与: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 高麗の関与
- Involvement of Goryeo
- 与話情浮名横櫛
- Yohanasake Ukinano Yokogushi
- 与えられる氏姓
- Surnames given to former Imperial Family members
- 連隊長:与倉知実
- Regimental Commander: Tomozane YOKURA
- 紅屋与吉…関花助
- Yokici BENIYA: Hanasuke SEKI
- 近代地図への寄与
- Contribution to modern maps
- メトロノミック投与
- metronomic administration
- ─ 指揮長堀与八郎
- - Commander: Yohachiro HORI
- 政争への関与と衰退
- Political Strife and Decline
- 与兵衛は後を追う。
- Yohei runs after him.
- 与保呂川支流砂防堰堤
- Sand control dam of side stream in the upper reaches of Yohorogawa River
- 『堀川』の与五郎など
- Yogoro, of 'Horikawa,' etc.
- (10)徒士目付・与力
- (10) Kachi metsuke (inspector of foot soldiers), Yoriki (a police sergeant)
- 与兵衛の馴染みの女郎。
- She is Yohei's favorite prostitute.
- 与力などが好んで結った。
- Yoriki (police sergeants) liked this hairstyle.
- そこへ与兵衛が帰宅する。
- Then Yohei comes home.
- これを受領名の授与という。
- This was called the grant of zuryomei (honorary titles).
- ローマ市民権を与えられる。
- Given citizenship of Rome.
- 丹後国与佐郡人水江浦島子。
- Mizunoe Urashima no ko in Yosa County, Tango Province,
- 難升米に詔書、黄旗を授与。
- It was then that Nashime was given an Imperial Rescript and yellow banner.
- 野陣ガ原での与三郎の捕縛。
- Yosaburo is arrested at Yajingahara.
- ここで与兵衛は持病が悪化。
- Then Yohei's chronic disease worsens.
- 与兵衛は商用で留守である。
- Yohei is absent on business.
- 与謝蕪村:『鳶烏図』--俳画
- Buson YOSA: 'The painting of crows and a black kite,' which falls under haiga (simple paintings that accompany and interact with the 17 syllable poetic verse called haiku)
- 舞鶴鎮守府、与保呂川など参考
- Refer to sections Maizuru Chinjufu, Yohoro-gawa River, and so on.
- 与兵衛の義父で河内屋現店主。
- He is Yohei's father-in-law, and the current master of Kawachiya.
- クレジットカード与信照会用端末
- CAT
- Credit Authorization Terminal
- - 倭奴国が金印を授与される。
- Nakoku of Wa was given a gold seal.
- 与兵衛は素知らぬ顔であしらう。
- Yohei dismisses it as if he knew nothing.
- 士族は、上級の武士に付与された。
- The title of shizoku was granted to the high ranking samurai.
- 然れども、唯、其券を与ふるのみ。
- However, the rebel army only gave tickets in payment of the bullets.
- 与兵衛は合法の庵で養生している。
- Yohei is nursing his disease at the hermitage of Gappo.
- 与兵衛は仇を前に病気で動けない。
- Yohei, facing his enemy, cannot move because of his disease.
- または代々の諱の下の文字を与えた。
- Alternatively, they were given the hereditary second character of the shogunal imina (personal name).
- 実子ではない与兵衛には遠慮がある。
- Since Yohei is not his own child he treats him with deference.
- 与謝野晶子「君死にたまふ事なかれ」
- Akiko YOSANO 'Kimi Shinitamou koto nakare' (Thou Shalt Not Die)
- 後半部は、和泉屋の与三郎の強請り。
- The latter half is the extortion by Yosaburo at Izumiya.
- 与兵衛のもとにお亀の亡霊が現れる。
- The ghost of Okame appears to Yohei.
- いずれも幕府の指導者に影響を与えた。
- Each such visitor was to have a significant influence on the leaders of the bakufu.
- 新たに総裁、議定、参与の三職をおく。
- Establishment of the Three Posts, including president, gijo, and sanyo (councilor).
- 兄・与兵衛をかばおうと一芝居をうつ。
- She tries to put on a show to protect Yohei.
- 与三郎:おぬしぁ、おれを見忘れたか。
- Yosaburo: You forgot me?
- この動きは斯界に大きな衝撃を与えた。
- This movement made a major impact on the world of Nohgaku.
- 関東御分国 - 将軍に与えられた知行国
- Kanto gobunkoku - provincial territories belonging to the Kamakura Bakufu.
- 伊藤与八郎……1864年6月迄に脱走?
- Yohachiro ITO: Deserted the group by June 1864?
- 周防・長門のみを降参した弘茂に与えた。
- To Hiroshige, who had capitulated, he granted only the provinces of Suo and Nagato.
- また木食応其個人に一千石が与えられた。
- In addition, Mokujiki Ogo was personally given 1,000 koku.
- 河内屋与兵衛は、放埒無頼の驕児である。
- Yohei KAWACHIYA is self-indulgent, dissipated, and morally depraved.
- 第1回日本映画技術賞 美術賞村木与四郎
- The 1st Japanese Film Technology Awards, Art award: Yoshiro MURAKI
- 与三郎:しがねぇ恋の情けが仇(あだ)。
- Yosaburo: My piddling love turned out harmful.
- 武田の騎馬隊に一定の信憑性を与えている。
- This gives some credibility to Takeda's cavalry.
- 1913年第1次山本内閣の与党となった。
- In 1913, the party became the ruling party of the First Yamamoto Cabinet.
- 後には博士に対して職田4町が与えられた。
- Onmyo hakase was later granted 39,668 square meters of shikiden (official rice fields).
- 与三郎・・・・・・市川團十郎 (8代目)
- Yosaburo played by Danjuro ICHIKAWA (the eighth)
- 与論の十五夜踊(1993年12月13日)
- Yoron's Jugoya-odori full moon dance (December 13, 1993)
- ちなみに束ねた紙も鹿に与える事ができる。
- As the senbei's wrapping paper is also edible, you can feed it to deer.
- ともに後世の国語辞書に与えた影響が大きい。
- Both greatly influenced Japanese dictionaries in later generations.
- 露田については同じだけの土地が与えられる。
- Bare fields of the same sizes were also supplied.
- 倭の奴国王は後漢へ通使し金印を授与された。
- The king of 'Na of Way' sent his mission to the Later Han Dynasty and was given a gold stamp.
- 義満は大内義弘の武勇を賞して太刀を与えた。
- Yoshimitsu awarded a sword to Yoshihiro OUCHI in praise of his heroic deed.
- ロシアは沿海州沿岸の漁業権を日本人に与える
- Russia shall grant Japanese people the fishery right in the coast of Primorskii Krai, located in the far east of Russia.
- - 難升米に黄旗を仮授与(帯方郡に付託)。
- Nashime was temporarily given a yellow banner (to be submitted to the Daifang Commandery).
- お沢の2人の遺児のうちの長男で与兵衛の兄。
- He is Osawa's eldest son, and Yohei's older brother.
- 関西歌舞伎界に与えた影響はきわめて大きい。
- The influence on Kansai kabuki was significant.
- 中近世以降の邦楽に大きな影響を与えている。
- It greatly influenced the traditional Japanese music after the Medieval and modern period.
- 恩賞給与には常に公平性の問題がつきまとった。
- Reward grants always raised the question of fairness.
- これらは太政官の経費や職員給与に充てられた。
- The tax was then used to pay the expenses of the Daijokan or provide for workers.
- 勘合符は東アジアの50ヶ国程度に与えられた。
- Kangofu were issued in about 50 countries in Southeast Asia.
- この大火は後白河に非常に大きな衝撃を与えた。
- This great fire was an enormous shock for Goshirakawa.
- そのため、酸性雨の被害軽減にも寄与している。
- Consequently, kosa also contributes to a reduction in the damage due to acid rain.
- 文面からは、対等の関係での贈与と考えられる。
- According to the sentence, it is considered that both countries were on equal terms.
- この書は琉球を経て日本にも影響を与えている。
- This book affected Japan via Ryukyu.
- 県域は現在の宮津市や与謝郡に設置されていた。
- The prefecture covered current day Miyazu City and Yosa County.
- 信長は国掟を定め、武田遺領を家臣に分与する。
- Nobunaga established rules for his territory and divided the former territory of the Takeda clan among his vassals.
- 後継には親族の台与が女王に即位したとされる。
- It is said that Toyo, a relative of Himiko, succeeded her to the throne.
