and Kozukuri also received kaieki for their punishment based on Kenka Ryoseibai.
- 大名身分に喧嘩両成敗の適用は伊達村和の事例ぐらいしかない。
- The only case Kenka Ryoseibai was used for someone of feudal lord rank was Murayori DATE.
- これによって両者の対立は派閥間の争いに発展することとなる。
- This caused the conflicts between the master and a disciple to develop into a battle between the factions.
- 天秤棒の両端には商品を入れた桶や箱などの容器をぶら下げる。
- Containers such as wooden buckets and/or boxes are carried at both ends of a pole.
- このように洛陽は重要な陪都として長安と並び両京と称された。
- Thus Luoyang became an important secondary capital city, and, along with Changan, was referred to as two-capital.
- 純友はこれを受けたが、両端を持して海賊行為はやめなかった。
- Although Sumitomo received this rank, he did not stop the piracy.
- この現地へ派遣された御家人使者を両使(りょうし)と呼んだ。
- The gokenin who had been sent for the site was called ryoshi.
- 相馬中村藩 - 新政府に1万両を献納し、所領安堵となった。
- Soma-Nakamura Domain: 10 thousand ryo was proffered to the new government, and the territory became an authorized one.
- 会津・庄内両藩への寛典を要望した太政官建白書も作成された。
- They also prepared a petition for lenient treatment of the Aizu and Shonai Domains to the Grand Council of State (dajokan).
- 平安時代にも、両統迭立の状況が2度にわたって発生している。
- Ryoto tetsuritsu occurred twice during the Heian period.
- 両界曼荼羅(東寺、伝・真言院曼荼羅)(「西院曼荼羅」とも)
- Ryokai Mandala (Mandalas of the two Realms): enshrined in To-ji Temple, and is called Den Shingon-in Mandala (the Mandalas attributed to Priest Kukai), or Saiin Mandala (the Mandalas stored in Sai-in (Miei-do Hall))
- 城を守る雑賀衆を攻めるのは高山右近・中川秀政の両勢である。
- The troops of Ukon TAKAYAMA and Hidemasa NAKAGAWA attacked Saiga shu who guarded the castle.
- これにより、両雄の大規模な交戦が避けられない状態になった。
- Here, a battle between the two big cliques seemed to be inevitable.
- 両親とも日系で世代が異なる場合は、父方による世代を記載した。
- When their parents are from different generations, the generation of the paternal side is stated.
- 清国は、戦争賠償2億両(約3億円 (通貨))を日本に支払う。
- Qing pays 200 million taels (about 300 million yen [currency]) as war reparations to Japan.
- 「両截」とは二重を意味し、過渡的な性格を持っていたといえる。
- 'Ryosetsu' means double and it is certain that the system had transitional character.
- -金札の発行量を現状の3,250万両に留めて増刷を停止する。
- Keep the amount of issued kinsatsu to the present 32.5 million ryo, and stop additional printing.
- 藩札は、貞享・宝永・天明・升屋札・両替所札などがあげられる。
- Issued han bills included Jokyo, Hoei, Tenmei, Masuya and Ryogaejo bills.
- 一つは、東海・東山両道の荘園・公領の領有権を回復させること。
- One was to restore the territorial rights for the shoen and the koryo in both the Tokaido and Tosando areas.
- 両軍の位置関係から細川方を「東軍」、山名方を「西軍」と呼ぶ。
- The Hosokawa side and the Yamana side will be respectively called the Eastern and Western camps because of their relative positions.
- 額面は2分であり、その貨幣価値は1/2両、また8朱に等しい。
- The face value was nibu and the currency value was equivalent to 1/2 ryo or 8 shu.
- 1両が現在の貨幣価値に換算したらどの程度になるかは諸説ある。
- There exist various theories about how much currency value 1 ryo has today.
- 慶長小判の質量は京目一両を基に複雑なやり取りの上決められた。
- The weight of Keicho Koban (the Japanese gold coin of oval shape minted in the Keicho era [1596 to 1615]) was determined based on 1 ryo of Kyome by taking complicated factors into consideration.
- 鎌倉時代からは和気氏もこれに加わり、両家の間で争いが起きる。
- Subsequent to the Kamakura period, the Wake clan also became to succeed it, causing conflicts between the two families.
- 薙刀の種類には小薙刀、蛭巻(ひるまき)薙刀、両刃薙刀など多数。
- There are various kinds of naginata such as konaginata, hirumaki naginata and double-edged naginata.
- 結果、両者の間の高熊山に籠もっていた熊本隊は完全に包囲された。
- As a result, the Kumamoto-tai troop, which was hiding in Mt. Takakuma located between the two brigades, was completely besieged.
- しかし日朝両国の思惑は最初から最後まですれ違っていたといえる。
- However, it can be said that the expectations of Japan and Korea were at cross-purposes from beginning to end.
- また釜山広域市においては日朝両国の官僚同士が険悪となっていた。
- Also, relations between bureaucrats of Japan and Korea became tense in Busan Metropolitan City.
- しかし、開業前に中等車26両は定員52人の下等車に改造された。
- However, 26 of second-class carriages were converted into third-class carriages with a riding capacity of 52 passengers before the opening.
- さらに参議と各省の卿の分離問題で、両者は決定的な対立を迎える。
- In the end, they fell into open conflict over the issue of separating the Councillors from the Ministers.
- (そのため、)宗氏は両氏との関係の緊密化に腐心することになる。
- Therefore, the So clan made great efforts to strengthen ties with both the clans.
- 江戸時代初期の慶長小判は京目一両を基準として量目が定められた。
- As for Keicho koban (oval coin in Keicho era) produced in the early Edo period, the value was defined based on the mass of Kyome 1 ryo.
- 以上のように、相互に利益を享受することで、両者は結ばれていた。
- It was in this way that both parties were connected in a mutually beneficial relationship.
- 最終検査に合格した小判は百両単位で包金銀とし勘定所に上納された。
- Koban that had passed final inspection were packed by the hundred ryo (currency unit) to make tsutsumi-kingin (a certain amount of gold coins and silver coins packed and sealed in a piece of Japanese paper) and delivered to kanjosho (financial office in the Edo bakufu).
- 銭貨は時の銭相場に応じて両替商に売却されることにより発行された。
- Coins were issued by selling them to ryogaesho (money exchangers) in accordance with their current market value.
- 伝統的には1斤は16両と定義されるが、その値は地域により異なる。
- Traditionally, 1 kin has been equalized with 16 ryo (a unit of weight), but the conversion rate differs from place to place.
- 一行が槍に両脇を刺しぬかれて殉教したのは午前10時ごろであった。
- It was around 10 in the morning when they were martyred by being pierced both sides of the body with the spear.
- 現に、討死した将兵の多くは両翼にいた者達(譜代、先方衆)である。
- In fact, many of the shohei (officers and soldiers) killed in the battle were deployed in the two wings and (some were fudai (hereditary) vassals and others were among the senkatashu (vanguard)).
- 但馬国は京都・大坂の両町奉行所の管轄から外れ、上方から遠かった。
- Tajima Province, not included in the area controlled by both machi-bugyosho (the office in charge of townspeople's affairs) in Kyoto and Osaka, was located far from kamigata (the Kyoto and Osaka area).
- 江戸時代には朱子学の理論により両派を統合した垂加神道が誕生した。
- During the Edo period, Suika Shinto, which integrated both schools with the theory of Neo-Confucianism, appeared.
- 崇徳上皇と後白河天皇の対立は深まり、両派はそれぞれ武士を集める。
- Emperor Goshirakawa and retired Emperor Sutoku were more opposed to each other, and each of the two sides recruited samurai.
- すなわち、伍両(ごりょう)の分銅と釣合う丁銀は銀50匁と表した。
- That is, chogin balanced with 5 ryo of the counterweights was said as 50 monme of silver.
- 天保年間の鋳造により江戸幕府が得た利益は180,800両である。
- The profit of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) gained by coin minting during the Tenpo era was 180,800 ryo.
- しかし、両者の間に銀品位および量目などの相違は認められなかった。
- However, there were no obvious differences between these coins and the ones minted before the reform in terms of the purity of silver or their weight.
- これが完全に廃止されるのは1933年のことであった(廃両改元)。
- It was only in 1933 that the use of this currency was ended completely (the abandonment of the old 'ryo' and its replacement with the 'yuan').
- 「桂園」とは、両者の名前から「桂」と「園」の字をとったものである。
- Kei-En' (桂園) was the combination of Kanji (Chinese characters) '桂' and '園' contained in their names.
- これより神瀬周辺での両軍の攻防は一進一退しながら6月頃まで続いた。
- After this until around June, both armies continued fighting back and forth without a decisive result.
- 古番峠は、八代を距ると、約五里、球摩八代両郡の交界に位置していた。
- The Koban-toge Pass was located at the boundary between Kuma County and Yatsushiro County, approx 19 km from Yatsushiro.
- 元々は、大人が両手を一杯に広げた長さとして定義された身体尺である。
- Originally, it is one of anthropomorphic units defined as the length of adult's outstretched arms.
- 30日、両軍は田原口で決戦を行い、義雅は善戦するが力尽き敗走した。
- On 24th, both armies fought the final battle at Taharaguchi and Yoshimasa fought up against the enemy but took to flight running out of stream.
- 両者は揉み合いとなったが、デモ隊は進行を続け、木屋町通を右折した。
- They scuffled with each other, but the demonstration march continued to move and turned to the right to Kiyamachi Street.
- 両統迭立の方針に基づき、次の皇太子は持明院統から出すこととされた。
- Based on the policy of Ryoto tetsuritsu, the next Crown Prince was to come from the Jimyoin line.
- 慶応4年1月5日 (旧暦) 淀千両松の戦い 井上源三郎ら14名戦死
- January 5 1868, Battle of Yodo Senryo Matsu, 14 members including Genzaburo INOUE died in action.
- 蒲生・神崎両郡の大領として近江(現在の滋賀県)に勢力を持っていた。
- It had power as the lord of Gamo County and Kanzaki County in Omi (the present-day Shiga Prefecture).
- こうして、朝鮮半島で対峙した日清両軍の軍事衝突を避けることができた。
- Thus, they were able to avoid military clashes between the Japanese and Qing troops facing each other on the Korean Peninsula.
- 両国の国名はそれぞれ「大日本国」、「大朝鮮国」と表記することとした。
- The two countries should be described as 'Great Japanese Nation' and 'Great Korean Nation.'
- 後に、両駆逐艦の士官は、イギリス国王ジョージ5世から叙勲されている。
- The officers of the both destroyers were later decorated by George V, King of Britain.
- なお、この町会所の実際の管理・運営は勘定所御用両替商があたっていた。
- The control and management of this machi-gaisho was carried out by the official exchangers licensed by the finance ministry.
- 実際に発行されたのは4,800万両であり、その種類と金額は次の通り。
- The amount of bills actually issued was 48 million ryo, and the types of bills issued and the respective amounts were as follows:
- 両説とも、律が制定されなかったという点では、ほぼ見解が一致している。
- Most people on both sides agree, however, that the Ritsu part (the penal cord) was not enacted in this cord.
- 料理は江戸浮世小路百川が2000両で請負い、300人分の膳を作った。
- Momokawa, the restaurant that undertook the preparations for this lunch, was located in ukiyo koji in Edo and prepared dishes for 300 people at the cost of 2000 ryo (gold currency used in the Edo period).
- すなわち開元通宝は10枚で24銖すなわち1両をいう基準でつくられた。
- Namely, Kaigen-tsuho (copper coins in Tang Dynasty) was designed on the basis of the standard that 10 coins equals 24 shu or 1 ryo.
- これにより、頼朝は東海・東山両道の支配権を間接的ではあるが獲得した。
- It was through this that Yoritomo indirectly secured power over Tokai-do and Tosan-do.
- 元禄9年(1696年)8月6日:犬殺しを密告した者に賞金30両と布告。
- On August 6th, 1696, it was announced that a reward of 30 Ryo would be paid to anyone who informed on a dog killing.
- 永井家も改易に処されたが、これは喧嘩両成敗ではなく無嗣のためであった。
- Although the Nagai family was also sentenced to kaieki, it was not because of Kenka Ryoseibai but due to the fact that they had no heir.
- 強盗ではなく窃盗の場合でも、十両盗めば死罪と公事方御定書で規定された。
- Kujigata-osadamegaki (the code of law under the Edo shogunate) provided that shizai is imposed on theft, even when not involving violence against victims, so long as the amount stolen is 10 ryo (Currency unit of the Edo Period).
- 閏10月15日、駿河国の今川義元の仲介で和睦が成立し、両軍は撤兵した。
- On the 29th of the second October (in the old calendar), Yoshimoto IMAGAWA mediated between two parties to establish peace between them, and then both sides withdrew their forces.
- これは両翼のどちらかが敵陣を迂回突破することで勝利を見出す戦術である。
- The formation is a tactics for victory in which either wing makes a detour and breaks through the enemy lines.
- 安賀両家(あんがりょうけ)とは陰陽道の宗家である阿倍氏と賀茂氏の総称。
- The Angaryo family is the collective name of the Abe clan and the Kamo clan which are the head families of Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements).
- その手本となった唐が780年に両税法を施行し既に均田制が崩壊している。
- However, the model country, Tang Dynasty introduced Ryozei-ho (taxation law in enforcement in China until the Ming Dynasty) in 780 instead of the Equal-field system that had already collapsed.
- 王家は両統迭立の時代から南北朝並立の時代へはっきりと転換したのである。
- The Imperial family made a clear transition from the Ryoto tetsuritsu era to the Northern and Southern Dynasties era.
- 秤量銀貨の量目を定め、包封することは両替商の重要な仕事のひとつである。
- Deciding the ryome of silver-by-weight coins and packing them in bags was one of the important jobs for money-exchangers.
- 両軍の激戦は10数日におよび、29日に竹田は陥落して政府軍の手に落ちた。
- Both sides fought fiercely for ten-odd days, and Takeda fell and was seized by the government army on May 29.
- しかし詐欺や貸借の不払いがあれば両国の官吏はこれを取り締まり追徴すべし。
- However in the case of fraud or nonpayment of borrowing and lending, the government officials of both countries should regulate this and impose additional charges.
- 1911年に本格的輸入機の最後となる大型の急行用機関車60両を輸入した。
- In 1911, 60 locomotives for large express trains, which were the last imported locomotives, were imported.
- この時代の高麗なども両王朝に両属する形を取り、天下は全く二分されていた。
- As shown by the fact that Goryeo was subject to both dynasties at that time, Tenka was completely divided into two.
- 両勢力の接点にあった安芸国では国全体の国人が一致団結して惣を築いていた。
- In the Aki Province, which was located on the contact point of the both powers, kokujin in the whole country had a united effort to establish so (a type of community).
- 文永の役・弘安の役の両度に渡る戦い(元寇)で日元関係は決定的に悪化した。
- The two wars, Bunei War and Koan War (Mongol invasion attempts against Japan), made the relationship between Japan and the Yuan Dynasty decisively worsened.
- しかし、両者の求める条件ははとても折り合いがつきそうなものではなかった。
- But it was quite difficult to reach an accommodation with the conditions requested by each party.
- 元寇以来、内外に諸問題が噴出する中で幕政運営を巡って両者の対立は激化する。
- Confrontation and rivalry became intense over government administration amid internal and external issues erupting one after another since the Mongol invasion attempts on Japan.
- この時、桐野が人吉を中心に南北に両翼を張る形で薩軍を以下の通りに配置した。
- On this occasion, KIRINO organized the Satsuma army with the both flanks extending in the north-south direction from Hitoyoshi in the center as below.
- 山内らは慶喜の出席を強く主張して両者譲らず、遂に中山忠能が休憩を宣言した。
- Yamauchi and his comrades strongly demanded the participation of Yoshinobu, and while both groups stuck to their own demands, Tadayasu NAKAYAMA eventually declared a pause.
- 陽明学左派の中心人物は王龍溪と王心斎であって、この両者を王学の二王と称す。
- Yomei-gaku's left-wing was led by Wang Longxi and Wang Xinzhai, who are known the Two Wangs of O-gaku.
- 1875年、大蔵・内務両省からスタッフを集めて地租改正事務局が設置された。
- In 1875, the Secretariat of Land-Tax Reform was established with officials from the Ministry of Finance and the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs.
- 2000両を現代の価値に計算すると約1億5千万円近く、一人50万円になる。
- Today, 2000 ryo amounts to 150,000,000 yen, or 500,000 yen per person.
- 蒸気機関車10両は全て軸配置1Bのタンク機関車で5社の製品を混合使用した。
- All ten steam locomotives were tank locomotives with 1B axle arrangement comprised of the mixed products use from the five companies.
- 保呂でつつむ時は保呂のこし紐を切って、両端をたたんで右の方を上にして包む。
- When the head was packed using bird feathers, the ends of any excess string during packing were folded over and tied off pointing towards the right.
- しかし、個別人身支配と郡司の首長権が崩壊すると両制度とも機能しなくなった。
- However, these systems became non-functional after the people-based governance system and chieftaincy of gunji collapsed.
- 10世紀後期から両者間の対立が国司苛政上訴という形で顕在化するようになる。
- From the late 10th century, such contradictions became obvious in the form of Kokushi kasei joso (appeals or armed struggles against kokushi).
- 通常は、紙を屏風折にして両側に固い表紙をつけた「御朱印帳」に押してもらう。
- Goshuin is usually stamped on a 'goshuin-cho' (goshuin note) created by folding paper in multiple panels and attaching hard cover pages.
- そこで玄宗は両派の儒学者を集めて論争を行わせたものの、決着が付かなかった。
- To remediate this problem, Genso brought together Confucian scholars of both schools and had them hold a debate, which ended with inconclusive results.
- 喧嘩両成敗(けんかりょうせいばい)とは、中世日本の法 (法学)原則の1つ。
- Kenka Ryoseibai was one of the principles of law (jurisprudence) in Medieval Japan.
- 造営費用には当初、安芸国・周防国両国の公領からの収入をあてる計画であった。
- In the beginning, the revenue from the Imperial estate of Aki and Suo Provinces was planned to cover the construction expenses.
- 両王子は後世の系図では小倉宮の末裔とされているが、同時代史料に証拠はない。
- Both princes are listed in later genealogies as being descendants of Oguranomiya, but there is no evidence for this in historical records of the day.
- 両軍とも、できるだけ潮流に左右されずに操船できる時間帯を選んだのであろう。
- Both armies would probably have wanted to choose a time where they could navigate their ships as free of the influence of the tidal current as possible.
- 保元・平治両乱は政治抗争が武力で解決されることを示した歴史的な事件だった。
- Both the Hogen no ran (Hogen Rebellion) and Heiji no ran (Heiji Rebellion) were historical events that indicated that political conflict can be solved by military force.
- 参戦した隊士達には原田左之助の20両を筆頭に、会津藩から恩賞が与えられた。
- The members in the battle were given reward grants from the Aizu Clan, including Sanosuke HARADA who was given 20 ryo (current unit).
- 吹替えにより江戸幕府が得た出目(改鋳利益)は1,018,300両であった。
- The Edo bakufu made a profit of 1,018,30 ryo by reminting the coin.
- 両替商で用いられた分銅は両が基本単位であり、匁は補助的な単位となっている。
- The money-exchange business used the ryo as the basic unit of the balance weights, with using the monme as a supplementary unit.
- 結局1938年までに6億5千万両が各列国に支払われ、ようやく賠償は終了した。
- After all 650 million taels were paid to the Powers by 1938, with which the compensation ended.
- また隊員も両班の子弟が中心だったことから、守旧派と待遇が違うのは当然だった。
- Besides, as the members of the unit were mainly young people from the yangban (literally, 'the two groups', an elite class at the peak of society during the Joseon Dynasty), the way they were treated could not be the same as the soldiers of the Conservative Party.
- したがって両国が公使を相互に常駐させる必要性を認めることはなかったのである。
- For this reason Korea did not admit the necessity of mutual permanent residence of ministers of both countries.
- 貨幣の基準単位を「両」から「圓(円)」に切り替え(旧1両を新1円とする)る。
- The standard of currency unit was changed from 'ryo' to 'yen' (1 ryo to 1 yen).
- 当時の松平(徳川)氏の三河は、信長と今川氏という両大名によって挟まれていた。
- In those days, Mikawa Province was hemmed in by two feudal lords, ODA and IMAGAWA.
- 蒸気機関車10両は全て車軸配置1Bのタンク機関車で5社の製品を混合使用した。
- All ten steam locomotives were tank locomotives of 1B axle arrangement produced by five different manufacturers.
- 中空になった陶磁器などに房を通した構造をしており、その房を軸の両端に掛ける。
- Tassels are put through a hollow ceramic, then those are put on both ends of the roller.
- 両乱で大きな勲功のあった平清盛は異例の出世を遂げ、後白河天皇の院政を支えた。
- TAIRA no Kiyomori, who distinguished himself during these two wars, developed his career and supported Goshirakawa's cloister government.
- 協議はいったん決裂したが、同年伏見が53歳で死去すると両統の力関係が変わる。
- The discussions broke up, but the power balance between the two lines changed when Fushimi died at 53 in the same year.
- 5日、淀藩への入城を拒絶された(下記参照)幕府軍は淀千両松に布陣するも惨敗。
- On January 29, the Shogunate forces, which were refused entry to the castle of the Yodo domain (see below), set up camp in Yodo-Senryomatsu, but were severely defeated.
- 義朝は宮中の軍馬を管理する左馬頭であり、両者の同盟関係はさらに強固となった。
- At that point Yoshitomo was Commander of the Imperial Stables of the Left, in charge of all the horses at the imperial palace, and the two of them only grew closer through their similar appointments.
- 一方中華人民共和国では、当時秤量銀貨(銀錠)の額面単位に「両」を用いていた。
- In the People's Republic of China at that time, the 'ryo' unit was used to show the face value of silver-by-weight standard coins.
- 鉄道院発足直後の1910年(明治43年)は、1両の機関車も製造されていない。
- In 1910, right after the inauguration of the Tetsudoin, not a single locomotive was produced.
- 江戸時代の1両は分銅の実測によると37.46から37.47グラム程度である。
- By an actual measured value of the fundo, 1 ryo in the Edo period was around 37.46 to 37.47 grams.
- 冠位十二階制は高句麗・百済を通して北朝・南朝両方のものが伝わったとされている。
- It is said that the twelve cap rank system of Northern and Southern Dynasties was introduced via Kokuryo and Paekche.
- 結果として両者共に目的を果たせなかったが、武田氏の支配地は着実に北上している。
- Neither side was able to accomplish its own aim, but the Takeda clan steadily expanded its territory into the northern direction
- しかし派遣された両班たちには保守的な者が多く、あまり成果は無かったといわれる。
- However, many of the dispatched yangban were conservatives, so that it was said that little was achieved.
- なお、両方とも火傷の程度が同じである場合には、双方折半の神意の表れと解された。
- If the both claimants suffered a similar degree of scalding, it would be regarded as a sign from providence showing that their claims were even.
- これは陸軍・海軍両大臣を除く全閣僚が憲政党員からなる日本初の政党内閣であった。
- It was the first party cabinet in Japan, all of whose ministers belonged to the Kenseito except for the Ministers of the Army and the Navy.
- 島民はただちに盟約を破った下地の両親と弟を、約定に従い伊良部島へ所払ヒにした。
- The islanders immediately deported the parents and brother of Shimoji who broke the covenant, to Irabu Island.
- その結果、自社両党による55年体制が崩壊し、非自民・非共産連立政権が成立した。
- As a result, the 1955-system by Liberal Democratic Party and Socialist Party of Japan collapsed and a coalition government, not including Liberal Democratic Party and Communist Party, was realized.
- 結局6月12日 (旧暦)に柴司が謝罪の意で切腹し、両者の関係悪化は回避された。
- At last on June 12 (old calendar), Tsukasa SHIBA committed seppuku as a gesture of apology, preventing the relationship between the Aizu clan and the Tosa clan from being damaged.
- 天保小判(天保8年(1837年)7月、8,120,450両、3匁、56.8%)
- Tenpo koban (July 1837, 8,120,450 ryo, 3 monme, 56.8%)
- 安政小判(安政6年(1859年)5月、351,000両、2.4匁、56.8%)
- Ansei koban (June 1859, 351,000 ryo, 2.4 monme, 56.8%)
- 頼徳は入城させるよう市川と交渉するが、水戸郊外で対峙した両勢力は戦闘状態に陥る。
- Although Yorinori negotiated with Ichikawa to go into the castle, they ended up going into a battle in the suburbs of Mito.
- 晴信も旭山城の後詰として川中島へ出陣し、犀川 (長野県)を挟んで両軍は対峙した。
- Harunobu as well led his troops to Kawanakajima to support the forces in Asahiyama-jo Castle, and both forces became to confront across the Sai-gawa River (in Nagano Prefecture).
- 他方で唐へ使節を送って和議を願い出るなど、武力と交渉の両面をもって唐と対峙した。
- In the meantime, the Silla forces sent an envoy to the Tang Dynasty seeking a settlement, and dealt with the Tang Dynasty by a two-pronged strategy of force and negotiation.
- その価値は金正価100両に対し、太政官札120両から150両まで下落したという。
- It is said that the value of Dajokan-satsu against 100 ryo of gold net price went down from 120 ryo to 150 ryo.
- 江戸幕府の場合は両系統が勘定所に包摂されているが、別機構になっている諸藩も多い。
- In the Edo bakufu, the two types of operations are integrated into the kanjosho, but many of the domains have two independent organizations.
- 日本と清の両国とも、その鎮圧を名目に朝鮮に出兵し、1894年日清戦争が勃発した。
- Both Japan and Qing dispatched troops to Korea on the pretext of suppression, and in 1894, the Sino-Japanese War broke out.
- しかし、実際の文書類においては公家・武家ともに目代と眼代の両方が用いられている。
- However, both mokudai and gandai were used by court nobles and the samurai in actual documents.
- 中心となる両流造の社殿は後世に再建されたものだが、平氏の時代の様式を残している。
- The main building in ryonagare-zukuri (a style of early Shinto shrines that have 'hisashi,' a kind of envelope, in front and behind) were reproduced after ages, an example of the remaining style in the period of the Taira clan.
- そのため、当時日本国内を代表する陶器の産地であった両国にはその貢納が求められた。
- As a result, both the Owari Province and Nagato Province as principal production areas of earthenware at the time in Japan, were ordered to make tributes of their products.
- 承久の乱後には鎌倉幕府が備前国・備中国両国より兵粮米を受け取る権利が認められた。
- After the Jokyu War, the authority of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to collect provisions for the troops from both Bizen and Bicchu provinces was recognized.
- 万延小判(万延元年(1860年)2月、666,700両、0.88匁、56.8%)
- Manen koban (February 1860, 666,700 ryo, 0.88 monme, 56.8%)
- そこで江戸幕府は取り扱う両替商および商人への南鐐二朱銀に対する優遇措置を行った。
- So the Edo bakufu (shogunate) gave priority to exchangers and business people who dealt with Nanryo Nishu Gin.
- 天正年間の1両は米4石 (単位)、永楽通宝1貫文、鐚銭4貫文とほぼ等価であった。
- In the Tensho era (1573 to 1592), 1 ryo was almost equal to the following things in value, that is, 4 koku of rice, 1 kanmon (former Japanese currency unit) of Eiraku Tsuho (Yong Le Tong Bao in pinyin, a copper coin minted in Ming dynasty China), and 4 kanmon of bad copper coins.
- 甲州金の通貨単位は「1両=4分=16朱=64糸目」という四進法の単位系であった。
- The currency units of Koshu-kin had the quaternary numeral system, in which '1 ryo, 4 bu, 16 shu, and 64 itome were equalized.'
- さらに多数の軍船を揃えて小西行長を水軍の将とし、海陸両面から根来・雑賀を攻めた。
- In addition, Yukinaga KONISHI became the commander of navy with many military ships and they attacked Negoro and Saiga from both sides of sea and land.
- 1940年(昭和15年)に両派とも解党して新体制運動に参加、大政翼賛会に合流した。
- In 1940, both factions dissolved and they took part in the new system movement, and then they joined the Imperial Rule Assistance Association.
- その貨幣価値は金貨である二朱金と等価とされ、1/8両に相当し、1/2分に相当する。
- It is treated as equal to Nishu kin gold, a gold coin, in currency value and worth 1/8 ryo, that is, 1/2 bu.
- この時代、待矢場両堰普通水利組合などが鉱毒に言及していたことについては記述がない。
- There is no description that at that time the Common Water Union of Machi-Yaba Ryozeki and others had pointed out the mining pollution.
- 官薩両軍の戦いは激しく、三好少将が銃創を負ったほどの銃砲撃戦・接戦がおこなわれた。
- The battle between the government army and the Satsuma army was so fierce that it turned out to be gunfights and close combats in which Major General MIYOSHI got a gunshot wound.
- 武田信玄と上杉謙信の両者が病死した後も甲越両軍は川中島の領有を巡って争いが続いた。
- Even after both Shingen TAKEDA and Kenshin UESUGI died from illness, Kai forces and Echigo forces continued to fight with each other over the possession of Kawanakajima.
- 長野での初対決で武田・上杉両軍による甲冑武者パフォーマンスが行われ、以来定着した。
- In the first match in Nagano between the two teams, persons wearing armors of Takeda's forces and those of Uesugi forces staged performances, and such performances have been staged there thereafter.
- 一方朝鮮側は1876年5月、答礼使節として両班を成員とする修信使を日本に派遣した。
- In May 1876, Korea dispatched to Japan the training delegates whose members were yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) as a return salute envoy.
- また朝鮮では両班を中心に漢字が重視されており、ハングル(朝鮮語)は軽視されていた。
- And in Korea, kanji (Chinese characters) was valued mainly among yahgban, and Hangeul (Korean letters) was unvalued.
- 同年10月、両者は党類を引き連れて源光信邸前で乱闘となり、「大津義親」が殺された。
- In October of the same year, the two brought their followers and started a scuffle in front of the mansion of MINAMOTO no Mitsunobu and 'Otsu Yoshichika' was killed.
- このときに破壊された電車は54両に上り、100名以上の検挙者を出す事件に発展した。
- The number of the trains destructed during this incident amounted to 54, and more than 100 people were arrested.
- 東京にあっては『時論』、上海にあっては『亜東時報』の両雑誌をもって通信機関とする。
- Journals, the 'Jiron' in Tokyo and the 'Ato Jihou' in Shanghai were a means of communication.
- 条約体制のもとでは、条約を締結した両国が公使を交換赴任させることが定められている。
- Under the treaty system, two countries which concluded a treaty have to exchange ministries each other.
- 「両截体制」下において、『万国公法』は普及し、政局にも影響を及ぼし始めたのである。
- Under the Ryosetsu system, 'Bankoku Koho' was widely spread and started to affect on political situation as well.
- また、両国は清国の独立を保全するとともに清国内におけるお互いの勢力圏を認め合った。
- The countries also guaranteed the independence of Qing, while at the same time recognizing each other's authority over different provinces within it.
- 本願寺と細川政元――既存勢力から睨まれた両者が歩み寄るのは当然の成り行きであった。
- It was natural that Hongan-ji Temple and Masamoto HOSOKAWA--the two given a hostile look from the present powers--cooperated.
- そのため劣勢を挽回し、教興寺で両軍が対陣する時点では逆に三好方が優勢となっていた。
- As a result, Miyoshi's side rectified its numerical inferiority, and when Hatakeyama and Miyoshi confronted at Kyoko-ji Temple, Miyoshi's side had the upper hand.
- 尾張は下守護代の郡奉行出身の織田信長が上下両守護代の内紛に乗じて尾張国主に収まる。
- With respect to Owari, Nobunaga ODA from koribugyo (a magistrate of a county) of shimo shugodai (deputy of shugo (provincial constable) for shimo yongun (literally, four gun in lower Owari)) became the lord of Owari by taking advantage of internal conflict between kami and shimo shugodai.
- 山本幸司は、この点に頼朝と義仲を両天秤にかける後白河院の政治的意図があったとする。
- In this respect, there was a political motivation by Goshirakawa-in in making a hedge between Yoritomo and Yoshinaka, according to Koji YAMAMOTO.
- 相国寺の戦いは激戦で両軍に多くの死傷者が出たものの勝敗を決することは出来なかった。
- In the Battle of Shokoku-ji Temple, many were killed or wounded on both sides, but neither camp achieved a decisive victory.
- 当初は一両の質量の砂金が金一両であったが、次第に質量と額面が乖離するようになった。
- Initially, gold dust with the mass of 1 ryo was defined as 1 ryo of gold, but gradually the mass and the face value became separated from each other.
- 根来・雑賀の鉄砲衆は、その質量両面において戦国時代随一の鉄砲隊だったと言ってよい。
- It can be said that the unit of gun fighters of Negoro and Saiga shu was the strongest both in quality and quantity in the Sengoku period.
- 1899年の群馬栃木両県鉱毒事務所によると、鉱毒による死者・死産は推計で1064人。
- According to the record by the office of mining pollution of Gunma and Tochigi prefectures in 1899, deaths and stillbirths due to the mining pollution were estimated to be 1064.
- 京都銀座では常是屋敷は両替町御池の北東側角にあり、銀座役所はその北側に隣接していた。
- In Kyoto-ginza, the Jouze estate is located at the northeastern corner of Ryogaecho-oike, with the ginza office adjoining it to the north.
- 小普請金にあたる、寄合御役金は100石に付き金2両の割合で8月と2月の分納であった。
- Yoriai-oyakukin, which was equivalent to kobushinkin (a kind of tax), was paid by installments in August and February at the rate of 2 ryo per 100 koku.
- 独立した大名家を興した後、両者の家格意識の高揚によって、正嫡、本末関係が論じられた。
- After an independent Daimyo family had been established, social standing became a sensitive issue to both head and branch families, resulting in disputes over a legal child or their head-and-branch relation.
- この若狭野浅野氏は大坂の両替商の天王寺屋などが引請人となった銀札、銭匁札を発行した。
- Undertaken by the Tennoji-ya money exchanger in Osaka, this Wakasano-Asano clan issued gin-satsu and senme-satsu.
- 両郡の南部は姫路藩領であったが、北部は同藩及び分家の旗本2家の領地で占められていた。
- Although the southern part of both Jinto-gun and Jinsai-gun were owned by Himeji Domain, the northern part was owned by Fukumoto Domain and its two branch families which were hatamoto.
- 明治新政府回収の際の引替率は、金札1両は1円、銭札五百文は4銭、百文は8厘であった。
- When the new Meiji government collected han bills, one ryo (currency unit only used for gold coins) of kinsatsu was exchanged for 1 yen, 500 mon of zenisatsu for 4 sen, and 100 mon of zenisatsu for 8 ri.
- 徳山藩が改易されると、徳山の家中は事の意外な発展に驚き、硬軟両派に分かれて論争した。
- When the Tokuyama domain was abolished, the former retainers of the lord family was astonished by the unexpected development of the incident, and disputed the situation between the hard-liners and soft-liners.
- 木綿・呉服のほか、材木・紙・酒を扱った伊勢商人がおり、金融業・両替商となる者もいた。
- While some Ise shonin dealt in wood, paper, and sake besides cotton and kimono fabric, some of them started finance businesses and exchange shops.
- これらの努力により接待費用を60万両に抑える一方、将軍呼称を再び日本国王に変更した。
- The cost of entertaining the envoy was reduced to 600 thousand ryo by these efforts, and the term for the title of shogun was changed to King of Japan again.
- 斯波氏・細川氏両派の抗争を利用し、相互に牽制させて強大化を防いだとも考えられている。
- It is thought that Yoshimitsu played the Shiba and Hosokawa clan factions off against each other, using their mutual antagonism to check them both and keep either from becoming too powerful.
- 文政小判(文政2年(1819年)6月、11,043,360両、3.5匁、56.4%)
- Bunsei koban (July 1819, 11,043,360 ryo, 3.5 monme, 56.4%)
- 享保小判(正徳4年(1714年)8月、8,280,000両、4.76匁、86.8%)
- Kyoho koban (September 1714, 8,280,000 ryo, 4.76 monme, 86.8%)
- 宝永小判(宝永7年(1710年)4月、11,515,500両、2.5匁、84.3%)
- Hoei koban (April 1710, 11,515,500 ryo, 2.5 monme, 84.3%)
- 城代家老と、国家老の両方が設置されているときは、城代家老のほうが格上なのが通例である。
- When both Kuni-garo and Jodai-garo were appointed, it was customary for the Jodai-garo to be placed in a higher rank than Kuni-garo.
- さらに、本によっては折衷案なのか安田義定と多田行綱の両人の名を併記していることもある。
- Furthermore, some historic books list two names as the commander, Yoshisada YASUDA and Yukitsuna TADA, and this may be the compromised proposal.
- 川尻に向かった別働第4旅団と第2旅団は両面から薩軍を攻撃して退け、遂に川尻を占領した。
- The detached 4th brigade and the 2nd brigade advanced to Kawajiri, and at last, seized there by attacking the Satsuma army from both sides and made them run.
- 久留米で木葉の敗戦報告を聞いた両旅団長は南下を急ぐ一方、三池街道に一部部隊を分遣した。
- At Kurume, the two brigadier generals learned that their side was defeated in Konoha, and dispatched part of their brigades to the Miike Highway, while hastening the movement toward south.
- 800万円は、待矢場両堰土地改良区(水利組合が名称を変更したもの)の口座に入金された。
- This 8 million yen was paid into the account of Machi-Yaba Twin Weir Land Improvement District (the new name of the water supply union).
- 両組合は、賠償請求額を算出するためにそれぞれ独自にたびたび足尾の現地視察などを行った。
- Those two unions often carried out on-the-spot investigation in Ashio to calculate the compensation.
- これにより、旧1両が新1円となり、さらに1米ドルとも連動する分かりやすい体系となった。
- Therefore, the currency system became more understandable, since 1 ryo became 1 yen, which was also equivalent to 1 U.S. dollar.
- それは政元が政務を家臣任せにして修験道に溺れているということである(細川両家記より)。
- According to the 'Hosokawa ryoke ki' (Record of the Two Houses of Hosokawa), the problem was that Masamoto let his vassals conduct the governmental affairs and became carried away with shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism-shamanism incorporating Shinto and Buddhist concepts).
- このタイプは日本人の設計による純国産機で、汽車会社と川崎造船所で合計46両生産された。
- This type was purely a domestic product designed by Japanese and 46 of them in total were manufactured at Kisha Kaisha and Kawasaki Zosen shipyard.
- 材質は晒に限定され、家紋を背中、両胸、袖、袴の腰板と左右の相引下、合計8カ所に入れた。
- Its material was limited to bleached cotton, and Kamon (family crest) was put on eight places in total, back, chests, sleeves, koshiita and both sides of slacks side seam of hakama.
- 陶氏を滅ぼした毛利氏友族が両国に存在したため毛利氏と大友氏は北筑前にて戦いを展開する。
- As affiliated families of the Mori clan that ruined the Sue clan exited in both countries, the Mori clan and the Otomo clan started battles in North Chikuzen.