- 第12回毎日映画コンクール 美術賞村木与四郎
- The 12th Mainichi Film Awards, Best art direction: Yoshiro MURAKI
- 四幕目、源氏店妾宅の場より、与三郎の名科白。
- The famous lines by Yosaburo at a scene of the mistress' home of Genjidana in the fourth act.
- 与那国島の祭事の芸能(1985年1月21日)
- Yonaguni's festival performing arts (January 21, 1985)
- 親を思う狐の心に感じ入った義経は鼓を与える。
- Yoshitsune, impressed by the heart of the fox which cares about its parents, gives that tsuzumi.
- その屋敷地は、京都御苑の南西部に与えられた。
- The location of the land given to built their mansion was on the south west side of the Kyoto Imperial Garden.
- 同時に、国司に検田権が付与されるようになった。
- At the same time, kendenken (the right of cadastral surveys) was given to kokushi (provincial governors).
- その質草に相当する金額の金銭を高利で貸与した。
- They loaned money equivalent to the value of the pawned item at high interest.
- 幕末の尊皇攘夷運動や勤王に大きな影響を与えた。
- The book greatly influenced the 'Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians' movement and loyalty to the Emperor in the end of Edo period.
- 朱子学の思想は、近代日本にも強い影響を与えた。
- The thought of Neo-Confucianism had a strong influence on modern Japan.
- 気の毒に思った其角は松浦侯拝領の羽織を与えた。
- Kikaku, who felt sorry for Gengo, gave him a haori (a Japanese half-coat) which he had received from 松浦侯.
- 第8回ブルーリボン賞 技術賞(美術)村木与四郎
- The 8th Blue Ribbon Awards, Technology (Art) award: Yoshiro MURAKI
- 功績を挙げた郡司・富豪・俘囚に恩賞が与えられた。
- The Imperial Court granted rewards to gunji, the rich and powerful class, fushu who were of great service.
- また、織田信長は、撰銭をしたものに厳罰を与えた。
- Nobunaga ODA severely punished the persons who carried out erizeni acts.
- 華族は、公家と大名など最上級の武士に付与された。
- The title of kazoku was granted to the court nobles and the highest ranking samurai such as daimyo (feudal lord).
- そのため与兵衛は増長して成長してしまったらしい。
- This appears to be the reason why Yohei grows to be arrogant and spoiled.
- 与兵衛の伯父で高槻家家中・小栗八弥に使える武士。
- He is Yohei's uncle and is a warrior in service to KOGURI Yatsuya of the Takatsuki family.
- わが所有の領地は全て三人と僧の仁主に分け与える。
- All my belongings should be passed to three princes and to the monk, 仁主.
- 江戸後期には宗家は「観世与左衛門」とも名乗った。
- In the late Edo period, the head also took the name 'Yozaemon KANZE.'
- また、武家が家臣に知行を給与する際にも用いられる。
- It was also used when samurai entitled their vassals to chigyo (the right to manage a territory).
- 功績の顕著な者に対しては朝廷から恩賞が給与された。
- Those among them who carried out fine performance were rewarded by the Imperial Court.
- 弘前藩 - 1万石の賞典禄が与えられた(10万石)
- Hirosaki Domain: 10 thousand goku of the shotenroku was provided (100 thousand goku).
- また御年寄になると町屋敷が与えられることもあった。
- Sometimes machiyashiki (long and narrow wooden row houses) were given to Otoshiyori.
- 横山党本拠地であった横山庄は大江広元に与えられた。
- Yokoyama-sho estate, which was the base of the Yokoyama Party, was given to OE no Hiromoto.
- こうした武功による恩賞の査定・授与を論功行賞という。
- This assessment and provision of rewards based on military performance was called ronko kosho.
- 3月9日 ゲベール銃に換えてミニエー銃を付与される。
- April 1: the troop's outdated Gewehr guns are replaced by the newer Minié rifles.
- 久保田藩 - 2万石の賞典録が与えられた(20万石)
- Kubota Domain: 20 thousand goku of the shotenroku (premium) was provided (200 thousand goku).
- 桑田は絹の産地にそうでない土地では麻田が与えられる。
- Mulberry fields were supplied in the area where silk was produced, and fields for hemp were supplied in other areas.
- 屯田兵土地給与規則 明治23年(1890年)9月公布
- Tondenhei Tochi (land) and Kyuyo (salary) Regulations in September, 1890
- 元来お坊ちゃんの与三郎が色恋沙汰で与太者に転落する。
- A wellborn son, Yosaburo becomes a rogue because of a love affair.
- 与えられた酒母をみて今後とるべき処置等の判定を行う。
- Decide what to do next from the look of the yeast mash which is given for the test.
- うんざりお松・与兵衛・・・・・・・尾上松助 (初代)
- Unzari Omatsu, Yohei - Matsusuke ONOE the first
- 火災は、京都経済を支えてきた町衆に大きな打撃を与えた。
- The fire dealt a serious blow to townspeople who had been supporting the economy in Kyoto.
- 一条氏は七守護の3倍強の力を持って土佐政治に関与した。
- The Ichijo clan took part in political affairs in Tosa with the power that was approximately three times of that of nanashugo.
- これらの書物はマシュー・ペリーの来航にも影響を与えた。
- These books influenced Matthew PERRY's visit to Japan.
- 排出量取引、技術供与による削減 -1.6% (-20)
- The reduction by emission trading and licensing of technology: -1.6% (-20).
- 日本の輸送船を襲い、日本軍に被害を与える戦功をたてた。
- The fleet attacked Japanese transport ships and made a great success by damaging the Japanese navy.
- 初演時は市川團十郎 (8代目)の与三郎が好評であった。
- In the initial performance, the Yosaburo played by Danjuro ICHIKAWA (the eighth) gained good reputation.
- 願望だった茶器の授与がなく悔しがった故事が伝わっている。
- As tradition has it, however, he was unhappy because he was not given tea utensils, which he very much wanted.
- また、本書の編纂方針は『政事要略』にも影響を与えている。
- In addition, the policy employed for compiling this document also affected that of 'Seiji Yoryaku.'
- 中世における座の形成にも寄人集団の関与が指摘されている。
- It is suggested that the establishment of Za in the middle ages may also have been influenced by yoriudo groups.
- この時点でもまだ頼政の関与は露見していなかったのである。
- Up until this point, Yorimasa's involvement in the plot had still not been discovered.
- 参与岩倉具視、大原重徳、万里小路博房、長谷信篤、橋本実梁
- Sanyo: Tomomi IWAKURA, Shigetomi OHARA, Hirofusa MADENOKOJI, Nobuatsu NAGATANI, and Saneyana HASHIMOTO
- 三国干渉は日露戦争のきっかけに直接・間接の影響を与えた。
- The Triple Intervention triggered the Japanese-Russo War both directly and indirectly.
- 3月3日、高野勢五十余名が多和城を夜襲して損害を与えた。
- On April 5, more than 50 soldiers of the Koya army attacked the Tawa-jo Castle at night and damaged it.
- 六国史の抄本的役割を担っており、後世に与えた影響が大きい。
- It plays the role as the abridged transcript of Rikkokushi, and substantially influenced later generations.
- 藩主から庄屋などへ与えられた給田は、年貢が免除されていた。
- Kyuden given to Shoya from the domain lord were exempt from land tax.
- 武家は名家のみならず、新興の勢力も文化振興に寄与している。
- With respect to samurai families, not only reputable families but also newly emerged power contributed promotion of culture.
- - 壬申の乱で大海人皇子(天武天皇)に与して功績を上げた。
- He took sides with Prince Oama (Emperor Tenmu) in the Jinshin War, achieving great victories.
- 初めは官軍に与していた廬龍軍などが乱側に寝返ってしまった。
- Armies like the Lulong army that used to side with the imperial army switched sides and allied themselves with the rebels.
- 惣無事令の発令は、九州討伐や小田原征伐の大義名分を与えた。
- The issue of sobuji-rei gave justification to Hideyoshi's suppression of Kyushu and Odawara.
- 「乃ち元を改めて、海内の億兆と与に、更始一新せむと欲す。」
- That is, to change the era name and I would like to start anew with an almighty and magnificent approach.'
- 与杼神社拝殿(よどじんじゃはいでん)〔京都市伏見区淀本町〕
- Haiden of Yodo-jinja Shrine [Yodo Honmachi, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City]
- 徳兵衛に早く与兵衛を勘当してしまうように忠告し続けている。
- He keeps advising Tokubei to cut off Yohei as soon as possible.
- 玄人は通常、修行後に師範もしくは準職分の職位を与えられる。
- A professional, after apprenticeship, is usually given the rank of shihan or jun shokubun.
- また、武勲を褒め称える感状の授与も鎌倉時代以降の慣習である。
- The grant of written testimonials praising outstanding military services was instituted in the Kamakura period and onwards.
- 家人の恩賞を朝廷に周旋し、家人の任官・昇叙に関与したりした。
- They in turn recommended the Imperial Court to reward kejin, and were involved in kenin's appointment as governmental officials or their promotion.
- 国衙も官物の免除などの特典を与えて常に内外の開発者を募った。
- Kokuga (provincial government offices), in turn, used incentives such as exemption from kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) to constantly recruit land developers inside and outside of their provinces.
- 国人らは本領とは別に守護から給分田を与えられていたのである。
- It means that kokujin and others were provided kyubun-den (bonus rice field) from shugo besides their territories.
- (このとき、伊藤を通じて下賜金2万円が政友会に与えられた。)
- (At this time, the Seiyu Party received the imperial donation of 20,000 yen through Ito.)
- 贈与の目的は、百済と倭国の軍事同盟の証という説が有力である。
- The opinion that the purpose of the present was a token of military alliance between Paekche and Wakoku.
- とくに李退渓の学問は日本の林羅山や山崎闇斎らに影響を与えた。
- Especially, the learning of The Ghe LEE affected Razan HAYASHI, Ansai YAMAZAKI, and others in Japan.
- さらに、条里制による耕地の区画整理が進み、班田が与えられた。
- Moreover, Jori system (the system of land division) facilitated the readjustment of cultivated land and each member was allotted farmland.
- 七五調とは対照的に素朴で力強い感じを与えることを特徴とする。
- It gives simple and powerful impression in contrast with seven-and-five syllable meter.
- 五七調とは対照的に優しく優雅な感じを与えることを特徴とする。
- It gives gentle and elegant impression in contrast with five-and-seven syllable meter.
- 店の身代をも傾けようとする与兵衛の放蕩ぶりに呆れ果てている。
- He is completely fed up with Yohei who is self-centered and mindlessly spending the shop's income.
- 徳兵衛とお沢の間に生まれた娘で与兵衛、太兵衛の父親違いの妹。
- She is Tokubei and Osawa's daughter, and Yohei and Tahei's stepsister.
- 五世与五郎急逝の後は、師家金春重家が家元を預かった。(六世)
- After the sudden death of Yogoro, the fifth, Shigeie KONPARU (fifth) kept the iemoto (the head family of the school).
- また職人や廻船業者へ与えられた給田もあり、小給などと呼ばれた。
- There were also Kyuden given to handicraftsmen and Kaisengyosha (shipping agents), which were called Shokyu.
- 臨時給(りんじきゅう)とは、規定外の年官を臨時に給与すること。
- Rinjikyu was provisional payment of extra nenkan (a regular nenkan means: a right granted as a stipend to members of the Imperial Family [including the emperor], consorts of the emperor, some court nobles, and so forth to nominate a person for a certain government post conferred to them on the occasion of the annual installation of them as government officials).
- また、聖なる存在として国役の免除、給免田の付与なども獲得した。
- Kugonin also obtained exemption from national duties and the provision of Kyumenden as a holy existence.
- 上流貴族だけでなく、中下流貴族もまた数千万円の給与を得ていた。
- A salary of tens of millions of yen was not limited to those in the upper class of nobles, middle and lower classes of nobles also received such amounts.
- この攻撃ではロシアの戦艦に損傷を与えたが大きな戦果はなかった。
- Although the attack damaged Russian warships, it did was insignificant in the larger order of battle.
- 卑弥呼の宗女「台与」を十三歳で王に立てると国中が遂に鎮定した。
- It was only after Toyo, a 13-year-old girl from Himiko's family, was installed as queen that the country was finally brought to order.
- 続いて「嶋の為朝」という所作事が入り与三郎の遠島が暗示される。
- Next, a Shosagoto (dance in Kabuki) called 'Shima no Tametomo' follows, which indicates the Ento (to be exiled to a remote island) of Yosaburo.
- 静もようやく追いつくが義経は初音の鼓を与え、静を置去りにする。
- Shizuka finally catches up with them, but Yoshitsune gives her the Hatsune no tsuzumi and leaves her there.
- 橘奈良麻呂の変への関与が疑われた事により臣籍降下を命じられる。
- He was ordered to be demoted from nobility to subject after he came under suspicion of being involved in the TACHIBANA no Naramaro Disturbance.
- 事情により朝臣又は宿禰の姓(かばね)が与えられることもあった。
- Due to the circumstances, in some situations the surnames of Asomi or Sukune were given.
- また京を逃れたお亀と与兵衛は生駒山の倉狩(暗)峠にさしかかる。
- On the other hand, Okame and Yohei have escaped from Kyoto and come by Kuragari-toge Pass in Mt. Ikoma.
- 罪を許され京へ帰参するついでに邪魔な与兵衛をも始末に来たのだ。
- He has come to kill Yohei, a nuisance for him, on the way back to Kyoto after having been forgiven.
- 瀬左衛門は盗まれた家宝の詮議を与兵衛に頼み、香炉の図面を渡す。
- Sezaemon asks Yohei to investigate the theft of the heirloom and gives him a drawing of the incense burner.
- 巳之助・伊勢屋与兵衛・・・・・・・・市村羽左衛門 (15代目)
- Minosuke, Yohei ISEYA・・・・・・・・Uzaemon ICHIMURA XV
- 牙符制は日本国王使・王城大臣使に査証の手段を与えるものであった。
- It was Gafusei that granted endorsement to the King of Japan and Ojo envoys.
- 大舘尚氏が「九郎」と呼ばれる人物のために書き与えたとされている。
- It is believed that Hisauji ODACHI wrote this book for a person called 'Kuro.'
- また、新規移民に米、銭、農具などを与える移民扶助の規定を設けた。
- Also, an aid system was created to provide rice, money and agricultural tools to new immigrants.
- 日本政府からも勲八等の勲位と白色桐葉章、年金36円が与えられた。
- The Japanese government also gave them Kun hachito (8th rank of the Order of Merit), the White Paulownia Medal and a pension of 36 yen.
- また江戸時代には与謝蕪村が「白梅や墨芳しき鴻臚館」と詠っている。
- During the Edo period, a Japanese poet YOSA no Buson composed the poem 'A plum tree standing beside the Sumiya (a Geisha house established at the Korokan site), did you watch the prosperity of Korokan in those days?'
- 文人画(南画):池大雅、与謝蕪村、浦上玉堂、青木木米、田能村竹田
- Nanga picture: IKE no Taiga, Buson YOSA, Gyokudo URAGAMI, Mokubei AOKI, and Chikuden TANOMURA
- これらの権利は、天皇から臣民に与えられた「恩恵的権利」とされた。
- These rights were thought to be 'the right given by emperor's favor.'
- または、俳人・与謝蕪村による妖怪絵巻『蕪村妖怪絵巻』にある妖怪。
- Another view is that Akago is yokai which appeared in 'Buson Yokai Emaki' (Picture Scrolls with Monstrous Beings) created by a Haiku poet, Buson YOSA.
- 妻や娘にまで暴力を振るう与兵衛に遂に堪忍袋の緒が切れて勘当する。
- He finally loses patience with Yohei after Yohei is violent with his wife and daughter, and he cuts Yohei off.
- 後にお富と与三郎は小さいころに生き別れた兄妹であることが分かる。
- Later it is found out that Otomi and Yosaburo are the actual brother and sister who were separated when they were small.
- クイーンを通算5期つとめた者には永世クイーンの称号が与えられる。
- Players who won the Queen title five times in total are given the new title 'Eisei Gueen' (Permanent Queen).
- その12戸に毎年120石、532両2分を給与すると再び回復した。
- The above number began to increase again when a stipend of each house was increased to 120 koku per year and 532 ryo 2 bu.
- そのほか空手(唐手)の成立に、中国拳法は大きな影響を与えている。
- Chinese martial arts also affected the establishment of karate.
- その結果として領土を勝ち得、家臣団に与えて下克上の芽を摘み取った。
- This led to acquisition of territories, which were then given to the daimyo's vassals to ease their ambition to come through the ranks.
- また、准后に叙せられた人臣に対してもこれに準じた待遇が与えられた。
- Furthermore, subjects who were conferred Jugo (or Jusango, an honorary rank next to the Emperor, Empress Dowager, and Empress, conferred to both men and women) received treatment accordingly.
- 1929年12月:三・一五に関与していない被告人21名に対し判決。
- December 1929: A judicial decision was made on 21 defendants who had not been involved in the Affair on March 15.