- 孫子算経…三国時代 (中国)・両晋期に孫子を著者として仮託して書かれた古典的な数学書。
- Sonshisangyo: A classic textbook on mathematics written under the name of Sonshi (a tactician) at the time of Western and Eastern Jin Dynasties in Three Kingdoms period China.
- 両軍は12日頃から円明寺川を挟んで対峙し、その前夜に高山隊が山崎の集落を占拠していた。
- The two camps confronted each other from about June 12 with the Enmyoji-gawa River between them; on the night before, Takayama's corps had occupied Yamazaki hamlets.
- 法皇も表面は清盛との友好関係を修復することにつとめ、両者の対立は緩和されたかに見えた。
- The cloistered emperor tried to reconcile with Kiyomori on the surface, and the opposition between both parties seemed to soften.
- 良民は階級的には貴族と平民に二大別されているが、両者の区別は法的には明確ではなかった。
- Ryomin (law-abiding people) were roughly divided into two classes, kizoku and heimin (commoners), although distinction between the two were not clear by law.
- しかし幕府は慶長小判回収を促進するため、二朱金への両替は元禄金に限るという策を講じた。
- However, bakufu took a measure to allow only Genrokukin at currency conversion to Nishukin to encourage collection of Keicho koban.
- 唐代にこれの3倍を大両とする制度ができたが、大両は3銭8分の3倍(11銭4分)である。
- Under the Tang Dynasty, the system of larger ryo, which was three times larger than ryo, was established that larger ryo weighed 11 sen and 4 bu, which was three times as much as 3 sen and 8 bu.
- 大番は歴史が古いものの、「両番」と称せられる小姓組、書院番に比べ家格は一段低いとされた。
- Although oban was the oldest military organization, the social standing was lower than koshogumi and shoinban which were called 'ryoban.'
- 条里制という用語には、次の両者が公的制度によって形成されたものであるという前提があった。
- The term Jori sei assumed that both of the following were formed by public system:
- 喧嘩両成敗により久米家と松平家はともに改易に処され、服部も捕らえられて切腹改易となった。
- Due to Kenka Ryoseibai, both the Kume family and the Matsudaira family were sentenced to kaieki, and Hattori was captured and sentenced to seppuku as well as kaieki.
- このため、干城隊三・七番隊、雷撃隊六番隊がこれを防いだが、決着はつかず両軍は兵を退いた。
- For this, the 3rd and 7th companies of Kanjotai and the 6th company of Raigeki-tai defended the attack, but both sides retreated without gaining any decisive result.
- 1854年頃からは二分金用の千両箱や大判が収納可能なタイプも使用されるようになっている。
- From around 1854, other types of sen-ryo-bako such as those exclusively used for ni-bu-kin (a kind of gold coin) or those possible to store oban (former Japanese biggest oval gold coin) were also began to be used.
- その中で4両あったシャープ・スチュアート社製の機関車が最も使いやすかったと言われている。
- Four of them were made by Sharp Stewart Co., Ltd. and were said to be easiest for operation.
- 屋島の戦いの後も、瀬戸内海を中心に小規模な戦闘が続いて両者とも一進一退を繰り返していた。
- After the Battle of Yashima, skirmishes continued to occur in the Seto Inland Sea and the battle front went back and forth.
- 柴司は自らの職務を遂行したのみであったが、自ら犠牲となる事で両者の関係悪化を食い止めた。
- Although Tsukasa SHIBA merely did his duty, he prevented the relationship between the two clans from being damaged, despite it costing his life.
- 元文小判(元文元年(1736年)5月、17,435,711両1分、3.5匁、65.7%)
- Genbun koban (June 1736, 17,435,711 ryo 1 bu, 3.5 monme, 65.7%)
- 江戸時代以前には、灰吹銀および極印銀が、鋳造者である富商や両替商の極印によって流通した。
- Before the Edo period, refined silver coins and hallmarked silver coins were circulated with the hallmarks of wealthy coiners and money-exchange businessmen.
- 金一両は元来一両(大宝律令では小両、延喜式以降は10匁)の質量の砂金という意味であった。
- Originally, 1 ryo of gold meant 1 ryo (or 1 small ryo under the Taiho Code, 10 monme under the Engi Code and thereafter) of gold dust.
- 官戸はだいたい徭役を免除され両税等の課税についても一定限度内で優免を得る場合がみられた。
- Guanhu were generally exempt from mandatory labor and there were circumstances in which they gained a certain degree of special exemption from some forms of taxation.
- また、奉幣使が春日大社及び京都における分社である大原野神社・吉田神社の両社に派遣された。
- And 'Hoheishi' (an imperial messenger to a Shinto shrine) was dispatched to Kasuga-taisha Shrine and to its Kyoto branches (Oharano-jinja Shrine and Yoshida-jinja Shrine).
- だが、10世紀に入ると丹波氏・和気氏両氏による家学化が進み、内薬司は典薬寮に統合された。
- In the 10th century, I-do became almost the hereditary learning of the Tanba clan and the Wake clan, and the Naiyakushi was integrated into the Tenyakuryo.
- 第一はローマ教皇とスペイン・ポルトガル両王に日本宣教の経済的・精神的援助を依頼すること。
- First, to ask the Pope and both kings in Spain and Portugal for financial and spiritual support for missionaries to Japan.
- 朝鮮に於ける本貫や族譜の役割は、両班が自らの家系の正統性や優秀性を証明する為の側面もある。
- One of the roles of hongan or zokufu in Korea is for Yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) to prove the legitimacy and quality of their family lines.
- 安宿王は佐渡島、大伴古慈悲(藤原不比等の娘婿)は土佐国に配流された(両者ともその後赦免)。
- Prince Asukabe was sent to Sadoga-shima Island and OTOMO no Kojihi (a husband of FUJIWARA no Fuhito's daughter) was sent to Tosa Province (they were remitted later).
- 両軍併せて17,000から50,000の兵力が激突し、三好義賢はこの合戦にて戦死を遂げた。
- A total of 17,000 to 50,000 soldiers of the two armies fought against each other, and Yoshitaka MIYOSHI died in in this battle.
- また負傷者53名(うち重傷者13名)は、和木と嘉久志の両小学校に収容されて手当てを受けた。
- 53 wounded (including 13 severely wounded) were taken to the two elementary schools in Waki and Kakushi to receive treatment.
- この評定で「国中掟法」を取り決め、両畠山氏の影響を排除し、南山城の自治を行うことを決めた。
- During the conference, they stipulated an autonomous law called 'Kunijuokite', and decided to eliminate the influence of both HATAKEYAMAs in order for Minami-Yamashiro to become a self-governing community.
- 宇多のもとでは藤原時平と菅原道真の両者が太政官筆頭に立ち、協力しながら宇多を補佐していた。
- Under Emperor Uda, FUJIWARA no Tokihira and SUGAWARA no Michizane were the heads of Daijokan, who cooperated with the emperor.
- 次代の天皇の外祖父の地位を確保した道長は三条の早期の譲位を望み、両者の折り合いは悪かった。
- Michinaga had obtained the position of maternal grandfather of the next emperor and wished for the early abdication of Sanjo, hence the relationship between the two was rocky.
- 正徳小判(正徳 (日本)4年(1714年)5月、213,500両、4.76匁、84.3%)
- Shotoku koban (June 1714, 213,500 ryo, 4.76 monme, 84.3%)
- 元禄小判(元禄8年(1695年)9月、13,936,220両1分、4.76匁、57.4%)
- Genroku koban (October 1695, 13,936,220 ryo 1 bu, 4.76 monme, 57.4%)
- 新政府を諸藩と対峙させることによって政権両派の再統一と求心力を回復させようとしたのである。
- They intended to reunify both groups recuperate its centripetal force by making the new government face off against the domains.
- その後玄蕃はせめて赤穂浪士たちが本懐を遂げるまでこの両国橋で守りにつこうと仁王立ちになった。
- After that, Genba decided to stand strongly to guard Ryogokubashi at least until the Ako Roshi attained their long-cherished plan.
- 『礒貝富森両人覚書』も、邸内ではたびたび戦闘が起きたが、長屋の侍は出てこなかったとしている。
- It is also described in 'Isogai Tomimori Ryonin Oboegaki' that although much fighting took place in the residence, no single samurai came out of their long house.
- 宝暦六年(1756年)以降被差別階級の穢多村の統計が残っており、参考までに両者の合計を示す。
- As statistical figures on the discriminated class living in such communities since 1756 are available, and the aggregated figures of the two categories are shown below for reference.
- 寛延二年(1749年)以降は両本願寺派以外の全僧侶の人口も三郷町方人口に含まれるようになる。
- After 1749, all priests of the two Honganji schools are included in the urban population in the three districts.
- 千両箱(せんりょうばこ)とは、江戸時代の日本において大量の小判を貯蔵することを目的とした箱。
- Sen-ryo-bako was a box exclusively used to store a large amount of koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) during the Edo period.
- また、江戸時代には天秤棒を担いで、その両端に売りものをぶら下げて担いで運搬することがあった。
- In the Edo period, peddlers sometimes carried a yoke hanging their products from both ends of it for transport.
- その後も完全に新県構想が絶えた訳ではなく、大正時代には県議会に両県の合併案が提出されている。
- After that, the conception of creating a new prefecture was not abolished, and a proposal requesting incorporation of two prefectures was submitted to the prefectural assembly in Taisho Period.
- 一般に承平 (日本)・天慶 (日本)の両元号の期間に発生した事からこのように呼称されている。
- The wars were given this name because they occurred during the Johei (Japan) and Tengyo (Japan) eras.
- 警官側が農民に対し砂を投げた、という証言と、警官と農民の両者が砂を投げた、という証言がある。
- Some said police threw sands at demonstrators and other said police and peasants both threw sands to each other.
- 足軽以下は「軽輩」などと呼ばれ、士分とは見なされないため、両者の間には大きな境界線があった。
- Ashigaru and below were called 'Keihai' (a person of low rank) and were not considered Shibun, so there was a large difference between the two.
- このケースでは、国衙と荘園は必ずしも対立的ではなく、両者の共存関係が継続していたことになる。
- In this case, Kokuga and Shoen were not necessarily against each other but coexisted.
- 年料雑器(ねんりょうざっき)とは、律令制において尾張国・長門国両国より中央に貢納させた陶器。
- Nenryo zakki was earthenware from Owari Province and Nagato Province appointed by the central government as payments of tribute under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- これに呼応して苦戦していた中川・高山両隊も明智軍を押し返し、こうして明智軍は総崩れとなった。
- Acting in concert, Nakagawa's and Takayama's corps so far fighting an uphill battle forced back Akechi's troops, who then broke into a stampede.
- ここでは東西両軍に参加した守護大名や豪族を列挙するが、時期によっては去就が異なる場合がある。
- Shugo daimyos and influential local lords who participated in the Eastern and Western camps will be listed below, but it has to be noted that the same persons sometimes belonged to a different side.
- 鎌倉時代に皇統は後深草系統の持明院統と亀山系統の大覚寺統のふたつに分裂する両統迭立が起こる。
- The Kamakura period saw the Imperial line split into two, the Jimyoin line of Emperor Gofukasa's lineage, and the Daikakuji line of Emperor Kameyama's lineage, and this situation is called 'Ryoto Tetsuritsu.'
- また、天保年間に大判と小判の中間的な貨幣として五両判が発行されたが、ほとんど流通しなかった。
- Also during the Tenpo period, goryoban was issued as a medieval currency between oban and koban, however it was seldom distributed.
- また江戸時代にも文政年間頃から「両」のことを俗称として「圓」と呼ぶ習慣が一部にあったという。
- And from around the Bunsei era (1818 to 1830) in the Edo period, it is said some called 'yen' as 'ryo' habitually.
- これは黍1200粒を12銖(後に「朱」と略記された)とし、これが2つで1両とするものである。
- In short, the mass of 1200 grains of black mille is defined as 12 shu (later, the simplified spelling '朱' replaced '銖'), and two masses are defined as 1 ryo.
- これに対し、李氏朝鮮の特権階級であった両班は各地で民衆を組織化し義兵軍を編成して反抗を開始。
- Yangban', traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty, organized Korean people at various places, formed a volunteer army and started fighting against the Japanese forces.
- 握斧、握槌、ハンド=アックス (Hand Axe)礫の全体を両面から打ち欠いて刃をつけた石器。
- Akufu (ax with handgrip), Nigiri-tsuchi (hammer with handgrip), Hand Axe: A kind of stone tool having edges formed by beating a whole part of a pebble from both sides
- 討ち入りの前夜、大高は煤払竹売に変装して吉良屋敷を探索していたが、両国橋で宝井其角と出会った。
- When Otaka disguised himself as a merchant selling bamboo sticks for house cleaning in order to spy on the Kira residence the night before the raid, he bumped into Kikaku TAKARAI in Ryogokubashi.
- 8世紀半ばに両税法が施行され、土地を所有する個人への課税率がそれまでと比較して低率に抑えられた
- In the middle of the eighth century, Ryozeiho (taxation law in enforcement in China until Ming Dynasty) was enacted and the rate of taxation on individuals owned the lands was reduced to a lower level than before.
- この時、淀殿は会見を拒否し両者の関係は悪化するが家康は松平忠輝を大坂に遣わし融和に努めている。
- Yodo-dono then refused the meeting, which made their relationship bad, but Ieyasu sent Tadateru MATSUDAIRA to Osaka for reconciliation.
- 8月29日、両軍は上野原(長野県長野市上野)で交戦するが決定的な戦いではなく、戦線は膠着した。
- On September 21, both forces fought in Uenohara (in Ueno, Nagano City, Nagano Prefecture), but with neither side being able to win decisively, the combat lines became deadlocked.
- この際(665年もしくは671年の両説有り)に、2000名の唐の軍隊が倭国に進駐したとされる。
- On this occasion (there are two competing theories suggesting 665 and 671 as the time of occurrence), it is said that the 2000 strong army of the Tang Dynasty advanced to Wakoku.
- この条項に対する両国の思惑の違いは、この後も継続し、最終的な決着を見たのは下関条約の時である。
- The misunderstanding between the two countries for this provision had not been solved for years until the Shimonoseki Treaty, and at that time they reached a final settlement.
- 平安時代後期以降は、謀反と謀叛の区別はなくなり、両方とも主君や君主への敵対を指すようになった。
- After the latter part of the Heian period, a scheme of disobedience and a scheme of countering were no longer distinguished and both of them came to mean the opposition to one's lord and monarch.
- なお、防戦に対する処罰規定は戦国大名の分国法などにおける喧嘩両成敗の元となったとする説もある。
- Furthermore, there is a theory that the law penalizing defenses is the origin of the principle of Kenka Ryoseibai (in a quarrel, both parties are to blame), which was stipulated in bunkokuho (the law which individual Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku period enforced in their own domain).
- これは、天皇の権威の確立と政治への直接関与の阻止という両方を実現するための苦肉の策でもあった。
- This was a last-ditch measure to realize both establishing the Emperor's authority and preventing the Emperor from directly engaging in the politics.
- 両親とも天武天皇の系統の川継こそが正統の皇位継承者であると考える者も少なくなかったと思われる。
- Many believed that Kawatsugu, whose parents were both from the Imperial line of Emperor Tenmu, should be the legitimate succession to the Imperial Throne.
- 両親・祖父母に対する傷害・殺人、伯叔父母・外祖父母(母方の祖父母)・兄・姉に対する殺人を指す。
- It refers to the wounding or killing of the parent(s)/ grandparent(s) or the killing of uncle(s)/ aunt(s), maternal grandparent(s)/elder brother(s)/elder sister(s).
- 上級領主も当然こうした動きに対抗し、鎌倉時代後期から室町時代にかけて、両者間の紛争が頻発した。
- Naturally the upper-class feudal lord confronted such a movement, and the dispute between them occurred frequently from the late Kamakura period to the Muromachi period.
- 元亀3年(1572年)には信長から義昭に異見十七箇条が突きつけられ、両者の対立は決定的になる。
- In 1572, Nobunaga sent an accusatory letter, called Iken 17 kajo (your 17 problems) to Yoshiaki, making their conflict public.
- すなわち南鐐二朱銀の小判および丁銀への両替に対し、2割5分の増歩を要求するというものであった。
- They asked for a 25% fee when exchanging Nanryo Nishu Gin to Koban and/or Chogin.
- 比叡山は近江国と山城国にまたがっており、白鳥道と山中道の2つの道は両国を結ぶ道路が通じていた。
- Mt. Hiei stretches to Omi Province and Yamashiro Province, and two roads of Shiratori-do and Yamanaka-do connected the two provinces.
- 広瀬裕則が立石・地蔵の両峠を守る軍勢を急遽呼び戻し、坂落としにて大内軍を蹴散らそうと提言した。
- Yasunori HIROSE offered an idea that they should call back the armies in garrison on Tateishi-toge pass and Jizo-toge pass in haste and make the horsemen swoop down from the mountain onto the Ouchi army to put them to rout.
- アメリカ合衆国の南満州鉄道中立案(ノックス提案)の拒否を協定し、両国の満州権益の確保を確認した。
- They made sure that they would secure their interests in Manchuria through making an agreement to deny the proposal of having the South Manchuria Railways stand neutral by the United States of America (Knox's proposal).
- 平安末期には保元の乱・平治の乱両乱を経て武士が政治に進出していき、その結果、平氏政権が登場した。
- Through the two wars, the Hogen War and the Heiji War, near the end of the Heian period, samurai advanced into the political world, generating the Taira clan government.
- 更に奥州支配を進める伊達氏によって佐竹義重 (十八代当主)は南北両方面での戦いを余儀なくされた。
- In addition, Yoshishige SATAKE (the eighteenth family head) was forced by the Date clan, that had been expanding its governance in Oshu, to fight both in the north and south sides.
- また、宗親・両班の生活の拠点が都市から在地の荘園に移り、積極的な経営に乗り出す姿勢を見せ始めた。
- And the living bases of Soshin and Yangban moved from cities to local manors and they started to show aggressive management.
- この結果、幕府内における直義の発言力の低下と師直の台頭が生じ、両派の対立に一層の拍車がかかった。
- As a result, Tadayoshi's power decreased within the bakufu and Moronao's power increased, leading to further conflict between the two groups.
- こうして、道長の権威と権力が朝廷を圧するなかで両統迭立は終焉し、皇統は円融の子孫に一本化された。
- This is how Ryoto tetsuritsu ended with Michinaga's authority and power putting pressure on the Imperial Court and the Imperial line was united with Enyu's descendants.
- その後は、各車種にわたって標準型車両が制定され、雑多な少数形式の淘汰が推進されていくことになる。
- After that, standard train cars in each form of car were set up, and assorted small number of train cars began to be culled out.
- 各私鉄から引き継がれた雑多な車両は、国有化後もしばらくの間、私鉄時代の形式番号のまま使用された。
- The various kinds of train cars that were succeeded from the private railways were used in the same model number as they had been used in private railways.
- 後に漢文学の学科である文章道(もんじょうどう)と統合して歴史・漢文学の両方を教える学科となった。
- Later, it was merged with Monjodo (Literature), a subject which dealt with Chinese literature, becoming a subject teaching both history and Chinese literature.
- 大学寮における当初の両博士の立場はあくまでも明経道を補完するものでしかなかったと考えられている。
- At first, these two hakase were only there at the daigakuryo to support myogyodo.
- その後、河上弥市と滝弥太郎の両人が総督職を継いだのを経て、総督は赤根武人、軍監は山縣有朋が務めた。
- After the two Yaichi KAWAKAMI and Yataro TAKI served as the post of the governor-general, Taketo AKANE took the post of governor-general and Aritomo YAMAGATA served as an Assistant Deputy General.
- これら抗争によって両派とも巨頭になり得る人材を失い、問題の解決と関係の修復を行う力を失っていった。
- Because of these disputes, both factions lost their talented persons who could lead each faction, and they lost the power to resolve the issues and reconcile with each other.
- 明治2年5月28日、太政官札の発行を3,250万両に限止し、その製造機械を焼棄することを布告した。
- On July 7, 1869 (old lunar calendar), the government announced that the total amount of Dajokan bills issued would not exceed 32.5 million ryo and that the money printing machine would be subsequently incinerated.
- そのため、民部省によって2分・1分・2朱・1朱、計4種類の紙幣が総額にして750万両分発行された。
- That's why a total of 7.5 million ryo consisted of 4 kinds of bank notes, 2 bu, 1 bu, 2 shu and 1 shu were issued by the Minbusho.
- このように、地頭の中には下地と上分の両方を獲得し、所領の一円支配を実現していく者が現れたのである。
- As described above, some jito acquired both shitaji and jobun to realize ichien control of shoryo (territories).
- 保元元年(1156年)7月2日 (旧暦)、鳥羽法皇が崩御すると、両派の衝突は不可避の情勢となった。
- The clash between the two sides was inevitable when Cloistered Emperor Toba died, on July 20, 1156.
- 明徳3年(1392年)に足利義満がまとめた南北朝合一に際しても、両統迭立の理念が再度持ち出された。
- The concept of Ryoto tetsuritsu was again brought up upon the union of Northern and Southern Dynasties that Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA concluded in 1392.
- 総鋳造量3,809,643両2分の内、608,000両はより金品位の低い劣位二分金との記録がある。
- It is recorded that 608,000 ryo of the total casted amount 3,809,643ryo 2bu was nibukin with low karat.
- そして、信長が義昭の行動を制限する「殿中御掟」を成立させると、両者の対立は決定的なものとなった。、
- When Nobunaga set up 'Denchu on okite' (regulations for the shogunal residence) to hold back Yoshiaki, the antagonism between the two solidified.
- 菩提寺は、奉り墓として寺山観音寺、埋め墓として六房寺の両墓制であったと言われているが定かではない。
- The family temple was Terayama Kannonji Temple as a dedicated grave and Rokubo-ji Temple as a buried grave; this was said to have been a double grave system, but that isn't certain.
- また外国人の1ドル銀貨から一分銀への両替要求が多額に上ったため、開港場では一分銀は瞬く間に払底した。
- Furthermore, ichibu-gin silver coins got scarce at the treaty ports in no time because foreigners demanded exchanges of so many one-dollar silver coins into ichibu-gin silver coins.
- 他にも麹町、本所、両国、築地、芝、南八丁堀湊町、深川黒江町などに借宅や店を借りて同志たちが滞在した。
- Other comrades rented houses and stores in Kojimachi, Honjo, Ryogoku, Tsukiji, Minami Hacchobori Minatomachi, Fukagawa, and Kuroecho.
- そのため、上杉景勝は武田勝頼の異母妹と婚を通じて和睦して甲越同盟を築き両軍の戦いに終止符は打たれた。
- Therefore, Kagekatsu UESUGI made peace with the Takeda side through marriage with a half-sister of Katsuyori TAKEDA, establishing the Ko-Etsu Alliance (an alliance between the Takeda clan in Kai Province and the Uesugi clan in Echigo Province), ending fights between both forces.
- 当時日朝修好条規締結で解決できなかった両国公使の相互派遣・駐在について、日朝間の見解が衝突していた。
- At that time, there was a remaining problem which could not be solved by the conclusion of Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity regarding dispatch and stay of ministers of both countries and Japanese and Korean side had completely different opinions.
- 一方、山縣有朋系の議員が多かった茶話会も超然主義を支持しており、両会派の政策に大きな違いがなかった。
- On the other hand, the Tea Party group, which mainly consisted of the members of Aritomo YAMAGATA faction, also supported the doctrine of superiority, so there was no big difference between both groups.
- 第八十一国立銀行→株式会社に転換せず、満期解散し、両羽銀行が事業譲受→1965年に名称変更し山形銀行
- The 81st National Bank -> did not transfer to the stock corporation and dissolved at the expiration, then the Ryou Bank took over the business -> renamed the Yamagata Bank in 1965.
- 構造は鉄筋コンクリート造、壁厚25cm以上、片開または両開の完全な金庫式二重扉を設けることとされた。
- As for the structure, Hoan-den needed to be built from ferro-concrete, have walls 25 cm or thicker, and a complete safe-typed and dual-structured door with either a single swing door or double-leaf doors.
- 両治世は天皇親政が行われ、王朝政治・王朝文化の最盛期となった理想の時代として後世の人々に観念された。
- In both reigns the emperor ruled directly and this era has been considered by succeeding generations as the golden age of government and culture under the dynasty.
- 保守派や京都市民への配慮から、東京奠都を明確にはしなかったものの、東西両都の方針通り東京が誕生した。
- Although the transfer of the capital to Tokyo was not made entirely clear due to concerns about the conservatives and Kyoto citizens, Tokyo was born just as proposed.
- もともと信頼の一門は武蔵国・陸奥国を知行国としており、両国と深いつながりを持つ源義朝と連携していた。
- Nobuyori's branch of the Fujiwara clan had long controlled the provinces of Musashi and Hitachi through their fiefs there, and had a friendly relationship with MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, who had strong ties to both provinces.
- 二朱金、二分金とともに小判、一分判に対し一両あたりの含有金量が低く抑えられ、補助貨幣的に用いられた。
- Since the amount of gold contained in one ryo against Koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) and Ichibuban was held down as well as Nishukin gold coin and Nibukin gold coin, Isshukin was used as subsidiary coin.
- 当初の歩は、日本語で言う2歩分(両足を前に踏み出した長さ)を1歩とし、歩四方を面積の1歩としていた。
- Originally 1 bu unit was defined by the length of two steps, and 1 bu square was the 1 bu of area.
- しかし宗教書の場合その意義を必ずしも否定するものではなく両者は別の範疇に入ることに留意する必要がある。
- However, it should be noted that with religious books, simply being a gisho does not necessarily strip a book of its significance, and as a result this sort of gisho should be considered a separate category.
- 外国人大使らは一年間にこのような両替を5~6サイクル程繰り返し、利益を上げることが可能であったという。
- It is said that foreign ambassadors could make profits by repeating such cycles of exchange five to six times a year.
- 「喧嘩両成敗」は、秩序が崩壊した戦国時代 (日本)に誕生した慣習法であり、かぶき者が好んだ法であった。
- Kenka Ryoseibai' was the customary law which came to exist in the Sengoku Period when everything was out of order, and was loved by kabukimono.
- また、十両以下の窃盗でも累犯で窃盗の前科が2度ある場合、3度目には金額に関わらず自動的に死罪となった。
- Even when the amount stolen is below 10 ryo, if the thief has two convictions for larceny, shizai is automatically imposed regardless of the amount stolen.
- 李王朝時代の朝鮮は、農地が荒廃しており、民衆は官吏や両班、高利貸によって責めたてられて収奪されていた。
- In Korea in the period of Joseon Dynasty, the agricultural lands were devastated, and the people were hounded and deprived by government officials, yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) and loan sharks.
- ただし、両軍の兵力数と損害数に記述されるように、本当にそれだけの損害を与えられたのかは別に疑問が残る。
- However, it is still questionable whether Nobunaga's teppo units could really inflict as many casualties as the described number of soldiers and casualties on both sides.
- 金銀貨の両替や米・綿・油などの商品の取引相場を定めて取引を行う、取引所・事務所としての役割を果たした。
- Kaisho served as an exchange market and a trading office, where the exchange market rate was determined for exchanging gold and silver currencies and the trading of such as commodities as rice, cotton and oil was undertaken.
- 両者とも位階(唐では品階)と官職との対応関係を定めているが、その根本原則においては大きな差異があった。
- Both set the correspondence relationship between Ikai (called Hinkai in Tang) and government post, but there was a big difference on its foundational rule.
- 両替商・その他商人は贋金による取引を一切禁じる(贋金が鋳造・流通している事実を内外に正式に公表する)。
- Money-exchange business and other exchanges by merchants using counterfeit money is strictly forbidden (the fact that Japan was coining and circulating counterfeit money would be announced to Japan and foreign countries).
- 続いて、数年後に再び政争が軍事衝突によって終結し(平治の乱)、両乱を通じて武士の政治的地位が上昇した。
- Some years later, a military confrontation brought another political fight (the Heiji War) to an end and through these two wars, the warriors'political status rose.
- また、両チームにはチーム代表で解説や進行を担当する「頭」や、応援担当の「念人」が選出されることもある。
- In addition, there were cases where 'to,' who was in charge of commentary and direction for their team, and 'nennin,' whose job was to support their team, were selected.
- 両者の勢力関係によって三分の一と三分の二であったりと分割割合は様々であったため、下地分割とも呼ばれた。
- As the ratio of division varied depending on the parties' relative power, like one third versus two thirds, Shitaji chubun was also called Shitaji bunkatsu (division of the land).
- そこで鎌倉幕府の仲介によって、大覚寺統と持明院統が交互に皇位につく事(両統迭立)が取り決められていた。
- At that point, through the mediation of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), a compromise was reached where it was decided to alternate between the two lineages, choosing the Emperor from each lineage in turn (called 'ryoto tetsuritsu' in Japanese).
- しかし、この月に上杉重能と畠山直宗が配流先で師直の配下に暗殺されたことから、両者の緊張は再び高まった。
- However, during December, Shigeyoshi UESUGI and Naomune HATAKEYAMA were killed while under Moronao's custody, leading to tension between the two groups again.
- 後の1412年(応永19年)には後小松皇子の称光天皇が即位しており、両統迭立の条件は反故にされている。
- Later, in 1412, Gokomatsu's son, Emperor Shoko ascended the throne and the conditions for Ryoto Tetsuritsu were broken.
- 一朱金、二朱金とともに 小判、一分金に対し一両あたりの含有金量が低く抑えられ、補助貨幣的に用いられた。
- Both isshukin and nishukin included less gold per one ryo compared to koban and ichibuban and used as subsidiary currencies.
- 一朱金、二分金とともに、小判、一分判に対し一両あたりの含有金量が低く抑えられ、補助貨幣的に用いられた。
- Both isshukin and nibukin included less gold par one ryo compared to koban and ichibuban and used as subsidiary currencies.
- 7月19日、長尾軍が犀川を渡って戦いをしかけるが決着はつかず、両軍は200日余に渡り対陣することになる。
- On August 5, Nagao's forces crossed the Sai-gawa River to start fighting, but neither side won the battle decisively, making the confrontation state continued for slightly more than 200 days.
- その結果、10万両と言われた藩の借財は数年で完済されて、藩札も額面以上の信用を得るという好循環を招いた。
- As a result, the domain paid off their debts, which were reputed to be as much as 100,000 ryo, in several years, and their han bills gained high credibility above the face values, creating a virtuous cycle.
- 両国政府は、相互の承認を経ずして後来、本協約の趣意に違反する協約を第三国との間に訂立する事ができない事。
- Both countries shall not sign an agreement with a third county if the effect of the agreement is against this treaty, unless a mutual approval between the two countries, Japan and Korea, has been reached.
- その結果、明治3年7月10日 (旧暦)(1870年8月6日)に大久保が主導して両省の再分離が決定された。
- As a result, under the leadership of Toshimichi OKUBO, it was decided on August 6, 1870 that both ministries would be divided again.
- そして式部省の次官である大輔及び少輔については、両方の権官を同時に任ずることはできないこととなっていた。
- Meanwhile, both Taifu and Shofu (Junior Assistant Minister), assistant directors of Shikibu-sho, were prohibited to assume another supernumerary position concurrently.
- その中で4両あったシャープ・スチュアート社製の国鉄160形蒸気機関車が最も使いやすかったといわれている。
- Among them, four type-160 steam locomotives of Japanese National Railways made by Sharp, Stewart & Co. Ltd. were said to be the easiest to use.
- しかし、理念上は南朝を重視する傾向にあり、両朝の年号を併記する場合は南朝を先とすることが一般的であった。
- Goryeo tended to regard the Southern Court as important and put the era name of Southern Court first when the both era names were written together.
- 両者の対立、殊に硬派の存在は政府に危険視され、結党から1年で治安警察法違反による結社禁止命令が下される。
- Conflict between the said two groups, especially the existence of the hard-liners, was regarded as dangerous by the government, and the prohibition order against association was issued on a charge of infringement against the Security Police Law, one year after the establishment of the party.
- 主人・従者の両者は、御恩と奉公という互恵関係を結ぶことで、一定の共同体(武士団)を作っていったのである。
- A master and his servants formed a certain union (samurai group) by establishing mutually beneficial relationships called goon and hoko.
- 日明貿易には、両国により正式の渡航船であることを証明する勘合符が用いられたことから、勘合船とも呼ばれた。
- These ships were also called Kangosen since both governments issued a certificate called Kangofu in order to prove the visiting ships were lawfully registered ships for Nichi-Ming trade.
- このような状況下で、身を賭して戦いに貢献しようとする者は少なく、東西両軍の戦いは膠着状態に陥っていった。
- In such a situation, few were ready to sacrifice themselves to contribute to victory, and the war between the Eastern and Western camps had fallen into a stalemate.
- これに激怒した蒲生家譜代の家臣・町野繁仍らは郷安を暗殺すべく、軍勢を集め、両派は一触即発の事態となった。
- The group of Shigeyorio MACHINO, who had for generations been vassals of the Gamo family, became infuriated and mobilized an army to kill Satoyasu, whereupon the two sides came into the hair-trigger situation.
- 弘安7年(1284年)に両者の調停役となっていた執権時宗が死去し、14歳の嫡子北条貞時が9代執権となった。
- In 1284, Tokimune, the regent to the shogunate who had played a coordinating role between both parties, died and his 14-year-old legitimate child Sadatoki HOJO became the ninth regent.
- 1908年 日米両政府間で前年から7度に亘り行われた書簡交換により、紳士協定に基づく日本人の移民制限開始。
- In 1908, due to the seven exchanges of letters between the Japanese and U.S. governments since the previous year, the limitation of Japanese immigration based on the Gentlemen's Agreement took effect.
- 信長が1582年の本能寺の変で殺害された後、織田氏は信長の次男・織田信雄と三男・織田信孝の両統に分裂する。
- After Nobunaga was killed at the Honnoji Incident in 1582, Oda clan split into two groups (one is of Nobukatsu ODA, the second son, another is Nobutaka ODA, the third son).
- 両者の人口を合わせた大坂都市圏の人口は、安土桃山時代より大坂の役まで京都の人口を上回っていたと考えられる。
- The population of the greater Osaka area combining the populations of the two cities is believed to have exceeded Kyoto's population during the Azuchi-Momoyama period until Osaka no eki occurred.
- 1896年、陸海軍両局が統合され軍務局に、また民政局より総務、法務、通信の各局が分離し7局体制が確立した。
- In 1896, the army and navy bureaus were merged to form the Military Affairs Bureau, and the General Affairs, Judicial and Communication Bureaus were separated from the Home Affairs Bureau, which separation resulted in the establishment of the seven-bureau system.
- そこで、細石器段階以前を初期尖頭器、以降を発達期の尖頭器と呼ぶこともあるが、両者の差異はかなり顕著である。
- Therefore, the point before the appearance of microlith is called 'early point' and the one after microlith is called 'point in developing period,' and the difference between these styles is considerably remarkable.
- 1272年2月11日、鎌倉では名越時章(入道見西)、教時の両名が誅殺され、公家の中御門実隆らが処罰された。
- Both Tokiaki NAGOE (Nyudo [lay-monk] Kensei) and Noritoki were killed in Kamakura on March 18, 1272, and a court noble, Sanetaka NAKAMIKADO was punished.
- ただし、君が代の歌詞への反対意見や、教育現場での君が代斉唱反対運動は現在でも続き、賛否両論が対立している。
- However, there still exists pro and con opinions against the words of Kimigayo and opposition movements against the chorus reading of Kimigayo in the field of education.
- この一方で、奈良時代から発達してきた修験道も、両宗の密教の影響を強く受け、独自の発達を遂げることとなった。
- On the other hand, Shugendo (mountain asceticism-shamanism), which had developed from the Nara period, was also strongly influenced by the esoteric Buddhism of both sects and was evolving independently.
- 両脇侍像が跪座している点が特徴であり、勢至菩薩像内の銘文から久安4年(1148年)作であることが判明した。
- It features statues of wakiji (attendants statues) kneeling on both sides, and was identified as a creation of 1148 according to the inscription inside the statue of Seishi Bosatsu.
- その一方で後白河院庁別当として後白河への奉仕も怠らず、両派の争いに巻き込まれないように細心の注意を払った。
- On the other hand, he worked diligently for Goshirakawa as well as Betto of the Office of the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, and was careful not to become entangled in the conflict between the two groups.
- 慶長小判(慶長6年(1601年)頃、14,727,055両(推定値)、4.76匁、84.3%→86.8%)
- Keicho koban (around 1601, 14,727,055 ryo [estimation] 4.76 monme, 84.3%=>86.8%)
- ただし秤量銀貨の通貨単位は、小判の通貨単位の「両」との混同を避ける意味から「匁」および「貫」が用いられた。
- However, to avoid mixing up 'ryo' of the currency unit for koban, 'monme' and 'kan' were used as the currency unit for hyoryo ginka.
- 第5回衆議院議員総選挙では自由・進歩両党が圧勝、これに対して伊藤は選挙から僅か3ヶ月で再度衆議院を解散した。
- In the 5th general election of members of the House of Representatives, both the Liberal Party and the Progressive Party overwhelmed and against this, ITO dissolved the House of Representatives again only 3 months after the election.
- 7月12日、蓬原・井俣村の奇兵隊は大崎に進撃したが、荒佐野の官軍はこの動きを察知し、大崎にて両軍が激突した。
- On July 12, Kihei-tai in Futsuhara and Imata Village advanced to Osaki, but the government army detected the movement and violently fought with Kihei-tai in Osaki.
- 1917年、待矢場両堰普通水利組合は、渡良瀬川には鉱毒はなくなっていないとする意見書を群馬県知事に提出した。
- In 1917, the Common Water Supply Union of Machi-Yaba Ryozeki submitted papers to the governor of Gunma Prefecture to point out that the mining pollution was still tainting Watarase-gawa River.
- その後京都銀座から大黒作右衛門九代目常明が江戸へ招致され、京都および江戸両座の銀改役を兼任することとなった。
- Subsequently, he replaced by Sakuemon IX Tsuneaki of the same family summoned to Edo from Kyoto-ginza and henceforth serving as inspection officer for both ginzas in Kyoto and Edo.
- 慶長17年(1612年)に駿府銀座の機能は江戸へ移転したが、この地は現在静岡市葵区両替町として名残を有する。
- The functions of Sunpu-ginza moved to Edo in 1612, but the name remains in the location as Ryogae-cho, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka City.
- また、当然信長としても鶴翼包囲を予見し、限られた数の鉄砲を両翼に集中的に配置していたと考えるのが自然である。
- Naturally, Nobunaga would have anticipated the two-flanking wings formation to concentrate gunners whose availability was limited on both wings.
- 約8時間といわれる戦闘とその後の追撃戦の間に、両軍合わせて2万人近い死者が出たとするのは信じがたい話である。
- It is unlikely that a total of about 20,000 men were killed during the period between the 8-hour battle and the subsequent one.
- 永銭勘定自体は両替商等でも一般に使用されたが、紙幣の額面として用いられている点はこの地域に特有の特徴である。
- The Eisen-kanjo procedure itself was generally used, for example, by money exchangers, but it was a feature specific for this area in that the procedure was used for expressing the monetary worth of paper money.
- 日仏協約(にちふつきょうやく)とは、1907年6月10日にパリにおいて日本・フランス両国間で締結された条約。
- The Franco-Japanese treaty is a treaty concluded in Paris between Japan and France on June 10, 1907.
- 先行する近江令・飛鳥浄御原令に何らかの規定があった可能性はあるが、両者とも現存しないため、詳細は不明である。
- There is a possibility that there were provisions under Omi-Ryo (Omi administrative code) or Asukakiyomihararyo (the legal code of Japanese ancient state) that preceded the Taiho code but since neither exists in print, details are unknown.
- 翌年に御定相場として金1両=銀50匁=永楽通宝1貫文=「京銭(きんせん)」4貫文の交換比率が定められている.
- In the next year, as Osadame soba (a system of officially fixed prices), the exchange rate was decided as one ryo of gold to 50 monme of silver to one kanmon of the Eiraku Tsuho coin to four kanmon of the 'Kinsen' coin.
- 両治世を聖代視する考えは、早くも10世紀後半には現れており、11世紀前葉~中葉ごろの貴族社会に広く浸透した。
- This elevated view became apparent as early as the late 10th century and it became prevalent in all parts of noble society in around the first half to the middle of the 11th century.
- それに対し宗氏にとって通交の制限は受け入れられるものではなく、両者の間に確執が生まれる(交易の制限節参照)。
- However, such restrictions were unacceptable to the So clan, which gave rise to a feud between the two sides (See the section on the trade restriction).
- 律令に基づいて各地に軍団 (古代日本)が設置されると、物部・大伴両氏に代わって軍団が軍事を担うこととなった。
- When cohorts (in ancient Japan) were formed under the ritsuryo codes, these cohorts took charge of military affairs instead of the Mononobe and the Otomo clans.
- また、「御牧」とあるので、坂門牧には朝廷の御牧と摂関家の牧が隣接していたか、両方を兼ねていたのかも知れない。
- Since it was 'Mimaki,' Sakamonnomaki was probably a neighbor of the mimaki of the imperial court and the regent family or both who were close by.
- 両統迭立が鎌倉幕府(最高権力者は得宗北条貞時)の公式な方針として表明されたのは、この交替のときが最初である。
- This change is the first time when Ryoto tetsuritsu was announced as being the official policy of the Kamakura Shogunate (when its supreme leader was Tokuso Sadatoki HOJO).
- また、この処分から程無く源信・藤原良相の左右両大臣が急死したために藤原良房が朝廷の全権を把握する事になった。
- Also, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa ended up gaining total control over of the court due to the sudden deaths of both the ministers of the right and left, MINAMOTO no Makoto and FUJIWARA no Yoshimi, not long after this disciplinary action was carried out.
- 江戸期の鋳造量は、小判金と一分判金を合わせた総量を「両」の単位をもって記録されており、本位貨幣的性格が強い。
- The total casting amount including koban and ichibu bankin was recorded in 'ryo' and they had a character of standard coin.
- しかし、このような一両あたりの含有銀量の高い丁銀への復帰は幕府の財政難を招き、再び路線変更を余儀なくされた。
- However, returning to Chogin which had a high silver content caused financial difficulties for the bakufu and forced it to change the policy again.
- 嘉量による1両は『漢書律歴志』の記述に基づく実測の結果は14.167グラムであり、これは「小両」に相当する。
- When we weigh 1 ryo with chia-liang standard measure in 'Book of Han, Treatise on rhythm and the calendar,' actual measured value was 14.167 grams which equivalent to 1 'smaller ryo.'
- そのような中で有職故実の大家であり、連歌の発展に尽力した良基がその両方の振興を図るべく企画したものであった。
- Under such circumstances, Yoshimoto, an expert of yusoku-kojitsu (ancient courtly traditions and etiquette) who strived for the promotion of renga (linked verse), organized this event with the aim of promoting both of the above.
- 当初は双方の右筆は対立関係にあったが、後に表右筆から奥右筆を選定する人事が一般化すると両者の棲み分けが進んだ。
- Although on its early stage, the both Yuhitsu were up against each other, later the system selecting Oku-yuhitsu out of Omote-yuhitsu was established and the separation was settled.
- こうしたなかで発生した方広寺鐘銘事件により、両家の対立は決定的となる(方広寺鐘銘事件の詳細は方広寺鐘銘事件)。
- In such a situation Incident of Hoko-ji Temple Bell decisively deepend the confrontation between the Tokugawa/Toyotomi families (for details, see Incident of Hoko-ji Temple Bell).
- 二回説は直接両軍が交戦した二回までは記録が残っているが、他の戦いは交戦を避けたりしている場合が多いことによる。
- The two-battles theory is based on the fact that it was recorded that both forces directly fought in two battles but fights were often avoided in the other battles.
- 江戸時代の千両箱を模しており、円 (通貨)に換算して数百万円〜数千万円の価値があるものを貯蔵することができる。
- Such boxes are the imitation of sen-ryo-bako in the Edo period, and they can store valuable goods from millions to tens of millions of yen (currency).
- 熊本県玉名市の両迫間日渡(りょうはざまひわたし)遺跡で、弥生時代後期のものとみられる水田跡の一部が発見された。
- Part of paddy field remains from the end of Yayoi period was discovered in Ryohazamahiwata site in Tamana City, Kumamoto Prefecture.
- 両書は「脱亜論」へのコメントを含む新書版であったため、以来、「脱亜論」は日本帝国主義の理論として有名になった。
- Because both of them were paperbacks containing comments on 'Datsu-A Ron,' the editorial became notorious as the theory of Japanese Imperialism since then.
- そこで、幕府は貿易を制限するための手段として「朱印状と奉書の両方を携行すること」を貿易許可の新たな条件とした。
- Therefore, the bakufu, as a means of restricting trade, set a new condition for permitting trade that 'both a shuinjo and a hosho should be carried '.
- 両統迭立の定着にともない、一方の皇統に専属的に仕える貴族が出現しはじめ、また治天の側も貴族たちにそれを求めた。
- As Ryoto tetsuritsu became established, aristocrats that served only one of the Imperial lines started to appear, and the Chiten side also asked that of its aristocrats.
- 貞成親王の『看聞日記』(永享三年二月七日、1431年)には、「凡会所奥端両会所以下荘厳置物宝物等、目を驚かす。
- According to the 'Kanmon Nikki' of the Imperial Prince Sadafusa (written on February 7, 1431 (old calendar)), 'the normal kaisho such as the Oku gokaisho and Hashi gokaisho both had Shogon (decorations related to Buddhism) and jewelries, which was surprising to the eyes.
- そのため、両者を統合再編して体制の簡素化を図ることとなり、1908年(明治41年)12月5日鉄道院が発足した。
- Because of this, in order to streamline both agencies by integration and reorganization, Tetsudoin was established on December 5, 1908.
- また、両軍ともに濃霧の中で行軍していて、本隊同士が期せずして遭遇して合戦になったという「予期せぬ遭遇説」もある。
- Yet another theory, 'unexpected encounter theory' states as follows: while both forces were marching in a dense fog condition, the main troops of both sides encountered unexpectedly, developing into a battle.
- 李氏朝鮮時代、日常生活に浸透した朱子学を思想的基盤とした両班は知識人・道徳的指導者を輩出する身分階層に発展した。
- During the Yi Dynasty Korea period, yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty), which had Neo-Confucianism permeate their daily lives as their ideological foundation, grew into a status hierarchy that produced intellectual people and ethical leaders.
- なお、弘安の役における両軍の兵力は、元・高麗軍が約14万(東路軍4万、江南軍10万)、鎌倉軍が約4万だとされる。
- The number of soldiers who fought in Koan no Eki is said to have been about 140,000 held by Yuan and Goryeo (40,000 of the Eastern Route Army and 100,000 of the Southern Yangtze Army) and about 40,000 held by the Kamakura shogunate.
- 大きさも様々であるが、千両が収納できる一般的なタイプの箱の大きさは縦40cm、横14.5cm、深さ12.3cm。
- Although there were various sizes of boxes, the most ordinary type to store 1000 ryo was 40 cm long, 14.5 cm wide, and 12.3 cm deep.
- 『細川両家記』によれば1562年3月5日、三好義賢が布陣していた久米田に畠山高政、安見宗房らの軍勢が攻め入った。
- According to the 'Hosokawa ryoke ki' (Record of the two houses of Hosokawa), on March 5, 1562, an army of Takamasa HATAKEYAMA and Munefusa YASUMI attacked Kumeda, where Yoshitaka MIYOSHI was taking position.
- 第一次世界大戦における日露の関係強化と第三国の中国支配阻止、極東における両国の特殊権益の擁護を相互に再確認した。
- They reassured each other that they should enforce the relationship between Japan and Russia at the First World War, stop the third party from controlling China, and protect the both countries' special interests in the Far East.
- 更に、京都を支配する三好・松永両氏と京都近郊の有力守護である朝倉氏が別々の後継将軍候補を擁している状況にあった。
- Furthermore, the Miyoshi and Matsunaga clans ruling Kyoto and the Asakura clan, an influential governor in the outskirts of Kyoto, backed up different persons for inheritance of the Shogunate.
- この小判および分金の通貨単位は武田信玄による領国貨幣である甲州金の四進法(両、分、朱)を取り入れたものであった。
- The currency units of koban and bukin were based on the adopted quaternary (ryo, bu, shu) of Koshu gold which was territorial currency employed by Shingen TAKEDA.
- 質量の単位としての両は、匁の倍量(貫、斤の分量)単位で、日本では1両=10匁=1/100貫=1/16斤とされた。
- As a weight unit, ryo had a heavier scale than monme (former Japanese weight unit) and a lighter scale than kan and kin (kan and kin were both former Japanese weight units), and in Japan, 1 ryo, 10 monme, 0.01 kan, and a 16th kin were equalized.
- 一方、中国においては銀錠と呼ばれる銀の塊の重量を測り、それに基づいて貨幣としての価値を決定した(銀両/テール)。
- Meanwhile, in China, a mass of silver, called silver sycee, served as the currency, whose value depended on its weight, and its currency unit was ryo (also known as ginryo or tael).
- 旧鉄道作業局の車両を含めて、新たな形式番号体系が制定されるのは、買収開始から実に3年後の1909年のことである。
- It was in 1909 well after three years since the acquisition had started that, including the model number of train cars that had been used in the former Imperial Government Railway of Japan, the new model numbers were set up.
- が、守護が所在した守護所はしばしば国衙の近隣に営まれ、国衙・守護所両者の機能が次第に一体化する傾向が見られ始めた。
- However, the shugosho (provincial administration) where Shugo resided was often built near-by the Kokuga property; so, the Kokuga and Shugo began to develop a tendency in the gradual integration of their functions.
- 第3旅団が7月10日、敷根・清水の両方面から永迫に進撃し、行進隊十二番中隊を攻撃したので、行進隊は通山へ退却した。
- On July 10, the third brigade advanced to Nagasako from the two areas of Shikine and Shimizu and attacked the 12th company of Kodo-tai, making it retreat to Tooriyama.
- また、1両が4分、1分が4朱という一部4進法が用いられる貨幣体系も外国人からは分かりにくく、改善が求められていた。
- Besides, the currency system partially using quaternary (1 ryo was equal to 4 bu, and 1bu was equal to 4 shu.) was too difficult for foreigners to understand and its improvement was required.
- 民部省札は太政官札の補完と民間の需要のために用いられて、民部省札1両分で太政官札1両と交換することが可能であった。
- Minbusho-satsu was used as a complement of Dajokan-satsu and for public demand, and 1 ryo of Minbusho-satsu could be exchanged for 1 ryo of Dajokan-satsu.
- 現在日中両国で使用されている'international law'の訳語として「国際法」を最初に使用した書である。
- The book adopted the word 'kokusaiho' (国際法) as translation of 'international law' for the first time and the word 'kokusaiho' (国際法) is used both in Japan and China today.
- 薩長土肥とはいうものの、土佐・肥前出身者は少数にとどまり、薩摩・長州両藩出身者が群を抜いて大規模な閥族を形成した。
- Even though Tosa and Hizen were included in Sacchodohi (the abbreviated form of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, Hizen), the people from these domains were the minority and those from Satsuma and Choshu domains formed far larger-scale cliques
- 明和年間までは、西日本で銀貨、東日本で金貨が一般的に用いられ、しかも両者の為替レートは変動相場制で、不安定だった。
- Until the end of Meiwa period, not only were used silver coins in western Japan and gold coins in eastern Japan commonly, but also the exchange rate between those coins were flexible and unstable.
- 甲州金は田舎目一両すなわち4匁(約14.9グラム)を基準としてつくられ、この通貨単位が小判の額面1両の基となった。
- Koshu-kin was produced based on 1 ryo of Inakame, that is, 4 monme (about 14.9 grams), and the currency units became the basis for koban's face value, 1 ryo.
- このときの両者の行軍経路を阿賀野川(大彦命)と鬼怒川(武渟川別)と推察する見解が哲学者の中路正恒から出されている。
- Philosopher Masatsune NAKAJI proposed the view that Obiko no mikoto had marched along the Agano-gawa river and Takenunakawa wake no mikoto along the Kinu-gawa river.
- しかしその後、信長の子であるという所以から徳川家康の計らいにより、大和国と上野国両国内に合わせて5万石を与えられた。
- But with the reason he was a son of Nobunaga, Nobukatsu was given 50,000 koku in total in Yamato Province and Kozuke Province.
- それに加え、文相尾崎行雄の共和演説事件による罷免をめぐり後任人事が両者間で紛糾し、星らによる憲政党の分裂騒ぎに発展。
- In addition, dismissal of Yukio OZAKI, the Minister of Education, triggered by the Kyowa enzetsu affair brought an entanglement of replacement that escalated into division of the Constitutional Party by HOSHI
- このように両軍の衝突は4月19、20日に官軍が薩軍に攻撃を仕掛けたことから始まり、戦いは一挙に熊本平野全域に及んだ。
- In this way, the clash between both forces started with the attack that the government army launched on the Satsuma army on April 19 and 20, and spread quickly to the entire Kumamoto plain.
- 両者を分かつことは難しいので厳密には分類せず、『明六雑誌』に登場し、現代まで残った語彙のうち代表的なものを列挙する。
- The major vocabulary which appeared in 'Meiroku Zasshi' and are still used today are as follows (Since it is difficult to divide them, they are not strictly classified).
- その名の通り千両の貨幣を収納することを目的とした箱で、小判あるいは一分金の包塊(25両)が40個分収納可能であった。
- As the name indicates, it was a box to store 1000 ryo, and a sen-ryo-bako was just enough to hold 40 koban or 40 wrapped lumps of ichi-bu-kin (a kind of gold coin) (equivalent to 25 ryo).
- それによれば朝鮮は「両截体制」に置かれているが、それでも国際法に照らした場合、独立国に位置づけることができるとする。
- According to the part, Korea was under 'Ryosetsu system' but it can be recognized as an independent country based on international law.
- 1885年、三菱の社長岩崎彌太郎が死去したことを契機に、政府が両者の仲介に乗りだし、共同運輸の社長である伊藤を更迭。
- When the president of Mitusbishi, Yataro IWASAKI died in 1885, the government decided to mediate between two companies and replaced the president of Kyodo Unyu, Ito.
- しかし、戦後もフィリピンや香港で日本軍が発行した軍票に強制的に両替させられた住民による、戦後補償を求める訴えがある。
- However, even after the WWII, in the Philippines and Hong Kong, some residents who were forced to change their money into the Japanese military currency demanded individual compensation from the Japanese government.
- 甲斐の武田氏が今川氏を滅ぼし1573年に三方ヶ原の戦いで徳川、織田両軍を撃破するも信玄の死で武田軍の西進が頓挫した。
- Although the Takeda clan in Kai ruined the Imagawa clan and defeated troops of Tokugawa and Oda in the battle of Mikatagahara, its westward advance was stopped because of Shingen's death.
- 通常は北堂において授業が行われて、東西両曹及び大学院の外の大学別曹から文章生が集まって授業を受けていたとされている。
- It was considered that classes were generally held in the Hokudo where monjosho gathered from the toso, seiso, and the daigaku besso outside the Monjoin and took the classes.
- これによって奈良時代以来の大寺院である東大寺の中に敵対する両者が陣地を築いて睨み合うという異常事態となったのである。
- This meant an abnormal state in which the two hostile camps took up their respective positions within the premises of Todai-ji Temple, a great prestigious temple since the Nara period, and confronted each other.
- また商人に対して南鐐二朱銀による貸付の場合は江戸では一万両、大坂では四万両を限度として3年間、無利子、無担保とした。
- For business people, the Nanryo Nishu Gin loans were up to 10,000 ryo in Edo (Tokyo) and 40,000 ryo in Osaka, no-interest and no-collateral for three years.
- 次の第1次桂内閣で妥協と反対の両政策を取り、1902年の第7回衆議院議員総選挙では190議席を獲得して過半数を制する。
- During the First Katsura Cabinet, which was formed after Ito's, Ito took both compromising and opposing policies toward the Cabinet and in 1902, the Seiyu Party occupied 190 seats and got a majority in the seventh general election of members of the House of Representatives.
- そこで伊藤は主だった元勲の入閣を条件に組閣を行うことを表明、黒田清隆・山縣有朋の両首相経験者の入閣を得て組閣を終えた。
- Thus, ITO announced to organize the Cabinet on condition that major genkuns (the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration) should join the Cabinet, and completed organization of the Cabinet with two ex-prime ministers, Kiyotaka KURODA and Aritomo YAMAGATA joining the Cabinet.
- 1868年以来、何度か日本からの国書がもたらされたが、日朝双方の思惑の違いから両国の関係は円滑なものとは言えなかった。
- Although Japan sent sovereign's messages to Korea several times after 1868, their relation were not smooth due to misunderstanding.
- また取締役俳優である片岡千恵蔵、市川右太衛門の両御大の専属契約が切られ(取締役の地位は留任)、右太衛門は映画から引退。
- In addition, the big-name actors Chiezo KATAOKA and Utaemon ICHIKAWA, who were also board members of the company, were forced to terminate their exclusivity contracts, even though they stayed on as board members, and Utaemon retired from acting.
- しかし遷都が公式に宣言されたことは一度もなく、法制度上は東京と京都(平安京)の両京制であるとする議論が一部に存在する。
- But an official announcement of the transfer of the capital has never been made, so some claim that both Tokyo and Kyoto (Heiann kyo) are legally capitals.
- 翌年には開港場で行われていた銀貨100円に対して金貨101円の金銀比価を両者同等に改めて実質上の金銀複本位制となった。
- Furthermore, in the next year, Japan had to equalize the exchange ratio that, in the open ports, had been 100 yen silver coin to 101 yen gold coin, thus choosing a virtual gold and silver bimetallism.
- 明治元年(1868年)に銀遣いが新政府により禁止されると、多くの西国他藩と同様に両・分・朱を額面とした金札を発行した。
- As the new government prohibited the use of silver coins in 1868, the domain issued kinsatsu with face values in ryo, bu and syu (units of old currency), the same as many domains in Saigoku.
- ことから、この禁令は事実上、永楽通宝の永勘定(金1両=永1貫文)としての優位的使用を禁止したものであったとの説もある。
- Therefore, some theories say that this act was practically to prohibit the preferential use of the Eiraku Tsuho, which had been exchanged at the rate of one ryo of Gold to one kanmon of Ei.
- 鳥取・大山寺 (鳥取県西伯郡大山町) 木造阿弥陀如来及び両脇侍像(重要文化財) 天承元年(1131年)良円 (仏師)作
- Wooden statue of Amida Nyorai and statues of ryowakiji, Daisen-ji Temple (Daisen-cho, Saihaku-gun, Tottori Prefecture), Tottori (an important cultural property) made by Ryoen (busshi - sculptor of Buddhist Statues) in 1131
- このように、地頭の中には下地と上分の両方を獲得し、所領の一円支配を実現し、在地領主としての性格を強めていく者が現れた。
- Accordingly, some of the jito achieved ichien shihai (complete ruling) of their territory by obtaining the right to both shitaji and jobun and started to take on the character of zaich-ryoshu (local lord).
- しかし両陣営とも外国の軍隊の派兵を要請することはなかったため、欧米列強による内政干渉や武力介入という事態は避けられた。
- Military intervention and interference in domestic affairs by powerful western nations were, however, avoided since both sides did not request them to deploy troops.
- 明国と冊封関係にあった琉球王朝は慶長14年(1609年、万暦37年)の薩摩藩による侵攻以来、日本と中国に両属してきた。
- The Ryukyu dynasty, which was conferred peerage by Ming dynasty, had belonged to both Japan and China since the invasion of Satsuma domain in 1609.
- 南鐐二朱銀一両の純銀量が21.6匁であるのに対し、通用銀(元文丁銀)は一両を60匁として、27.6匁の純銀量であった。
- While 1 ryo of Nanryo Nishu Gin contained 21.6 monme (81g) of silver, the silver coins in currency (Gembun Chogin) did 27.6 monme (103.5g) when 1 ryo of these was considered as 60 monme (225g).
- 薬種の量目としては1両を4匁(すなわち小両)とするのが一般的であったが、薬種によって4匁4分や5匁とするものもあった。
- As the weight standards of drugs, 1 ryo was commonly equalized with 4 monme (that is, 1 smaller ryo), but occasionally, 1 ryo was equalized with 4 monme and 4 bu, or 5 monme for some drugs.
- そしてこれらにつき「6銖を1分、4分を1両、12両を1屯、16両を小1斤、3斤を大1斤」とする単位系が記述されている。
- And the article also says that there existed a weight units' system peculiar to those things, in which '6 shu were equivalent to 1 bu, 4 bu to 1 ryo, 12 ryo to 1 ton, 16 ryo to 1 small kin, and 3 kin to 1 large kin.
- 根来寺は室町時代においては幕府の保護を背景に紀伊・和泉に八か所の荘園を領有し、経済力・武力の両面において強力であった。
- The Negoro-ji Temple held eight shoen (manor in medieval Japan) at Kii and Izumi Provinces on the background of the support of the bakufu in the Muromachi period and had strong economic and military powers.
- また日中両国は同じ漢字を使用するが、この本ではマーティンの訳語をそのまま移入せず、独自の訳語を採用した箇所がかなりある。
- Although there were some kanji (Chinese characters) used both in Japan and China, the book did not just adopt translated words of Martin version but newly translated words for the book in many parts.
- ところが、直後に第3回衆議院議員総選挙が行われて両会派とも減少したために、民党としての地位確保のために合同したのである。
- However, in the 3rd general election of the members of the House of Representatives held shortly after that, the factions both lost seats, and as a result, they united to secure their position as the Minto.
- 駐フランス大使栗野慎一郎とフランス外相ステファン・ピションの間で調印され、アジアにおける両国の利益と安全保護を約束した。
- It was signed by the Japanese ambassador to France, Shinichiro KURINO and French Foreign Minister, Stephin PICHON and insured profit and safety in Asia for both countries.
- 延喜・天暦の治(えんぎ・てんりゃくのち)とは、平安時代中期(10世紀)の醍醐天皇・村上天皇両天皇の治世を聖代視した呼称。
- Engi, Tenryaku no chi is the magnificent imperial reign name for the reigns of Emperor Daigo and Emperor Murakami in the mid Heian Period (the 10th century).
- 両乱の鎮圧に挙げた国司や軍事・富豪(田堵負名)層の功績は非常に高かったが、彼らに対する恩賞は十分なものとは言えなかった。
- In suppressing these insurgencies, kokushi, military, the rich and powerful class (Tato fumyo [powerful cultivator who managed farm operations and collected tax] class) provided outstanding service which, however, was not sufficiently rewarded.
- 中川・高山両隊は亀山城 (丹波国)に向かい、明智光慶を自刃させ城を占拠したため、明智氏は僧籍にいた者などを除いて滅んだ。
- As Nakagawa's and Takayama's corps went to Kameyama-jo Castle (in Tanba Province), forced Mitsuyoshi AKECHI to commit jijin, and then occupied the castle, the Akechi family became extinct except for its priest members.
- さらに黄鍾の管の容積(810立方分)を1龠(0.5合)、黄鍾の管に入る秬黍1,200粒の質量を12銖(0.5両)とした。
- Meanwhile, the volume of Kosho (810 cubic bu) was defined as 1 yaku (0.5 go [a unit of mass]), and the mass of 1,200 grains of black mille, which could fill up the inside of Kosho, was defined as 12 shu (0.5 ryo [a unit of mass]).
- 播磨国竜野藩主脇坂安照と備中国足守藩主木下公定の両名には赤穂城収城使を命じ、また収城目付に旗本荒木政羽と榊原政殊を任じた。
- The lord of Tatsuno Domain in Harima Province, Yasuteru WAKISAKA, and the lord of Ashimori Domain in Bicchu Province, Kinsada KINOSHITA, were ordered to be in charge of the surrender of Ako-jo Castle, and hatamoto Masahane ARAKI and Masayoshi SAKAKIBARA were appointed as metsuke for the surrender.
- 翌日、別働第2および第3旅団は山背と本道の両面から松橋を攻撃し、別働第1旅団は北豊崎から御船に進み、薩軍の右側を攻撃した。
- On the next day, the detached 2nd brigade and the detached 3rd brigade attacked Matsubase from both sides of Yamashiro and the main road, and the detached 1st brigade advanced to Mifune from Kitatoyozaki, attacking the right side of the Satsuma army.
- また両国の外交文書は日本語と朝鮮真文(漢文)で書くこととし、日本側の文書には、先10年間は日本語に漢文を併記する事とした。
- Also they decided that the diplomatic documents of both countries should be written in Japanese and the legitimate language of Korea (namely Chinese), and the documents of Japan should be written in both Japanese and Chinese for the next 10 years.
- しかし1868年、松平慶永らが「万国公法」を根拠に謁見を許可するよう上奏し、フランス・オランダ両公使の参内謁見がかなった。
- In 1868 however, Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA and others proposed permission of audience on ground of 'Bankoku Koho' and ministers from France and the Netherlands were invited to the Imperial Court and had an audience with the Emperor.
- 重定の時代に奉行制度などの藩政が確立したが、第3代藩主・稲垣定享の時代には江戸の大火で上下両屋敷が焼失して出費が相次いだ。
- While the governance over the domain was established by Shigesada through measures including the implementation of a bugyo (magistrate) system, the domain's finance was loaded with heavy recovery expenses due to the Great Fire of Edo which broke out during the rule of the third lord Sadamichi INAGAKI, destroying both the domain's kamiyashiki (daimyo's main residence) and shimoyashiki (suburban residence) in Edo.
- 実際には、両者の共同謀議の痕跡はなく、むしろ自らの地位向上を目指しているうちに武装蜂起に追い込まれてしまった色合いが強い。
- In fact, there is no real evidence of such a conspiracy, but there is a strong probability that Masakado and Sumitomo were pushed to military action while trying to improve their social status.
- また日本に倭寇対策を求めたのは李氏朝鮮も同様で、これを機に両国間で使節派遣が行われるようになり、貿易も盛んになっていった。
- Yi Dynasty Korea also demanded that Japan take countermeasures against wako (Japanese pirates) and seizing on the opportunity, envoy exchanges came to be conducted and trade between the two countries prospered.
- 清盛一族と同様に、建春門院の兄・平時忠一族も栄達し、両平氏から全盛期には10数名の公卿、殿上人30数名を輩出するに至った。
- Together with Kiyomori's family, Kenshunmonin's older brother, TAIRA no Tokitada's family was also successful, and at its peak, there were more than 10 members of court nobles and more than 30 officials from both Taira clans.
- 両(りょう)は、尺貫法における質量の単位であり、また、近世の日本における金貨、および中国における秤量銀貨の通貨単位である。
- Ryo served as a weight unit in the traditional East Asian system of weights and measures, and also served as a currency unit in Japan and in China; in Japan, the unit of gold coins in the early modern ages, and in China, the unit of hyoryo ginka (silver coin used as currency by weight).
- 江戸時代初期までは、この唐代の「両」が日本に伝えられ用いられていたが、寛文元年(1661年)に度量衡の「衡」が統一された。
- This Tang Dynasty's 'ryo' was introduced into Japan to be used until the early Edo period, then in 1661, the Japanese weight units were standardized.
- もし、宗茂が1万を超える大軍を率いて本戦に参加できていたなら、東西両軍の勝敗は変わっていた可能さえ指摘されているのである。
- There is the possibility that if Muneshige had joined the Battle of Sekigahara with a force of more than 10,000, the outcome of the battle may have been different.
- 大化4年(648年)の冠位十三階の施行の際に左右両大臣が新制の冠の着用を拒んだと『日本書紀』にあることがそれを物語っている。
- This can be seen from an article in 'Nihonshoki' that in 648, at the time of effectuation of the thirteen grades of cap rank, Ministers of the Left and the Right refused to wear the crowns of the new system.
- 大隈や伊藤は当初、贋金貨100両に対する実際の価値を20両前後と見て、それに多少上乗せをして25両で引き換えることを考えた。
- In the beginning, OKUMA and ITO evaluated that 100 counterfeit ryo had around 20 ryo worth actually, so added a little more to this to exchange it for 25 ryo.
- 同様の組織として五番方(小姓組、書院番、新番、大番、小十人)があり、小姓組はその中でも両番(小姓組、書院番)に含まれている。
- A similar organizations were called Gobankata (including koshogumi, shoinban [the castle guards], Shinban [New Guard], Oban [a group of guards in the Edo shogunate], Kojunin [Escort Guard]), in which koshogumi and shoinban were collectively called ryoban.
- 直径約3センチメートル、厚さ約2ミリメートル、重さ約8-10グラム(古代の1両の1/4にあたる6銖に相当(1両=24銖))。
- Mumon-ginsen coin has a diameter of approx. 3cm, and a thickness of approx. 2mm, with a weight of approx. 8-10g (It is equivalent to 6 shu [one ryo = 24 shu] which is one fourth of one ryo in the ancient times.)
- 2月6日に「サラトガ」、2月21日に「サプライ」(両帆船)が到着して計九隻の大艦隊が江戸湾に集結し、江戸はパニックに陥った。
- With the February 6 arrival of the sailing ship Saratoga, and then the February 21 arrival of the sailing ship Supply, the total came to 9 ships, which sent Edo, once again, into a panic.
- ところが、天平勝宝6年(754年)にはこの時の両名が薬師寺の行信と組んで厭魅を行ったとして位階と姓の剥奪と流刑に処せられた。
- However, in 754 the two were deprived of the official rank and the kabane and exiled as they were believed to have executed black magic together with the priest Gyoshin from Yakushi-ji Temple.
- 本格的な客貨両用鉄道は1830年にイギリスで開通したリバプール・アンド・マンチェスター鉄道で蒸気機関車ロケット号を使用した。
- Full service passenger and cargo railroad service by Liverpool and Manchester Railway came on line in 1830 in England pulled by a locomotive 'Rocket'.
- 実検の作法は、まず右手で髻をにぎり、引き上げめにして、右手に台を持ち下から受けて持って出て、すわるとき両膝をふせて安座する。
- The etiquette of checking a head was to firstly grasp the hair in the right hand, and lifting it up place the receptacle tray below using the right hand, and to sit down cross legged.
- しかし、幕末に至っても両家による全国編成は完了せず、百姓身分のまま神職を勤める '百姓神主' がかなりの割合で存在していた。
- However, nationwide organization by the families did not end even at the end of the Edo period, and there was a significant proportion of 'hyakusho priests,' who served as Shinto priests while staying at the farming rank.
- 8名で畑を開き暮らしていたが、源氏の追っ手の知るところとなり、6名は自害、残った2名が両家集落(保内町)の祖となったという。
- It is said that although eight people lived by farming there, they were detected by pursuers of the Minamoto clan and six of them committed suicide while the remaining two founded Ryoke village (Honai-cho).
- 両統迭立(りょうとうてつりつ)とは、一国の君主の家系が2つに分裂し、それぞれの家系から交互に国王を即位させている状態をいう。
- 'Ryoto tetsuritsu' refers to the situation where the family line of a country's monarchy is split into two and the monarch is alternately selected from these two family lines.
- 7月10日 (旧暦)、両軍は賀茂川を挟んで対峙、上皇方は白河北殿、天皇方は東三条殿に本陣を置き、後白河天皇は高松殿にあった。
- On August 4, the two armies faced each other across the Kamo-gawa River, with the headquarters of the retired emperor's side in the Shirakawakita-dono Palace and those of the Emperor Goshirakawa's side in the Takamatsu-dono Palace (.Emperor Goshirakawa was in the Takamatsu-dono Palace).
- まして、両統迭立が幕府の方針として明確にされている以上、後醍醐の攻撃対象に幕府も含まれることになるのは必然的だったと言える。
- Since Ryoto tetsuritsu was a bakufu policy, it was natural that the bakufu was included as Godaigo's offensive target
- 合一後は、北朝の後小松天皇の子孫と南朝の後亀山天皇の子孫とのあいだで両統迭立を行うことが、合一の条件に盛り込まれたのである。
- Ryoto tetsuritsu, after unification between the descendants of Emperor Gokomatsu of the Northern Dynasty and Gokameyama of the Southern Dynasty, was included as one of the unification conditions.
- 小判の通貨としての単位である「両」と区別する意味で「匁」が用いられることになり、一般的に質量の単位としては匁が広く普及した。
- Therefore, 'monme' was used to distinguish 'ryo' for showing mass from 'ryo' as the currency unit of koban (former Japanese oval gold coin), which resulted in the wide spread of monme as a general unit for measuring mass.
- 両者は相容れないものであり、信長・秀吉が天下統一を達成するためには、どうしてもこれら惣国一揆を屈服させなければならなかった。
- These conflicted with each other and Nobunaga and Hideyoshi had to suppress these sokoku ikki in order to achieve the unification of the country.
- 南北朝分裂の時代を経て、室町幕府3代将軍足利義満の時代、1392年にようやく南北両朝は合一し、文化の中心は再び京都へ戻った。
- After the period of separation, the Northern and Southern Courts were at last unified in A.D. 1392, when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA reigned over the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as the third shogun, and the center stage of Japanese culture returned to Kyoto.
- 義昌もその一人であるが、勝頼の側も秋山支援に動かなかったため義昌に不信感を抱いており、両者の関係は急速に冷却化しつつあった。
- Yoshimasa was one of his followers who were disappointed in Katsuyori; Katsuyori also distrusted Yoshimasa, who took no action to defend Akiyama, and the relationship between Yoshimasa and Katsuyori deteriorated quickly.
- 何度かの戦闘の結果、新羅は再び唐の冊封を受け、唐は現在の清川江以南の領土を新羅へ与えるという形式をとって両者の和睦が成立した。
- As a result of several battles, Silla became a vassal under the Tang Dynasty again, and the two parties reached a reconciliation by Tang giving the territory south of Seisenko River.
- 江華島事件の問罪を前面に押し出しながら、実質的には条約を締結し、両国の懸案で長年解決しなかった近代的な国際関係を樹立すること。
- While emphasizing the reproof of the Ganghwa Island incident, they practically tried to conclude a treaty and establish modern international relationship with Korea, which had been left unsettled for many years.
- ホイッグ党 (イギリス)とトーリー党 (イギリス)の両党派が相互に勢力を競い、後に自由党と保守党による二大政党制へと移行した。
- The Whigs and the Tories in the British Parliament contested with each other for political power, which later shifted into the two-party system comprising the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party.
- その後、両国が友好関係にあった室町時代の前例に則って、徳川幕府から通信使派遣の要望により国使は回答兼刷還使から通信使となった。
- After that, following the precedent in the Muromochi period in which the two nations retained a good relationship, an envoy fromm Korea came to be sent to Japan corresponding to a request from the Tokugawa shogunate, and then the name of the envoy was changed from Kaito-ken-sakkanshi to Tsushinshi.
- なお、クンビーラは同じくヒンドゥー教の神で毘沙門天の前身であるクベーラと名前が似るためよく混同されるが両者は全くの別物である。
- Kunbi-ra is often confused with another Hindu god Kubi-ra, who was the predecessor of Bishamonten (Vaisravana) because their names are similar, but they are completely different from each other.
- この時代に田柴料を基本とした土地・租税制度は崩壊に向かい、宗親・両班・寺院・武人らが各地で大規模な土地兼併を行うようになった。
- During this period the land and tax system based on Jeonshigwa (the Stipend Land Law) began to collapse and Soshin (the Imperial Family of the Yi Dynasty), Yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty), temples and warriors began the large scaled tochikenpei (land unity) in various regions.
- 一般的に不入の権を持っている荘園は、不輸の権 (日本)も合わせて持っている場合が多く、両者がセットとして考えられがちではある。
- In general, shoen with funyu no ken in many cases also had fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption) (Japan) and these two rights are often considered as a set.
- 後の唐代に「斤」、「両」の質量が縮小し、開元通宝が1/10両の基準で鋳造されたため、10銭(匁)と等しいとされるようになった。
- And later in Tang Dynasty, the weight standard of 'kin' and 'ryo' was reduced and Kaigen Tsuho ('Kai Yuan Tong Bao' in pinyin, a coin of the Tang Dynasty China) was minted at the weight of a 10th of 1 ryo which was equivalent to 10 sen (or 10 monme).
- 以後、両替商で用いられる分銅は後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、これ以外のものの製作および使用は不正を防止するため厳禁とされた。
- And thereafter, Shirobei GOTO family was only allowed to produce fundo (counterweight) used at an exchange house, and the production and use of other kinds of fundo was prohibited strictly for the prevention of illegal exchange.
- これらは、製法上の制約から、形体は単純で、人物の顔貌表現は横長の穴を開けることによって両眼と口を表現したものがほとんどである。
- The limitation on the manufacturing process made the shape of these haniwa simple, and the face (eyes and a mouth) of the human-shaped haniwa was mostly depicted by making three horizontal slits.
- 「喧嘩両成敗」の概念は要するに捜査の価値もない禄高の低い軽輩者の喧嘩をおさめ、捜査の手間暇を省くために適用されることが多かった。
- The concept of 'Kenka Ryoseibai' was widely used to deal with disputes among people of low rank with little salary in order to cut down on time and effort on the investigations.
- その他、戦国時代 (日本)より現れた両替商兼銀細工師である銀屋(ぎんや)が各地で極印銀を鋳造し、銀座はこうした業者から成立した。
- Ginza was also formed by 'ginya,' money changers who were also silver craftsmen and minted hallmarked silver coins in various parts of the country, starting in the Sengoku Period.
- 広大な領土を有する国に多く採用され、2つの場合は両都制、両京制とも言われる(これに対して都をひとつだけ置く制度を単都制という)。
- This system is adopted by a nation of vast land and the case of placing two capitals is called Ryotosei or Ryokyosei, (while the case of one capital is called Tantosei).
- さらに大蔵大輔(のち民部大輔・参議を兼任)となった大隈は、外国から苦情が殺到していた贋造の旧二分金(1両の半分)の回収を急いだ。
- In addition, OKUMA, who became Okura no taifu (a senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Treasury) (became Minbu-taifu [Senior Ministerial Assistant of Popular Affairs] and Sangi [councilor) later]), rushed to collect forged old 2 bu bills (a half of 1 ryo) swamped with complaints from abroad.