- 近世においては、庄屋などの地方三役へ給与された田地を給田と呼んだ。
- In the modern age, rice fields granted to the three top officers in the village such as the shoya (village headman) were called Kyuden.
- 8世紀末に桓武天皇が皇女の朝原内親王に授与した「親王賜田」の一つ。
- One of the estates ('shinno shiden') granted to Imperial Princess Asahara by Emperor Kanmu in the late eighth century.
- 足軽、武家奉公人の他、江戸町奉行所の与力、同心、代官所の手代など。
- In addition to ashigaru or buke hokonin, there existed yoriki, doshin, tedai (clerk) in the magistrate's office and so on.
- 以上の統治機構に属する官僚は、それぞれ官職と位階が与えられていた。
- Bureaucrats belonging to the above-mentioned government organizations were appointed to government posts and ranks.
- 基本的に、継体天皇の近親とそれ以降の天皇・皇子の子孫に与えられた。
- Basically, it is given to close blood relatives of Emperor Keitai and the descendants of the subsequent emperors and princes.
- 大伴氏、佐伯氏など主に連(むらじ)姓を持った神別氏族に与えられた。
- Sukune was given to the clans branched from a family of god such as Otomo clan, Saeki clan who mainly had the title of Muraji.
- 隊士には藩庁から給与が支給され、隊士は隊舎で起居して訓練に励んだ。
- Kiheitai Army's officers trained hard themselves on condition that they were paid by the government building of domain and given a place to stay.
- 土地は公有制であるため、原則的には天皇から与えられたものであった。
- Since land was publicly owned, it was generally given by the emperor.
- 京都では長州藩や薩摩藩など西南諸藩が公家と関係して政局に関与した。
- In Kyoto, clans from the southwest region, such as Choshu and Satsuma, involved themselves in national politics by making contacts with court nobles.
- この石寺楽市は、近隣にある安土城の楽市にも影響を与えることになる。
- Ishidera Rakuichi also influenced Rakuichi in Azuchi-jo Castle that is located close-by.
- ある日、与三郎はごろつきの蝙蝠安とともにお富の妾宅に強請りに来る。
- One day, Yosaburo came to the house of Otomi to do extortion with a rascal, Komori.
- 1461年には常盤井宮に親王宣下を与えて大覚寺統の正統を保存した。
- In 1461the Emperor gave Shino senge (title Prince by Imperial order) to Tokiwai no Miya to maintain the legitimate Daikaku-ji Imperial line.
- 明神鳥居前では道具屋与兵衛と女房お亀の難儀を問屋人足孫七が助ける。
- In front of the gate of Taga-myojin Shrine, a tool merchant Yohei and his wife Okame are in trouble and are helped by Magoshichi, a Toiya-ninsoku (laborer for administration officers of inn town).
- 我が父・与惣兵衛までもが盗難の責を問われて入牢したというのである。
- Also, his father Yosobe is imprisoned to take the responsibility of this robbery.
- そのため、給与された恩賞に対する不満は常に潜在していたと言ってよい。
- It can be said therefore that there was constantly latent dissatisfaction at granted rewards.
- 従来思われていたほど、幕府は積極的に関与したわけではないと思われる。
- The bakufu's part in the trading may have been less active than ever believed.
- ただ朝鮮陽明学は実学・経世致用の思想に影響を与えたことは事実である。
- However, it is a fact that Korean Yomeigaku has influenced the practical learning and ideology of Keiseichiyo.
- 海犬養勝麻呂に二振りの剣を運ばせ佐伯子麻呂と葛城稚犬養網田に与えた。
- They made AMANOINUKAI no Katsumaro carry two swords and let SAEKI no Komaro and KATSURAGINO-WAKAINUKAINO Amita have each.
- そのため和泉衆をその与力として付け、合わせて五千弱の兵力を編成した。
- Therefore, he added Izumi shu as the same side and composed less than 5,000 military force in total.
- 人格者容姿も美しい出来た妻だがその隙を与兵衛に襲われ殺されてしまう。
- She is an accomplished wife with a beautiful figure and good nature, who is attacked and murdered by Yohei.
- 志賀の都で忠臣たちへ恩賞が授与され、久我之助と雛鳥の供養が行われる。
- The loyal vassals are rewarded in Shiga no Miyako (the ancient capital of Japan in current Shiga, also called Otsu no Miyako), and a Buddhist service is held for Koganosuke and Hinadori.
- が、本心を知るおりよはわざと与兵衛とお亀を勘当し、銭別に香炉を渡す。
- However, Oriyo, knowing his true feeling, repudiates Yohei and Okame on purpose and gives them the incense burner as a farewell gift.
- 幕府への寄進や寄付に応じ、足利将軍家の通り名である「義」の字を与えた。
- Depending on how much land or money the vassals donated to the Shogunate, they were granted the use of the character '義,' which the Ashikaga Shogunal family used as a part of their cognomens.
- 大内裏には四方に12の門が備えられ、各々有力氏族の姓が付与されていた。
- The daidairi had twelve gates on four sides, each gate having the family name of a powerful clan.
- 鎌倉殿が御家人の所領支配を保障し、又は新たな土地給与を行うことを言う。
- The Kamakura-dono guaranteed the governance of territories by gokenin and supplied them with new land.
- しかし、その極端な遠近法は後代の浮世絵にも大きな影響を与えたとされる。
- However, it is said that the extremity of its method of perspective had a large effect on later art known as ukiyoe (woodblock prints depicting everyday life of the common people).
- 被官化は、守護が被官国人らへ所領や徴税権などを給与することで行われた。
- Shugo carried out 'Hikanization' by providing the vassalized kokujin and others with territory and the privilege of collecting taxes and so on.
- そのほか、高山では酸性霧の中和に関与していることが解明されてきている。
- In addition, it has also been made clear that this type of kosa is concerned with the neutralization acid fogs in high mountains.
- 元々、ヤマト王権に対して服属した畿内周辺の豪族に与えられた姓であった。
- Originally, Omi was granted to the local ruling clans who were subjected to the Yamato sovereignty around Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto).
- 与えられた権限の大きさから、「遠の朝廷(とおのみかど)」とも呼ばれる。
- Because of the great authority it was granted, it was also called 'To no mikado' (government office located far from the capital).
- それが採用された結果視聴者にインパクトを与え、定着したとのことである。
- As a result of its adoption, it gave an impact to viewers and it has been rooted.
- 江戸時代の文人画の代表者には、池大雅、与謝蕪村、谷文晁、渡辺崋山など。
- Prominent painters of Bunjinga who lived during the Edo period include IKE no Taiga, Buson YOSA, Buncho TANI, and Kazan WATANABE.
- 臣籍に降下する皇族には、臣下であることを表す氏及びカバネが与えられる。
- Imperial Family members demoted from nobility to subject were given a surname to show their rank was reduced to subject.
- しかし辻番・与惣兵衛に見咎められ、しかも彼が実の父であることがわかる。
- However, Tsujiban Yosobe caught him and it turns out that Yosobe is his biological father.
- 「破墨山水図」は、雪舟が1495年に制作し、弟子の宗淵に与えた山水画。
- Haboku-sansui-zu' is a Sansui-ga (Chinese-style landscape painting) which was created by Sesshu in 1495 and was given to Sesshu's disciple, Soen.
- 田堵負名層は、軍役に応え戦功に応じてさらに新たな所領を与えられたりした。
- The Tato fumyo class were given new holdings according to their meritorious performance in battle.
- そして、対策として諸国の人口状況もう一度調査して、正確に口分田を与える。
- As a countermeasure, he recommended surveying the population of provinces again to properly allocate kubunden.
- ただし、支配階層には皇族・華族・士族の称号が付与され、戸籍に明記された。
- Exceptionally, the ruling classes were granted titles of kozoku (the Imperial Family), kazoku (the peerage), and shizoku (samurai family) which they put on their family register.
- 室町時代の守護には、鎌倉期の地頭よりも非常に大きな権限が与えられていた。
- During the Muromachi period, shugo (provincial constables) had many more rights than jito of the Kamakura period.
- また男子はこれとは別に20畝の桑田を与えられ、これは世襲できるとされた。
- A mulberry field of approx. 0.93 hectares was supplied to each male additionally, and it was specified that this field was inheritable.
- ある程度の損害を与え、その後の交渉で日本に要求をのませるようにするため。
- Their aim was to damage Japan to some extent and force it to accept their demands in later negotiations.
- 明末は魏忠賢ら宦官に与する閹党と顧憲成らの東林党が党争を繰り返していた。
- At the end of the Ming period, the Yang Dang faction, which sided with eunuchs including Wei Zhongxian, repeatedly came into conflict with the Dongling faction, including Gu Xiancheng.