- 伊東玄朴の蘭学塾「象先堂」にあった『ドゥーフ・ハルマ』全21巻を佐野常民が勝手に持ち出し30両で質入してしまったと言われている。
- It was said that Tsunetami SANO carried away 'Doeff Halma' complete in 21 volumes in 'Shosendo,' the Institute for Western Studies led by Genboku ITO, and pawned it for 30 ryo.
- このため、「間男7両2分」の賠償金を姦夫から取り立てたり、姦婦を離縁することで内々に事態の収拾を図るという例が多かったのである。
- Consequently, in many case, they saved the situation among themselves by collecting reparations known as 'maotoko seven ryo two bu' (compensation seven ryo two bu for adultery) from the adulterer, or divorcing the adulteress.
- そして、常重から相馬郷・立花郷の両郷を官物に代わりに親通に進呈するという内容の新券(証文)を責め取って、自らの私領としてしまう。
- Chikamichi compelled Tsuneshige and acquired a deed stating that in place of kanmotsu, the Soma-go and Tachibana-go villages were offered to Chikamichi, thereby making the villages his private land.
- 対応に苦しんだ幕府は、文保元年(1317年)、次回の皇位継承については両統の協議により決定し、特使の派遣はやめるように指示した。
- The bakufu struggled to handle the issue and in 1317, it indicated that the next succession was to be decided by discussion between the two lines and prohibited the sending of special envoys.
- 内陸部にあって陸上流通の拠点の1であるとともに、若狭湾から琵琶湖や淀川など経る内水系流通経路にあって両替商などの金融業も発達した。
- The city functioned as a commodities' distributing center by land due to its inland location, and enjoyed the growth of the financial industry, such as the money changers, taking advantage of the river routes connecting from Wakasa Bay to Lake Biwa and Yodogawa River.
- 『南北両町奉行連著書上』が伝える元文三年(1738年)、寛保三年(1743年)の人口は誤記と思われるが、参考までに斜体で記載する。
- The figures of population for 1738 and 1743 in the 'Nanboku ryo machibugyo rencho shojo' (the joint report by the Minami and Kita town magistrates) seem to be erroneous, but they are included herein in italics for reference.
- 第二次日英同盟では、イギリスのインドにおける特権と日本の朝鮮に対する支配権を認めあうとともに、清国に対する両国の機会均等を定めた。
- In the second Anglo-Japanese Alliance, they agreed to each other's interests: Britain's privileges in India and Japan's sovereignty over Korea, and also stipulated equal opportunities in Qing.
- その後、承久の乱に伴う鎌倉幕府による皇室領の大量接収(後に後高倉院に対して返還される)や両統迭立に伴う皇室領の分裂などが行われた。
- Following the Jokyu War, the Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) seized much of the Imperial family's estate and divided it among ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of Imperial families)--restitution was later made to Gotakakura-in.
- 永楽通寶銭自体は幕府により通用を禁止されたが、呼称は江戸期を通じて永銭一貫文(一千文)を金一両とする金の補助単位として使用された。
- Use of the Eiraku-tsuho coins itself was prohibited by the Edo bakufu, but the name itself was used as an auxiliary monetary unit through the Edo period, with 1 kamon (1,000 mon) of Eisen set being equivalent to 1 ryo (a unit of currency) of gold.
- 藩札の流通は、藩が独自の流通規則を定め、藩札以外の貨幣の流通を禁じた藩もあったが、藩札と幕府貨幣の両方の流通を認めた藩も多かった。
- Each domain regulated the circulation of currency independently; some domains forbade the circulation of other currencies, but many domains allowed the circulation of both han bills and the currency issued by the shogunate.
- 大阪府藤田美術館所蔵の国宝『両部大経感得図』は、密教の重要経典「大日経」と「金剛頂経」がインドで感得されたという場面を描いている。
- In 'Ryobu taikyo kantokuzu' (Paintings of the Spiritual Reception of the Two Great Sutras), a national treasure, possessed by Fujita Museum of Art in Osaka, the scene that the important Buddhist scriptures of Esoteric Buddhism; 'Dainichi-kyo Sutra' and 'Kongocho-kyo' (Vajrasekhara Sutra) were inspired in India, is described.
- 分割された土地については、両者互いに完全支配を認め合ったので、地頭は自分側の土地については、法的にも完全な領主となることとなった。
- As both parties involved in Shitaji chubun agreed to mutually respect the other party's open-end right to rule the divided land, jito became the legal and perfect owner of their land.
- 特に京都の土倉は延暦寺及びその傘下であった祇園社の支配を受けていたため、両者からの徴税を度々受けた他、朝廷からも臨時徴税を受けた。
- Due to the fact that doso in Kyoto were under the control of Gion-sha Shrine, which was affiliated with Enryaku-ji Temple, they were often taxed by both and also subject to extraordinary taxation by the Imperial court.
- 嘉元2年(1304年)に後深草が62歳で死去、翌嘉元3年(1305年)には亀山が57歳で死去し、両統迭立は第2世代の時代に入った。
- In 1304, Gofukakusa died at 62, and in 1305, Kameyama died at 57, and Ryoto tetsuritsu entered its second generation.
- 幕府は両統迭立原則を示して仲裁にあたるとともに内外の危機に対応するために幕府は朝廷に対しても「徳政」と呼ばれる政治改革を要求した。
- The bakufu tried to mediate between both parties, suggesting that a principle of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accession from two ancestries of imperial families) be adopted; at the same time, the bakufu also urged the Imperial Court to undertake a political reform called 'Tokusei ' (virtuous rule) in order to deal with both the internal and external crises.
- だが、桂と元老は人事や政策に条件を付けて制約をかけ、西園寺も自分の両腕と言える原敬と松田正久の2人だけを入閣させる条件で折り合った。
- Katsura and Genro restricted Saionji's power by making conditions on policies and personnel affairs; Saionji came to terms with them on the condition that Takashi HARA and Masahisa MATSUDA, the two most trusted assistants, would be in the cabinet.
- また交渉が決裂した場合に備え、山縣有朋が山口県下関市に入り、広島市・熊本市両鎮台の兵力をいつでも投入できるよう準備していたのである。
- Also, in case of a breakdown in negotiations, Aritomo YAMAGATA went to Shimonoseki City in Yamaguchi Prefecture, and prepared the forces of both Hiroshima City and Kumamoto City for action.
- 元和 (日本)6年(1620年)、市橋長政が近江国蒲生、野洲両郡と河内国内に合わせて2万石を与えられたことから、仁正寺藩が立藩した。
- In 1620, Nagamasa ICHIHASHI was granted properties in both counties of Gamo and Yasu in Omi Province, and in Kawachi Province which bore 20,000 koku (1 koku was about 180 liter; an old unit showing volume) in total, and as a result, the Nishoji Domain was established.
- 清朝の歳入が8800万両強であったにもかかわらず、課された賠償金の総額は4億5000万両、利息を含めると9億8000万両にも上った。
- While the annual revenue of the Qing Dynasty was slightly more than 88 million taels, the reparation was 450 million taels, rising to 980 million taels with interest.
- 納付方法としては金貨による金建・銀貨による銀建及び必要に応じての両者の混合の場合があり、負担は仲間に入った各構成員が共同で負担した。
- Myoga was paid either in gold coin, silver coin or both if necessary, and the members of kabunakama jointly bore the cost.
- 久保田藩(秋田藩)は同盟に参加したものの、なおも藩内の意見が不確定だったため、新政府側の鎮撫使総督と同盟側の使者の両者が訪れていた。
- Emissaries from both the allied forces and the governor general of the chinbushi in the new government were sent to the Kubota Domain (also called Akita Domain) because opinions within the domain were not monolithic even though it had joined the alliance.
- また、首相の桂太郎と海相の山本権兵衛は小村を新橋駅に出迎え両脇を挟む様に歩き、爆弾等を浴びせられた場合は共に倒れる覚悟であったという。
- Besides, Prime Minister Taro KATSURA and Minister of the Navy Gombei YAMAMOTO seemed to be ready for being killed by bombs along with KOMURA if it happened, so they walked putting KOMURA between them after they welcomed him at Shimbashi Station.
- 平等条約ではあったが、その内容は両国がともに欧米から押し付けられていた不平等条約の内容を相互に認め合うという極めて特異な内容であった。
- Although it was an equal treaty, the contents were extreamly unique that the both countries approved each other the contents of the unequal treaty which both of them were respectively imposed by Europe and America.
- 伏屋式が主流で、壁立式は拠点集落の大形住居に限られ、首長居館として権威を示す形式として弥生・古墳の両時代に築造されたと考えられている。
- While the fuseya type was predominant, the kabedachi type was limited to large-scale structures in key settlements, believed to be built in both Yayoi and Kofun (tumulus) periods as an architectural style aimed at demonstrating authority as the residence of the chieftain.
- 翌11月5日、現地の英仏領事と両艦の艦長が会同して打ち合わせを行ったが、英仏領事とも、この時点では榎本軍に対して高い評価を与えていた。
- On November 5, the British and French consuls stationed on the spot and the captains of the two warships held a meeting, and at this this, the two captains were highly evaluating the Enomoto's Army.
- 江南軍は、総司令官右丞相阿刺罕が病気のため阿塔海に交代したこともあり、東路軍より遅れてやってきたが、両軍は、平戸鷹島付近にて合流した。
- The Southern Yangtze Army arrived later than the Eastern Route Army, for reasons including the substitution of commander-in-chief Arakan, who was the minister of the right and suffering from a disease, by Atahai, and the both armies joined near Taka-shima Island, Hirado.
- 琉球王国は江戸時代には日本(薩摩藩)と中国大陸の清の間で両属関係にあり、日本で明治政府が成立すると、帰属を巡る政治問題が起こっていた。
- The Ryukyu Kingdom belonged to both Japan (the Satsuma domain) and Qing on the Chinese continent during the Edo period and the territorial dispute became a political issue after the establishment of the Meiji government in Japan.
- 香港では中国中に流通していた日本軍の軍票が一挙に流入させられたため、前述のように強制的に両替させられた住民は大きな経済的損害を受けた。
- Since Hong Kong had to accept the Japanese military currency circulated in China a brust, the residents who were forced to change their currency into the Japanese military currency were financially damaged.
- もっとも喧嘩両成敗は分かりやすく、また双方納得しやすいことからその後も日本人の精神観としては現在まで脈々と受け継がれているともいえる。
- Nevertheless, since the idea of Kenka Ryoseibai was simple to understand and convincing for both parties of a quarrel, it was considered that the idea was passed down up to now through the minds of Japanese people.
- 中分には、両者の示談による和解で決着する和与中分(わよちゅうぶん)と、裁判判決など幕府からの命令により実施される強制的な中分があった。
- There were two kinds of chubun, namely wayo-chubun by which the land was divided amicably through both parties' negotiation and compulsory chubun by which the land was divided according to the order of the Bakufu, such as a court ruling.
- この時代の両統迭立は、後嵯峨天皇の第3皇子後深草天皇の子孫である持明院統と、第4皇子亀山天皇の子孫である大覚寺統とのあいだで行われた。
- The Ryoto tetsuritsu in this period was between the Jimyoin line, descendants of Emperor Gosaga's third son, Emperor Gofukakusa, and the Daikakuji line, descendants of fourth son Emperor Kameyama.
- 南朝から北朝への神器の引渡し、国衙領を大覚寺統、長講堂領を持明院統の領地とする事、皇位は両統迭立とする事など3か条を条件に和睦が成立。
- There were three conditions: the return of the Sacred Treasures from the Southern Court, Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) to be controlled by the Daikakuji line and Chokodo property to become the Jimyoin line's property, and the throne to be passed back and forth as Ryoto Tetsuritsu.
- これは、川を挟む台地の両方の斜面を削って人工的な急斜面とし、さらに三重の土塁に馬防柵を敷くという当時の日本としては異例の野戦築城だった。
- This was an unusual field fornication in then Japan as the river banks were cut to create steep escarpments and a stockade was erected on the triple mound.
- またパチンコ店においても、遊技客が獲得したパチンコ玉やコイン(メダル)を収納する目的で作られた「千両箱」と印刷されている木製の箱がある。
- Furthermore, some pachinko parlors also prepare wooden boxes printed 'sen-ryo-bako' on them, and those boxes are used to store pachinko balls or coins (medals) which players earned.
- その結果、藩札は大坂の両替商の関与を断たれ、桜井谷陣屋の米奉行が発行し、豊嶋郡の領内有力農民が銀穀方として運用する形態が幕末まで続いた。
- As a result, the currency exchangers in Osaka stopped supporting the domain's han bills, so their han bills were issued by a kome bugyo (commissioner of rice) of Sakuraidani jinya and were circulated as 'ginkokukata' by influential peasants in the territory of Teshima-gun until the end of the Edo period.
- また、礫川全次はこの本は歴史書の体裁をとった明治の元勲山県有朋や伊藤博文への批判書だとしており、両者の圧力があった可能性を指摘している。
- Zenji ISOKAWA also asserts that the book also received backlash because although it took the style of a historical document, it was also a criticism of Aritomo YAMAGATA and Hirobumi ITO, outstanding statesmen who made great contributions during the Meiji era.
- 縄文人が製作した土偶は、縄文時代の全期間を通して日本列島各地で満遍なく使われていたのではなく、時期と地域の両面で限定されたものであった。
- The earthen figures created by the Jomon people were not used universally in all the regions in the Japanese archipelago through all the time of the Jomon period; their use was limited in terms of both the periods and the regions.
- 日本では、鎌倉時代に天皇家(当時の呼称では「王家」)が2つの家系に分裂し、治天と天皇の継承が両統迭立の状態にあったことが最も著名である。
- The Imperial family (at that time called 'Oke') during the Kamakura period was split into two family lines and was best known to be in the state of Ryoto tetsuritsu regarding the succession of Chiten (retired emperor who runs the cloistered government) and Emperor.
- しかしその後、改鋳により含有率、質量とも劣る小判が発行される様になり、質量単位としての両と通貨単位としての両の乖離は拡大することなった。
- After that, however, reminted koban became inferior both in percentage of gold and in weight, then ryo as the weight unit became far apart from ryo as the currency unit.
- また、井伊直澄・井伊直該・井伊直幸・井伊直亮・井伊直弼と5代6度(直該が2度、直孝が大老になったかどうかは賛否両論である)の大老に就いた。
- And, Tairo (chief minister) was assumed by the Ii clan six times for five generations such as Naozumi II, Naomori II, Naohide II, Naoaki II and Naosuke II (there are arguments for and against the theory that Naomori assumed Tairo twice, and Naotaka assumed Tairo).
- そして3月8日 (旧暦)(4月4日)に江戸急進派のリーダー格の堀部安兵衛と両国米沢町(現東京都中央区 (東京都)東日本橋)で会談に及んだ。
- On April 4, a meeting was held in Yonezawa-cho Town, Ryogoku (current location of Higashi Nihon-bashi, Chuo Ward, Tokyo) with one of the leaders of the Edo radicals, Yasubei HORIBE.
- この記述が事実だとすると、9月10日の戦いで両軍共に全軍の2割に達する戦死者を出しながら、なおも長期間戦いを続けていたことになってしまう。
- However, if this description was true, it becomes that, although both forces had lost as many as 20% of them in the battle on October 18, they continued fighting further for a long period of time.
- 討伐目標となった長州藩の周囲、特に天領である大森銀山一帯や譜代大名である浜田藩・小倉藩両藩などは軍隊の駐屯に加えて過大な負担を要求された。
- As Choshu Domain was the target of the Expedition, some neighboring domains, among others, the domains near to Omori Ginzan Silver Mine (bakufu-owned land), and Hamada and Kokura Domains, both of which were ruled by 'fudai daimyo' (a Japanese territorial lord in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), were obliged to shoulder heavy burdens by the bakufu, including the provision of places and services for stationing the bakufu troops.
- そこで研究会の攻勢によって議席を減らしていた茶話会が合併を提案、これを受けて1928年2月1日に両会派は合併して新会派・同和会を結成した。
- Consequently, the Sawa-kai which was reducing parliamentary seats due to a Kenkyu-kai offensive proposed the merger and then tied up with the Independents on February 1, 1928 and formed the new faction, Douwa-kai.
- だが、当時、国民は紙幣に不慣れで、また政府の信用が強固でなかったため、流通は困難で、紙幣100両をもって正金40両に交換するほどであった。
- However, since the Japanese people were not used to paper currency at the time and the new Meiji government had not yet gained public trust, the circulation of these bills was seriously restricted, and 100 ryo of Dajokan bills was often exchanged for 40 ryo of hard currency.
- 和魂洋才(わこんようさい)とは、日本古来の精神世界を大切にしつつ西洋の技術を受け入れ、両者を調和させ発展させていくという意味の言葉である。
- Wakon yosai (Japanese spirit with Western learning) means adopting Western arts while valuing Japanese traditional spirituality, and harmonizing as well as developing them.
- 伝来したと思われる1865年・1866年の両年に限っても、幕末・明治維新に活躍した幾人もの著名人が『万国公法』の輸入に素早い反応を示した。
- Already in 1865 and 1866, the year that 'Bankoku Koho' seemed to be imported, well-known persons in the late Edo period and the Meiji Restoration interested in import of 'Bankoku Koho.'
- このとき輸入された軸配置1Cのアメリカ製テンダ機関車(国鉄7100形蒸気機関車、弁慶・静などの愛称が付けられた)が、何両か保存されている。
- The steam engine locomotives imported at that time were the Denda type made in America with an axis location 1C (JNR 7100 class steam locomotive with nick names of Benkei, Shizu and others) and some of them were preserved.
- 一方高麗時代の中国的「天下」概念では、中国内部に宋・遼、宋・金が並び立つ情勢のなか、宋を南朝、遼・金を北朝として両属する形を維持していた。
- Under the Chinese notion of 'Tenka' during the era of Goryeo, Sung was called the Southern Court and Liao or Jing was called the Northern Court since Sung and Liao or Sung and Jin co-existed in China.
- 硬派と軟派の相克はなお継続していたが、当時獄中にいた山口がこの問題に直接関与していなかったこともあり、両派合同の歓迎会が実現したのである。
- The hard-liners and the soft-liners were still opposed to each other, but they could have the welcome party in cooperation, partly because YAMAGUCHI, who was in prison, could not directly be involved in this matter.
- 朝廷では、13世紀後半以降、後深草天皇の子孫(持明院統)と亀山天皇の子孫(大覚寺統)の両血統の天皇が交互に即位する両統迭立が行われていた。
- After the late thirteenth century, the Imperial Court adopted the ryoto tetsuritsu system, a system in which succession to the imperial throne alternated between the two ancestral lines of the imperial family: Emperor Gofukakusa (the Jimyoin line) and Emperor Kameyama (the Daikakuji line).
- これは、土地(下地)を折半(中分)するもので、両者の交渉(和与)で中分する和与中分と荘園領主の申し立てにより幕府が裁定する中分とがあった。
- The shitaji (lands) were divided into halves and there was wayo chubun (territorial division agreed to by compromise) where the lands were divided into halves by the compromise between the both sides and in some cases the bakufu divided the lands following the claim of the lords of shoens.
- すなわち享保10年の令によれば、その石代は三分一金銀納の石代に、さらに35石につき金3両、銀納の地方は米1石に銀5匁を増加して納めさせた。
- An edict of 1725 proclaimed that the amount of payment was that of one third of cash tax payments in gold or silver in addition to an increase of 3 ryo gold per 35 koku and an increase of 5 monme silver per 1 koku of rice.
- 10月9日、後白河は頼朝を本位に復して赦免、14日には寿永二年十月宣旨を下して、東海・東山両道諸国の事実上の支配権を与える(『百錬抄』)。
- Goshirakawa pardoned Yoritomo by reinstating him in his previous position on November 2, and gave Yoritomo the virtual right to rule the provinces along Tokai-do Road and Tosan-do Road by issuing Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji (the imperial decree issued to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo) on November 7 ('Hyakuren sho').
- 彦根藩と高田藩が小瀬川であっさりと壊滅したが幕府歩兵隊と紀州藩兵が両藩に替わって戦闘に入ると幕府・紀州藩側が押し気味ながらも膠着状況に陥る。
- Although the Hikone clan and the Takada clan were destroyed instantly in Ozegawa, the bakufu's infantry and the army of the Kishu clan took over them to fight back, and the situation became a stalemate with a slight predominance of the bakufu and Kishu clan side.
- チョッピング=トゥール (Chopping Tool) - 礫の一部に両面から交互に打撃を加えて、表面を剥離させジグザグ状の刃をつけた石器。
- Chopping tool: A kind of pebble tool having a zig-zag edge formed by exfoliating a part of a pebble by beating it from both sides
- 無効論者の多くは本協約について、国家(大韓帝国)と個人(皇帝・高宗 (朝鮮王))の両方に強制と脅迫が加えられたために無効であると考えている。
- Many of the advocates of invalidity think it is invalid because compulsion and a threat were imposed both on the state (The Korean Empire) and the individual (Emperor Gao Zong [Korean King]).
- 協定文では、両国は韓国の国内政治への干渉を差し控え、かつ韓国政府の依頼で軍事または財政顧問を送る前に、互いに事前承認を求めることで合意した。
- The agreement stated that both nations had to withhold from interfering with the national politics of the Republic of Korea and seek each other's pre-approval before sending the military and financial advisers requested by the Korean government.
- 海外では先端の尖ったナイフ形石器を尖頭器に含んで扱うことが多いが、日本では両刃の槍先形尖頭器とは区別して片刃の利器をナイフ形石器と呼称する。
- Sharp-ended stone tools resembling a knife are often categorized as point in abroad, however, in Japan they are separated from double-edged spear points and only single-edged tools are referred as stone tools resembling a knife.
- 彼の著作『西遊見聞』()は福沢諭吉の『西洋事情』から深い影響を受けて著された啓蒙書であって、「両截体制」ということばは、この著作に由来する。
- His work 'Saiyu Kenbun' was an enlightening book deeply affected by 'Seiyo Jijo' by Yukichi FUKUZAWA, and the word 'Ryosetsu system' is originally from the book.
- なお、官職についている皇親が五位以上に達した場合は季禄と比較して多い方を支給した(『令義解』、ただし『延喜式』には両方支給するとしている)。
- If any koshin member holding a government post, was promoted to goi (the fifth rank) or higher position, he was entitled to receive either jifuku or kiroku (stipends) whichever higher it may be, according to the 'Ryo-no-gige' (commentary on the Ryo), although the 'Engishiki'(an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) says both jifuku and kiroku were given to him.
- これによって贋金100両を金札30両に引き換える事を表明するとともに事情によっては将来的に上乗せされる可能性がある事を仄めかす内容とされた。
- Hereby, along with expressing the exchange of 100 counterfeit ryo to kinsatsu 30 ryo, the content hinted at the possibility of adding more in the future according to the situation.
- この尼子氏による安芸遠征の失敗後、尼子経久が死去し、天文11年1月11日(1542年1月26日)に出雲国に向かって大内・毛利両軍が出陣する。
- Following Tsunehisa AMAGO's death after the Amago clan failed in the invasion of Aki Province, the Ouchi and Mori armies departed for Izumo Province on February 5, 1542.
- 後白河の寵愛する建春門院は、後白河と清盛の関係をつなぐ重要な存在であったが、その死は、両者間に蓄積していた対立点を顕在化させることとなった。
- Kenshunmonin was deeply loved by Goshirakawa and was an important person in binding the relationship between Goshirakawa and Kiyomori, but after her death, the conflicts that had accumulated between the two parties became apparent.
- 例えば、長さの単位としては基本単位である尺の100分の1が1分(ぶ)、質量の単位としては基本単位である両の100分の1が1分(ふん)となる。
- For instance, a 100th of the shaku, a basic unit of length, is called 1 bu (分), while a 100th of the ryo, a basic unit of mass, is called 1 fun.
- 甲州金および江戸時代の通貨体系となった「両」および「分」は、これを基に定められた可能性が高く、薬種の量目も金銀の単位体系に準じたものである。
- ryo' and 'bu,' which were incorporated into Koshu-kin and the currency system of the Edo period, were highly likely to have been based on the previously-mentioned system, and the weight units' system of drugs was modeled after that of gold and silver.
- それといささか矛盾するが、元勲・藩閥が政治・軍事両面を掌握していたことから、後世に統帥権独立をめぐって起きたような問題が顕在化しなかったこと。
- Contradicting to the fact above in some points, as the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration and domain cliques had control over the both politics and military, the problems that occurred later due to the independence of the supreme command did not come to the surface.
- 武蔵は宍戸梅軒に対しては大刀を構えたまま小刀を抜き、それを梅軒めがけて投げつけ、即座に進み出て、大刀で一刀両断にするという方法で対抗している。
- Musashi combated with Baiken SHISHIDO in a way that Musashi held a long sword against Baiken and at the same time he drew a short sword and threw it at Baiken, then he immediately came forward and cut Baiken in two with a single stroke of the long sword.
- そのため身分制度は混乱し、ある地方では37%居た奴婢が2%まで減少し、代わりに人口の9%に過ぎなかった両班が70%を占めるという状況も起きた。
- This is why the class system fell into disorder, and Nobi decreased from 37% to 2% in one region, but such event caused a situation that Yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) who made up only 9% of the population increased to 70%.
- これに従い、1871年(明治4年)8月19日に10年間1000万両をもって総額とするという大規模予算計画、いわゆる開拓使十年計画が決定された。
- Following the proposal, it was decided to carry out the so-called Kaitakushi Junen Keikaku (Ten-year project to develop Hokkaido), the big-budget project for which the total budget of one thousand ryo was prepared for ten years.
- しかし、世界恐慌による金融市場の混乱による銀錠の流出を受けて1935年に銀本位制を放棄(銀元廃両改元)(管理通貨制度に基づく法幣導入)をした。
- However, confusion of financial market because of the Great Depression led outflow of silver coins, so the silver standard was abandoned (the abandonment of the old 'tael' and its replacement with the 'yuan'; adoption of legal currency based on controlled currency system) in 1935.
- 白石は通信使の応接に約100万両という巨額の費用がかかり、そのため、幕府財政が傾く恐れがある、こう判断し、60万両で抑えることに成功している。
- Hakuseki estimated that the cost for serving the envoy would be around 1,000,000 ryo and these expenses may affect governmental finances, so he successfully restrained the cost to 6000,000 ryo.
- 甲賀の里忍術村主催の「全日本忍者選手権大会」では両足を大きく開かねばならないほどの大型の水蜘蛛を用い、杖を補助として池渡り競技を行なっている。
- In 'All Japan Ninja Championship' organized by Koga-no-sato Ninjutsu-mura (Koga Ninja Village), competitors walk with so huge Mizugumo that they have to open their both legs greatly with a stick as a supporting tool.
- 武蔵国岡部藩(のち三河国半原藩)では、摂津国の飛地領で、大坂堂嶋御用場の出入り両替商加嶋屋熊七、天王寺屋彦十郎が引請人となった銀札を発行した。
- Okabe Domain of Musashi Province (later Hanbara Domain of Mikawa Province) issued a ginsatsu guaranteed by Kumashichi KASHIMAYA and Hikojuro Tennojiya, the money exchangers who had business with Osaka Dojima Goyoba, in the detached territory of Settsu Province.
- 自分に度々意見する元長の存在を疎ましく思っていたとはいえ、劣勢の長政への肩入れも得策ではなかったためか、両軍への撤兵要請で事を収めようとした。
- Although he was annoyed about Motonaga who often criticized him, it was not advantageous to help almost losing Nagamasa, and therefore he attempted to put this battle to an end by calling on withdrawal to both sides.
- 両軍入り乱れ、伊達政宗と岡左内が川中で太刀打ちを行うほどの大激戦になったが、上杉方はしだいに追い崩されて敗走、散々になり福島城へ逃げて行った。
- The both armies were jumbled and the battle was so fierce that Masamune DATE and Sanai OKA fought face-to-face with each other in the river, but the Uesugi forces were destroyed and ran away to the Fukushima-jo Castle.
- 明治元年(1868年)閏4月1日、大木喬任(軍務官判事)と江藤新平(東征大総督府監軍)が、佐賀藩論として「東西両都」の建白書を岩倉に提出した。
- On April 1, 1868, Takato OKI (Gunmukan Hanji (officer of Gunmukan Ministry)) and Shinpei ETO (army supervisor for Tosei-daitokufu) submitted a Kyoto and Tokyo petition to Iwakura as an Argument for the Saga clan.
- 源高明は村上天皇からの信任篤く、また皇后安子の父で右大臣だった藤原師輔の娘を妻として親交があったが、両人とも既に亡く、宮中で孤立しつつあった。
- MINAMOTO no Takaakira was deeply trusted by Emperor Murakami, and he also had close relations with Udaijin FUJIWARA no Morosuke, the father of Empress Anshi whose daughter he married, both Emperor Murakami and FUJIWARA no Morosuke had already passed away and he was becoming isolated in the Imperial Court.
- 安和の変後、冷泉天皇・円融天皇両天皇の外戚であった藤原師輔の子である藤原兼通・藤原兼家兄弟が摂関の座を争って互いにその出世を妨害しようとした。
- After the Anna Incident, FUJIWARA no Kanemichi and his brother FUJIWARA no Kaneie, the sons of FUJIWARA no Morosuke, a maternal relative of both Emperors Reizei and Enyu, competed for the posts of regent and chancellor, and each tried to prevent the other's promotion.
- だが次第に質量と額面が乖離するようになり鎌倉時代には金一両は5匁、銀は4.3匁となり、鎌倉後期には金一両が4.5から4.8匁へと変化している。
- But as times went by, the weight of ryo became far apart from the value of ryo; in Kamakura period 1 ryo of gold was equivalent to 5 monme and that of silver 4.3, then in the late Kamakura period, 1 ryo of gold turned to be 4.8 monme from 4.5.
- 敦賀市の古老がかつて(戦時中頃か)身近な人々に語った記憶によれば、処刑に引き出された党員は、逃亡を阻止するためか、両足を竹に括られていたという。
- An old man in the Tsuruga City once (maybe during the war) told someone close to him that the legs of Tenguto members who were to be executed were tied with a bamboo in order to prevent them from running away.
- 翌永享4年(1432年)9月には越智・箸尾両氏に筒井氏が大敗し、井戸方の形勢不利になっていたが、筒井光宣が幕府に訴えたことで戦局に変化が生じる。
- The following year, in October 1432, the Tsutsui clan suffered a crushing defeat to the Ochi and Hashio clan, which turned the course of the war against Ido side, but the situation changed after Mitsunobu TSUTSUI appealed to the shogunate.
- ほぼ時を同じくして幕府天領の陸奥国伊達郡信夫郡両郡において「生糸并蚕種紙改印」(慶応元年実施)の廃止などを求める信達騒動(信達一揆)が発生した。
- Almost at the same time as the above incidents, in two lands of tenryo (bakufu-owned land), Date and Shinobu Counties of Mutsu Province, an uprising Shindatsu Sodo (or Shindatsu Ikki) occurred, demanding the abolition of a new contribution imposed to the producers of raw silk and seat paper called 'Kiito narabini Sanshushi Kaiin' (enforced in 1865).
- 当時の公卿の日記にも同時期に起きた二つの乱について「謀を合わせ心を通じて」と記されており、当時、両者の共同謀議説はかなり疑われていたようである。
- The diaries of the Kugyo (High Court nobles) at the time refer to the two rebellions of Masakado and Sumitomo as a consipiracy, so it seems that the conspiracy theory was widely believed in those days.
- これは中国における「天」概念と非常に類似しており、両者の関連性がしばしば指摘されているが、どちらのほうが起源として古いかは明らかにされていない。
- This is quite similar to the notion of 'Ten' in China and their relevancy is often pointed out, but it is still unknown which is older in terms of origin.
- 大きめの家紋を背中と両胸、袖の後ろ側、袴の尻の部分、小さめの家紋を袴の前側に2カ所、合計10カ所に染め抜いた点が直垂や素襖との大きな違いである。
- There was a big difference between Daimon and Hitatare or Suo: family crests were dyed out at ten parts of Daimon, including larger family crests at the back, right and left front sides, back side of each sleeve, and the backside of the hakama and smaller crests at two places on the front part of the hakama.
- 武芸の実務、技能官人たる武士もこの両身分にまたがっており、在京の清和源氏や桓武平氏などの軍事貴族が諸大夫身分、大多数の在地武士が侍身分であった。
- Technical officers who did the practical work of military art were divided into these two statuses and the military aristocracies such as Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) and so on, who were staying in Kyoto, were in the shodaibu status and the majority of local bushi were in the samurai status.
- したがって2月21日から24日に至る薩軍の攻撃は悉く失敗しただけでなく、剽悍な士の多くがこの攻城戦で消耗して、24日以後は両軍の対峙状態に陥った。
- From February 21 to 24, the Satsuma army not only failed each and every attack on the castle but also had most of its fierce and cunning soldiers exhausted in the attack; after February 24, the both sides were involved in confrontation.
- 均田制の根幹となる百姓への耕作地の支給は、次第に実施されなくなり、それに伴って租庸調制が立ち行かなくなったため780年に税制は両税制へと移行した。
- Allotment of cultivated lands to the peasants which had been the basis of the equal-field system, was gradually neglected, leading to the zuyongdiao system becoming neglected and, in 780, being replaced with the liangshui system.
- これによって宇佐八幡宮は封戸と「八幡大菩薩」の称号を授けられ、これを勧進した両名にもそれぞれ朝臣のカバネと従四位下と外従五位下の官位が授けられた。
- By this visit of Heijo-kyo, Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine was given fuko (salary) and title of 'Hachiman Daibosatsu'; also the two people who actually visited the capital were given the kabane (hereditary title) of Ason (second highest of the eight hereditary titles) and the official rank of Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and Ge-jugoinoge, respectively.
- こうした古代・中世史研究の深まりとともに、農民ではなく貴族に武士のルーツを求める見方が生まれ、両者を繋ぐ概念として提起されたのが、軍事貴族である。
- A new understanding that the origin of the samurais was aristocrats instead of farmers grew as ancient and medieval studies progressed, and the concept of a military aristocracy was formed as a link between aristocrats and samurais.
- その後の1980年代以降では、義江彰夫、関幸彦、元木泰雄その他の方が、それら両論の成果を発展させるべくそれぞれの視点から積極的に論を展開している。
- Since the 1980s, Akio YOSHIE, Yukihiko SEKI, Yasuo MOTOKI, and others have passionately debated those two arguments from their respective points of view to develop each other's theory.
- この頃、管領職にあった勝元派の畠山政長と宗全派の畠山義就との間にあった家督継承権をめぐる闘争が激化し、さらに義政の気紛れが両派の対立に油を注いだ。
- About that time, a fight over family heirship between Masanaga HATAKEYAMA of the Katsumoto camp, who was then the Shogun's deputy, and Yoshinari HATAKEYAMA of the Sozen camp intensified, and Yoshimasa's caprice added fuel to their strife.
- そして、両特権の拡大によって、荘園における土地・人民の私的支配はいっそう強まり、荘園を整理しようとする国司と荘園領主とのあいだでも対立が深まった。
- Consequently, due to the expansion of the two privileges, private dominance of land and people in shoen further grew, and the confrontation between kokushi who tried to reorganize shoen and lords of shoen intensified.
- 金座における鋳造手数料である分一金(ぶいちきん)は元文小判と同様に鋳造高1000両につき、手代10両、金座人10両2分、吹所棟梁4両3分であった。
- Buichikin that was casting commission of kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) was 1000 ryo for Toryo (leader) and 10 ryo for assistant manager and 4 ryo 3 bu for fukisyo toryo like the case of Genbun koban.
- 黄鍾管の体積が一龠部(やく)であり、これに入る黍1200粒を12銖(しゅ。朱はこれの略字)とし、これを二つ合わせた質量すなわち24銖を1両とした。
- In short, the volume of an kosho pipe (= 1 yaku) is the same as the volume of 1200 proso millet grains, and the weight of the 1200 grains was set equal to 12 shu (銖; 朱 in abbreviation), and twice the 12 shu, or 24 shu, was set equal to 1 ryo.
- しかし明治時代以降は日本国内では尺貫法としては専ら「貫」、「匁」が使用され、「両」は新貨条例にも度量衡法にも登場せず、ほとんど使用されなくなった。
- From the Meiji period in Japan, however, only 'kan' and 'monme' became used in the traditional Japanese system of weights and measures, and 'ryo' became rarely used because it was neither mentioned in the New Currency Act nor in the Weights and Measures Act.
- 付家老は、本藩(本家)と支藩(分家)の両方から、家禄を受けている場合と、出仕先の支藩からのみ家禄を受けて、支藩に次第に取り込まれていく場合とがある。
- Some Tsuke-garo officers earned their stipend from both the main domain (honke=main family) and the branch domain (bunke=branch family), whilst others earned theirs only from the branch family where they were sent, being gradually taken into the branch domain side.
- しかし、英米が局外中立を宣言したため、5月4日、日本はやむなく勧告を受諾し、清との間に還付条約を結んで代償に3000万両(4500万円)を獲得した。
- However, as the UK and the U.S.A. declared their neutrality, Japan was forced to accept the recommendation and received 45 million yen instead from Qing based on a newly-signed refund treaty.
- 堺の両替商、湯浅作兵衛に命じて取り仕切らせ、頭役には、末吉氏の末吉利方(平野(末吉)勘兵衛利方)と子の末吉吉康(吉安)(末吉孫左衛門吉康)がなった。
- There, he ordered the Sakai money changer Sakubei YUASA to supervise the operation, which was headed Yoshikata SUEYOSHI (Kanbei Yoshikata HIRANO (SUEYOSHI) and his son Yoshiyasu (Saemon Yoshiyasu SUEYOSHI).
- 満州善後条約(まんしゅうぜんごじょうやく、満洲善後条約)とは、1905年(明治38年)12月22日に北京市において日本・清国両国間で締結された条約。
- The Manchuria Corrective Treaty, a treaty between Japan and the Qing dynasty, was concluded on December 22, 1905, in Beijing.
- 生産に対する姿勢は両者の場合で異なり、前者においては生産も統制される場合があるが、後者においてはやや緩やかで生産奨励策が合わせて行われる場合もある。
- Both of them take different attitudes towards production, and the former can control the production but the latter can mildly encourage production at the same time.
- ところが、超勝寺は先の一件に恨みを抱く本覚寺蓮恵の救援を受けた上、更に北陸各地にいる両寺の門徒を蜂起させたために賀州三ヶ寺は思わぬ苦戦を強いられる。
- However, Chosho-ji Temple was reinforced by Rene of Hongaku-ji Temple, who held grudge since the above matter, and made the followers of the two temple all over Hokuriku rise up in revolt, which made Gashu Sanka-ji Temples suffer beyond their expectations.
- 薩摩藩の庇護下にあった土佐浪士坂本龍馬や、同じく土佐浪士で下関に逼塞していた三条実美らに従っていた中岡慎太郎らが周旋する形で、両藩の接近が図られる。
- These two clans grew closer through the work of Ryoma SAKAMOTO, a roshi of Tosa, who was under the protection of the Satsuma clan, and Shintaro NAKAOKA who had followed Sanetomi SANJO, also a roshi of Tosa, who stayed in Shimonoseki.
- 一方、清盛は自らの娘を信西の子・成憲に嫁がせていたが、信頼の嫡子・藤原信親にも娘(後の藤原隆房室)を嫁がせるなど、両派の対立では中立的立場にあった。
- Kiyomori, on the other hand, had married one of his own daughters to Narinori, Shinzei's son, yet also married off another daughter (who would later become FUJIWARA no Takafusa's wife) to FUJIWARA no Nobuchika, Nobuyori's son and heir, and took other steps to avoid the conflict between the two factions and achieve a neutral position.
- 明治時代に通貨単位として円 (通貨)(円)が導入されたが、切り替え時に「1圓は1両と等価」とされ、しばらくの間は「圓」のことを「両」とも呼んでいた。
- In the Meiji period, yen was introduced as the currency unit, however, '1 yen was equivalent to 1 ryo' in changeover phase, so 'yen' was called 'ryo' for a while.
- 国と県の関係は地域により様々で、複数の国にまたがる県(静岡県・三重県・兵庫県など)と、複数の県にまたがる国(武蔵国・丹波国・肥前国など)の両方がある。
- The relationships between provinces and prefectures are varied depending on which areas they are located; there are prefectures which straddle plural provinces (Shizuoka Prefecture, Mie Prefecture, Hyogo Prefecture, and so on) as well as provinces that straddle plural prefectures (Musashi Province, Tanba Provinces, Bizen Provinces, and so on).
- このため政府は、、に内務省及び大蔵省の両省間に地租改正事務局を設置し、これを中心として改租を強力に進めるよう方針転換した(明治8年太政官達第38号)。
- For this reason, the government founded the Land Tax Bureau between the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Ministry of Finace in1875 and changed its policy to moving agressively for advancing the land-tax reform centering on the newly created Land Tax Reform Bureau (No. 32 of the Transmittal of Dajokan [Grand Council of State] of 1875).
- 元禄16年1月24日に礒貝十郎左衛門と富森助右衛門が連署で書いた『礒貝富森両人覚書』によると、表門は梯子をかけて登り、裏門は門を打ち破ったとしている。
- According to 'Isogai Tomimori Ryonin Oboegaki' (Memorandum of Isogai and Tomimori) written by Jurozaemon ISOGAI and Sukeemon TOMIMORI on March 11, 1703, they placed a ladder to climb up the front gate and destroyed the back gate to go through it.
- その後任をめぐって旧進歩党_(日本)・旧自由党_(日本)両派の対立は深刻化し、妥協点を見出せないまま、大隈首相は独断で進歩派から犬養毅を後任に推した。
- While the confliction over the successor between the both former Progressive and the former Liberal factions (Japan) became worse, it could not reach a compromise, Prime Minister OKUMA recommended Tsuyoshi INUKAI for the successor from the Progressives on his own authority.
- 日本側は外務省理事官森山茂と広津弘信、朝鮮側は東莱府の官僚が交渉のテーブルに着いたが、やはり書契に使用される文字について両者の認識に食い違いが生じた。
- Shigeru MORIYAMA and Hironobu HIROTSU, a councilor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, from Japan and bureaucrats from Dongrae-Bu (the administrative districts in Korea) sat down at the negotiating table, but the same as before, there were differences between them about the words used in the sovereign's messages.
- これらの資金を基に、待矢場両堰も三栗谷用水と同様、伏流水を取水するための工事を行ったが、用水の規模が違いすぎ、伏流水のみでは必要量を確保できなかった。
- The Union of Machi-Yaba Ryozeki used the money for the works to draw water from the undercurrent like the Union of Mikuriya Yosui, however, the sizes of the flumes and areas were different so that they could not draw enough water only from the undercurrent.
- 日米和親条約では、薪水の給与のための下田・函館開港と並んで、両国の必要に応じて総領事が置かれることとなり、米国はタウンゼント・ハリスを下田に派遣する。
- Under the treaty between Japan and the US, consulates could be placed if needed, as well as opening Shimoda and Hakodate ports to supply fuel and water for ships; the United States then sent Townsend HARRIS to Shimoda.
- 大隈は同年3月輔相三条実美に対し、通貨単位を両から円に改めること、10進法を基本とすること、硬貨を方形ではなく円形とすることなどを建白し、了承された。
- In March 1869, OKUMA petitioned Sanetomi SANJO, a hosho (chief administrative officer) to change the currency unit, from ryo to yen, adopting the decimal system, and to change the shape of coins, from square to round, and then all of them were approved.
- また、伊藤を明治政府の中心的人物として重んじるようになり、立憲政友会結党の際に意見の相違はあったものの、両者の間に強い信頼関係を形成することになった。
- The both sides established a strong mutual trust, respecting Ito as the leading figure of the Meiji government, despite their differences in opinion about the launch of Rikken seiyukai (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO).
- 蝦夷(えみし)と蝦夷(えぞ)は同じ漢字を用いていることから混同されやすいが、歴史に登場する時代もまったく異なり、両者は厳密に区別されなければならない。
- Because 'Emishi' and 'Ezo' are expressed by the same Chinese characters, they tend to be confused with one another; however, these two must be distinguished accurately because the periods in which these peoples appeared are completely different.
- 城下に入ると幹線道路の両脇に家屋を隙間なく配置させることで城を見え難くして、道を鍵形に曲げたり袋小路を設けるなどすることで、城への到達距離を延長した。
- Within the joka, houses were located on both sides of the main route to make it hard to see the castle and made the distance to the castle longer by making many bends in the roads and dead-ends.
- 曼荼羅には、保元元年(1156年)に平清盛が自らの血を用いて描いたと伝承される「両界曼荼羅」(金剛峯寺蔵、重要文化財)があり、「血曼荼羅」と称される。
- Among Mandala (Mandala, or a diagram that depicts Buddhist deities according to certain geometric formats and illustrates the Buddhist world view), 'Ryokai Mandala' (Two World Mandala) (possessed by Kongobu-ji Temple, an important cultural property) has been said to be painted by TAIRA no Kiyomori with his own blood, and it is called 'Chi Mandala' (blood Mandala).
- 義詮は北朝年号を復活させ、再び京都を奪還するが、南朝は撤退する際に光厳・光明両上皇と、天皇を退位した直後の崇光天皇(光厳の皇子)を賀名生へ連れ去った。
- Yoshiakira revived the Northern Court era name and recaptured Kyoto, and when the Southern Court forces withdrew from the city, they took both retired Emperors Kogon and Komyo, as well as Emperor Suko (Kogon's son), who had just abdicated the throne, back with them to Ano.
- 12日に高槻市で軍議を開き、秀吉は長秀、次いで信孝を総大将に推したが、逆に両者から望まれて自身が事実上の盟主となった(名目上、信孝が総大将となった)。
- A war council was convened in Takatsuki City on June 12, where Hideyoshi recommended Nagahide, and then Nobutaka, as the supreme commander, but conversely Hideyoshi himself became the virtual leader at the request of the two (nominally Nobutaka became the supreme commander).
- もっとも、当時の南北両朝の力関係から言って、北朝側はもちろん、南朝側も、この条件が遵守されるとは考えていなかったはずであり、実際にも遵守されなかった。
- However, judging from the power balance of both Southern and Northern Dynasties at that time, not only the Northern Dynasty but also the Southern Dynasty probably did not think this condition would be followed and in reality, it was not.
- だが、これを政権復帰の好機と見た桂・「桂園時代」により政権から遠ざかっていた薩摩閥両者の思惑が上原を強硬な態度へ導いたことで大きな問題となったのである。
- However, Katsura, who regarded the situation as an opportunity for him to return to the government, and the Satsuma clique, which had been swept away from power during the Kei-En era, set out to take advantage of this situation and obliged Uehara (the minister of army) to take the hard line, provoking serious repercussions.
- 日朝間の交渉で挙がった修正項目は、両国の国名をどう記載するか、相手国に赴く使臣の交渉相手とその資格・往復回数、開港場所とその数、最恵国待遇などであった。
- The amendments proposed at the negotiation between Japan and Korea were: the description of the names of both countries; a negotiation partner to the envoy who was going to visit the other country, and his qualifications and number of visits; the place of the opening port and its number; status as a most-favored nation treatment, and others.
- 現代においても、金の地金(インゴット)や地金型金貨を貯蔵する箱が「千両箱」として貴金属商社などから販売されている(購入者に無料で贈り物することもある)。
- Even now, boxes to store gold bullions (ingot) or bullion bars are sold at noble metal trading companies as 'sen-ryo-bako' (sometimes such boxes are offered to purchasers as free gifts).
- ---昭和30年頃まで存在したといわれ、江戸時代の物売りそのままの装束で半纏(はんてん)を身にまとい、天秤棒で薬箱を両端に掛け担いで漢方薬を売っていた。
- It is said that Josai vendors were around until 1955, selling Chinese herbal drugs by carrying them in a pair of medicine chests on a pole and they wore the same hanten (a short coat originally for craftsmen worn over a kimono) as monouri in the Edo period.
- 律令法は、奈良・平安両時代を通じて国家の基本法であることに変りはなかったが、 10世紀の『延喜式』の制定公布の時代前後を境として、重要な変化がみられた。
- Ritsuryo law remained the basic national law throughout the Nara and Heian periods, but important changes occurred around the time when 'Engishiki' (a book of laws and regulations compiled during the Engi era) was established and issued in the tenth century.
- 農兵隊には荘園時代の古例により四沙汰人を置き、第一陣「西軍」・第二陣「東軍」の2軍が目的別に編成され、両軍が慶応4年1月11日山国神社に集結し出陣した。
- This peasant army had four commanding officers, in accordance with the ancient precedent from back in the days where the region was a shoen (private estate), and was split into two companies, the Western and Eastern Companies, which were composed with different goals in mind; both companies assembled and were formed on February 4, 1868 at Yamaguni Shrine.
- 1匁の1000倍が貫(かん)、10倍が両(りょう)、10分の1を分 (数)(ふん)、100分の1を厘(りん)、1000分の1を毛 (数)(もう)という。
- 1000 times 1 monme is 1 kan, and 10 times 1 monme is 1 ryo, and a tenth of 1 monme is 1 fun, and a hundredth of 1 monme is 1 rin, and a thousandth of 1 monme is 1 mo.
- 常時勤務を要するために常假の対象外である中務省・宮内省両省の供奉担当官司及び五衛府の職員を対象とし、予め申請することによって、毎月5日間まで許される休暇。
- 別假, up to five days a month with application, were given to the government officials in charge of gubu (accompanying the Emperor when he goes out) of the Nakatsukasasho (Ministry of Central Affairs) and the Kunaisho (Imperial Household Ministry) and Goefu (Five Royal Guards) who had to serve everyday and did not have regular holidays.
- 壬午・甲申両事変の後に日本に変わって大きな影響力をもつようになった清朝が朝鮮の背後にいて、華夷秩序の「属国」から条約体制の「属国」への転換を画策していた。
- After the Imo Incident and the Gapsin Coup, the Qing dynasty replaced Japan and gained big power of influence; in that time, there was always the Qing dynasty behind Korea and always tried to change Korea from 'zokkoku' in Kaichitsujo to 'subject state' under treaty system.
- この両国間の紛争解決の為に仲裁契約が結ばれ第三国のロシア帝国による国際仲裁裁判(当時は常設の国際司法裁判所がなかったための措置)が開催されることになった。
- To resolve this dispute between the two countries, an arbitration agreement was signed and an International Court of Arbitration (measures taken because of nonexistence of the Permanent Court of International Justice) was held by a third party, the Russian Empire.
- 西美濃地方の両氏が発行した紙幣はいずれも、生活必需品であった木炭を売買する際に用いることによって流通を図るべく炭会所が発行した炭代札と呼ばれるものである。
- The paper currencies issued by both clans in the western Mino area was so-called Sumidai-satsu (literally, paper money for charcoal price) issued by Sumikaisho (literally, a charcoal association) to make the money circulated by using it in trading charcoal that was a daily necessity.
- また、振り手形(現在の小切手に相当)の形式で、発行藩及び取引先両替商の信用の元で不特定多数に流通できるよう藩札用の小型で厚手の和紙で作製したものもあった。
- Moreover, some han bills were used as a form of furi-tegata (equivalent to a modern cheque), which were made from small thick Japanese paper to be circulated among the general public under the credibility of issuers (domains) or money-exchangers.
- 卿以下少丞以上の幹部が両省の役職を兼ねる(例えば、大隈は大蔵兼民部大輔、伊藤は大蔵兼民部少輔に就任する)ことで統一されたため、「大蔵民部省」とも称された。
- These two ministries were also called 'Okura-Minbu-sho' by putting together, because leading members from the Kyo down to the Shojo concurrently served as managers of both ministries (for example, Shigenobu OKUMA assumed the post of Taifu of both Okura-sho and Minbu-sho, while Hirobumi ITO assumed the post of Shofu of both Okura-sho and Minbu-sho).
- 永正16年(1519年)に発生した越水城の戦いを巡る当時の近衛尚通の日記『後法成寺関白記』と鷲尾隆康の日記『二水記』を比較すると両者の違いが明らかとなる。
- The difference between them becomes clear if you compare Hisamichi KONOE's diary, 'Gohojoji Kanpaku Ki)' and Takayasu WASHIO's diary, 'Nisui Ki' with respect to the Battle of Koshimizu-jo Castle that occurred in 1519.
- 江戸時代には、(1)田畑と(2)家屋敷地を所持し(検地帳名請人)、(3)年貢と(4)諸役の両方を負担する者を百姓(本百姓・役家)とした('初期本百姓')。
- In the Edo period, a person who possessed (1) a field and (2) a house and land (farmer described in the cadastral register) and paid both (3) nengu and (4) miscellaneous taxes was regarded as hyakusho (hon-byakusho [peasant] or yakuya [peasants]) ('early hon-byakusho').
- そのため、天皇は三条西実世(大納言)と中院通勝(中納言)、烏丸光広(近衛府内部官職)の三人を勅使として田辺城の東西両軍に派遣し、勅命講和を命じたのである。
- For this reason, the Emperor sent Saneyo SANJONISHI (Chief Councillor of State), Michikatsu NAKANOIN (Vice-councillor of State) and Mitsuhiro KARASUMARU (Konoefu naibukanshoku (a post guarding inside the palace and imperial families)) as Imperial messengers to both the eastern army and western army at Tanabe-jo Castle in order to propose a royal peace command.
- 表面には「常是」および「寳」に加えて年代を現す文字極印が打たれ、また片面ないし両面に大黒天像の極印が丁寧に打たれたものが存在し、恩賞および贈答用とされる。
- Some of these coins had precise markings ('常是' [pronounced 'joze'], which was the heredity name of a refiner, and '寳' {pronounced 'ho'], meaning 'valuable') and the year they were made, while others were inscribed with the image of Daikokuten (Great Black God) on one or both sides, probably to indicate that they were prizes or gifts.
- しかしそれが無い場合には神木を興福寺金堂に移し、石上神宮・吉野勝手明神両社に神輿の派遣を要請、更に場合によっては東大寺などの南都七大寺にも支援を要請する。
- If not, they transferred shinboku to 'Kondo-hall' (the main hall) of Kofuku-ji Temple, asked both Isonokami-jingu Shrine and Yoshino-katte-myojin Shrine to send 'mikoshi' (portable shrines carried in festivals), and occasionally called for help to seven large temples of 'Nanto' (southern capital, referring to Nara), including Todai-ji Temple.
- 川中島の戦いは、戦を行う理由として、武田氏、長尾氏両氏が内乱を起こしかねない臣下に対して求心力を高めるためのパフォーマンスのようなものだったとする説がある。
- One view states that the Takeda clan and the Nagao clan fought the Battle of Kawanakajima to strengthen centripetal force in their respective clans, against the retainers that might have rebelled internally in their respective clans otherwise.
- この各地銀座所在地の両替町という名称は諸国の銀山より産出される灰吹銀を、銀座が公鋳の丁銀を以って買い入れることを南鐐替(なんりょうがえ)と称したことによる。
- The name Ryogae-cho found in various ginzas is due to the fact that cupellated silver from various silver mines in the country was purchased by each ginza with the officially minted chogin silver, and this trade was named Nangyo-gin silver exchange.
- 出雲地域に存在する安来・西谷の両墳丘墓集積地には特殊器台形土器と特殊壺形土器し、出雲と吉備の両地域に同盟関係が生まれていたことを示していると考えられている。
- Tokushu-kidai (ceremonial vessel stand) shaped earthenware and tokushu tsubo (ceremonial jar) shaped earthenware were excavated from a concentrated distribution center of Yasugi Grave and Nishidani Grave Mounds, which indicate Izumo and the Kibi region formed an alliance.
- 両者とも新羅への遣使の副次として送られたもので、前者は耽羅の新羅への臣属を黙認するもの、後者は報徳国の新羅への併合を受けての動向探索のためと推察されている。
- Both envoys were dispatched as an addition to envoys to Silla; the first one was dispatched to give silent approval for the Tamna's subjection to Silla and the latter one was dispatched to investigate the situation there after the annexation of Hotoku (報徳国) to Silla.
- 日本軍は他国軍に先駆けて戦利品確保に動き出し、まず総理衙門と戸部_(官庁)(財務担当官庁)を押さえて約291万4800両の馬蹄銀や32万石の玄米を鹵獲した。
- The Japanese army went before other armies to retrieve the spoils of war and suppressed Zongli Yamen and the Ministry of Revenue (Ministry of Finance government office) and seized about 2,914,800 taels of bateigin (the Japanese term for Chinese boat-shaped silver or gold ingots called sycee in English) and 320,000 koku (a unit of volume of rice, 1 koku equals 180.39 liters) of brown rice.
- 1884年(明治17年)5月15日、淘綾郡山下村の近藤甚蔵ほか10名が同郡一色村の高利貸露木卯三郎とその雇人露木幸助を大磯宿の旅館川崎屋に襲って両人を斬殺。
- On May 15, 1884, Jinzo KONDO and other 10 people in Yamashita Village, Yurugi County attacked Usaburo TSUYUKI, a usurer in Isshiki Village in that county, and his employee Kosuke TSUYUKI at an inn called Kawasakiya in Oiso-juku, and murdered them with a sword.
- また、『実隆公記』によると「夜大雨になったのを利用して走った」という記述を見受けられるため、両陣営は対峙したが、夜陰の大雨にまぎれて逃げ去ったという説もある
- From the description of 'Sanetaka koki' (The Sanetaka's Diary) that 'they fled under cover of the downpour started during the night,' there was an opinion that the two sides might have confronted each other once but fled under cover of the heavy rain and darkness.
- 平安京は、現在の京都府京都市中心部にあたる、山城国葛野郡・愛宕郡両郡にまたがる地に建設され、東西4.5km、南北5.2kmの長方形に区画された都城であった。
- Heian-kyo was the castle city laid out to be rectangular, of 4.5 km east-west by 2.2 km north-south, built straddling Kadono-no-koori and Otagi-no-koori counties of Yamashiro Province (currently center of Kyoto city, Kyoto Prefecture).
- やがて、両者の対立は全国の大名の兵力(享徳の乱の最中の関東を除く)を政治の中心地である京都に結集して遂に大規模な軍事衝突を引き起こしたこれが応仁の乱である。
- Eventually, the conflict between each side led to all the daimyo in the country (except for daimyo from the Kanto during the Kyotoku Rebellion) concentrating their military forces in Kyoto, the governmental capital, until at last, with these large-scale armies in such proximity, armed conflict was inevitable, and the Onin War began.
- なお、明治以降新貨条例が施行され、1両は1円 (通貨)と等価とされ、(二分金の金銀含有量の実質価値と日本の金貨一円金貨 の純金含有量の価値がほぼ等しかった。
- Since the Meiji period, the New Currency Act became effective and 1 ryo was determined as equivalent to 1 yen (the value of contained amount of gold and silver of nibukin and purity of gold of 1 yen coin were almost equivalent).
- 慶長小判はこの京目一両の原則に沿っていたが、後世、正徳 (日本)享保期を除き、時代ごとの経済政策により品位(金含有率)・量目ともに改悪されることが多かった。
- Keicho koban was made based on the principle of kyome 1ryo, however, later, due to economic policies of different periods except in Shotoku Kyoho period, it became often made worse both in karat (content rate of gold) and ryome (a weighed value).
- 一方、朝鮮の両班階層(支配層)の間では明の援軍のおかげにより朝鮮は滅亡を免れたのだという意識(「再造之恩」)が強調され、明への恩義を重視する思想が広まった。
- On the other hand, among yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea) (ruling class) of Korea, understanding that Korea could narrowly avoid ruin thanks to reinforcements from Ming ('再造之恩') was underscored and the thought to attach importance to gratitude towards Ming spread widely.
- 公的制度とは切り離した、条里地割と条里呼称法の両者、およびそれらが一体となった実体としての土地表記システムの呼称として、条里プランという用語が使用されている。
- A term 'plan of jori' is now used as both jori chiwari and jori naming method, and as the name of the land representation system in which they are combined apart from public system.
- 年に行われた維新功労者に対する賞典禄の支給により74万5750石、20万3376両の出費となり、華士族に対する家禄支給は歳出の30パーセント以上を占めていた。
- In 1869, the Meiji government spent a total of 745,750 koku plus 203,376 ryo (Japanese currency unit) to pay Shotenroku, a special privilege for people who rendered distinguished services for the restoration, and payment of Karoku, stipends paid to nobles and samurai warriors, accounted for more than 30% of government's total expenditure.
- 中華人民共和国でも長らく1斤=16両とされていたが、現行の市制 (単位系)では1斤(市斤)=10両(市両)とされており、1市斤は500グラムと規定されている。
- In People's Republic of China, 1 kin (catty) was kept equal to 16 ryo (tael) for long, but under the present Chinese system of weights and measures, 1 kin (shi-kin) is equalized with 1 ryo (shi-ryo), and 1 shi-kin is set at 500 grams.
- これらのなかで、とくに『伴大納言絵巻』と『信貴山縁起絵巻』の両絵巻は都の庶民のみならず地方農村の庶民生活をいきいきと描いており、時代の空気がよく示されている。
- Above all, 'Ban Dainagon Emaki' and 'Shigisan engi emaki' vividly describe the life of the common people in local villages as well as the common people in Kyoto, and the mood of the period is seen through them.
- このような分割が行われた場合に両者が図面を作成したことを窺わせる史料が、日本史の教科書にも掲載されることの多い「伯耆国東郷町 (鳥取県)下地中分絵図」である。
- Historical materials which suggest the fact that a map was made by both parties when division was done is 'Togo-cho, Hoki Province (Tottori Prefecture) Shitaji chubun ezu,' which is often printed in Japanese history textbooks.
- この相場を元に新貨条例制定後の旧銅貨の通用価値が規定され、一圓は一両と等価となり、一両=10000文という基準から、これらの銭貨は以下の様な通用価格となった。
- The value of the old copper coin after the establishment of New Currency Regulation was set based on this market price; one yen became equivalent to one ryo; furthermore, using the standard rate of one ryo = 10000 mon, the currency rates of the coins became the following:
- その後、換算の便宜のため、メートル法基準となり、明治24年(1891年)の度量衡法により1貫=3.75キログラムと定められたので、1両=37.5グラムとなる。
- Afterward, the metric system was introduced into Japan for convenience in conversion among units, and in 1891, the Weights and Measures Act set 1 kan at 3.75 kilograms, so 1 ryo became equal to 37.5 grams.
- 一、乗輿ハ、一門ノ歴々・国主・城主・一万石以上ナラビニ国大名ノ息、城主オヨビ侍従以上ノ嫡子、或ハ五十歳以上、或ハ医・陰ノ両道、病人コレヲ免ジ、ソノ外濫吹ヲ禁ズ。
- • Only those with permission may ride a palanquin, such as the Tokugawa family, landed daimyo, the sons of daimyo, castle lords, legitimate children of rank higher than jiju (chamberlain), people over fifty, doctors, men of Onmyodo (the way of Yin and Yang), the sick and so on.
- 彼ら兄弟はいずれも桓武天皇の即位を見ないまま亡くなったが、乙牟漏は皇后となり平城天皇・嵯峨の両天皇を、旅子は淳和天皇を産み、平安時代初期の式家繁栄の礎を築いた。
- Both Yoshitsugu and Momokawa died before the enthronement of Emperor Kanmu, but Otomuro became empress and gave birth to Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga while Tabiko became mother of Emperor Junna, building the base of prosperity of the Fujiwara Shikike during the early Heian period.
- また東京大学出身の吉野・美濃部の両人に加え、中央大学出身の長谷川如是閑や早稲田大学出身の大山郁夫といったジャーナリストや学者の発言も在り方に大きな影響を与えた。
- The theory upheld by YOSHINO and MINOBE of Tokyo Imperial University was buttressed further by journalists and other political scientists such as Nyozekan HASEGAWA of Chuo University and Ikuo OYAMA of Waseda University.
- なお朱子の理とは、理は形而上のもの、気は形而下のものであってまったく別の二物であるが、たがいに単独で存在することができず、両者は「不離不雑」の関係であるとする。
- According to 'Li' of Shushigaku, 'Li' is a metaphysical existence, 'Ch'i' is a physical existence, and these two are completely different, however, each of them cannot solely exist and they are an 'inseparable' relation.
- これらは、長年議論の対象となってきた(「座論争」)が、今日では座とは本来は一定の有資格者が一同に会する場を指し、両方の意味合いを有していたとする説が有力である。
- These theories have been discussed over a long period of time (this discussion is called 'the za debate'), and the current dominant theory explains that the word 'za' originally indicated a place where certain qualified persons gathered all together and thus the word included both the meanings.
- 現在においても作品の美術的価値が評価される武家の人物には、『鷹図』(土岐の鷹)の土岐頼芸や、『武田信虎像』・『大井夫人像』で両親の肖像を残した武田信廉らがいる。
- Persons from samurai families, the artistic value of whose works are highly accepted even today include Yoriyoshi TOKI of Takazu (painting of a hawk) (Toki no taka (literally, hawk of Toki)) and Nobukado TAKEDA who left portraits of his parents with 'portrait of Nobutora TAKEDA' and 'portrait of Oi Fujin (literally, lady Oi).'
- また、上意討ち・無礼打ちに理不尽を感じた者は、両者にどのような身分差があれど(たとえ上司であっても)、脇差でならたとえ殺すことになっても刃向かうことも許された。
- Any person who felt Joiuchi (kill of offender) or Bureiuchi (kill of dishonor) outrageousness was allowed to fight against or even kill his enemy using a short sword however overcoming their status distinctions were (even the enemy was his superior).
- 銀屋(ぎんや/かなや/かねや)あるいは銀吹屋(ぎんふきや)と呼ばれた銀地金の売買および精錬などを手掛ける者が現れ、後の銀座 (歴史)および両替商の前身となった。
- Ginya (also known as Kanaya, or Kaneya) who dealt with the silver ingot trade and Ginfukiya, silver refiners, appeared and became the predecessor of the later Ginza (silver mint) and money-exchange businesses.
- なお、東京都墨田区にある東京都江戸東京博物館や大阪市北区 (大阪市)にある造幣博物館には、実物と同じ重さの千両箱を実際に持ち上げることができる体験コーナーがある。
- Incidentally, there are hands-on spots where one can actually experience to lift a sen-ryo-bako with the equivalent weight of the real one at the Edo Tokyo Museum in Sumida Ward, Tokyo and the Mint Museum in Kita Ward, Osaka City.
- 義政は弟の義尋を還俗させて(足利義視)将軍を譲ろうと考えたが、正室日野富子に足利義尚が誕生したため、両者の間で継承を争うことになり、応仁の乱の原因の一つとなった。
- Yoshimasa considered making his younger brother Gijin return to secular life (his secular name was Yoshimi ASHIKAGA) and transferring shogun to him, but Yoshimasa's lawful wife Tomiko HINO gave birth to Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, and they conflicted with each other about succession, causing the Onin War.
- 然し、磯村、秋山両被告は一審判決を不服として控訴したが、東京高等裁判所、仙台高等裁判所の各判決は共に1912年(明治45年)3月29日に上告となり確定判決となる。
- However, both Isomura and Akiyama appealed the first trial, but both the Tokyo and the Sendai High Courts dismissed the appeals on March 29, 1912, thereby fixing the final conclusive judgment.
- これらのナンバー銀行は現存する物もあるが、現在存在する八十二銀行だけは第十九銀行と六十三銀行が合併し、両者の数字の和を取って名付けられた銀行(82=19+63)。
- Some Number Banks still exist, but only the existing Hachijuni bank (82 bank) was established by the merger of the Daijuku (19th) bank and the Rokujusan (63) bank and named by the total sum of numbers of both banks (82=19+63).
- 鎌倉時代後期になると、幕府が直接両使を派遣することに代えて、守護に施行状で下達し、守護が使節を選定し遵行状に基づき遵行を実施するようなケースも見られるようになる。
- In the late Kamakura period, some cases emerged in which the Bakufu, instead of sending ryoshi directly, sent shigyojo (a letter conveying orders from the head to the subjects) to a Shugo, who in turn selected an envoy and carried out this procedure based on the shigyojo.
- なお、『春秋公羊伝』と『春秋穀梁伝』は、宝亀7年(776年)に唐から帰国した伊与部家守(伊予部宅守)が両書の解釈を伝え、延暦17年(798年)に小経に追加された。
- When IYOBE no Iemori came back from Tang (China) in 776, he brought with him the annotations of two books, 'Shunju Kuyoden' and 'Shunju Kokuyoden,' which were added to the small scriptures in 798.
- また、院政開始後最初の評定始は特に文殿始(ふどのはじめ)とも呼ばれ、両統迭立によって院政の継続が不安定な時代になると、院政開始を印象付ける行事として重んじられた。
- The first hyojohajime after the start of the new government of a retired emperor was called 'Fudonohajime' (文殿始) in particular, which is of special note because it marked the start of Insei in the era of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families) when it was not easy to keep Insei.
- 北宋代以降の中国では、開元通宝(開通元寳との説もあり)と呼ばれる唐代の銭貨10枚の質量が24銖すなわち1両という基準でつくられ、1枚あたりの質量を「銭」と呼んだ。
- In China in and after Northern Sung Dynasty, a coin was minted in a manner that the weight of 10 coins of Tang dynasty called Kai Yuan Tong Bao (or Kai Tong Yuan Bao) equaled 24 zhu, that is to say, 1 ryo (tael), and a weight of the one coin was called 'sen' (銭).
- 一方、丁銀から南鐐二朱銀への改鋳が進行するにつれ、市中における秤量銀貨の不足により銀相場の高騰を招き、天明6年(1786年)には金1両=銀50匁をつけるに至った。
- On the other hand, as Chogin was reformed to Nanryo Nishu Gin, the shortage of silver coins by weight standard in market caused a steep rise in the price of silver, 50 monme of silver per 1 ryo of gold in 1786.
- 例えば「売上四分、買上八分」すなわち、両替商が南鐐二朱銀を売るとき買手に一両当り銀四分を与え、買上げるときは南鐐二朱銀の売り手から銀八分を徴収するよう取り決めた。
- For example, it was '4 bun when selling, 8 bun when buying' which means when money changers sell Nanryo Nishu Gin silver coins they would give 4 ichibu gin coins per ryo (0.6%) to the buyers but when they were buying they charged 8 ichibu gin coins (1.2%) to the sellers of Nanryo Nishu Gin.
- 境内最奥に、高さ50cm程の不動明王像を両脇に従えた長さ8m程度の段瀑が掛かっており、その手前には樹齢300年を越えた「ツキの木(欅)」が神木として祀られている。
- A fall about eight-meter-long accompanied by fifty-centimeter-tall Fudomyoo on its both sides is situated at the penetraria of the precincts and in front of it, an over 300 year-old 'tsuki no ki' (Japanese zelcova) is enshrined as shinboku (divine tree).
- だが、土地の賦課の是非は大名などの領主の権限と考えられていたこと、従来の検地に代わる大規模な測量の必要性があることから、政府内でも賛否両論があってまとまらなかった。
- However, this proposal was not put into practice because there were arguments for and against within the government; the main reasons for the opposition lied in that at that time it was believed that the authority to impose land tax or not lied in the feudal lords such as daimyo and that it was necessary to conduct a large scale land survey replacing the existing nationwide land survey before getting into the land-tax reform.
- しかし、嵯峨朝以降式家は徐々に北家に圧倒されていくが、その一因として、良継の一人息子である藤原託美の事故死による、平城・嵯峨両天皇の外戚である良継系の断絶があった。
- However, Fujiwara Shikike gradually went under and was overwhelmed by Fujiwara Hokke after the era of Emperor Saga, partly due to the extinction of the Yoshitsugu family (maternal relatives to Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga) caused by the death of FUJIWARA no Takumi, the only son of Yoshitsugu.
- 『礒貝富森両人覚書』によると、吉田忠左衛門や間十次郎らが、台所横の炭小屋からヒソヒソ声がするのを聞いたため、中へ入ろうとすると、中から皿鉢や炭などが投げつけられた。
- 'Isogai Tomimori Ryonin Oboegaki' describes that big bowls and charcoals were thrown at Chuzaemon YOSHIDA and Jujiro HAZAMA when they tried to go inside the charcoal hut next to the kitchen as they heard someone whispering,
- しかし、新羅が朝鮮半島統一の勢いを駆って侵攻して来る事を恐れ、海岸の防備を固めるなどを怠らず、両国の関係は持統天皇即位後、交流はあるものの、次第に悪化する事になる。
- However, fearing that Silla would invade Wakoku due to the momentum gained in unifying the Korean Peninsula, Wakoku kept reinforcing their defensive measures along the sea coast, and although there was exchange between the two countries, their relations deteriorated after the enthronement of Emperor Jito.
- 金銀複本位制(きんぎんふくほんいせい)とは、金貨・銀貨両方を本位貨幣としてその鋳造と輸出入の自由を保持し、なおかつ固定化した金銀比価を保持する通貨制度のことである。
- The gold and silver bimetallism refers to a currency system where both gold and silver coins are designated as standard money; freedom of minting, importing and exporting such money is maintained; and fixed exchange ratio between gold and silver is maintained
- 天保5年(1834年)、酒の勝手造を禁止する見返りに酒造米高100石につき金10両の株金と金3分或は銀43匁の冥加金を納めさせた(なお、株金は廃業時に返金された)。
- In 1834, the bakufu banned unauthorized sake brewing and, in return, imposed subscription to sakekabu of 10 ryo (unit of gold currency) of gold and myogakin of 3 fun (unit of currency, 4 fun = 1 ryo) of gold or 43 monme (a unit of weight) of silver on 100 koku of rice for brewing sake (subscription to sakekabu was refunded to breweries when they went out of business).
- しかし、この頃は版籍奉還~廃藩置県に伴い、政府が約2400万両(現在の価値でおよそ5600億円)もの各藩負債を肩代わりすることになったため、建設予算が下りなかった。
- However, the budget was not allowed for the construction since at the time the government needed to assume all domains' debt, which amounted about 24 million ryo (about 560 billion yen in the present value), in accordance with the return of lands and people to the emperor and Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures).
- ・「政宗度々敗軍し無念に思い、早く軍を止むべきよし、しばしば台命を蒙りながら、福島・梁川両城を責めとらずしては置くべからずと、(慶長六年)四月十六日又白石を出勢す。
- - 'Feeling chagrined at the successive loss of the battles, Masamune couldn't help but attack both the Fukushima-jo Castle and the Yanagawa-jo Castle and sent the troops from Shiraishi again on April 16, 1601 although he was repeatedly ordered to stop the battle.
- 律令法の身分制度は人民を良・賤(せん)に二大別することを特徴とし、両者の中間に大化前代の部民(べのたみ)の後身である品部(しなべ)、雑戸(ざつこ)の身分がおかれた。
- The class system under ritsuryo law is characterized by the division of the people roughly into two groups, ryo (law-abiding people)/sen (humble or lowly people), and shinabe (technicians in offices) with zakko (special technicians) who were descendants of benotami (officers and people serving the Yamato dynasty) from pre-Taika era placed in between them.
- 江戸時代には秤量銀貨の実測値が通貨単位として使用され、元禄13年(1700年)に丁銀60匁は小判1両に相当すると公定されたが、実態は市場経済による変動相場であった。
- In the Edo period, the currency value of Hyoryo ginka (the silver coin used as the currency by weight) depended on its weight, and in 1700, 60 monme of chogin (silver coin) was officially equalized in value with 1 ryo of koban (former Japanese gold coin of oval shape), however, it was actually floating rate by the market economy.
- また通常、小判および分金は製造過程で一枚ずつ厳密な量目(質量)の検査が行われるが、この一朱判に関しては、五両ないし十両一括で量目の検査が行われるという始末であった。
- And, it was usual to strictly inspect ryome (a weighed value) (mass) for each Koban and Bukin during the manufacturing process, but for this Isshuban, ryome was inspected only for every bunch of five ryo or ten ryo.
- 隋唐代に韻書と呼ばれる字書がいくつも編まれ、それらに倭の音は「ワ」「ヰ」両音が示されており、ワ音の倭は東海の国名として、ヰ音の倭は従順を表す語として、説明されている。
- During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, several glossaries called Insho (Chinese dictionary arranged by finals) were compiled, in which the reading of 倭 is 'wa' and 'wi' and 'wa' is said to be the name of a country in Tokai and 'wi' is said to be a word meaning obedience.
- 弥生時代の木棺墓の大半は組合式と呼ばれるもので、一般的には、底板・両側板・両小口板・蓋板の計6枚の板材を組み合わせ、あらかじめ掘削された土坑の中に棺を作るものである。
- Majority of mokkanbo was called kumiaishiki (unit style), which were generally made by combining six boards, a bottom board, two side boards, two end boards, and a lid board, and the coffin was placed inside a dug out hole.
- 従前の高官に代わって平氏一族や親平氏的貴族が登用され、また知行国の大幅な入れ替えもあって中央・地方の両面において平氏一門を中心とする軍事的な支配体制が強化していった。
- Members of the Taira clan and pro-Taira aristocrats took the places of previous high officials and there was an extensive replacement of province governors, leading to the strengthening of military control organization on the central and local level by the members of the Taira clan.
- 清盛は、後白河との関係を放棄する一方で高倉天皇との関係を強化し、高倉もまた後白河院政からの独立を志向し、翌治承2年(1178年)、両者は連携して新制17条を発布した。
- Kiyomori dropped his relationship with Goshirakawa, and strengthened his ties with Emperor Takakura, and Takakura was interested in becoming independent of the Goshirakawa cloistered government, leading to a joint issuance of the 17 New Rules in 1178.
- 飯富虎昌・山県昌景の両者は『甲陽軍艦』において武勇に秀でるとともに武田家及び武田軍の中心として活躍した武将として記されており、両名の活躍が赤備えの価値を高めたと言える。
- It is written in 'Koyo Gunkan' (record of the military exploits of the Takeda family, compiled by one of the Takeda vassals, and completed in 1616 by Kagenori OBATA) that both Toramasa OBU and Masakage YAMAGATA were busho who had an outstanding bravery and showed a great performance as a leader of the Takeda Family and the Takeda Army, so it can be said that their achievements raised the value of Akazonae.