- 使節団一行には軍艦や兵士の護衛がつき、威圧効果を朝鮮側に与えようとした。
- Japan tried to coerce Korea by sending a guard of battleships and soldiers to accompany the envoy.
- しかし日朝修好条規では、そうした暇を朝鮮に与えることは無かったのである。
- However, Japan did not give such time to Korea in the Japanese-Korean Treaty of Amity.
- 関東方面:滝川一益を方面軍総司令官として、与力に森長可や川尻秀隆を配属。
- Kanto region: Kazumasu TAKIGAWA was appointed as commander in chief of the region, and Nagayoshi MORI and Hidetaka KAWAJIRI were assigned as yoriki.
- 太田城の開城に伴い死を与えられた者たちは、一揆の主導層である地侍である。
- Those who were killed at the time of surrender of Ota-jo Castle were jizamurai who led ikki.
- 元網没後、長男朽木宣綱が6470石を与えられ、残りは弟2人に分知された。
- After the death of Mototsuna, his first son, Nobutsuna KUTSUKI was granted 6470 goku crop yields and the rest was subdivided between his other two sons.
- このことが神秘的な感じを与え、これも六曜の人気の要因の一つとなっている。
- This gives a mysterious aura to rokuyo and is one of the reasons for the popularity.
- 、幕府の無策に憤って大坂町奉行所の元与力大塩平八郎が大坂で武装蜂起した。
- In 1837, Heihachiro OSHIO, a former police sergeant (yoriki) of the magistrate's office of Osaka, became indignant at the do-nothing government and conducted an armed uprising in Osaka.
- 情事は露見し与三郎は源左衛門の手下にめった斬りにされ海に投げ捨てられた。
- Because their love affair was found out, Yosaburo was barbarously killed by the followers of Genzaemon and his body was thrown away in the sea.
- 節の番号数の前後の番号にいくばくかの金額を与えたが、これを両袖といった。
- At the numbers before and after fushi some amount of prize money were given, which was called ryosode.
- 名人を連続5期あるいは通算7期つとめた者には永世名人の称号が与えられる。
- Players who held the Meijin title for five years and players who won the title seven times in total are given the new title 'Eisei Meijin' (Permanent Meijin).
- その他の物は、長年仕えてくれた家司と侍女達に分け与える」と遺言している。
- All of my other possessions can be given to the Keishi (imperial household superintendents) and ladies-in-waiting who have long served me.'
- 上方部(肩)が横に張り出した茶入で、茄子などに較べて力強い印象を与える。
- This type of chaire, with its shoulder dilated, looks more robust than Nasu.
- 1996年、勲一等瑞宝章を授与(芸能界初の勲一等生存者叙勲)されている。
- In 1996, he received Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure (it was the first time for a living person to receive the Grand Cordon in the entertainment industry).
- 御家人には軍忠状を提出して軍功と引き換えに恩賞を請求する権利が与えられた。
- Gokenin (shogunal retainers) were given rights to claim rewards for their meritorious performance in battle by submitting service citations.
- 一種の封禄としての意味を持ち、平安時代初期に三宮に給与したのにはじまった。
- This system was meant to pay a kind of salary to the above people and started in the early Heian period when such posts were given to sangu (three empresses).
- 忠盛も受領として荘園の設立に関与し、院領荘園の管理も任されるようになった。
- Tadamori was also involved as an officer in making shoens and held managerial positions at the Cloistered Emperor's shoens.
- 事件は幕府内に憶測を招き、山名氏や細川氏の関与が疑われた記録も残っている。
- This incident intrigued the bakufu, and there are records remaining that held the Tamana clan and Hosokawa clan under suspicion of being associated with this incident.
- 参戦した隊士達には原田左之助の20両を筆頭に、会津藩から恩賞が与えられた。
- The members in the battle were given reward grants from the Aizu Clan, including Sanosuke HARADA who was given 20 ryo (current unit).
- 1346年、幕府は守護に対して、刈田狼藉の取締と使節遵行の権限を付与した。
- In 1346, the bakufu gave to shugos the power and authority of control of karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally) and of shisetsu jungyo (process for implementing bakufu's decision on conflicts regarding property ownership).
- 宗教界にも影響を与え、日蓮は『立正安国論』を幕府に上程して国難を主張する。
- It also influenced people of religion, and Nichiren submitted 'Rissho Ankoku Ron' (Treatise for Spreading Peace Throughout the Country by Establishing the True Teaching) to bakufu, insisting that it was a national crisis.
- また、木曽義昌や諏訪頼忠に所領安堵状を与え、信濃も半ば手中するかに見えた。
- Ujinao also gave a certificate for the land to Yoshimasa KISO and Yoritada SUWA, and he seemed close to having Shinano within his grasp.
- 大塩に従った農民も多く、地方にも飛び火して幕府や諸藩に大きな衝撃を与えた。
- Many farmers followed Oshio, and the uprising spread repercussions in other regions, which gave a great shock to the shogunate government and domains.
- 与えられる氏が源平に固定されると姓(かばね)も朝臣に固定されるようになる。
- Once the name was settled as Minamoto and Taira, the kabane was also settled as Asomi.
- 明治16年(1893年)、野村家の本家に当たる野村与作を頼んで東京へ移住。
- In 1893, he moved to Tokyo with the help of Yosaku NOMURA, who is in the head family of NOMURA.
- 犯人は平田篤胤派国学の門人である三輪田元綱、師岡正胤とされ、会津藩士も関与。
- The criminals were considered to be Mototsuna MIWADA and Masatane MOROOKA, disciples of the school of Atsutane HIRATA in the study of Japanese classical literature, and retainers of the Aizu Clan were also concerned.
- 尊氏は勅状を得ないまま出陣し、後醍醐天皇は尊氏に追って征東将軍の号を与える。
- Takauji went to the front without obtaining the emperor's authorization, but Emperor Godaigo later conferred the title of seii taishogun on Takauji.
- つまり日本側に与える経済的ダメージが少ないからこそ無関税を唱えたことになる。
- He meant that because there would be little economic damage to Japan he proposed not to impose the tax.
- 北陸方面:柴田勝家を方面軍総司令官として、与力に前田利家や佐々成政らを配属。
- Hokuriku region: Katsuie SHIBATA was appointed as commander in chief of the region, and Toshiie MAEDA and Narimasa SASSA were assigned as yoriki (mounted warrior belonging to a general in the Sengoku period).
- しかし秀吉に恨まれ、奥州仕置によって領地は蒲生氏郷に与えられることとなった。
- Hideyoshi bore resentment against Akimitsu and transferred the fief of the Ishikawa clan to Ujisato GAMO on the pretext of punishment of the powerful warriors in the area of Oshu to prevent them from strengthening their power.
- 彼女に入れあげている与兵衛は、200匁のつけ払いを父の徳兵衛名義でしている。
- In his obsession for her, Yohei borrows 200 monme (coin measured by weight) on credit in the name of his father-in-law, Tokubei.
- また、丹波康頼の『医心方』にも引用されるなど後世の医学・博物学に影響を与えた。
- In addition, the dictionary influenced medical science and natural history in later ages; for example, it was quoted in 'Ishinho' (an ancient medical book) written by TANBA no Yasuyori.
- 寄進に際して、開発領主は新領主から荘官に任じられるとともに、給田を与えられた。
- Upon donation, the development landholders were appointed as shokan by the new landholder and were given kyuden.
- 兼通に関白就任に必要な大臣の資格を与えるために内大臣が72年ぶりに設置された。
- To award Kanemichi the qualifications as minister to be installed as chancellor, the post of Great Minister of the Center was used for the first time in 72 years.
- 後に建武の新政において役職を務める伊賀兼光や律僧の文観の関与も指摘されている。
- The participation of Kanemitsu IGA, who later became an official during the Kenmu Restoration, and the risso, Monkan, have also been suggested.
- 更に豊臣政権の確立を間近に控え、秀吉にそれ相応の官職を与える必要性が出てきた。
- Furthermore, it was necessary for the Imperial Court to designate Hideyoshi, who was on the verge of establishing the Toyotomi administration, in an appropriate official position.
- この時の行政区域はその後の国民政府による台湾行政区域決定にも影響を与えている。
- The administrative regions established at this time influenced the Nationalist Government when it determined Taiwan administrative regions.
- 政虎は、甘粕景持に兵1000を与えて渡河地点に配置し、武田軍の別働隊に備えた。
- Masatora gave Kagemochi AMAKASU 1,000 soldiers, and deployed them at the river crossing area to prepare for the possible attack by the separate troops of Takeda's forces.
- 中国方面:羽柴秀吉を方面軍総司令官として、与力に黒田孝高や蜂須賀正勝らを配属。
- Chugoku region: Hideyoshi HASHIBA was appointed as commander in chief of the region, and Yoshikata KURODA and Masakatsu HACHISUKA were assigned as yoriki.
- この厳しすぎる処分は、関ヶ原の戦いで蒲生家を東軍に与させる遠因にもなっている。
- This severe punishment became an indirect reason for the Gamo family's switching to the side of the Eastern Army during the Battle of Sekigahara.
- 新当主である三法師は近江国坂田郡と安土城を相続し、秀吉には山城国が与えられた。
- As the new head of the family, Sanboshi inherited Sakata-gun in the Province of Omi and Azuchi-jo Castle, while Hideyoshi acquired Yamashiro Province.
- それらの主張は尊王攘夷運動と明治初期の薩長藩閥政府にも少なからぬ影響を与えた。
- These claims did not by any means have a small influences on the Sonno Joi Movement (the movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and the policies of the government led by Saccho (the Satsuma and Choshu Domains) during the early Meiji period.
- その後、能勢の地は秀吉に降伏した島津氏に在京賄料として与えられることとなった。
- After that, for traveling and living cost in Kyoto the land of Nose was given to the Shimazu clan, who had surrendered to Hideyoshi
- また、天正4年(1576年)からの明智光秀の丹波攻略には与力となって協力した。
- During the capture of Tanba (started in 1576), he cooperated with Mitsuhide AKECHI as a Yoriki (a police sergeant).
- だが、父・徳兵衛を引き合いに出したばかりに逆に与兵衛に暴力を振るわれてしまう。
- But she is battered by Yohei when she mentions her father.
- 面(つら)に受けたる看板の 疵(きず)がもっけの幸いに 切られ与三と異名をとり
- However, thanks to the scars on my face, I gained public notoriety as 'Kirare Yosa.'
- 実際に活歴は歌舞伎のファンには奇異な印象を与えるもので、概ね興行的に失敗した。
- These performances actually made a grotesque impression on Kabuki fans and generally ended as box-office failures.
- しかし宗与は夭逝し、改めて表千家10代吸江斎の子を養子に迎え10代宗悦とした。
- However, Soyo died prematurely, so the Hisada family adopted a child of Kyukosai, the tenth generation head of the Omotesenke, who became the tenth generation head of the Hisada family, known as Soetsu.
- 与力として重臣の指揮下に就いており、決して重臣の家臣(陪臣)になったのではない。
- They were placed under the senior vassal as a reinforcement, but they did not in any way become his vassals.
- 鎌倉期の守護には大犯三ヶ条の検断権と大番役の指揮監督権しか与えられていなかった。
- In the Kamakura period, Shugo was only assigned the right of Taibon sankajo (three basic rights of shugo, the provincial constable) and the right to supervise as part of Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto).
- この形式は、定期造替ののちの旧殿分与によってその後畿内各地に広がったとみられる。
- This form seemed to be spread around the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) due to the distribution of old buildings after regular reconstruction.
- そこは前年の太郎焼亡で焼け残った地域とも重なっており、人々に甚大な衝撃を与えた。
- It was the same area that was burned during the Taro shobo in the previous year and this shocked the people.
- 明徳の乱では義弘は大いに奮戦して武功著しく、和泉国・紀伊国の守護職を与えられる。
- Yoshihiro fought very hard and valiantly during the Meitoku rebellion, achieving a remarkable number of military victories and exploits, so he was also made shugo of Izumi and Kii Provinces.
- 京へ納入され中央政府の主要財源として、官人の給与(位禄・季禄)などに充てられた。
- Delivered to the capital, Cho was allotted to the salary for the government official (Iroku [stipends paid to people who were in the fourth rank and the fifth rank]) and kiroku [salary paid to the officers under the ritsuryo system]), etc. as the main financial resources of the central government.
- 他には、662年に百済王子、余豊璋に織冠を与えたと言う記録が見られるのみである。
- In addition, there was only one record that shokkan was donated to YO Hosho, a prince of Paekche, in 662.
- 華族は公法上は国家から特別待遇が与えられたが、私法上は士族、平民と同様であった。
- Kazoku could receive special treatments from the state under public laws, but they were treated in the same manner as shizoku and heimin under private laws.
- 氏郷は郷安を寵愛し、岩瀬郡の長沼城 (陸奥国)に3万5000石を与えて厚遇した。
- Ujisato favored Satoyasu and granted him the estate of Naganumajo Castle in Iwase District (Mutsu Province) with 35,000 koku (6,314 cubic meters of rice-crop yield).
- 4日早朝には反織田派が蜂起して孫一の館に放火し、さらに残る孫一の与党を攻撃した。
- In the early morning of the 3rd, the anti-Oda group rose a revolt, set fire to Magoichi's residence and attacked a pro-Magoichi group who still stayed there.
- 島津軍は川上忠実に数百の兵を与えて泗川古城を守らせ、およそ1万石の食糧を置いた。
- Shimazu Army provided several hundred soldiers to Tadazane KAWAKAMI to defend the old Sacheon Waeseong and left ten thousand koku (1 koku=180.4 liters) worth of food.
- 空腹状態でない鵜は鮎を捕らないため、漁に連れて行く鵜には漁が終わってから与える。
- As cormorants that are not hungry don't catch sweetfishes, those that are brought to fishing are fed only after fishing finished.
- その知らせを受けた明治天皇はこの日、熾仁親王への大勲位菊花章頸飾授与を決定した。
- After Emperor Meiji heard this news, he decided to confer the Collar of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum to Imperial Prince Taruhito.
- 京の四條河原に住む蛇つかいのうんざりお松のもとに道具屋与兵衛の番頭傳三が訪れる。
- Denzo, the head clerk of tool merchant Yohei, visits Unzari Omatsu (disgusting Omatsu), a snake tamer who lives in Shijogawara, Kyoto.
- 多くの場合、領主側が地頭に譲歩し、和与中分が行われることが多かったと見られている。
- It is contemplated that wayo-chubun in which the lord of shoen made concessions to jito was widely done.
- 『伴大納言絵詞』や『源氏物語絵巻』と同様に、後白河法皇が関与した、という説もある。
- However, it is also said that Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa was involved in the making of it as well as 'Ban Dainagon Ekotoba' and 'Genji Monogatari Emaki.'
- 親雀が子に餌を与えるすがたは、宋画における定形の図様を借用しているとの指摘がある。
- It is pointed out that a parental sparrow feeding its child was cribbed from the regular pattern in Song Dynasty paintings.
- 富豪農民の寄進による既墾地系荘園の増加は、律令体制の財政基盤に深刻な動揺を与えた。
- The expansion of Kikonchi Kei Shoen due to donations from wealthy farmers created serious commotion on the financial base of the Ritsuryo system.
- 平家一門の例もあれば、平家側に与した武士の例もあったということを忘れてはならない。
- Therefore, it shouldn't be forgotten that samurai who sided with the Taira family were included, other than the members of Taira family, in Heike no Ochudo.
- これは緊急時における政治大権を武士に付与することを意味する画期的な事件でもあった。
- This was a breakthrough because it meant that bushi may be given political power during emergency.
- 江戸時代に徳川光圀によって、歴代皇紀(れきだいこうき)という表題が与えられている。
- Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA gave it the name Rekidaikoki in the Edo period.
- 極印方の湯浅作兵衛は徳川家より大黒常是(だいこくじょうぜ)という姓名を与えられた。
- As the officer in charge of stamping hallmarks, Sakubei YUASA was granted the new family name DAIKOKUJOUZE from the Tokugawa family.
- 律令制により国力の充実した唐は大帝国を築き上げ、東アジア諸国へ大きな影響を与えた。
- Based on the Ritsuryo system, the Tang Dynasty built up the country into a great empire and expanded its influence to other East Asian countries.
- また、司法省の権限強化を目指した江藤新平の追及もこの事件に大きな影響を与えている。
- In addition, the pursuit by Shinpei ETO who aimed strengthening of authority for the Ministry of Justice also had a great influence on this incident.
- 屯田兵に与えられる土地は従来の1.5倍となり、ほかに共同利用の公有地が用意された。
- The land given to a tondenhei became 1.5 times larger than that in the past, and, besides, the public land for shared use was prepared.
- 官奴婢と同じく口分田が良民と同額班給され休仮・服仮・産仮が与えられ衣粮が給された。
- Like kunuhi, kanko were not only allotted state-distributed fields (called 'kubunden' in Japanese) of equal value to those held by ryomin and granted time off, including leave for mourning and childbirth, but also supplied with food and clothing.