- 彼らは薩摩藩の有村次左衛門などと連絡し、薩摩の率兵上京による義軍及び孝明天皇の勅書をもっての謀反を企てていたが、薩摩藩内の情勢の変化などにより、両藩士合同の計画は頓挫。
- They contacted Jizaemon ARIMURA and others from Satsuma with the intention of going to the capital and obtaining an Imperial sanction from the Emperor Komei to attack Naosuke II, but, due to some changes in the political situation in Satsuma, the plan between the two clans was aborted.
- 近代国家体制の確立していなかった朝鮮では、土地の所有制度が不明瞭であり両班の暴力による土地収奪などは日常茶飯事であり、農民の間でも土地の所有をめぐる抗争が絶えなかった。
- In Korea where no modern state system was established, the ownership system for land was not clear, and thus yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) often grabbed land with violence and peasants kept fighting over the land.
- 将門が両者の調停仲介に乗り出し、興世王と武蔵武芝を会見させて和解させたが、どういう経緯か不明だが、武芝の兵がにわかに経基の陣営を包囲し、驚いた経基は逃げ出してしまった。
- Masakado began mediation efforts and succeeded in reconcilation between Prince Okiyo and MUSASHI no Takeshiba, but Takeshiba and his army unexpectedly laid siege on Tsunemoto's camp, catching Tsunemoto by surprise and causing him to flee.
- しかし信長は「天下布武」をかかげて自らの天下統一を目指し、一方の義昭は上杉謙信や毛利元就らにも上洛を促して幕府政治の再興を目指すという、両者には考えの食い違いがあった。
- Under the slogan 'tenka fubu' (the realm subjected to military power), Nobunaga intended to unite all of Japan by himself; on the other hand, Yoshiaki also invited Kenshin UESUGI and Motonari MORI to Kyoto with the intention of restoring the shogunate government -- there were discrepancies between their opinions.
- 翌年にも大雨による水害と旱魃が交互に訪れ、更に虫害と疫病も加わって飢饉が全国で拡大、畠山氏の家督争い、斯波氏の長禄合戦などによって、両氏の領国では更に事態が深刻化した。
- The following year, a seemingly endless cycle of rain-induced floods and droughts that was followed by insect damage and plague led to a nation-wide famine; a succession battle within the HATAKEYAMA clan and the battle of Choroku that the SHIBA clan fought made the situation in their respective territories even worse.
- 大覚寺統は邦良の早世と後醍醐の謀反とで壊滅状態にあり、持明院統が皇位を独占することも不可能ではなかったが、後伏見は幕府の意向もあって両統迭立の原則にあくまで忠実だった。
- Although it was not impossible for the Jimyoin line to monopolize the throne since the Daikakuji line was in a devastated state with Kuniyoshi's early death and Godaigo's rebellion, Gofushimi was true to the principle of Ryoto tetsuritsu in accord with the bakufu's wishes.
- 9世紀以降は土師器工人集団(土師部)と須恵器工人集団(陶部)との交流が活発になり、轆轤土師器、土師質土器などと呼ばれる両者の中間様式の土器が多量につくられるようになった。
- From the ninth century, exchange between groups of Haji craftsmen (Hajibe) and Sue craftsmen (Tobe) grew, resulting in the creation of a large volume of earthenware that is midway between the two in terms of design, such as Rokuro-haji and Haji-shitsu pottery.
- 樺太と北海道の兵備の必要と、そのための費用を憂え、「今略屯田の制に倣い、民を移して之に充て、且耕し且守るときは、開拓の業封疆の守り両ながら其便を得ん」というものであった。
- His proposal was that Shakhalin and Hokkaido should need military forces and cost for them, therefore, 'on the model of the Duntian system they should move people there for farming and defense to get the advantages of reclamation and defense of the border '.
- また、両書には「元々小国だった日本が倭国を併合した」という内容の記述もあり、これは天武天皇が弘文天皇の近江朝廷を滅亡させた壬申の乱を表していると一般的には理解されている。
- Both books mentioned that 'Nippon, which used to be a small country, annexed Wakoku' and this description is generally considered to be the reference to the Jinshin War, in which Emperor Tenmu ruined the Omi Dynasty of the Emperor Kobun.
- この火災で東は河原町・木屋町・大和大路まで、北は上御霊神社・鞍馬口通・今宮御旅所まで、西は智恵光院通・大宮通・千本通まで、南は東本願寺西本願寺両本願寺・六条通まで達した。
- The fire spread to Kawaramachi, Kiyamachi and Yamatooji-dori Street in the east; Kamigoryo-jinja Shrine, Kuramaguchi-dori Street and Imamiya otabisho in the north; Chiekoin-dori Street, Omiya-dori Street and Senbon-dori Street in the west; and both Higashi Hongan-ji Temple and Nishi Hongan-ji Temple and Rokujo-dori Street in the south.
- また、中央においては都(平安京)における価格安定や大宰府における対外貿易の統制(輸入品の多くは平安京で消費されたために、両者には連動性があった)の估価が必要とされていた。
- In addition, koka was required to stabilize the prices in the capital (Heian-kyo) and to control foreign trade in Dazai-fu (local government offices in Kyushu region) (because the imported goods were mostly consumed in Heian-kyo, prices there and foreign trade were closely related).
- 寛文5年(1665年)に度量衡の「衡」が統一され、両替商で用いられる分銅は後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、これ以外のものの製作および使用は不正を防止するため厳禁とされた。
- In 1665, the Japanese weight units were standardized, and thereafter, Shirobei GOTO and his descendants monopolized the right to produce counterweights used at an exchange house, and the production and use of other kinds of counterweights were prohibited strictly for the prevention of illegal exchange.
- 古く屋台の蕎麦も江戸時代頃まではリヤカーもなく、天秤棒の両端が箱になったものに照明としての行灯が組み込まれ、食器などや食材を収めるスペースが組み込まれたものが巡回していた。
- No street stalls of soba (noodles made from buckwheat) used a trailer towed by bicycle till the Edo period, and street venders made a round carrying a pole with boxes at both ends equipped with andon (a paper-covered lamp stand) as lighting and a space for dishes and foodstuffs..
- 更に鎌倉時代になると本地垂迹説による両部神道や山王神道による大祓詞(おおはらえのことば)の密教的解説や、記紀神話などに登場する神や神社の祭神の密教的説明の試みが活発化した。
- Furthermore, during the Kamakura period, it became popular to make explanations, according to esoteric Buddhism, of Ryobu Shinto based on Honji-suijaku setsu, Oharae no Kotoba based on Sanno Shinto and the enshrined deities of deities and shrines appeared in Kiki-shinwa (the Kojiki, Nihonshoki and mythology).
- 合一が行われるものの、両統迭立の約束が守られることはなく持明院統の皇統が続いたため、南朝の遺臣たちによる皇位の回復を目指しての反抗が15世紀半ばまで続き、後南朝と呼ばれる。
- After the unification was completed, however, the promise to uphold the alternate succession was broken and the Jimyoin lineage continued to monopolize Imperial succession, and consequently former Southern Court retainers continued their resistance, in their attempts to restore their own lineage to the Imperial throne, into the middle of the fifteenth century, and were later dubbed 'gonancho' (ex-Southern Court forces).
- ただ美しいと感じてその色を見るときには、すでにして好んでいるのであるから、「知」と「行」、つまり認識と体験とは一体不可分であって、両者が離れてあるわけではないと王陽明は説く。
- Wang Yangming explained that when people are looking at a color while feeling it is beautiful, they are already fond of it, therefore 'chi' and 'gyo', i.e., recognition and experience, are not separate from each other and cannot be separated.
- 戦国時代初期の頃は通常農閑期に行われる戦は農民兵たちにとって支給される賃金と陣中食はじめ兵糧、即ち現金収入がある出稼ぎと食い扶持減らしの出来る一挙両得の短期雇用の場であった。
- At the beginning of the Sengoku Period, battles which were usually conducted in off-season for farmers were an opportunity for peasant soldiers for short-term employment with ikkyoryotoku (killing two birds with one stone) where they could obtain wages to be paid and army provisions including a combat ration, in other words, cash income and a decrease in payment for food.
- 同じころ幕府でも安達泰盛が主導する徳政が行われており、亀山と泰盛とのあいだには文化交流など個人的なつながりもあることから、公武両徳政には密接な連関があるものと考えられている。
- At the same time, the bakufu had political reforms led by Yasumori ADACHI, it is thought that there was a close relationship between virtuous governments in both Imperial and Military courts due to the fact that there were cultural exchanges at the individual level between Kameyama and Yasumori.
- そのため、義政がこれ以上の政治参加に倦んで義尚に突然将軍を譲って引退しても、また両軍の総大将である細川勝元・山名宗全が相次いで病死しても諸大名は兵を撤退させることは無かった。
- This only caused Yoshimasa to lose what little interest he had left in politics, prompting him suddenly to relinquish the position of Shogun to Yoshihisa and retire, but the conflict between the two armies continued, and even after the successive natural deaths by illness of each army's supreme commanders, Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and Sozen YAMANA, the various daimyo did not withdraw their forces.
- 当時、日本は戦争に対する多大な軍費への出費から財政が悪化し、ロシアでも血の日曜日事件 (1905年)など革命運動が激化していたため、両国とも戦争継続が困難になっていたのである。
- In thouse days, Japanese financial affairs deteriorated due to the enormous expenditure for war, and in Russia also, the revolutionary movements such as Bloody Sunday (1905) were growing worse, so it was getting difficult for the both countries to continue the war.
- 北京議定書で清朝に定められた賠償金4億5000万両(利払いを含めると8億5000万両になる)という額は、年間予算1億両足らずであった当時の清朝にはまさに天文学的な要求であった。
- The amount of the reparations of 450 million taels specified in the Peking Protocol (850 million taels in total with the interest) was a really astronomical demand to the Qing Dynasty whose annual budget was less than 100 million taels.
- 備後国備後福山藩では、通説よりも早い寛永7年(1630年)に、当時の藩主であった水野勝成が領内の殖産興業のために領内の両替商を発行元に藩札を発行したとの記述が地元の書籍にある。
- A local book states that Katsunari MIZUNO, who was the lord of Bingo-fukuyama Domain of Bingo Province at that time, introduced han bills issued by currency exchangers in the domain in 1630 (earlier than common belief) for the purpose of promoting the industry in the domain.
- これについて空海は、天の巻に付された総序において「配巻軸於六合、懸不朽於兩曜、名曰秘府論。(巻軸を六合に配し、不朽を両曜に懸け、名づけて秘府論という)」とその意図を述べている。
- Kukai's intention was, as he wrote in the general introduction appended to the volume of Heaven, 'the volumes are titled after the universe and because they are so everlasting as the sun and the moon are, they are collectively called hifuron (important theory).'
- これは、数千年王化の行き届かない東日本を治めるため江戸を東京とし、ここを拠点にして人心を捉えることが重要であるとし、ゆくゆくは東京と京都の東西両京を鉄道で結ぶというものだった。
- This was to fix Eastern Japan, where 1000 years of virtue did not reach, by making Tokyo Edo, and it was important to gather popular minds, which would eventually connect both capitals of Tokyo and Kyoto by rail.
- 翌元弘4年(1334年)には後醍醐の皇子恒良親王(12歳)が皇太子に立てられ、持明院統の皇統としての地位は完全に否定され、3世代、50年以上にわたった両統迭立はここに終焉した。
- The next year, 1334, saw Godaigo's son Imperial Prince Tsuneyoshi (aged 12) as Crown Prince and the position of the Jimyoin line as a Emperor's line was completely negated, and here the Ryoto tetsuritsu that spanned three generations and continued over 50 years came to an end.
- サリーム系王族は当然これに抵抗し、両派のあいだで妥協の道も探られたが、結局決裂に終わり、ジャービル系が掌握する政府は、首長解任権を持つ議会に首長サアドを解任する議案を提出した。
- Salim line royal members naturally were against this, and there were efforts to reach a compromise between the two lines, but the talks ended in breaking up and the government run by the Jabir line submitted a bill to dismiss the chief to the congress, which has the right to dismiss the chief.
- そして、1911年(明治44年)1月19日付の読売新聞社説に「もし両朝の対立をしも許さば、国家の既に分裂したること、灼然火を賭るよりも明かに、天下の失態之より大なる莫かるべし。
- In the editorial of Yomiuri Shinbun issued January 19, 1911, the following idea was proposed: 'If both dynasties are allowed to oppose each other, it is clear that the nation is divided and this is the fault of the government.
- また、平季長と紀長谷雄は将来国家を支える大器になるだろうと予測し、両名を重用するように求めている(ただし、平季長は御遺誡が出されてからわずか19日後に突然の病で死去している)。
- TAIRA no Suenaga and KI no Haseo were predicted to be great talents and Kanpyo no goyuikai requested that they should be given important posts (TAIRA no Suenaga, however, died suddenly of an illness just 19 days after it was issued).
- 飛鳥寺の中軸線と天智天皇の末年か天武天皇初年に建てられた川原寺の中軸線との中心線(中道)は、天武朝の藤原京の設定の一基準となり、両中軸の間隔は亦、飛鳥の方格地割りの基準となった。
- The central line (middle road) between Asuka-dera Temple's central axis and that of Kawahara-dera Temple, which was built in the last year of Emperor Tenchi's reign or the first year of Emperor Tenmu's reign, became one of standards in the design of Emperor Tenmu's capital, Fujiwara-kyo, and the distance between both axial lines became a standard measurement of grid lines for allotment of land in Asuka.
- この事件は学生自治会である同学会が、当時京大総長に在任(1953年 – 1957年)していた滝川に対し創立記念祭行事の開催を求めており、その実施方法をめぐる両者の協議が決裂した。
- This incident occurred when Takigawa was Dean of Kyoto University (1953-1957) and the Dogaku-kai (student union) asked for a ceremony to commemorate the establishment of the university but discussions about the ceremony details between the two parties did not reach a conclusion.
- 足軽には苗字帯刀を許されたものもおり、功績によっては徒士への昇格も許されていたが、中間以下にはそういったことが一切許可されないなど、この両者の間にもはっきりとした境界線があった。
- Some Ashigaru were allowed Myojitaito, and depending upon their achievements, some were allowed to rise to Kachi, but Chugen and below were never allowed such privileges and there was a clear boundary between these two as well.
- いずれにしても、建治元年の幕府の介入によって、後深草と亀山の両人が等しく皇位を子孫に伝え自らは治天となる資格を有することが確定し、これが以後200年に及ぶ王家分裂の端緒となった。
- In any case, due to the intervention of the bakufu in 1275, it was determined that both Gofukakusa and Kameyama had equal right to have their descendants as Emperor and both had eligibility to become Chiten themselves, and this was the beginning of the division of the Imperial family which lasted for two hundred years.
- その為、不平両班や被差別階級、困窮した農民、盗賊による反乱、蜂起、及び朝鮮軍によるその鎮圧、また朝鮮王朝内部の政争による粛正や処刑などが行われ、混乱は戦災を更に悲惨なものとした。
- Therefore, revolts and uprising of discontented yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea), discriminated classes, impoverished farmers, and thieves occurred and got suppression by the Korean army during their cleanup and executions occurred out of struggles for power in the Korean court were conducted and the such turmoil created further misery in the midst of the war damage.
- 両者は持氏の妥協により和解するが、1438年(永享10年)6月、持氏が嫡子の賢王丸の元服を幕府に無断で行うと再び対立し、憲実は同年8月に分国であった上野国(群馬県)平井城に逃れる。
- The both sides reached a settlement as Mochiuji compromised, but they were confronted again in July, 1438, when Mochiuji celebrated coming of age of his legitimate son 賢王丸 without permission of the bakufu, and Norizane fled to Hirai-jo Castle of the Kozuke Province (Gunma Prefecture), a province occupied by a territorial lord, between August and September of the same year.
- 第七款 朝鮮の沿岸は島嶼岩礁が険しいため、きわめて危険であるので、日本の航海者が自由に沿岸を測量してその位置や深度を明らかにして地図を編纂して両国客船の安全な航海を可能とするべし。
- Provision 7 - because the rugged and precipitous coast of Korea is extremely dangerous, the Japanese navigators should be able to measure the coast freely and make up a map to show the position and the depth in order to ensure safety of the navigation of passenger boats of both countries.
- もう1つは伝馬町牢屋敷から江戸城の外郭にある日本橋 (東京都中央区)、赤坂御門、四谷御門、筋違橋、両国橋を巡り、当時の刑場である小塚原刑場や鈴ヶ森刑場に至る「五ヶ所引廻」があった。
- The other route was called 'Gokasho-hikimawashi' (五ヶ所引廻), whereby the parade started from Tenma-cho prison, went past Nihonbashi bridge, Akasaka Gomon, Yotsuya Gomon, Sujikaibashi bridge and Ryogokubashi bridge, which were all located in the outer block of the Edo-jo castle, and then reached one of the then execution sites such as Kozukahara and Suzugamori.
- 19日の会談終了後、澤と大隈・伊藤は直ちに久世治作・上野景範・花房義質ら若手官僚と東京の有力両替商からなるチームを編成して全国の開港場・開市場で外国人の保有二分金の検勘を開始した。
- After the conference ended on the 19th, SAWA, OKUMA, and ITO immediately organized a team with young bureaucracy and influential money exchangers in Tokyo, and started conducting authenticity tests on foreigner's nibukin at open ports and markets.
- 教興寺の戦い(きょうこうじのたたかい)は、永禄5年(1562年)5月19日、20日の両日に、河内国高安郡教興寺村(現在の大阪府八尾市教興寺)付近であった三好長慶と畠山高政との合戦。
- The Battle of Kyoko-ji Temple was fought between Nagayoshi MIYOSHI and Takamasa HATAKEYAMA near Kyoko-ji Mura, Takayasu County, Kawachi Province (present-day Kyoko-ji, Yao City, Osaka Prefecture) on May 19 and 20, 1562.
- そこで実如は寺の実務を次男で後継者となっていた円如と自分の同母弟で蓮如の6男にして円如の舅でもあった近江顕証寺・伊勢国願証寺両寺の住持を兼ねていた蓮淳に教団運営を任せることにした。
- Then, Jitsunyo decided to entrust the management of the religious community to Ennyo, his 2nd son and successor and Renjun, his younger maternal half-brother, the 6th son of Rennyo, a father-in-law of Ennyo, and the chief priest of both Omi Kensho-ji Temple and Gansho-ji Temple in Ise Province.
- 会津出身の軍人である柴五郎は、当時は少年であったが、大久保の非業の死を聞いて、西郷隆盛の非業の死とあわせて「両雄非業の最期を遂げたるを当然の帰結でなりと断じて喜べり」と書いている。
- When Goro SHIBA, a military man from Aizu and then a young boy heard of Okubo's unnatural death, he combined it with that of Takamori SAIGO and wrote, 'I am absolutely pleased that the two great men ended their lives in unnatural death, which was a natural consequence.'
- 1925年12月1日:この日早朝、京都府警特高課が京大・同大などの寄宿舎、両大学の社会科学研究会員の自宅・下宿を急襲、家宅捜索のうえ「不穏文書」多数を押収したほか学生33名を検束。
- December 1, 1925: Early in the morning, the Special Higher Police Division of Kyoto Prefectural Police Department attacked and conducted domiciliary searches on dormitories of Kyoto Imperial University, Doshisha University, and so forth as well as the houses and lodgings of members of the Shakai Kagaku Kenkyu-kai to seize a lot of seditious documents and arrest 33 students.
- 応仁の乱終了後も政長と義就は山城国で戦い続けていたが、度重なる戦乱に民衆は国人を中心にして団結し、勝元の後継者であった政元の後ろ盾も得て、山城国一揆を起して両派を国外に退去させた。
- Even after the end of the Onin War, Masanaga and Yoshinari continued to fight each other in Yamashiro Province, but the successive battles brought common people together around kokujin (indigenous samurai) and they, backed by Katsumoto's successor Masamoto, rose up in Yamashironokuni Ikki (Yamashiro Province uprising) and succeeded in driving the two warring forces out of the province.
- 律令制の租税である租が変質したと考えられる官物・年貢に対して、雑徭など人身別賦課を引く雑公事・夫役・臨時雑役などを指して称した(庸・調の後身に関しては官物説と雑役説の両方がある)。
- Whereas Kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and Nengu (land tax) are considered as the transformation of the tax, So (rice tax) of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), Zoyaku indicated Zokuji (all miscellaneous dues in the form of non-rice products and labor), Buyaku (labor service), Rinji Zoyaku (extraordinary irregular levies) that are considered as a continuance of a per-capita tax, Zoyo (irregular corvee) (regarding what the taxes of Yo [labor or alternative goods] and Cho [textile goods or alternative money] transformed into, there are two theories: one theory asserts Kanmotsu and another Zoyaku).
- 諸藩における年貢米の売り上げ、物品購入代金の管理を任命された両替商、および天領である石見銀山、生野銀山などで産出される上納灰吹銀の量目を掛け改めた役職は掛屋(かけや)とも呼ばれた。
- The name given to money exchangers who were appointed to calculate the revenue from each domain's annual rice tax and to manage money for the purchasing of goods was 'Kakeya'; this name was also used for persons in charge of reapplying the ryome for cupellated silver that had been produced in the Iwami Ginzan and Ikuno Ginzan Silver Mines (which were located in lands owned by the bakufu) and paid to the authorities.
- そして皮肉なことに越後の青苧が江戸時代元禄年間に没落した最大の理由は上杉氏の移封とともに青苧栽培技術が伝来された会津藩・米沢藩両藩産の青苧との競争に敗北した影響が大きかったという。
- And ironically, the aoso in Echigo Province is said to have gotten the finishing stroke during the Genroku era (A.D. 1688 - 1704) of the Edo period in the loss of the competition over aoso with the Aizu domain and the Yonezawa domain, into which the cultivation techniques of aoso were introduced when the Uesugi clan had its territory changed.
- クビライは予め「風濤の険阻を以って辞となすなかれ」と日本側への国書の手交を厳命していたが、その「風濤の険阻」を理由に使者の両名は渡海もせず引き返してきたことに憤慨してこれを却下した。
- Kublai had ordered them strictly to deliver the imperial letter to Japan and 'not to give up for a reason attributable to bad weather,' and thus, when both envoys returned without crossing the sea due to the reason of 'bad weather,' he got upset and did not accept it.
- 直訴と同一視される場合もあり、実際に両方を混同する要素も含まれているが、本来の性格としては直訴は最高権力者の個人に対して訴えるのに対して、越訴は上級訴訟機関に対して訴えるものである。
- Although an osso was sometimes identified with a jikiso (direct appeal) because they had something in common in fact, originally a jikiso was made to a person in paramount authority, while an osso was made to the upper legal institution.
- 翌24年2月1日には有志146名が集まって協議会が開かれ、議長に遠藤春彦を選出、会見・汗入両郡の各戸より1銭ずつ出してもらって集めた400円の活動資金をもとに本格的に活動を開始した。
- On February 1, 1891, a council meeting was held by 146 of voluntary members, then Haruhiko ENDO was elected as a chairman and they hit the ground running using 400 yen funded by donations of 1sen(hundredth of a yen) by each family in Aimi and Aseri counties.
- また、このころの元老院の議論は低調で1878年1月20日付の「輿論雑誌」には、元老院でまともに議論をしているのは両幹事(陸奥・河野)と中島信行・細川潤次郎の4名だけと揶揄されている。
- The discussion at Genroin those days was inactive, so it was teased on 'Public Opinion Magazine' issued on January 20, 1878 that the members who were discussing sincerely were just 4 members who were two secretaries (MUTSU, KONO), Nobuyuki NAKAJIMA and Junjiro HOSOKAWA.
- 足尾銅山による鉱毒被害が増大すると、衆議院議員田中正造の主導の下、1896年10月4日、群馬県邑楽郡渡瀬村 (群馬県)(現館林市)にある雲龍寺に、栃木・群馬両県鉱毒事務所がおかれた。
- As the mining pollution damage caused by the Ashio copper mine became serious, Shozo TANAKA, a member of the House of Representatives, set up a mining damage office for both Ibaragi and Gunma Prefecture on October 4, 1896 at Unryu-ji Temple in Watase Village, Oura County, Gunma Prefecture (the present Tatebayashi City, Gunma Prefecture.)
- 大宝律令には都の東西両市における估価をはじめ、貿易や口分田などの公田からの納税(地子)を代物で納める(あるいは、地子を中央へ送るために地子交易を行う)ときの估価などが規定されている。
- Taiho Code defined the koka in the cities on both east and west of the capital, and the koka for in-kind payment of taxes on trade or taxes on fields administered directly by a ruler (jishi), such as kubunden (the farm land given to each farm in the Ritsuryo system) (or when conducting jishi trade in order to send jishi (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system to the central govenment)).
- 幕府の命令を天皇が勅許の形で追認するという形式が取られている(「大法」という言葉には幕府・朝廷両方から出された重要法令の意味もあるとされている)という点でも特異な法令であると言える。
- The law can be said to be unique due to the fact that it was ratified in the form of an imperial sanction by the Emperor that was ordered by the bakufu (The word 'taiho' is also said to imply the meaning, 'a significant law enacted by both the bakufu and the Imperial Court').
- 3月24日、攻め寄せる義経軍水軍に対して、知盛率いる平氏軍が彦島を出撃して、午の刻(12時ごろ)(『玉葉』による、『吾妻鏡』では午前)に関門海峡壇ノ浦で両軍は衝突して合戦が始まった。
- On May 2, the Taira navy under the command of Tomomori sallied forth from Hikoshima in response to Yoshitsune's attacking navy, and at the hour of the horse (about noon - according to the 'Gyokuyo chronicle'; the 'Azuma kagami' claims it was during the morning) the two navies clashed at Dannoura in the Kanmon straits, and the battle was joined.
- 五匁銀が普及しなかった反省から、銀純度を上げる、額面の代わりに「8枚で小判1両に換える」と表記するなどの工夫がされ発行されたのが明和南鐐二朱銀(めいわなんりょうにしゅぎん)であった。
- Out of regret that Gomon gin silver coins had not circulated, it was Meiwa Nanryo Nishu Gin that was issued by some alterations, such as increasing the silver content and engraving 'Exchangeable to 1 ryo Koban with 8 of these' on it instead of a face value.
- たとえば清朝とロシアの間で結ばれた璦琿条約(1858年)や、日本と同じくロシア間で締結された樺太・千島交換条約(1875年)などは、清朝・日本両国の北方の国境線を画定するものであった。
- For instance, there were treaties such as the Treaty of Aigun (1858) between the Qing dynasty and Russia and the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) between Japan and Russia were to confirm northern borders of the Qing dynasty and Japan.
- 公開協定では日露間及び両国と清国の間に結ばれた条約を尊重することと、清国の独立、門戸開放、機会均等の実現を掲げる一方で、秘密協定では日本の南満州、ロシアの北満州での利益範囲を協定した。
- While they stated in its public agreement that they would respect treaties between Japan and the Russian Empire as well as those between the both countries and Qing, together with the realization of the independence of Qing, open-door policy, equal opportunity, and the like, they agreed upon respective range of Japanese interests in the south Manchuria and Russian interests in the north Manchuria in its confidential agreement.
- 両藩への同情や日和見的に雰囲気から参加した藩だけでなく、大藩の圧力や旧幕府軍の恫喝を受けて参加した藩もあり、結束が固いとは言い難く、戦況が劣勢になるにつれ次々と同盟から脱落していった。
- Because some domains joined the alliance out of sympathy or for opportunity, and others joined it because of pressure from large domains or from coercion by the former Shogunate forces, they were not closely united; accordingly, one domain after another defected from the alliance as the situation worsened.
- しかし、これは太上天皇が天皇の直系尊属ないしそれに準じた立場を有する場合にこそ円滑に機能するものであり、同母兄弟である平城と嵯峨の間ではむしろ政治の混乱と両者の対立抗争の原因となった。
- However, this only functions smoothly when the retired emperor is a direct ancestor or equivalent to the emperor, but it only led to political confusion and conflict between Heizei and Saga because they were half brothers.
- 譲位を受けた淳和はもちろんこれを受け入れず、両者の間で押し問答があったが、結局、嵯峨がいったん太上天皇を辞退したうえで、あらためて淳和が嵯峨に太上天皇の称号と待遇を贈ることで決着した。
- Of course Junna who accepted the abdication did not accept this, and after serious discussions between the two, it was decided in the end that Saga was to decline the position of retired emperor and then Junna was to present the title and privileges of retired emperor to Saga.
- 両人は直ちに領内の村々に新政の趣旨を教えて回り、この巡回が終了した直後の明治4年(1871年)2月15日に出張所管内の寺院に出頭を命じ、宗教改革の一環である寺院の合併について質問をした。
- Both monks immediately taught the aim of new government around the villages in the domain and just after the end of the teaching tour, on February 15, 1871, Hattori issued a summons to appear in the temple in the branch office, and asked them about the merger of the temples which was a part of the Reformation.
- ちなみに、「脱亜思想」と「脱亜論」とは混同されがちであるが、「脱亜思想」は一般的な思想の名前であり、「脱亜論」は新聞『時事新報』の社説の名前であることから、両者を区別して扱う必要がある。
- By the way, 'Datsua-shiso' and 'Datsua-ron' (literally meaning 'theory of leaving Asia') which tend to be confused with each other, should be distinguished, because 'Datsua-shiso' is a common thought and 'Datsua-ron' (On Departure from Asia) is a title of an editorial article in the newspaper, 'Jiji Shinpo' (News of current affairs).
- 士族、平民の称は、明治5年5月太政官布告第29号に「二代以上ノ卒ヲ士族ニ加ヘテ一代抱卒ヲ平民ニ復ス」とあり、両者はただその家系をしめす名称の別にとどまり、なんら法律上の特権などなかった。
- Designations of both shizoku and heimin indicated family lines without any legal privilege, since the edict No. 29 of Dajokan (the Grand Council of State) of May 1872 had ordained that 'any family of sotsu class (another family rank used before Meiji Restoration) which had continued two or more generations were transferred to shizoku class and other sotsu families within one generation were reclassified to heimin.'
- そのため西欧では、19世紀後半に両方を指す語としてタオイズム(Tao-ism)の語が造られ、アンリ・マスペロを筆頭とするフランス学派の学者たちを中心に両者の間に因果関係を認める傾向がある。
- Therefore, in Europe in the latter half of the 19th century, the term of Tao-ism was created for indicating both of the religions, and a French academic school, headed by Henry MASPERO, went as far as to point to a causal relationship between the two religions.
- 椀を伏せたような形をした国東半島には、両子山を中心として四方へと谷筋が走り、古代にはこの谷筋に沿って六郷と呼ばれる6つの集落が形成され、そのうち半島の西側にあたるこの地には田染郷があった。
- Channels radiate out from all directions of Mt. Futago on the upturned bowl-shaped Kunisaki Peninsula, and in ancient times settlements known as 'Rokugo' (lit. Six Townships) were formed along each of these channels, of which Tashibu Township was the settlement on the west of the peninsula.
- この期間の政治体制は、中央政権たる室町幕府が上位に立ち、地域権力たる守護大名が幕府の監督下にありつつも、両者が相互補完的に政治的経済的支配を展開する室町幕府-守護体制として理解されている。
- The Muromachi bakufu, as the central administrative authority, enjoyed a preeminent position above everyone else, but the political system during the period was characterized more by the shugo daimyo, somewhat analogous to feudal barons in their control over their respective provincial areas, and though they were nominally under the direction of the bakufu, in practice the bakufu and the system of daimyo can be understood to have ruled jointly, with each mutually complementing the other in exercising and developing political and economic control.
- 主君である浅野内匠頭だけが切腹となり、吉良上野介に咎めがなかったのは「喧嘩」に反すると浅野家の家臣達が憤慨したと言われており、確かに江戸前期の刃傷事件には喧嘩両成敗の“判例”がいくつかある。
- The retainers of the Asano family became very angry claiming that the fact only their lord Asano Takumi no Kami committed seppuku and Kira Kosuke no Suke did not receive any punishment was against 'Kenka,' and there are, in fact, some 'judicial precedents' for affairs of sword fight based on Kenka Ryoseibai (in a quarrel both parties are to blame) in the early Edo period
- 明・清代においては、官田の一部として皇室の直轄地(明代皇荘、清代内務府官荘)があるほか、両時代とも各軍営や辺境の要地には屯田が置かれ、府学、州学、県学など地方の官立学校にも学田が付設された。
- In the Ming and Qing periods, there were areas which were under the direct control of the Imperial Household (the imperial menor in the Ming period, the menor of the Imperial Household Department in the Qing period) as a part of kanden, and settlements of ex-legionary were established in military camps and important places on the frontier, and 学田 were established in public schools in local areas such as provincial, prefectural and county-owned schools..
- 主権国家とは、その主権が及ぶ範囲、つまり領土や領海を明確化し、そこに一元的な統治を施す存在であるから、華夷秩序下ではありえた中国・日本双方に両属する琉球のような曖昧な存在は認められなかった。
- Under modern international law, a sovereign nation is an existence which makes areas under the control, such as territories and territorial sea clear and rule the area monistically, so an ambiguous existence such as Ryukyu, which belonged to both China and Japan was not approved.
- 元禄2年(1689年)に関東地方では村高100石につき金1分(1/4両)、上方では村高100石につき銀15匁納付が命じられ、5年後の元禄7年(1694年)に勘定奉行によって公式に規定された。
- In 1689, the tax rate was one bu (a quarter of one ryo) of gold per 100 koku (measure of rice) of Muradaka (total yields of a village) in Kanto region and 15 monme of silver per 100 koku of Muradaka in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka) area, and these orders were made official by the kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance) five years later in 1694.
- 公判自体は滝川自身の監禁に対する証言の曖昧さもあって、1959年大阪高等裁判所での控訴判決により確定し、被告2名のうち1名の暴行罪のみを認定した(両名の不退去罪および傷害罪は無罪となった)。
- Because there were unclear points in Takigawa's testimony of his capture during the hearing, the sentence was decided after an appeal to the Osaka Higher Court in 1959, with one of the two defendants being accused of assault (both were acquitted of forcible detainment and inflicting bodily injury).
- 司馬懿の提言で、長期にわたる抗争を繰り広げていた呉 (三国)・蜀それぞれの国境付近(淮河流域、関中)でも軍屯が展開され、これにより安定した食糧供給を維持した魏は、両国との争いを有利に進めた。
- With the suggestion of Sima Yi, Gunton were developed near the borders with the Go (Three States Period) (area along the Huai River) and Shu (Guanzhong), countries that they had long been in battle with, and Wei was able to have a stable supply of provisions, which was advantageous in fighting these two countries.
- 奈良時代に公布された大宝律令では隋代(唐代初期か)の一両に準じて、おおむね41~42グラムくらいであったが、唐代になり11%程度減少し37.3グラムとなり、日本国内でもこれに近い値となった。
- Under the Taiho Code promulgated in the Nara period, the weight of 1 ryo was set around 41to 42 grams, following the standard of the Sui Dynasty (or the early Tang Dynasty) China, and when the weight of 1 ryo was reduced by around 11 percents into 37.3 grams in Tang Dynasty, Japan followed China again and took almost the same standard.
- 分一銀は文政南鐐二朱銀では鋳造高の3.5%と設定され、また丁銀および古南鐐二朱判などからの吹替えにより幕府が得た出目は『銀座年寄御賞筋願之義申上候書付』によれば1,705,191両であった。
- Buichigin (the profit of Ginza) was set at 3.5% of the total amount of the mintage of Bunsei Nanryo Nishu Gin and 'Ginza Toshiyori Goshosuji Negainogi Moushiagesouro Kakitsuke' (Ginza top official's report on prize application) said that the profit bakufu made by re-refining Bunsei Nanryo Nishu Gin from Chogin and Ko Nanryo Nishu Ban was 1,705,191 ryo.
- 嘉吉の乱鎮圧に功労のあった宗全は主謀者赤松氏の再興に反対していたが、1458年、娘婿の勝元が宗全の勢力削減を図って赤松政則を加賀国守護職に取立てたことから両者は激しく対立するようになっていた。
- While Sozen, having contributed to the pacification of Kakitsu Incident, was against the reinstatement of the Akamatsu family who had masterminded the incident, he and his son-in-law Katsumoto came to an outright confrontation as Katsumoto appointed Masanori AKAMATSU shugo of Kaga Province in 1458 with a view to weakening Sozen's influence.
- すなわち、元日は時の管領が、2日は土岐氏、3日は佐々木氏、7日は赤松氏、15日は山名氏が行うこととされた(なお、佐々木氏が京極氏と六角氏に分裂すると、両氏が毎年交代で椀飯を奉ることとなった)。
- In other words, Oban was to be served on New Year's day by the kanrei (shogunal deputy) of that time, Toki clan on the second, Sasaki clan on the third, Akamatsu clan on the seventh, and Yamanaka clan on the fifteenth (However, when the Sasaki clan split into the Kyogoku and Rokkaku clans, the two clans took turns serving oban).
- 徳川家康の関東地方移封後に伴う天正19年(1591年)の所領の再配分と関ヶ原の戦いと大坂の陣の両戦後に行った親藩・譜代大名及び旗本に対する広範囲のな加増・転封についても地方直としての側面もある。
- The following measures that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA carried out were somewhat similar to jikata-naoshi: the redistribution of shoryo (his vassals' territories) after his move to the Kanto region; and the extensive increase and transfer of territories in favor of Shinpan (Tokugawa's relatives), fudai daimyo (hereditary vassals to the Tokugawa family) and hatamoto who served on his side that took place after the Battle of Sekigahara and Osaka no Jin (The Siege of Osaka).
- この筆禍事件で山口と同じく投獄され、先んじて出獄を果たした平民新聞編集者の石川三四郎は、自らの出獄歓迎会を硬派と軟派が別々に催したことに寂しさを覚え、共同で同志の出獄を祝うよう両派に働きかけた。
- In this case of troubles brought on by publication, Sanshiro ISHIKAWA was also imprisoned, was discharged from prison earlier than YAMAGUCHI, and he, feeling sorry that the hard-liners and the soft-liners separately held a gathering for celebrating his discharge from prison, suggested that the both groups should jointly celebrate YAMAGUCHI's discharge from prison.
- 平安時代初期には三礼学派・三伝学派という流れが成立して両者の間で論争が行われたが、平安時代中期以降は明経道そのものが儒教の専門家養成コースのような性格を持つようになって学術論争が沈滞していった。
- During the early Heian period, Myogyodo separated into the two schools called 'Sanraigaku' and 'Sandengaku' and debates took place between them; the arguments stagnated after the middle of the Heian period, however, once Myogyodo itself came to have the characteristics of a training course for becoming a professional on Confucianism.
- 豆板銀については持ち運び可能な銀秤(ぎんばかり)により随時秤量しての支払いが可能であり、また現金を銭緡(ぜにさし)で持ち歩くよりも携帯に便利で、適宜両替商で銭貨に替えて使用するなど、重宝された。
- Mameitagin were used widely, as they enabled each payment by weighing them with a portable Ginbakari (scale for silver) and were exchanged into silver coins at money changers as needed because they were easier to carry than cash in Zenisashi (a string to bundle coins).