- フランス皇帝ナポレオン3世より幕府に送られたもので、幕府軍の精鋭部隊に与えられた。
- Napoleon the third, Emperor of France, sent the rifles to the bakufu, and they were given to the elite troops of the bakufu.
- 与兵衛は遊ぶ金にこまり、金貸しの綿屋小兵衛から1貫匁の金を義父のにせはんでかりた。
- Lacking spending money, Yohei borrowed 1 kanme (a measure of coins) from Kohei, a money lender and master of a cotton shop, using a counterfeit of his father-in-law's seal.
- 延暦17年(798年)9月19日、朝原内親王は越後国の田地二百五十町を与えられた。
- On November 5, 798 Imperial Princess Asahara was given two hundred fifty cho (about 610 acres) of rice fields in Echigo Province.
- 宗二が複数の弟子に書き与えたため、宗二自筆と認められる類本が十冊ほど現存している。
- Because Soji transcribed the book and gave the transcriptions to several disciples, about 10 transcriptions authenticated to be written in his own hand exist.
- 織田信長により家臣に対して、恩賞の一環として茶会の開催の免許や茶器の授与がなされた。
- Nobunaga ODA gave his retainers the license to hold a tea party or tea utensils as a part of the rewards.
- この結果、恩賞の仲介者であった武士自らが恩賞の授与権者の地位を獲得するようになった。
- Consequently, the samurai who were originally mediators of rewards came to acquire the position of reward-giver.
- 更に久安2年鳥羽天皇皇后藤原得子(近衛天皇生母・後の藤原得子)に越前国が与えられた。
- Furthermore, Emperor Toba's wife FUJIWARA no Tokushi (the biological mother of Emperor Konoe, later becoming FUJIWARA no Tokushi) was given Echizen Province in 1146.
- 追捕官符の発布は、追捕に参加して勲功を挙げた者に対する恩賞給与を保証するものだった。
- An issuance of tsuibu kanpu assured that the persons who participated in the activities to capture criminals and realized distinguished achievements were to be rewarded.
- その反面、さらなる元寇の可能性を根拠として、御家人らへの恩賞給与は僅かにとどまった。
- On the other hand, the provision of onsho to gokenin remained low due to the possibility of further Mongol invasion.
- 14世紀末の応安の半済令では、土地自体を半分割して接収する権利が、守護に与えられた。
- Hanzei-rei (literally, Hanzei law) issued in the Oan era in the end of 14th century provided shugo with the authority to confiscate half of the land.
- 戦功として氏清には但馬国と山城国、満幸には伯耆国と隠岐国の守護職が新たに与えられた。
- As a reward for their achievements in the war, Ujikiyo was given the position of shugo of Tajima and Yamashiro Provinces, and Mitsuyuki was given the position of shugo of Hoki and Oki Provinces.
- さらにその重臣含めて知行などを子々孫々に至るまで保障するというお墨付けを与えられた。
- Furthermore, he was given a certificate that guaranteed both his family members and senior vassals the hereditary ownership of lands.
- こうした事から、氏姓によって与えられる位階に一定の制約があったとする見方も存在する。
- Due to this, some people have the view that there were certain restrictions on giving courtly ranks depending on clan and rank.
- 承久3年(1221年)の承久の乱で戦功を挙げた三沢為光は、出雲国三沢荘を与えられた。
- Tamemitsu MISAWA was awarded the Misawa manor in Izumo Province after his distinguished military service in the Jokyu War in 1221.
- 武士長崎の村山等安や堺の今井宗薫、大坂と平戸市の武士4名にも朱印状が与えられている。
- The Shuinjo was given to Toan MURAYAMA of Bushi Nagasaki (bushi (samurai) in Nagasaki), Sokun IMAI of Sakai, and four bushi from Osaka and Hirato Cities.
- 上記のようなエピソードが残されており、当時の陸軍に与えた影響の大きさを物語っている。
- Events such as the abovementioned episode reveal the influence of Russo-Japanese War over post-war developments in the army.
- 家康は秀吉の例に倣って江戸城下に武家屋敷を与え、妻子を江戸に住まわせる制度を立てた。
- Following Hideyoshi's footstep, Ieyasu prepared the samurai residences near Edo-jo Castle so that daimyo's families would live in Edo.
- 弘長2年(1262年)に院が寵愛する西園寺成子に与えられて以後彼女はここで生活した。
- In 1262, the residence was given to Seishi SAIONJI, who was favored by Gosaga-in, and it became her dwelling.
- 島津氏関与説 - 信長が毛利氏を滅ぼした後、九州征伐を開始するのは時間の問題である。
- View that the Shimazu clan was involved - It was a matter of time when Nobunaga commence conquering Kyushu after he overthrew the Mori clan.
- 以来、江戸城に毎年鮎を献上するのが慣例となり、鵜匠21戸に各10両の扶持を給与した。
- Since then, it became a practice to offer ayu to Edo-jo Castle every year, and each of 21 usho was entitled a stipend of ten ryo.
- 客が敵娼(あいかた)以外の遊女と関係を持った場合、敵娼には懲罰を与える権利があった。
- When a customer had a relationship not with his regular partner but with another prostitute, his regular partner had a right to punish him.
- 秀吉の奏請により、智仁親王に所領が与えられ「八条宮」の宮号を賜ったのが始まりである。
- It started when Imperial Prince Toshihito was given land at Hideyoshi's request, he was also given the Miya go title of 'Hachijonomiya.'
- 虫の息の与兵衛は合法こそ実の兄と知り、代わりに敵を討ってくれることを頼み香炉を渡す。
- Yohei, who is dying, realizes that Gappo is his real older brother and asks him to kill the enemy on his behalf, and gives him the incense burner.
- 至時の長男である高橋景保がシーボルト事件に関与して獄死したため高橋家は二代で終わる。
- Takahashi family extinguished when Kageyasu TAKAHASHI, the oldest son of Yoshitoki, died in prison because of his involvement in Siebold Incident.
- お亀と母のおりよはこのごろ与兵衛は放蕩ぐせがついては気が気でないと愚痴を言っている。
- Okame and his mother Oriyo complain, worrying that Yohei is becoming profligate these days.
- 一同の前に現れた細川勝元は外記らの働きをたたえ、鶴千代の家督を保証する墨付を与える。
- Katsumoto HOSOKAWA appears before them, praises Gekizaemon and others for their service and gives a certificate guaranteeing Tsuruchiyo's succession of the family headship.
- ワキの積極的な関与が見られるなど、劇的構成を目指した比較的新しいスタイルの能である。
- This is a relatively new style of Noh aimed at dramatic composition, with the active involvement of the waki (supporting actor).
- 後鳥羽上皇の膨大な荘園は没収され、行助法親王(後高倉院の称号が贈られる)に与えられた。
- The retired Emperor Gotoba's extensive holdings of shoen (private estates) were confiscated and given to the Imperial Prince Morisada (who was known posthumously by the title Retired Emperor Gotakakura).
- 開発された田地では、所領田畠とその農民に対する強力な進止権が国衙より公的に与えられた。
- At developed farmlands, strong ruling rights were officially given to shoryo (territory) fields and their farmers by kokuga.
- 担保物件は貸与側の所有へと移転(質流れ)することとなり、富の集中・蓄積が進んでいった。
- Therefore, the collateral passed to the lenders, with the result that the concentration and accumulation of wealth advanced.
- そのことにより治安維持担当者としての武力を維持する経済的基盤を与えられていたのである。
- Consequently they were given an economic base which allowed them to keep their military power strong enough to maintain the public order.
- これらの強力な統治権は台湾での抗日運動を鎮圧し、台湾の社会と治安の安定に寄与している。
- Such strong ruling power contributed to the suppression of any anti-Japanese movements and thus contributed to the stability and safety of the Taiwanese society.
- また財政的にも阿片専売による多額の歳入があり、台湾経済の自立にも寄与する政策であった。
- In addition, it was financially beneficial to the independence of the Taiwanese economy as the monopoly sales of opium generated a substantial amount of revenue.
- 大意として学問の有無が人生に与える影響を説いており、日本国民の行くべき道を指し示した。
- The book generally emphasized how education affects people's life, and indicated a road for the Japanese of that time to take.
- 特に「忠節」の項において「政論に惑わず政治に拘わらず」と軍人の政治への不関与を命じる。
- Particularly in the point of 'loyalty,' military men were ordered not to engage in politics, saying 'Military men are neither perplexed at political opinions nor involved in politics.'