- その後善徳女王(632年~647年)のもとで実力者となった金春秋(後の太宗武烈王)は積極的に唐化政策を採用するようになり、654年に武烈王(~661年)として即位すると、更に両国の間は親密化する。
- Afterwards, Kim Chunchu (later to become King Taejong Muyeol), who gained a lot of power under Princess Sondoku (632 - 647), proactively adopted the Tang Dynasty system, and when he took the throne as King Taejong (654 - 661) in 654, their kingdoms grew even closer.
- 槍先形尖頭器の分類はこれまで、形態による分類(木葉形、半月形、有舌、有肩など)と調整部位による分類(周辺調整、片面調整、両面調整)がおこなわれているが、明瞭な型式分類が設定されるには至っていない。
- The articles of lanceolate-shaped point are classified according to the forms (leaf-shaped, half-moon-shaped, hafted, shouldered) and the parts retouched (retouch on the surrounding part, one face and both faces), however, the categorical classification has not been established yet.
- 明治4年(1871年)5月、新貨条例公布の際、当初1戔(匁)=3.756574グラムとされたが、同年9月に訂正され1戔=3.756521グラムと定められたため、1両=37.56521グラムとなる。
- When the New Currency Act was promulgated in June 1871, the weight of 1 sen (monme) was set at 3.756574 grams at first, and then in October of the same year, it was reset at 3.756521 grams, so the weight of 1 ryo became 37.56521 grams.
- しかし、グレシャムの法則が働き良貨である小判の鋳造量は衰退し、市場では悪貨である二朱金および一分銀のような名目貨幣が凌駕するような状態であったため、一分銀から小判への両替には大幅な増歩が要求された。
- Based on the Gresham's law, however, the amount of mintage of koban, which was good money, was decreased and nominal coins such as Nishu kin gold and ichibu-gin silver coins, which were bad money, prevailed in the market, so a great amount of premium was demanded for an exchange of ichibu-gin coins into koban.
- 退却した薩軍は都城に集結していると予測した川村参軍は6月29日、別働第1旅団を海上から垂水・高須へ、第4旅団を吉田・蒲生へ、別働第3旅団を岡原・比志島経由で蒲生へ進め、都城を両面攻撃することとした。
- Predicting that the retreated Satsuma army were concentrated in Miyakonojo, Sangun KAWAMURA decided on June 29 to advance the detached 1st brigade to Tarumizu and Takasu by sea, the 4th brigade to Yoshida and Kamo, and the detached 3rd brigade to Kamo via Okaharu and Hishijima, to attack Miyakonojo from two sides.
- 反対運動が最も盛んになったのは、1896年の洪水以降で、田中正造の主導の元、10月4日、群馬県邑楽郡渡瀬村 (群馬県)(現在の館林市下早川田町)にある雲龍寺に、栃木・群馬両県の鉱毒事務所が作られた。
- The movement against the pollution gathered pace after the floods in 1896, and October 4, under the leadership of Shozo TANAKA, the mining pollution office of Tochigi Prefecture and Gunma Prefecture was estavlished in Unryu-ji Temple in Watarase Village, Oura County, Gunma Prefecture (present Shimohayakawada-cho, Tatebayashi City).
- 早期の北部九州の住居には、縄文時代晩期の系譜を引き継ぐと考えられる平面方形のもののほかに、平面円形で中央に浅い皿状のくぼみを持ち、その両脇に小さな穴(柱穴か)を1対持つ特徴的な形態の住居が存在する。
- A dwelling with square ground shape that carries on the tradition from last period of the Jomon period and a dwelling with a distinctive shape, which has a round ground shape with a bowl like shallow concavity at center and a pair of small hole (could be holes for pillars) at the side of the concavity, both from earlier period are found in northern Kyushu.
- そのため、府域が京都、東京や周辺地域と比べて最小で銀目廃止令による両替商の相次ぐ倒産に大名貸の不良債権による大阪経済の地盤沈下もあり大阪府を「府」に相応しい規模にするために行われたと考えられている。
- For that reason, it is said that Sakai was incorporated into Osaka to bring Osaka's size up to the level where it was fit to be called a 'Prefecture,' as it was the smallest in size compared to Kyoto, Tokyo or other peripheral prefectures and as the economy of Osaka had hit the bottom due to bad debts incurred by loans made to Daimyos (feudal lords) in addition to continuous bankruptcies of money-exchange businesses from the abolition of silver grain currencies.
- かねてより日本の近代化そのものに否定的な考えを持っていることで知られた元田に警戒感を抱いていた伊藤は、ただちに「教育議」を執筆して元田の主張こそ現実離れの空論であると噛み付き、両者は激しく論争した。
- For a long time, Ito had been wary of Motoda who was known for his adverse opinion towards the modernization of Japan, and Ito immediately wrote 'Kyoikugi' (Proposition on Education) protesting vehemently that Motoda's view is the unrealistic theory; and thus they fiercely confronted each other.
- しかし、全ての雑役免田・半輸地が消えたわけではなく、薩摩国・大隅国・日向国にまたがる摂関家最大の荘園である島津荘の寄郡(よせごおり)と呼ばれる部分は、鎌倉時代になっても国衙と荘園領主に両属していた。
- However, it was not that Zoeki Menden and Hanyuchi disappeared completely, but the part of Yosegori of the Shimazu Sho, which was the largest Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) Shoen covering Satsuma, Okuma and Hyuga Provinces was still under the governance of the Kokuga and Shoen landlord even in the Kamakura Period.
- 他にも、茨木司、佐野七五三之助、富川十郎、中村五郎ら10名も後に合流を図ったが、嘆願に行った会津藩邸で、茨木、佐野、富川、中村の四人が死亡(切腹、殺害両説あり)、残りの6人が放逐という結末となった。
- Ten other persons including Tsukasa IBARAKI, Shimesaburo SANO, Juro TOMIKAWA, Goro NAKAMURA tried to join Goryo-eji later, but four of them, IBARAKI, SANO, TOMIKAWA, and NAKAMURA died in the Aizu domain residence where they had gone to make an appeal (there are two theories that state that they either committed seppuku (disembowelment) or that they were killed.) while the other six were expelled.
- 慶応4年(1868年)4月11日に行われた江戸城無血開城に従わぬ旧幕臣の一部が千葉県方面に逃亡、船橋大神宮に陣をはり、4月3日 (旧暦)(5月24日)に市川市・鎌ヶ谷市・船橋市周辺で両軍は衝突した。
- Some retainers of the former Shogunate, who were opposed to the bloodless surrender of Edo Castle on May 3, 1868, fled towards Chiba Prefecture and set up a camp in Funabashi Daijingu, and on May 24, they clashed with the new government's forces around the area of Ichikawa City, Kamagaya City, and Funabashi City.
- 足利尊氏が後醍醐天皇の建武の新政を打倒し、持明院統の光明天皇より征夷大将軍の宣下を受け正式に幕府を開く一方、後醍醐天皇は京都を脱出して吉野に吉野朝廷を開き、北朝と南朝が両立する南北朝時代がはじまる。
- Takauji ASHIKAGA crushed Emperor Godaigo's Kenmu Restoration, and after being appointed Shogun by Emperor Kogon of the Jimyoin lineage, he formally established his bakufu; Emperor Godaigo, on the other hand, escaped from Kyoto and established a new imperial court at Yoshino, ushering in the Northern and Southern Courts period--the period during which both the Northern and Southern Courts existed simultaneously.
- まだ7歳の一条に当然皇子はなく、また一条は円融の唯一の皇子であったから、皇太子は冷泉の皇子から選ぶほかなく、兼家の娘藤原超子が産んだ冷泉の第2皇子居貞が皇太子となり、ここに両統迭立の状況が出現した。
- Ichijo was 7 years old and obviously did not have a son, and since Ichijo was Enyu's only son, the Crown Prince had to be selected from among Reizei's sons, and because Reizei's second son, Okisada, whose mother was Kaneie's daughter FUJIWARA no Choshi, a Ryoto tetsuritsu situation arose.
- 当時、土佐藩は藩主山内容堂のもと公武合体を支持しており、会津藩との関係も良好であったが、内部には土佐勤王党など倒幕を目論む勢力もあり、その中で起きた傷害事件はまさに両藩の関係に水を差すものであった。
- In those days, under the rule of the lord Yodo YAMAUCHI, the Tosa clan supported kobu-gattai (integration of the imperial court and the shogunate) and kept a good relationship with the Aizu clan, but also had power as Tosa kinnoto (loyalist clique of Tosa) which aimed to overthrow the bakufu; therefore, under those circumstances, the incident cast a shadow over the relationship between the two clans.
- 西太后が「宣戦布告」の上諭を出して列強への態度を明確化した頃、両江総督劉坤一や湖広総督張之洞、両広総督李鴻章ら地方の有力官僚らは、この上諭を偽詔とした上で従わない旨宣言し、そして義和団の鎮圧に動いた。
- When Empress Dowager Cixi made a 'proclamation of war' to make her stance toward the allied western powers clear, some influential bureaucracy in the local provinces such as Liu Kunyi, who was the Viceroy of Liangjiang, Zhang Zhidong, who was the Viceroy of Huguang, and Li Hongzhang, who was the Viceroy of Liangguang, stated that the above order was a forgery and refused to participate in suppressing the Boxers.
- 更にこの時の火災で打撃を受けた東大寺盧舎那仏像そのものも後日首が落下してしまい、修理費用も無くそのまま放置され、大仏と大仏殿の両方の再建が行われたのは、120年以上も後の貞享・元禄年間のことであった。
- Furthermore, the head of Rushanabutsu (the great statue of Buddha) damaged during this fire fell off on a later day, and was left as it was with no budget for repair; it was not until the Jokyo to Genroku years, more than 120 years afterwards, that both the statue itself and its hall were reconstructed.
- 無条件で輪廻転生できる聖職者のバラモンを頂点とし、厳しい条件(儀式)付きで輪廻転生できる多数の庶民が奴隷階級であり、両者の間に王族・平民(商人)の2階級があり、計4階級からカースト制度は成り立っている。
- The Brahman, a clergyman who can unconditionally perform Rinne Tensho, is on top, and many common people who can perform Rinne Tensho with strict conditions (rituals) are slaves; there are two classes between them, which are the Royal Family and the common people (merchants), and in total these four classes comprise the caste system.
- 北越戦争により旧幕府軍が敗退すると、流域の村々は新政府側に分水工事着工の嘆願書を提出し、1869年(明治2年)にようやく着工が認められたが、総工費80万両のうち60万両が地元負担という厳しいものとなった。
- After the army of former Edo bakufu was defeated in Hokuetsu War, the watershed villagers submitted a petition for the commencement of the diversion construction to new Meiji government, and the plan was finally approved in 1869 on the stringent condition that 600,000-ryo out of the total construction cost 800,000-ryo be paid by the local communities.
- 翌寛文6年3月11日 (旧暦)(1666年4月15日)には伏見奉行水野忠貞が兼ねていた畿内・近江国・丹波国・播磨国の奉行職を免じられて両名に移管された(水野の伏見奉行辞任は寛文9年(1669年)である)。
- On April 15, 1666, the Magistrate in Kinai, Omi Province, Tanba Province and Harima Province, which Tadasada MIZUNO had assumed, was transferred to Miyazaki and Amemiya (Mizuno officially resigned as Fushimi Magistrate in 1669).
- 兵力的には劣る朝倉・浅井両軍であったが、浅井側先鋒磯野員昌率いる浅井家精鋭部隊が織田方先鋒坂井政尚、続いて池田恒興、豊臣秀吉、柴田勝家の陣を次々に突破し13段の備えのうち実に11段までを打ち破る猛攻を見せた。
- Although Asakura and Azai troops were understrength, Azai's elite troops led by its top Kazumasa ISONO broke through those of Oda's top Masahisa SAKAI, Tsuneoki IKEDA, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Katsuie SHIBATA one after another, and in fact, they launched fierce attacks to knock down eleven out of thirteen layers of military reserves.
- だが、前述の外国人に対する等価引換が34万両、太政官布告による引換が判明分だけで157万両であり、現在判明している政府発行の悪質な金貨(事実上の贋貨)が381万両であるから、それよりも遥かに少ないことになる。
- However, the amount by the exchange in equal value for foreigners was 340 thousand ryo as mentioned above, and the amount by the exchange following the edict of Daijokan, which had become clear was 1.57 million ryo, while the amount of the bad quality gold coins (actually counterfeit coins) issued by the government, which is recognized today is 3.81 million ryo, so the former ones are much smaller than the latter.
- 長州藩出身の広沢真臣が薩摩や土佐などの贋貨鋳造藩から罰金を徴収してそれを引換の元手にすることで40両前後にまで引き上げる案も出されたものの、前述のように穏便な処置を望む意見が占める中では実現は困難と思われた。
- A proposal to collect a fine from domains which coined counterfeit money such as Satsuma and Tosa, and using this as a fund for the exchange, and raising the price to around 40 ryo was put out by Saneomi HIROSAWA from the Choshu Domain, but this was thought to be difficult to realize as most opinions desired a gentle punishment, like written above.
- 両寺院ともすぐに許されたものの、本福寺の先代明顕は先の実如の件のみならず、蓮如が延暦寺によって京都を追われた際にもこれを匿い、本覚寺の先代蓮光はその蓮如のために吉崎御坊を建立してこれを迎え入れた人物であった。
- Both temples were forgiven soon after, but the previous chief priest of Honpuku-ji Temple Myoken had offered shelter not only to Jitsunyo as mentioned before, but also to Rennyo when he was banished from Kyoto by Enryaku-ji Temple and the previous chief priest of Hongaku-ji Temple Renko had welcomed Rennyo by building up Yoshizaki Gobo.
- 堺で会合衆の名が初見されるのは季弘大叔の『蔗軒日録』で、1484年(文明16年)8月1日に三村社(開口神社)の祭礼で頭を務めたのが「会合衆内、カスエ(材木商・三宅主計)、イスミ(和泉)屋両人」と記されている。
- The name of Egoshu first appears in Sakai City, in the 'Shaken nichiroku,' a diary written by a Zen priest, Daishuku KIKO. It records that on August 1 in 1484, both the Kasueya (timber merchant, Kazue MIYAKE) and the Isumiya (Izumiya) from among the Egoshu members led the festival at Mimura-sha Shrine (Aguchi-jinja Shrine).
- また、貨幣吹替および飢饉の影響などによる変動はあったものの、米1石(当時の人一人の一年分の米消費量にほぼ相当する)の価格は1両前後であり、元禄年間から幕末の世情不安に至る前まで、ほぼこの前後の水準で推移した。
- Although some fluctuations were seen under the influence of reminting, famine, and others, the price of 1 koku rice (nearly equal to the amount consumed by a person per year) was around 1 ryo from the Genroku era (1688 to 1704) until just before the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate when the Japanese society became unstable.
- これらの状況から、養老律令施行の背景には、両者共通の祖父である不比等の成果を活用することで、不比等の政治を継承することを宣言するとともに、孝謙・仲麻呂政権の安定を図ろうとする政治的意図があったと考えられている。
- Judging from these contexts, it is believed that the establishment of Yoro Ritsuryo Code was produced by the political intentions of Empress Koken and Nakamaro to utilize the code which was the achievement of their common grandfather, FUJIWARA no Fuhito, aiming not only to announce their succession of the policy of Fuhito but also to seek for the stabilization of their political power.
- 三職推任問題(さんしょくすいにんもんだい)とは、天正10年(1582年)4月25日 (旧暦)、5月4日 (旧暦)両日付けの勧修寺晴豊の日記『晴豊公記(天正十年夏記)』の記事の解釈を巡る日本の歴史上の論争である。
- Sanshoku suinin mondai is a controversy in relation to the interpretation of the articles in Haretoyo KAJUJI's diary 'Haretoyo-koki (summer in the 10th year of Tensho)' dated April 25 (old calendar) and May 4 (old calendar) of 1582.
- 以前からくすぶっていた新県構想は請願権の獲得によって一気に高まり、明治23年(1890年)の夏頃には「会見郡・汗入郡・日野郡3郡の島根県編入案」と「鳥取・島根両県を合併させ、会見県を新設する案」の2つが示された。
- The previously-existing conception of creating a new prefecture grew rapidly after the right of petition was obtained, and in the summer of 1890, 2 ideas such as 'incorporating Aimi, Aseri and Hino counties into Shimane Prefecture' and 'incorporating Tottori and Shimane Prefecture and create Aimi Prefecture' were presented.
- 明治元年(1868年)5月24日、徳川氏が江戸から駿府70万石に移されることが決まると、大木・江藤の東西両都案も決され、政府は同年6月19日、参与・木戸孝允と大木に江戸が帝都として適しているかの調査にあたらせた。
- In May 24, 1868, when it was decided that the Tokugawa clan would transfer 700,000 koku from Edo to Sunpu, the Oki and Eto draft for Kyoto and Tokyo to be the capital was decided upon, and on June 19 the government surveyed Sanyo, Takayoshi KIDO, and Oki about whether Edo was appropriate for the Imperial capital.
- その上で、甲申政変における清軍の市民への乱暴狼藉を暗に挙げ、このままでは西洋人は清・朝鮮両国と日本を同一視してしまうだろう、間接的ではあるが外交に支障が少なからず出ている事は「我日本国の一大不幸」であると危惧する。
- Implying the rampageous behavior to citizens by the Chinese Amy at the Gapsin Coup, he says that the Westerners might see Japan as the same type of country as China and Korea, which might indirectly become an obstacle in foreign diplomacy and that will be 'a great misfortune for my Japan.'
- 共に災害の直後の非常時であったため、これらが武家人口を含めた真の江戸の人口であるとする解釈があるが、(1) 男女比が逆転している (2) 50年隔てた両年の人口や後述の計外人口の構成が酷似しているなど信頼性が低い。
- Some have interpreted that these figures, collected shortly after a state of emergency due to a disaster, reveal the true population of Edo that takes into account the population of samurai households, but the reliability of this document is questionable because (1) the male-to-female ratio is reversed, and (2) the populations and composition of non-targeted demographics are similar in spite of a fifty year interval.
- 戦国大名から統一政権を打ち立てた織田政権・豊臣政権の両政権では右筆衆(ゆうひつしゅう)の制が定められ、右筆衆が行政文書を作成するだけではなく、奉行・蔵入地代官などを兼務してその政策決定の過程から関与する場合もあった。
- Under both the Oda and Toyotomi governments, which were established after the unification of the warring daimyo, there was an institution called the Yuhitsushu (corps of administrators), who not only created public documents, but also sometimes stood in as the Bugyo (magistrate) or the Daikan (local governor) of directly-controlled lands, taking part in the policymaking processes.
- 慶長13年(1608年)、伏見銀座より移転し、京都の室町通と烏丸通の中間、二条通から三条通までの四町(二条下ル、押小路通下ル、御池通下ル、姉小路通下ル)に亘って拝領して設立され、この地を両替町通と称するようになった。
- Kyoto-ginza was created with the move from Fushimi-ginza in 1608 to the location between Muromachi-dori Street and Karasuma-dori Street and across 4 town blocks south of Nijo-dori Street, Oshikoji-dori Street, Oike-dori Street and Aneyakoji-dori Street, which came to be known as Ryogaecho-dori.
- この権限拡大を背景として、受領たちは租税収取・軍事両面において統治を強化するため、旧来の補佐官で同一階層出自ゆえに一方的に使役しがたい掾(じょう)、目(さかん)に替えて、国内の豪族・有力者らを国衙の体制に組み入れた。
- Through the empowerment of zuryos, they incorporated the local ruling families leading the people into a kokuga government system, instead of the jo (the third-ranking local administrator) and sakan (the fourth-ranking local administrator) who were reluctant to accept the one-sided orders they issued because jo and sakan were also old administrative aides from the same class, in order to strengthen the governance of both tax collection and military affairs.
- エルトゥールル号遭難事件は、オスマン帝国末期の外交政策と海軍の弱体化がもたらした悲劇であったが、この事件で被害者に対して示された日本人の友誼は、その後も長く日土友好関係の起点として両国の関係者に記憶されることになった。
- The distress of the Ertuğrul was a tragedy caused by a foreign policy of the late Ottoman Empire and the weakened Navy; however, Japan's amity to the victims of the disaster has been long remembered by persons concerned in both countries as a starting point of friendly relations between Japan and Turkey.
- 更に本所法の中には本所そのものの家政のために定めた家務法と荘園に対して直接適用する荘園法に分けられ(ただし、「荘園法」という呼称は公武権力が荘園に対して実施する法に対する呼称でもある)、両者が混合されている場合もある。
- Additionally, in some cases, honjo law was divided into two different kinds of laws, Kamu-ho, which was enacted to regulate domestic economies for the honjo themselves, and Shoen-ho, which was directly applied to the Shoen ('Shoen-ho' also refers to another law which was enforced on Shoen by the imperial court and shogunate), both of which were collectively called Hojo-law.
- 日本では歴史上天皇による朝廷の他に、国際的には時に「日本国王」「日本国大君」とも称された征夷大将軍による幕府のような武家政権が存在したことや、東京と京都の両京制などの面から首都の議論があり、様々な首都論・首都認識がある。
- In Japanese history, besides the Imperial Court ruled by the Emperor, existed military governments such as Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun): bakufu was headed by a shogun (a barbarian-quelling generalissimo in official name) who was called at times 'the King of Japan' or 'the Emperor of Japan', and therefore, there are various discussions and understandings as to what a capital is defined as, including both the capital systems of Tokyo and Kyoto.
- 大久保は、木戸を政府へ復帰させることにより、自らの権力集中に対する批判を和らげる良い機会と考え、この会談に応じたが、板垣に対しては政権に復帰させる必要性を感じていなかったので、当初大久保・板垣両者は面会にいたらなかった。
- Okubo took it as a good opportunity to restore Kido to the government for the purpose to alleviate the criticisms against his political supremacy, and so he agreed to meet Kido; however, he did not consider it necessary to bring Itagaki back to the government, so he did not meet him at the beginning.
- 寿永2年(1183年)7月の平氏西走後も、その本拠であった伊賀・伊勢両国には平氏家人が播居しており、元暦元年(1184年)3月に大内惟義が伊賀の守護に補任され、武蔵国の御家人大井実春が平家与党討伐のため伊勢に派遣される。
- Even after the Taira clan escaped to Saigoku (the western part of Japan) in July 1183, men of the Taira clan lived over wide areas of both Iga and Ise Provinces, which had been their home territory, so Koreyoshi OUCHI was assigned as Ise shugo (military governor of Ise) and Saneharu OI, a vassal in Musashi Province, was dispatched to Ise to subdue the Taira clan and their retainers there in April 1184.
- 近親者を殺されてその復讐をする例は、南イタリアを始めとして、世界各地で見られるが、江戸時代の敵討は、喧嘩両成敗を補完する方法として法制化されていたことと、主眼は復讐ではなく武士の意地・面目であるとされていた点に特徴がある。
- Cases of revenge after the killing of a close relative are found in various parts of the world, including southern Italy; however, the characteristic of Katakiuchi in the Edo period is that it was legitimized as a method to supplement Kenka Ryoseibai (in a quarrel both parties are to blame) and that the aim was not the revenge but the pride or honor of a samurai.
- また、乾燥地帯が発生地ということは分かっているものの、飛来する砂塵の分析結果から、発生地は砂漠のみであるとする説、砂漠以外の乾燥した地域であるとする説、その両方であるとする説の3つが唱えられている(黄砂の成分・形状参照)。
- Although it is known that kosa originates in dry zones, there are the following three theories about the area where kosa actually originates: One of them limits the area to deserts alone, based on analysis of the dust that comes flying, another attributes the area to dry areas other than deserts, and the last one says that kosa originates in both deserts and dry areas (see the section of Components and shapes of kosa).
- そのため、今日では平安時代中期以後の人が「『貞観儀式』・『延喜儀式』があったのだから、格式と同様に儀式も三代揃っていたであろう」という考えから、両儀式を参考にして『弘仁儀式』と呼ばれる架空の書物を想定したと考えられている。
- Therefore, these days, it has been accepted that people after the mid Heian period might have thought up an imaginary book called the 'Konin Gishiki' after the two Gishiki 'Jogan Gishiki' and 'Engi Gishiki' based on the idea that the ' Gishiki should have been compiled for the three generations as the Kyakushiki had been, because 'Jogan Gishiki' and 'Engi Gishiki' had already been compiled.'
- 元文2年(1737年)には前年(1736年)の品位を低下させた元文小判元文丁銀の発行により、銭相場が一両=2800文前後まで急騰したのを受け銭貨の増産が図られ、これらの銭貨の背面には鋳造地を示す文字が鋳込まれるようになる。
- In 1737, it was planned to increase the production of coins in response to sharp increase in the market price of currency to 2,800 mon per ryo due to issuance of Genbun Koban (oval gold coin issued in the Genbun era) and Genbun Chogin (oval silver coin issued in the Genbun era) whose quality levels were deteriorated in 1736, and these coins came to be marked with letters indicating a place of minting on the reverse side.
- 一進会の主張はあくまで日韓両国民の対等な地位に基づく日韓共栄であって日本の考える韓国の吸収併合とは全く異なるものであることや、日韓併合については韓国側の要求は一切受け入れない方針であったため日本政府は一進会の請願を拒否した。
- The Japanese Government refused their demand because Isshinkai claimed for the mutual prosperity between Korea and Japan on a basis of Korean and Japanese people's equal position, which was completely different from the merger and annexation of Korea, that Japan was expecting, and also Japan was taking its own policy that any request from Korea was unacceptable for the Japanese annexation of Korea.
- しかしゲオルギオスに竹の杖で背中を打たれ、ニコライに随伴していた人力車夫の向畑治三郎に両足を引き倒され、同じくゲオルギオス付き車夫の北賀市市太郎に自身の落としたサーベルで首を斬りつけられた後、警備中の巡査に取り押さえられた。
- But, Prince George struck TSUDA's back with his bamboo cane, and then a rickshaw driver in Nicholas's entourage, Jisaburo MUKOUHATA grabbed TSUDA's legs and pulled him to the ground, and furthermore, a rickshaw driver in George's entourage, Ichitaro KITAGAICHI picked up TSUDA's saber and injured TSUDA's neck with it, and finally TSUDA was arrested by a patrol officer.
- 慶長13年(1608年)(慶長11年との説も有り確定的でない)大坂高麗橋東一丁目両替町に設立された銀座は、主に生野銀山および石見銀山からの灰吹銀および大坂銅吹所における粗銅からの絞銀を集積して京都の銀座に送る役割を果たした。
- The ginza located in Ryogaecho, Koraibashi-higashi 1-chome, Osaka, was established in 1608 (or 1606, according to another report) for the purpose of gathering cupellated silver from Ikuno and Iwami silver mines and silver extracted from silver ore at the Osaka Dobukijo refinery and sending them to the ginza in Kyoto.
- 蘭学修行を志した25歳の勝海舟は、貧窮にもめげず赤城玄意という蘭医から『ドゥーフ・ハルマ』を年10両(約120~130万円に相当)で借り受け、滲まないインクや鳥の羽根を削ったペンを自作しながら1年がかりで写本2部を製作した。
- Kaishu KATSU at the age of 25, who aimed at ascetic practices of Western studies, rented 'Doeff Halma' at the cost of 10 ryo (a currency unit) a year (equivalent of about 1.2 to 1.3 million yen) from a doctor of Dutch medical science, Genii AKAGI, despite his poverty, and he devoted one year to producing two copies of its manuscript while making the ink that did not blot, or the pen by shaving the feathers of birds.
- 当時は大八車(リヤカー)ではなく主に道具や商品や食材の入った箱や笊(ざる)、籠(かご)や桶(おけ)などを両天秤にして天秤棒を担いで売り歩いたので棒手振と呼ばれていたが、道具や品物の入った箱を片方の肩で担いで売り歩く者もいた。
- In those days, most of monouri cruised streets for selling goods by carrying tools and foods not on a large cart but in a pair of boxes, bamboo sieves, baskets, or tubs on both sides of a pole, which was the origin of their nickname 'botefuri' ('bo' is a pole, 'te' is a hand, and 'furi' is to swing), and some of monouri sold goods by carrying tools and goods in a box on a shoulder.
- 後光厳、後円融天皇、後小松天皇、称光天皇と4代にわたって後光厳系が皇位についた一方、兄筋の崇光上皇の子孫は嫡流から排されて世襲親王家である伏見宮家として存続し、北朝内部でも皇位継承をめぐる両系統間の確執があったとされている。
- The 4 emperors of the Gokogon line, Emperors Gokogon, Koenyu, Gokomatsu, Shoko were on the throne, whereas descendants of Emperor Suko who were the elder brothers, were eliminated from the succeeding line and existed as the hereditary Imperial Prince line, the Fushiminomiya ke, and there is said to be a conflict between the two lines within the Northern Court regarding Imperial succession.
- 事実、正徳の治の間に行われた改鋳量は正徳小判・一分金合わせて約21万両であり、元禄金銀・宝永金銀(あわせて小判2545万両、丁銀146万貫)に比較すると、これだけをもってデフレを起こすほどインパクトが強いとはいえないのである。
- In fact, the amount of reminted Shotoku koban and Ichibu kin gold coin during Shotoku no chi was about 210,000 ryo, comparing to Genroku and Hoei gold and silver circulated (total 25,450,000 ryo of kobans and 1,400,000 ryo of chogins), it cannot say that this reminting had much of an impact in creating deflation.
- もちろん、実際には内乱に乗じた他の諸藩や民間でも同様の贋貨作りが行われており、明治2年3月に外国官(後の外務省)より公議所に対して3,000万両の贋貨が外国商人の手に落ちたという「風説」があると報告されている(「問題四条」)。
- Of course in reality, many other domains and people took advantage of the civil war and had counterfeit money made similarly, and a rumor was reported by the Foreign Office (the later Ministry of Foreign Affairs) to the public chamber that 30 million counterfeit ryo fell into the hands of foreign merchants.
- その上で、「不幸なるは近隣に国あり」として、支那(清)と朝鮮(李氏朝鮮)を挙げ、両者が近代化を拒否して儒教など旧態依然とした体制にのみ汲々とする点を指摘し「今の文明東漸の風潮に際し、迚も其独立を維持するの道ある可らず」と論じる。
- As in 'it is unfortunate for us (Japan) that there are neighboring countries,' that were Shina/China (Qing) and Chosen (Joseon Dynasty Korea), he pointed out that both countries had been rejecting modernization and concentrating on an old business-as-usual system based on Confucianism, etc. to 'remain nationally independent under this violent wind of civilization eastward.'
- 日本とオスマン帝国の外交当局による国交交渉は何度も行われたのであるが、日本側が欧米列強と同等の待遇の条約を望み、治外法権を認めるよう要求したのに対し、オスマン帝国は不平等条約の拡大を嫌い、両者の交渉が暗礁に乗り上げたためである。
- The reason for this was that negotiations over the establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and the Ottoman Empire remained deadlocked despite both sides engaging in frequent rounds of negotiations; the Ottoman Empire did not wish to enter into another unequal treaty, but Japan was demanding the same level of treaty as the Ottoman Empire had agreed to with the great powers of Europe and America, insisting on Japan's extraterritorial rights.
- 船体構造は木を刳(く)り貫いて造られる航(かわら:船底部)の部材(刳船部材)を板材に置き換え、両角に重木(おもき)というL型の丈夫な部材を用い、数枚の棚板を重ね継ぎして、多数の船梁(ふなばり)で補強した、棚板造りの構造であった。
- The structure of the hull was Tanaita (shelf boards) structure using sawn timber as the component of Kawara (the components for the bottom of a ship), instead of the ones hollowed from a tree trunk, L-shaped strong components called Omoki for both sides and several layered Tanaita reinforced by many Funabari (beams fitted horizontally between the planks on the hull of a ship to withstand water pressure).
- もっともこの場合でも、当時の日本政府の財政事情(西郷隆盛も反対論の理由の一つに財政問題を挙げている)から、ヨーロッパやアメリカ合衆国の本線用の車両を購入して輸送するコストを考えれば、必ずしも日本政府の判断が誤りだったとはいえない。
- But even if it were the case, if the financial conditions of the Japanese government at that time (Takamori SAIGO also mentioned financial reasons to oppose the construction) and the expenses which would have cost to purchase and convey carriages for the main line from Europe or America are considered, it cannot be said that the decision of the Japanese government was a mistake.
- この2つの戦いを一括りにすることの是非については、議論の余地があるものの、両者とも本願寺10世証如と、その後見人蓮淳(8世蓮如の6男で証如の外祖父であり大叔父でもある)による法主の権限強化を図った政策方針の末に生じた出来事である。
- It is disputable to treat these two wars as one historical event, but both wars happened as a result of the policy by which Shonyo, the 10th chief priest of Hongan-ji Temple, and his guardian Renjun (the 6th son of Rennyo, the 8th chief priest, and also both a maternal grandfather and a grand-uncle of Shonyo) tried to strengthen the authority of hoshu (a head of a Buddhist sect).
- いずれの説によっても朝廷財政の最大の負担者となった信長が朝廷の意思決定に介入しうる立場にあり、両者に軋轢があったことを認めている点にほぼ争いはなく、信長の行為と介入のどの要素を選択してどう評価するかにより、説の展開が異なっている。
- Regardless of difference between those views, there is hardly any dispute on the fact that Nobunaga who became the largest bearer of the finance of the Imperial Court was in a position to intervene the decision making of the Imperial Court and therefore there was a conflict between Nobunaga and the Imperial Courts and the difference between the views depends on which element of Nobunaga's act and intervention and how they evaluate it.
- 1874年9月に開始された交渉は一旦は実務レベルの関係を回復して然るべき後に正式な国交を回復する交渉を行うという基本方針の合意が成立(「九月協定」)して、一旦両国政府からの方針の了承を得た後で細部の交渉をまとめるというものであった。
- The negotiation started in September 1874, once reached an agreement ('September Agreement') on the basic policy that restores practical level relationship and have an official negotiation to restore the diplomatic relation after a reasonable period of time, and then, finalize the details after gained approval from both governments on the policy.
- また中国との交易に精通していたハリスは日本の一両も中国と同様に銀一両(テール/37.3グラム)と考え、1ドル銀貨は約3/4テールの量目に相当し一分銀の量目が偶然にも約1/4テールであったことも1ドル=3分の根拠としての口実となった。
- HARRIS, familiar with the trade with China, considered 1 ryo in Japan to be 1 ryo (tael; 37.3g) of silver just as 1 ryo in China, and drew his conclusion also from the fact that a one-dollar silver coin weighed about three fourths of a tael and an ichibu-gin silver coin happened to weigh about one fourth of a tael.
- 戦国時代の残滓が残っているとはいえ、「武断政治」から「文治政治」への転換が図られて、「喧嘩両成敗」という理非を問わずに双方を処断するというやり方は、無実の人間を残虐な刑罰に晒す危険性があると当時の儒学者などからの批判もあったという。
- Some Confucians criticized 'Kenka Ryoseibai' by pointing out the possibilities of punishing innocent people without making clear what is right and what is wrong, especially now that the politics had shifted from military government to civilian government although there were remnants left from the Sengoku Period (period of civil war).
- 会終了後に高揚した一部の参加者が暴徒と化し、偶々近くを走行していた市内電車や、郡部線(郊外路線)のターミナル駅であった柳橋駅、隣接の名電本社へ破壊・放火するなどの事態に発展し、本社建屋・柳橋駅舎と電車23両などが被災(焼失・破壊)した。
- Some participants resulted to violence at the end of the meeting, and the situation developed into the destruction and arson of city train running across every parts of the city, facilities of the Yanagibashi station that was a terminal port for the suburban line, headquarter of Nagoya Denki Tetsudo adjacent to it, and 23 trains.
- つまり、当時の政府もその具体額は把握しておらず、将来的にも全容を明らかにするのは困難である(3,000万両は過大であるとしても、現在明らかになっているだけで800万両近くあり、それを遥かに上回る金額の悪貨・贋貨が発行されたと考えられる)。
- In other words, the government at the time also did not know the concrete amount of fake money coined, and even in the future, uncovering the whole truth would be difficult (even if 30 million ryo is exaggerated, the amount made clear presently is still close to 8 million ryo, and much more bad money and counterfeit money is thought to have been issued.)
- 自由民権運動最中の1880年頃より、東京日日新聞や朝野新聞などで人権の擁護と天皇制の維持の両立のために、制憲のための会議を招集して憲法草案を作成し、天皇の合意を得られた国約憲法をもって憲法とすべしとの論調が張られ、民権家達にも影響を与えた。
- During the Movement for Liberty and People's rights sometime around 1880, the Tokyo Nichinichi Newspaper, the Choya Newspaper, and other major newspapers claimed that, in order to simultaneous support both the people's rights and Imperial order, a congress of the people should be convened to formulate constitutions drafts, which would be instituted once it met with the Emperor's approval, and this opinion greatly influenced the populace.
- 尊皇攘夷の中心的な役割を果たしてきた薩摩藩・長州藩両藩を中心とした明治政府が成立したことにより、攘夷が断行されると信じていた全国の攘夷派は明治政府が戊辰戦争が終わると直ちに「開国和親」を国是とする方針を打ち出したことに強い失意と憤慨を抱いた。
- The joi-ha all over the nation believed that foreigners would be expelled by the establishment of the Meiji Government whose main members were from Satsuma and Choshu clans that played important roles in the expulsion of the foreigners, but they were deeply disappointed and outraged by the Meiji Government's issuance of the 'Kaikoku Washin (opening the country to the world with peace and amity)' policy immediately after the end of the Boshin War.
- 1924年には干ばつがあり、これは、水源地の足尾の山林が荒廃して保水能力を失ったためだと考えた両組合は、それぞれ別個に活動を行い、1925年には群馬県側の農民ら数千人の署名が集められ、貴族院、衆議院、内務大臣、農務大臣宛てに請願書が提出される。
- In 1924, those areas was hit by a drought, and both unions considered it was because the damaged forests had no longer absorbed nor contained water; although the unions took action separately, in 1925 the petition including thousands of signatures of the farmers and peasants and others in Gunma Prefecture was submitted to the House of Peers, the House of Representatives, the Minister of Home Affairs and the Minister of Agricultural Affairs.
- その後、イギリス公使トーマス・ウェードの斡旋で和議が行われ、全権弁理大臣として大久保利通が北京に赴いて清国政府と交渉した結果、清が日本軍の出兵を義挙と認め賠償金50万両(テール)を日本に支払うことと引き換えに、征討軍の撤兵が行われることとなった。
- Afterwards, peace talks were held through the mediation of British envoy Thomas Wade and Toshimichi OKUBO went to Beijing as a minister extraordinary and plenipotentiary to negotiate with the Qing Government, as a result of which Japan committed to the withdrawal of the expeditionary force in exchange for Qing interpreting the dispatch of Japanese troops as an act of righteousness as well as paying 500 thousand liang (tael, which was a monetary unit formerly used in China) in compensation to Japan.
- -三都府(東京・京都・大阪)にある金札を回収して各府藩県に対して禄高1万石あたり2,500両分を6・7月の2回に分けて交付するので、それに相当する正貨を所定期間までに会計官に納付すること(この場合の「正貨」には贋金が混じっている事を黙認している)。
- Since kinsatsu in the three prefectures (Tokyo/Kyoto/Osaka) was to be collected, and each prefecture would be issued 2,500 ryo for each stipend of ten thousand Goku crop yields, in twice of June and July, the specie which corresponds to this is to be payed to the finance office by the appointed time (it was silently accepted that the 'specie' in this case had counterfeit money mixed in it).
- この時点では、まだ両統迭立が完全には定着しておらず、貴族たちもいずれか一方の皇統にのみ仕えて派閥を形成するということはなかったため、それまで大覚寺統の治天に仕えていた貴族たちはそのまま持明院統の治天に仕えることになり、大覚寺統は一気に勢力を失った。
- At this point, Ryoto tetsuritsu had not yet completely embedded itself, and the aristocracy did not yet create factions so the aristocrats who served the Daikakuji line Chiten worked for the subsequent Jimyoin line Chiten, leading to the sudden decline of the Daikakuji line.
- だが、実際には当時(版籍奉還以前)の明治政府は諸藩に対して命令を下す権限を持っておらず(従って明治政府の命令である太政官布告ではなく、要請に近い太政官達が出されていた)、特に薩摩・土佐両藩は「戦勝国」の立場を利用してその後も贋貨を鋳造続けたのである。
- However, in reality, the Meiji Government at the time (before the return of lands and people to the emperor) did not have the authority to give orders to various domains (therefore the notice of Daijokan [Grand Council of State], which was more of a request, was issued instead of the edict of Daijokan, which was a command from the Meiji Government), and particularly the Satsuma and Tosa Domains used their position as a 'victor country' and still continued to coin counterfeit money.
- なお、この反乱は一般に承平 (日本)・天慶 (日本)の両元号の期間に発生した事から「承平天慶の乱」と呼称されているが、承平年間における朝廷側の認識ではこの当時の将門・純友の行動は私戦(豪族同士の対立による私的な武力衝突)とその延長としか見られていない。
- The wars are commonly referred to as 'The Johei and Tengyo Wars' since they occurred during the Johei (Japan) and Tengyo (Japan) eras, but, at the time, the actions of Masakado and Sumitomo were seen by the Imperial Court as mere private warfare, private conflicts between local ruling families.
- その理由は、明治政府の雇った鉄道建設担当の英国人技師レイが詐欺まがいの人物で、それまで南アフリカ共和国の鉄道で使われていて、不要になってインドに当時置かれていた中古品(線路・車両)を使って鉄道を安上がりに建設して、私腹を肥やそうとしたからともいわれる。
- The reason for this is said to be that a British railroad construction engineer called Ray who had been employed by the Meiji government engaged in fraudulent practices, scheming to line his own pockets by reducing costs through the use of used and unnecessary equipment (tracks and carriages); this equipment were being stored in India at that time, but had been used in the Republic of South Africa prior to that.
- 久安2年(1146年)4月に、常胤はまず下総国衙から官物未進とされた分について「上品八丈絹参拾疋、下品七拾疋、縫衣拾弐領、砂金参拾弐両、藍摺布上品参拾段、中品五拾段、上馬弐疋、鞍置駄参拾疋」を納め、「其時国司以常胤可令知行郡務」と相馬郡司職を回復した。
- In May 1146, Tsunetane first paid the unpaid kanmotsu according to Shimosa no kokuga (local government of Shimosa), which was '30 hiki (one hiki is approx. 10.6m in length and approx. 34 cm in width) of high-quality silk cloths, 70 hiki of low-quality silk cloths, 12 ryo (an old unit of a weight) of clothes, 32 ryo of sakin (gold dust), 30 dan (an old unit of area) of high-quality printed textile dyed with various shades of indigo blue, 50 dan of high-quality medium-quality printed textile dyed with various shades of indigo blue, two horses, and 30 saddled horses,' and recovered '其時国司以常胤可令知行郡務' and the position of Soma gunji.
- しかし、その届出額は当時の歳入の倍に相当する7413万円(両)にも達して(しかもこの金額には後述の理由で天保年間(1830年~1843年)以前に発生した債務の大半が含まれていないものと考えられている)おり債務を引き受けた新政府にも財政的な余裕はなかった。
- The amount, however, reached 74.13 million yen (ryo), twice the government revenue at the time, and the new government couldn't afford to repay (in addition, the sum of debts which were made before the Tenpo era (1830 - 1843) was not included in this amount because of the reason mentioned below).
- これは両科統合後の天長4年(827年)文章博士都腹赤の上奏(『本朝文粋』、ただし腹赤は2年前に没しており、生前に行われたものか)によって撤廃されたものの、貴族子弟の文章生採用が事実上認められたために白丁文章生は貴族文章生によって圧迫を受けるようになった。
- Although this was abolished due to monjo hakase MIYAKO no Haraaka's report to the throne in 827 after the merger of the two subjects ('Honcho monzui' (anthology of waka poems and prose written in classical Chinese), as Haraaka died two years before, it may have been done when he was alive), sons of nobles were subsequently allowed to be adopted as monjosho and monjosho from hakucho families were put under pressure from monjosho from the noble families.
- 続いて山縣伊三郎逓信大臣と阪谷芳郎大蔵大臣が鉄道予算の問題で対立して共に辞表を明治天皇に提出しようとした際には、両名を天皇の前に連れてくるだけの西園寺までが辞表を提出してしまい、原と寺内正毅陸軍大臣が必死に説得して西園寺の辞表のみを撤回させる騒ぎも起きた。
- After that, when both Isaburo YAMAGATA, the Minister of Correspondence and Yoshio SAKATANI, Minister of Finance, were going to hand in their resignationletters to the Emperor Meiji after their conflict over the railway budget problem, Saionji, who was only expected to take them to the emperor, handed in his own letter of resignation; Hara and Masatake TERAUCHI, Minister of Army, worked very hard to persuade Saionji to take back his resignation.
- だが、調査によって贋貨鋳造の事実が無い事が確認されていた長州藩や肥前藩出身者は、自分達は苦労の末に軍費を自前で調達したのに薩摩や土佐が違法手段で調達していたという事実に反発して、両藩から罰金を取ってそれを贋貨と正貨の引換の原資に充てるべきであると主張した。
- However, people from domains that were confirmed of having no truth in coining counterfeit money due to investigation, such as those from the Choshu or Hizen Domains, were offended by the fact that they supplied war expenditures at their own expense after sustained effort, while the Satsuma and Tosa Domains supplied them with illegal methods, and insisted that a penalty should be taken from both domains and that this should allot to the government funds for the exchange of counterfeit and specie money.
- その一方で、朝廷では大覚寺統と持明院統が対立しており、相互に皇位を交代する両統迭立が行われており、1318年(文保2年)に大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇が即位し、平安時代の醍醐天皇、村上天皇の治世である延喜・天暦の治を理想とし、鎌倉幕府の打倒をひそかに目指していた。
- In the Imperial Court, on the other hand, conflict had arisen between the Kameyama (Daikakuji) and the Gofukakusa (Jimyoin) branches of the Imperial line; a system of alternating Emperors from each lineage was in place, and in 1318 Emperor Godaigo of the Daikakuji lineage became Emperor, taking the Engi and Tenryaku eras, the reigns of Emperors Daigo and Murakami in the Heian period, as his ideal, he aimed in secret to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.
- 今般、河野主一郎、山野田一輔の両士を敵陣に遣はし候儀、全く味方の決死を知らしめ、且つ義挙の趣意を以て、大義名分を貫徹し、法庭に於て斃れ候賦(つもり)に候間、一統安堵致し、此城を枕にして決戦可致候に付、今一層奮発し、後世に恥辱を残さざる様、覚悟肝要に可有之候也。
- This time, I sent Shuichiro KONO and Ippo YAMANODA to the enemy base to inform the enemy that we are ready to die, and I also intend to die at 法庭 based on legitimate reason and with justification up to the end; All of you should feel relieved, and it is vital to resolve not to leave disgrace to later generations, through making more strenuous efforts, because we should fight the last fight, considering dying in this castle.
- ところが、歴史研究家の立花京子が晴豊の日記全体の「被申候」使用例を分析した結果、村井貞勝の言葉と解釈し、独断専行を嫌う信長に無断で貞勝が発言するはずがないとし、信長の将軍任官の意向を踏まえたものであったと主張したことにより、歴史学者の間で賛否両論の論争となった。
- However, Kyoko TACHIBANA, a researcher of history, studied usages of '被申候'in other passages across Haretoyo's diary and concluded it was what Sadakatsu MURAI said, arguing that Sadakatsu would never say such a thing without Nobunaga's permission because Nobunaga disliked his followers' arbitrary decisions or executions, and that he represented Nobunaga's wish to gain the post, which led to controversies of pros and cons among historians.
- 日本と比較してみると、中書省が中務省、門下省が議政官、尚書省が左右弁官およびその下の八省に当たる、日本では太政官が門下・尚書の両省を兼ねて更に中書省である中務省を指揮するなど強力な権限を有し、とりわけ門下省に当たる議政官、即ち貴族層の役割が非常に大きかったことが判る。
- When compared with Japan, the Secretariat corresponds to the Nakatsukasasho, the Chancellery corresponds to the Giseikan, and the Department of State Affairs corresponds to the Left and Right Benkan's Offices and the eight ministries under them; therefore, it is clear that the Daijokan had considerable influence in that it served concurrently as both the Chancellery and the Department of State Affairs and also controlled the Nakatsukasasho, which corresponds to the Secretariat, and above all, the Giseikan, i.e. the nobility, corresponding to the Chancellery, played a very important role in Japan.
- この5年間有効の法律を更に1911年(明治44年)まで延長するために改正法案が提出され両院を通過したが、この法律を成立させるために、日本製糖社取締役秋山一裕、磯村音介などが自社の権益を守るために共謀し、有力衆議院議員20名に現金その他を渡して贈賄し買収したものである。
- While the proposed measure of a revised law aiming at further extending this law for five years up to 1911 was introduced and passed in both Houses, the board members of Nihon Seito, such as Kazuhiro AKIYAMA and Otosuke ISOMURA, conspired to bribe 20 influential members of the House of Representatives to enact the legislation in order to protect their own company's interests.
- 桶狭間の合戦後に、岡崎城に入城した家康の許に、織田家からの使者として、たびたび、水野信元、久松定俊の両人が訪問し、言葉を尽くして、和順を促したという、しかしながら、家康はなかなか応じず、討死した義元の仇も報じない愚将の氏真に従えば武田・北条にその所領を奪われるは必定。
- After the Battle of Okehazama, Nobumoto MIZUNO and Sadatoshi HISAMATSU often visited Ieyasu entering Okazaki-jo Castle as envoy of Oda family to persuade him as much as possible in words to become the daimyo of the Oda side, however, Ieyasu did not accept their words so easily then they said that following the stupid commander Ujizane who did not revenge for Yoshimoto died in battle would surely end up Ieyasu losing his territory by the Takeda clan and the Hojo clan.
- 明治の歴史学界では、南北朝時代に関して「太平記」の記述を他の史書や日記などの資料と比較する実証的な研究がされ、これに基づいて1903年(明治36年)及び1909年(同42年)の小学校で使用されている国定教科書改訂においては南北両朝は並立していたものとして書かれていた。
- The academic field of history during the Meiji period conducted evidence-based research comparing the 'Taiheiki' with other documents such as historical books and diaries, and based on this, the 1903 and 1909 revisions of national textbooks for elementary schools depicted both the Southern and the Northern Court as being concurrent.
- 千葉介、上総介一族が、頼朝に加担したのは、『吾妻鏡』にいうような、両氏が累代の源氏の郎等であったからではなく、平家と結んだ下総の藤原氏、そして常陸の佐竹氏の侵攻に対して、頼朝を担ぐことによってそれを押し返し、奪い取られた自領を復活する為の起死回生の掛けであったといわれる。
- It is said that the reason why the families of Chiba no suke and Kazusa no suke joined Yoritomo was not because they were followers of the generations of the Genji family as stated in 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East); rather, they supported Yoritomo to fight back against the attacks by the Fujiwara clan of Shimosa, who was aligned with the Taira family, and the Satake clan of Hitachi in an attempt to recover their lost territories, which was a revival gamble.
- 千葉介、上総介一族が、頼朝に加担したのは、『吾妻鏡』が美化して伝えるような、両氏が代々源氏の家人であったからではなく、平家と結んだ下総国の藤原氏、そして常陸国の佐竹氏の侵攻に対して、頼朝を担ぐことによってそれを押し返し、奪い取られた自領を復活する為の起死回生の掛けであった。
- The reason why Chiba and Kazusa no Suke clans supported Yoritomo was not only because they both were the servants of Minamoto clan as beautified by 'Azuma Kagami,' but to repel the invasion of the Fujiwara clan of Shimousa Province and the Satake clan of Hitachi Province by supporting Yoritomo and to recover their stolen estate as a gamble to turn things around from facing a complete defeat.
- 南朝勢力を強化するために、後醍醐天皇の皇子である懐良親王が征西将軍として派遣され、筑後川の戦い(大保原の戦い)では、南朝方の懐良親王、菊池武光、赤星武貫、宇都宮貞久、草野永幸らと北朝方の少弐頼尚、少弐直資の父子、大友氏時、宇都宮冬綱ら両軍合わせて約10万人が戦ったとされる。
- In order to bolster the Southern Court's military might in Kyushu, Emperor Godaigo's son Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi was dispatched there as Seisei shogun (General of the West), and in the battle of the Chikugo river (also known as the battle of Ohobaru) over 100,000 men were said to have fought, including Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, Takemitsu KIKUCHI, Taketsura AKABOSHI, Sadahisa UTSUNOMIYA, and Nagayuki KUSANO for the Southern Court, and father and son Yorihisa and Naosuke SHONI as well as Ujitoki OUCHI and Fuyutsuna UTSUNOMIYA for the Northern Court.
- これは本来質量単位としての一両の目方の砂金と言う意味であったが、鎌倉時代には金一両は五匁、銀一両は4.3匁と変化し、文明 (日本)16年(1484年)、室町幕府により京目(きょうめ)金一両は4.5匁(約16.8グラム)と公定され、それ以外のものは田舎目(いなかめ)とされた。
- This meant gold dust in weight of 1 ryo which was originally a mass unit, but in the Kamakura period kin 1 ryo was 5 monme and gin (silver) 1 ryo was 4.3 monme and in 1484 the Muromachi bakufu determined Kyome kin 1ryo as 4.5 monme (about 16.8 gram) and the others as inakame (unit of measure in old Japan).
- このような情勢の中で1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)、足利義満の斡旋で、大覚寺統と持明院統の両統迭立と、全国の国衙領を大覚寺統の所有とすること(実際には国衙領はわずかしかなかった)を条件に、南朝の後亀山天皇が北朝の後小松天皇に三種の神器を渡し、南北朝が合体した(明徳の和約)。
- Amid such circumstance, in 1392 (Genchu 9/Meitoku 3), through Shogun Yoshimitsu's mediation, under the conditions that the alternate succession between the Kameyama (Daitokuji) and Jimyoin lineages be restored, and the Kameyama (Daitokuji) lineage be officially made owner of all the Kokuga (public) territory in the entire country (although in actuality, there was very little such territory due to the proliferation of shoen), Emperor Gokameyama of the Southern Court handed over the Imperial Regalia to Emperor Gokomatsu of the Northern Court, and the Northern and Southern Courts were unified (in what was called the Peace Treaty of Meitoku).
- ただし、両者は大きく違い別系統に属すると考えられ、前者は典型的な行基図の体裁であるが、後者は元寇以後の軍事的緊迫下にある鎌倉近郊で用いられた事情を反映したものか、日本列島は龍らしき生物に囲まれてその外側に唐土・蒙古などの海外の国々や雁道・羅刹国などの空想上の国々が描かれている。
- However, the two are quite different and seem to belong to different lineages, the former being in the typical Gyoki-zu format and the latter containing the Japanese archipelago surrounded by dragon-like creatures around which foreign countries like China and Mongolia and imaginative countries like Gando and Rasetsu-koku are painted, probably reflecting the circumstance of Kamakura which had been under military tension after the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan.
- 鏡山は、政庁域を方四町、観世音寺域を方三町と推定した場合、両者の南辺を東西線上に一致させることができること、かつその場合の政庁東辺と観世音寺西辺の間が二町となることをもって、一町を単位とする造成企画の存在を想定し、その適用範囲を広げると周囲の道路や畦畔に合致するものが多いことを指摘。
- Assuming the government district was 方四町 and the Kanzeon-ji Temple district was 方三町, Kagamiyama pointed out that the southern border of them could be aligned on an east-west axis, and also he found that the distance between the eastern border of the government district and the western border of the Kanzeon-ji Temple district was equal to two Cho (approx. 218 meters), then he made a hypothesis that a city development plan based on the Cho unit existed and that many peripheral streets and causeways would match with the idea when he expanded the coverage of the plan.
- しかしこの多川と月岡の両名は、荒木、榊原と小田原あたりで行き違いになり、江戸に到着後、「目付に直接手渡すように」という内蔵助の命令に背いて江戸家老安井彦右衛門に報告してしまい、安井の報告を受けた大垣藩主の戸田氏定の「穏便に開城するように」という書状を持って帰ってくるだけに終わっている。
- However, since Tagawa and Tsukioka missed Araki and Sakakibara on the way around Odawara, after arriving in Edo they went against Kuranosuke's order to 'hand the letter directly to the inspectors' and gave it to chief retainer in Edo Hikoemon YASUI, who reported the matter to the lord of Ogaki Domain Ujisada TODA, and they brought back the letter from him, which stated 'surrender the castle without fighting.'
- これは歴史上で見れば、鎌倉時代に皇位継承で朝廷内が紛糾した際に鎌倉幕府が両統迭立原則を呈示して仲裁にあたった事例に近い性質のものである(ここで問題とされたものは、後に紫衣事件や尊号一件などで再び議論が持ち上がったものばかりで、幕府権力をもってしても困難な課題であった事も共通している)。
- Historically, this case is similar to the fact that the Kamakura bakufu presented the principle of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families) to the imperial court which was split over the issue of the succession to the throne. (The issues regarded as questionable on that are also common to which were difficult issues even for the authority of the bakufu to settle and arose discussions later such as the Shie Incident and the Songo Incident.)
- 日露戦争の開催を決定した御前会議においては明治天皇と第1次桂内閣の5閣僚(総理・外務・大蔵・陸軍・海軍各大臣)と5元老(伊藤博文・井上馨・大山巌・松方正義・山縣有朋)の計11名で構成され、統帥部の出席は認められずにその決定に従って作戦計画を作成することになっていた(政略主導の両略一致)。
- The conference in the presence of the Emperor where the Russo-Japanese War was decided to go was consisted of 11 members who were the Emperor Meiji, 5 Cabinet members of the First KATSURA Cabinet (Prime Minister, Foreign Minister, Minister of Finance, Army Minister, Navy Minister), 5 Genro (elder statesman) (Hirobumi ITO, Kaoru INOUE, Iwao OYAMA, Masayoshi MATSUKATA, Aritomo YAMAGATA), supreme command staff was not admitted to attend it, and the plan of strategy was going to be made according to the decision at the conference (congruency of politics and strategy with the main leadership of politics).
- 桂園時代は、桂に代表される官僚・軍部と西園寺に代表される有力政党である立憲政友会が「情意投合」と呼ばれる連携体制を組んで交互に内閣総理大臣に就任した(この間にも松方正義や山本権兵衛、平田東助などを首相に擁する動きはあったものの、両者以上の政権基盤を持たずにいずれも断念に追い込まれている)。
- In the Kei-En era, bureaucrats and military typified by Katsura and a leading political party Rikken seiyukai typified by Saionji built a collaborative system called 'emotional agreement' and they alternately served as the prime minister (In the meantime, there was a move to field Masayoshi MATSUKATA, Gonbei YAMAMOTO and Tosuke HIRATA as prime minister, but none of them had stronger foundations of administration than those of the two, so they were forced to give up).
- さらに明和2年(1765年)から金座監督の下、江戸亀戸、明和4年(1767年)から京都伏見、明和5年(1768年)からは仙台石巻(「千」字)、常陸国常陸太田市(「久、久二」字)などの銭座で鉄一文銭が大量に鋳造され、銭相場は下落し安永7年(1778年)頃には一両=6000文前後を付けるに至った。
- Moreover, since a large amount of one-mon coins was minted at zeniza in Kameido, Edo from 1765 under the supervision of kinza (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period), at zeniza in Fushimi, Kyoto from 1767, and at zeniza in Ishinomaki of Sendai (coin marked with a letter of '千'), Hitachiota City, Hitachi Province (coin marked with a letter or letters of '久' or '久二') and so on from 1768, the market price of currency fell and dropped to about 6,000 mon per ryo in around 1778.
- 一般的には鎌倉時代の後で、元弘の変や建武の新政も南北朝時代の出来事として扱うが、正確には1336年(延元元年/建武 (日本)3年)に足利尊氏による光明天皇の践祚、後醍醐天皇の吉野遷幸により朝廷が分裂してから、1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)に両朝が合一するまでの期間を指し、室町時代の初期に当たる。
- Events that occurred at or right after the end of the Kamakura period such as the Genko War and the Kenmu Restoration are usually considered part of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, but strictly speaking, the term refers only to the span of time between 1336, when Takauji ASHIKAGA raised Emperor Komyo to the Chrysanthemum throne, thus leading to a schism in the Imperial Court after Emperor Godaigo departed Kyoto and established his Court at Yoshino, and 1392 when the two courts were again unified; it overlaps with the early Muromachi period.
- 特に加賀においては3男蓮綱の松岡寺・4男蓮誓の光教寺・7男蓮悟の本泉寺(初代住持は次男蓮乗)の「賀州三ヶ寺(加賀三山)」を法主の現地における代行として頂点に置き国内の寺院・門徒を統率することが求められていた(この体制を特に事実上の最高執行機関となった松岡寺と本泉寺の両寺院より「両御山」体制も呼ぶ)。
- Especially in Kaga Province, Shoko-ji Temple of the 3rd son Renko, Kokyo-ji Temple of the 4th son Rensei, and Honsen-ji Temple of the 7th son Rengo (the first chief priest was the second son Renjo)--'Gashu Sanka-ji Temples (Kaga Sanzan) [Three Temples in Kaga Province]'--were placed at the top as local representatives of hoshu and required to direct the temples and followers in the province (this system was especially called the 'ryogozan' (two temples) system because of the two virtually highest executive temples, Shoko-ji Temple and Honsen-ji Temple).
- その後の三国干渉による遼東半島の代償の3000万両(112万kg)を上乗せして合計800万kg(現在価値で銀1kgが5,000円程度なので、4000億円前後。当時価格で日本の国家予算8,000万円の4倍強の3億6000万円前後)以上の銀を日本は中国に対して3年分割でイギリス・ポンド金貨にて支払わせた。
- With 30 million taels (1.12 million kg) added as a compensation for the return of the Liaodong Peninsula due to the Triple Intervention, Japan forced China to pay the total amount of over 8 million kg of silver (equivalent to around 400 billion yen according to the present value where a kilogram of silver is converted to about 5,000 yen, or equivalent to around 360 billion yen according to the value of that time, meaning over four times the then Japanese state budget, 80 million yen) by the British pound gold in three-year installments.
- 開港場では6月2日より1ドル銀貨との引き換えが始まったが、この二朱銀は開港場のみでしか通用せず、もともと日本国内全般に含有銀量の多い二朱銀を流通させることが困難であり、一般に流通しているのは依然一分銀であったため、国内では一分銀に両替しないと通用しないと定められた大凡貨幣としての機能を欠くものであった。
- These Nishu gin silver coins started to be exchanged with one-dollar silver coins at treaty ports on June 2, but they could be used only in those ports and lacked functions of a common currency because they had to be exchanged into ichibu-gin silver coins for domestic use, for it was difficult to distribute Nishu gin silver coins, which contained comparatively much silver, all over Japan in the first place, and ichibu-gin silver coins were still generally in circulation.
- 幕府は両統迭立原則によって大覚寺統・持明院統両皇統間における話し合いによる皇位継承を勧めて深入りを避ける方針を採ったが、結果的に紛糾の長期化による朝廷から幕府に対する新たな介入要請を招き、その幕府の介入結果に不満を抱く反対派による更なる介入要請が出されるという結果的に幕府の方針と相反した悪循環に陥った。
- The bakufu, as concerning the system of the alternate enthronement of the two rival imperial lines, adopted a policy of making recommendations concerning the imperial succession and mediating between the daikakuji and jimyoin lineages without being drawn in too deeply to successional disputes, but in the end, after a long period of confusion over the succession, the imperial court made a new request for the bakufu to intervene, while the faction on the losing end of this dispute, nursing newfound dissatisfaction against the bakufu because of the results of this intervention, ended up making a request of their own, leading to a vicious circle that conflicted ever deeper with the bakufu's hands-off policy.
- 理由は諸説あるが、賢豊は定頼時代からの六角家中における功臣として人望も厚く、進藤貞治と共に「六角氏の両藤」と称されるほどの宿老で、奉行人として六角氏の当主代理として政務を執行できる権限を有していたことから、賢豊の権力と若年の当主・義治とが争った末に、当主としての執行権を取り戻すために暗殺したと言われている。
- Amongst various views of the background, it is said that Yoshiharu assassinated Katatoyoin order to recover the authority as the family head, after struggles between Katatoyo's authority and Yosiharu, the young family head, since Katatoyo was such a well respected chief vassal as a meritorious retainer of Rokkaku clan since the period of Sadayori and well admired of as 'twin To (phonetic alphabet of 藤 後藤, GOTO and 進藤, SINDO) of Rokkaku clan' that he held the authority to execute administrative affairs on behalf of the family head.
- 万延二分判(まんえんにぶばん)は万延元年(1860年)4月10日より発行され、2枚の量目では同時に発行された万延小判を上回るが、含有金量では劣る名目貨幣で一両あたりの含有金量では江戸時代を通じて最低のものであり、発行高は万延小判をはるかに凌ぎ、金貨流通の主導権を握り、小判に代わり事実上の本位貨幣的地位を制した。
- Manen nibuban was issued from May 30, 1860 and the ryome of two coins was more than Manen nibuban that was issued at the same time, however it was nominal money having the least content of gold through the Edo period and the issued amount was much more than Manen koban taking initialtive of gold coin distribution and it was positioned as standard coin in effect in place of koban.
- 文永の役については現在では壊滅的な被害があったかについても含め多くの疑問が持たれているが、弘安四年七月三十日から翌閏七月一日(1281年8月15日 - 8月16日)にかけては京都でも激しい風雨に見舞われたことが日記類などの記録にあるため、弘安の役での東路・江南両軍の壊滅の原因は台風であるとの説は現在でも有力視されている。
- Nowadays, there are many doubts about Bunei no Eki, including whether there was any serious damage, but what destroyed both armies of the Eastern Route and Southern Yangtze in Koan no Eki is still now widely considered to have been a typhoon, because there are diaries and records stating that even Kyoto had a furious storm from August 15, 1281 to August 16.
- 1469年(文明元年)になると、大内氏の重臣で文武両道の名将として知られた益田兼堯が石見国で離反、九州の大友親繁・少弐政資とともに大内教幸を擁して西軍方の大内領に侵攻、この動きは鎮圧されたものの、1471年(文明3年)には守護代でありながら西軍の主力となっていた朝倉孝景が義政自らの越前守護職補任をうけて東軍側に寝返ったのである。
- By 1469, Kanetaka MASUDA, a high-ranking vassal of the Ouchi family and known as a general distinguished in both literary and military arts, severed from his lord in Iwami Province and, joining hands with Chikashige OTOMO and Masasuke SHONI in Kyushu, invaded Ouchi's territory on the Western side under the banner of Noriyuki OUCHI; though this action was subdued, in 1471 Takakage ASAKURA who, in spite of his status as shugodai (deputy shugo), had led the main force of the Western camp, was personally appointed by Yoshimasa to the position of shugo of Echizen and went over to the Eastern side.
- この両者の説は中国史における時代区分論と密接に関係しており、周藤は唐及び五代を「古代」・宋を「中世」とする立場から、宮崎は漢代を「古代」・三国時代 (中国)から唐及び五代を「中世」・宋を「近世」とする立場に立っており、ヨーロッパ中世の荘園と対比すべき農奴制による経営に基づく荘園がそれぞれが主張する「中世」に存在したというものである。
- These two theories are closely related with the periodization theory in Chinese history and Sudo's standpoint is that the Tang dynasty and the Five Dynasties period were 'ancient' and the Sung dynasty 'medieval' and Miyazaki's standpoint is that the age of the Han dynasty was 'ancient' and the Three Kingdoms period (China), the Tang dynasty to the Five Dynasties period 'medieval' and the Sung dynasty 'early modern,' and in both of their 'medieval,' there existed the shoens managed by the serf system which should be compared with the manors in medieval Europe.
- すなわち、甲相駿三国同盟が戦略の大前提であった信玄にとって、後北条氏の敵対者であった謙信との対決は必然であり(後に三国同盟を破棄して駿河国へ乱入した信玄は孤立して厳しい戦略状況に陥っている)、謙信にとっても信玄の北信濃領有を易々と許せば、高梨家のみならず本国の越後国自体が危機に陥りかねないことから、両者の衝突は必然であったとするものである。
- In other words, the clash between them was inevitable for the following reasons, according to this view: For Shingen with the tripartite alliance among Kai Province, Sagami Province and Suruga Province as a major premise, it was inevitable to confront Kenshin who was an enemy of the Gohojo clan (later, Shingen stormed Suruga Province, breaking the tripartite alliance, but was isolated and was placed in a serious military situation), and even for Kenshin, not only the Takanashi family but also the Echigo Province constituting his base might have been placed in a dangerous state if he allowed Shingen to take the northern Shinano area easily.
- この会派は陸軍右派として排除された「四将軍派」のうち谷・曾我・鳥尾が揃った(残りの三浦梧楼は三曜会に属した)事に代表されるように国粋主義色の強い右派が多く、藩閥政府――特に伊藤博文に対しては国家の混乱を招いた人物として敵対意識が強く、また山縣有朋系の会派に移行した研究会の方針に不満を抱いて懇話会の結成に参加した者もおり、この両者に対する反発が根強かった。
- In this faction, there were many members with right wing who had strong nationalism including the 'four Shogun group' such as TANI, SOGA and TORIO (but Goro MIURA belonged to the Sanyo-kai) who had been removed as army right wing and they felt hostile toward the Hanbatsu Government, especially Hirobumi ITO as a person who led to national disruption, and also there were some members who were dissatisfied with the Kenkyu-kai policy that was shifted into that of the faction with Aritomo YAMAGATA.
- 更に北清事変の際に結ばれた北京議定書に基づいて1903年10月8日に上海市において、全13条からなる日清(両国間)追加通商航海条約(にっしん(りょうこくかん)ついかこうかいじょうやく)が締結され、日本人と清国人の共同経営事業(第4条)、日本人の商標・著作権保護(第5条)、清国の貨幣制度・度量衡統一義務(第6・7条)・日本の清国司法改革支援と達成後の治外法権撤廃義務(第11条)が定められた。
- In addition, on the basis of the Boxer Protocol, which had been concluded after the Boxer Rebellion (the Boxer Uprising), the Sino-Japanese Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, which consisted of 13 articles, was concluded in Shanghai City on October 8, 1903, and the principal articles are as follows; the Article 4: To start commercial partnership between Japanese and Chinese, the Article 5: the protection of Japanese trademark and copyright, the Article 6 and 7: The obligation to fix the standard of weights and measures, the Article 11: To support Chinese judicial reform by Japanese and the obligation to abolish extraterritoriality after the reform is completed.
- なお、統帥権独立の考えが生まれた源流としては、当時の指導者が、政治家が統帥権をも握ることにより幕府政治が再興される可能性をおそれたこと、それといささか矛盾するが、元勲・藩閥が政治・軍事両面を掌握していたことから、後世に統帥権独立をめぐって起きたような問題が顕在化しなかったこと、南北朝時代 (日本)に楠木正成が軍事に無知な公家によって作戦を退けられて湊川で戦死し、南朝 (日本)の衰退につながった逸話が広く知られていたことなどがあげられる。
- The idea of the independence of the supreme command came originally from the facts that the leaders at that time were afraid of the revival of the government by the shogunate if statesmen acquired the supreme command, despite the contradiction to that, as the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration and domain cliques had control over the both politics and military, the problems that occurred later due to the independence of the supreme command did not come to the surface, the anecdote of Masashige KUSUNOKI who died at Minatogawa River because his strategy of the war was denied by the ignorant court nobles in the Northern and Southern Court Period (Japan), and it led to the decline of the Southern Court (Japan).
- まず元禄14年8月19日 (旧暦)(1701年9月21日)に吉良家の屋敷が江戸城のお膝元呉服橋から当時江戸の外れといわれていた本所(現東京都墨田区両国 (墨田区))の松平信望の上ゲ屋敷に屋敷代えとなり、さらにその直後の8月21日 (旧暦)(8月23日)には、庄田下総守(浅野を庭先で切腹させた大目付)、大友義孝(吉良義央と親しくしていた高家仲間)、東条冬重(吉良義央の実弟)の三名を同時に呼び出して「勤めがよくない」などと咎めて役職を取り上げた。
- Kira was forced to change his residence located in Gofuku-bashi near Edo-jo Castle to the residence of Nobumochi MATSUDAIRA located in Honjo, the edge of Edo (current location of Ryogoku, Sumida Ward, Tokyo) on September 21, 1701, and on August 23, the bakufu then called the governor of Shimousa, Shoda (ometsuke who was in charge of Asano's seppuku in the yard), Yoshitaka OTOMO (a Koke member who was close with Yoshinaka KIRA) and Fuyushige TOJO (who was a biological brother of Yoshinaka KIRA) and took their positions away by saying 'your services were not good enough.'
- 理由はこの両名が武田勝頼と内通していたという訴えが五徳姫より信長にもたらされたためであるが、当時、もはや盟友とは名ばかりであり、実質的に織田を盟主とする従属国であった家康には信長の要求を拒否し、同盟を破棄して戦うだけの実力も無かったため、家康は要求に従って信康と築山殿を処刑するしかなかったと言われている(もっとも、この時期信康と家康、厳密に言えば家康家臣団との対立が激しくなっており、信康粛清は信長の要求ではないとする説が近年では有力視されている)。
- That's because Gotokuhime (Princess Toku) told Nobunaga that Nobuyasu and Tsukiyama-dono secretly communicated with Katsuyori TAKEDA; while Ieyasu, the Nobunaga's allies of sorts and the virtually dependent to the leader Oda, had no power neither to deny Nobunaga's order, nor to fight with him by abrogating the alliance, it is said that he had no choice but to execute Nobuyasu and Tsukiyama-dono (although the confrontation of Nobuyasu and Ieyasu, more precisely Nobuyasu and the vassals of Ieyasu was getting intense at this time, therefore, a theory is getting dominant in recent years which advocates that the purge of Nobuyasu was not Nobunaga's demand).
- 更に『兵範記』には久寿元年(1154年)の省試が、予め関白藤原忠通・左大臣藤原頼長・崇徳天皇、そして式部省・大学寮幹部の間で入分(合格)者の枠を配分した後に試験が実施された事実を記しているのである(大幅に時代が下るが、試験が全く形骸化した15世紀に書かれた『桂林遺芳抄』によれば、宣旨分(天皇)2・院御分(上皇・法皇)1・殿下分(摂政・関白)1・省官分(式部大輔・少輔)3・両博士分(文章博士2名)2・判儒分(試験官)3の入分枠が定められていたという)。
- Furthermore, 'Heihanki' (diary of TAIRA no Nobunori) tells that in the shoshi exams in 1154, certain numbers of seats had been allotted to Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Tadamichi, Sadaijin (minister of the left) FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, the Emperor Sutoku, shikibusho and leaders of the daigakuryo beforehand, and they held the exams (a few centuries later, according to 'Keirinihosho' from the 15th century, the seats were allotted as follows: two for Senji (emperor), one for 院御 (the retired Emperor and the Cloistered Emperor), one for Denka (sessho and kanpaku), three for Shokan (Shikibu no taifu and Shikibu shoyu), two for two hakese (monjo hakese) and three for 判儒 (examiners)).
- また、上奏する資格も平安時代中期以後には天文博士を世襲した阿倍氏と局務の中原氏の両家のみに限定されるようになっていく(なお、中原氏の天文密奏は醍醐天皇の時代の中原以忠(後に天禄2年(972年)に宗家の中原有象とともに中原のカバネを与えられて同氏の祖となる)に遡り、同氏本来の外記の職務とは別に同氏が家学としていた明経道の出典である漢籍には天文現象の解釈に関する記述が含まれていることが多く、天文道に通じた人物を輩出することが多かった事によるとされている)。
- After the mid Heian period, such direct access to the emperor was only allowed to the Abe clan whose hereditary occupation was tenmon hakase and the Nakahara clan which was kyokumu (the chief secretary of the Daijokan, or Grand Council of State); incidentally, the Nakahara clan had assumed the role of tenmon misso from Mochitada NAKAHARA in the tenure of Emperor Daigo (afterwards in 972, he was granted the family name of NAKAHARA along with Uzo NAKAHARA [中原有象] of the head family and originated the clan), allegedly because, besides the clan's hereditary occupation of Geki [Secretary of the Grand Council of State], it inherited the family learning of Myogo-do [the study of Confucian classics] and used many Chinese classics as source books, many of which contained elucidation of astronomical phenomena so that the clan produced many persons well versed in tenmondo.
- 当初、こうした政策は元寇などによって混乱する社会秩序の回復を図りたい鎌倉幕府の政策と軌を一にするもの(安達泰盛による幕政改革も「弘安徳政」と呼ばれている)であったが、やがて徳政の本格化とともに朝廷の威信回復の考えが旧体制(鎌倉幕府以前への)復帰を模索する動きに結び付けられるようになると、鎌倉幕府は皇位継承における両統迭立政策を名目とした政治介入を行い、亀山・伏見両上皇の院政停止を行った事から朝幕間に緊張状態を生み、やがて後醍醐天皇の親政に至ってついに鎌倉幕府に対する討幕運動へと転化することになったのである。
- Initially, these reforms were in agreement with the Kamakura bakufu's policies to recover public order after confusion due to Mongolian attempts to invade Japan, etc. (the bakufu reforms by Yasumori ADACHI are also called 'Koan-Tokusei'), but when the scale of tokusei was enlarged and consideration of reversion to the old system (before the Kamakura bakufu) became linked with the idea of recovering the authority of the Imperial Court, the Kamakura bakufu used Ryoto tetsuritsu policies for the Imperial succession as a reason to intervene politically and terminated the cloistered governments of Retired Emperors Kameyama and Fushimi, causing tension between the bakufu and the Imperial Court, leading to Emperor Godaigo's direct governance, which eventually transformed into the movement to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.