- 条約締結以後、清朝が最後の冊封国朝鮮を維持しようと、朝鮮に積極的に関与するようになる。
- After conclusion of the treaty, the Qing dynasty became positively involved with Korea in order to maintain the last subject state under the tributary system.
- 一定の領地と観念的に結びついた爵位が授与されるが、それが土地支配権を伴うとは限らない。
- Peerage which conceptually linked to a certain domain was given, but that did not necessarily involve the right of control over the land.
- 秀吉没後は豊臣秀頼に仕えていたが、関ヶ原の戦い直前に徳川家康に急接近して東軍に与した。
- Although after Hideyoshi died, he had been serving Hideyori TOYOTOMI, he made advances to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA just before the Battle of Sekigahara and joined the Eastern Army.
- それにはのがれられぬ証拠の与兵衛の署名があるから、悪事が露見してただちにめしとられる。
- The deed contains Yohei's signature and this piece of undeniable evidence leads to the exposure of his crimes and his immediate arrest.
- 俊寛にだけ恩赦が与えられないのを見兼ねた平重盛が別個に俊寛にも赦免状を書いていたのだ。
- TAIRA no Shigemori, who couldn't bear to see that Shunkan had not been granted amnesty, had written another letter of amnesty for Shunkan.
- この二代目の演技が後々まで歌舞伎の石川五右衛門のあり方に大きな影響を与ることになった。
- His performance had a great influence on the later performances of Goemon beyond generations.
- しかし、武士の間では平氏からの恩賞給与に対する不満が多かれ少なかれ存在していたとされる。
- However, many samurai were more or less discontent with reward grants given by the Taira clan.
- 戦後になると、王朝国家体制論のもとで国司苛政上訴に対して根本的に異なる評価が与えられた。
- After the war fundamentally different evolutions were given to Kokushi kasei joso based on the dynastic polity theory.
- 特に俘囚が有していた高い戦闘技術は、新たに形成されようとしている軍制に強い影響を与えた。
- In particular, the high-level fighting technique possessed by fushu strongly affected the newly formed military system.
- 本来、京官の給与は租庸調から支出されたが、庸調の未進が相次いで財源に事欠くようになった。
- Originally, the salary of Kyokan were paid from Soyocho, but yocho was not collected and income gradually dwindled.
- 次に軍忠の具体的事実、例えば合戦への従軍・敵に与えた損害・自軍の損害といったことを書く。
- Next came further details about the war or battle in which the vassal served, what damage was afflicted on the enemy, and what damage its own forces suffered.
- 本所が、荘園に係る権利・利益の一部を他の貴族へ付与し、その貴族を領家ということもあった。
- In some cases, other nobility who were granted part of the rights and profits of honjo regarding shoen were called ryoke.
- In some cases, honjo gave the shoen-related rights or profit partially to other aristocrats and called these aristocrats ryoke.
- 室町時代になると、守護に強力な権限が付与され、国衙は守護の支配下に置かれることとなった。
- During the Muromachi period, the strong authority was assigned to shugo (local military commander) and kokuga were put under the governance of shugo.
- 彼らは陸奥・出羽の国衙から食糧と布を与えられる代わりに、服従を誓い、特産物を貢いでいた。
- They received food and cloth from Kokuga in the Mutsu and Dewa provinces, and they swore obedience to Kokuga and contributed their local specialties to them.
- 四国方面:信長の三男・織田信孝を方面軍総司令官として、与力に丹羽長秀や蜂屋頼隆らを配属。
- Shikoku region: Nobutaka ODA, the third son of Nobunaga, was appointed as commander in chief of the region, and Nagahide NIWA and Yoritaka HACHIYA were assigned as yoriki.
- 畿内方面:明智光秀を方面軍総司令官として、与力に細川藤孝・細川忠興父子や筒井順慶を配属。
- Kinai region: Mitsuhide AKECHI was appointed as commander in chief on the region, and Fujitaka HOSOKAWA and his son, Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, and Junkei TSUTSUI were assigned as yoriki.
- 戦後景勝は、腹心の直江兼続の弟、樋口与七を養子に入れて強引に小国氏を継がせ、大国と改姓。
- After the war, Kagekatsu had a younger brother of his confidant Kanetsugu NAOE, called Yoshichi HIGUCHI, adopted, whereupon he took on the Oguni clan and changed the name to Okuni.
- 孫の石田為久は源義仲を討ち取り、褒章として近江国石田村を与えられ、一族は同地に移住した。
- Tamehisa ISHIDA, a grandson of Yoshitsugu MIURA, was granted Ishida-mura village in Omi Province in reward for having slain MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, and moved to the village with his clan.
- 後に薩摩は島津義久に、大隅は島津義弘に、日向の一郡は島津義弘の子・島津久保に与えられた。
- Later, Yoshihisa SHIMAZU was given Satsuma, Yoshihiro SHIMAZU was given Osumi, Hisayasu SHIMIZU, who was a son of Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, was given a County in Hyuga, respectively.
- 魏から親魏倭王の仮の金印と銅鏡100枚を与えられる(『三国志』では同二年(238年))。
- She was given an improvised gold seal of Shingi Wao and 100 bronze mirrors by the King of Wei (according to 'Sanguo Zhi,' this occurred in 238).
- 一方、独立した東国政権が朝廷へ併合されたのは後退であるとして消極的な評価を与える説もある。
- On the other hand, there is another theory that gives negative evaluation to it regarding it as a regression because it merged the independent Togoku government into the Imperial Court.
- 当該制度は平安時代初期にはじまり、次第に年爵の特典は女院や准后にも与えられることとなった。
- This system started in the early Heian period and later, the privilege of nenshaku was also granted to nyoin (close female relatives of the Emperor or a woman of comparative standing) and jugo (honorable rank next to the three empresses).
- このため、領主は浮浪に種子や生活物資を与えて定住化させて安定した耕作者を確保しようとした。
- In order to ensure the stable number of cultivators, the shoen owners encouraged vagabonds to stay within shoen by providing them with seeds and everyday commodities.
- さらに清盛は大宰大弐に就任することで日宋貿易に深く関与することになり、経済的実力を高めた。
- And through his position as second-in-command (Daini) of Dazaifu (an important outpost in Kyushu), Kiyomori also became a major participant in the Japanese trade with Song China, and thus increased the economic might of the Taira as well.
- 6月5日、高氏が鎮守府将軍に任命され、天皇の諱「尊治」から一字を与えられ「尊氏」と改めた。
- On the fifth day of the sixth month, Takauji was appointed the Chinjufu shogun ('Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North'), and he was awarded one character from out of the Emperor's real name (Takahara), thereby changing the 'Taka (高)' in his own name to the Emperor's own 'Taka (尊).'
- 阿保親王はこれに与せずに、逸勢の従姉妹でもある檀林皇太后に健岑らの策謀を密書にて上告した。
- Without taking their sides, the Imperial Prince Abo reported to the Empress Dowager Danrin, a cousin of Hayanari, about their scheme by sending a secret letter.
- 前者は本領安堵(ほんりょうあんど)と呼ばれ、後者は新恩給与(しんおんきゅうよ)と呼ばれた。
- The former benefit was called honryoando and the latter sinonkyuyo.
- 台湾に教育制度を普及させた日本の政策は現在の台湾の教育水準の高さに一定の影響を与えている。
- Japan's policy to spread the education system influenced the high educational standard of today's Taiwan to a certain extent.
- 永井は外交経験も豊富であり、彼の態度は、英仏領事のみならず、英仏艦艦長にも好印象を与えた。
- NAGAI had a lot of experience of diplomacy, and his attitude gave a good impression to not only the British and French consuls but also the captains of the British and French warships.
- 当時、低い身分の職と見なされていた人力車夫に勲位と勲章を与えることはきわめて異例であった。
- At that time, Rickshaw drivers were basically people from lower class families, and it was a rare case that they were given the Order of Merit and the medal.
- 俳諧:松永貞徳(貞門俳諧)、西山宗因(談林俳諧)、松尾芭蕉(蕉風俳諧)、与謝蕪村、小林一茶
- Haikai: Teitoku MATSUNAGA (Teimon-style haiku poetry), Soin NISHIYAMA (Danrin-style haiku poetry), Basho MATSUO (Bahso-style haiku poetry), Buson YOSA, and Issa KOBAYASHI
- 当時最新鋭の銃であるが、国内では専用弾薬の調達が困難で、戦局に影響を与えることはなかった。
- This type of gun was state-of-the-art at the time, but it did not make a significant impact as it was hard for the bakufu to get the bullets specific to the rifles.
- 遠慮がちな義父に対して増長し、店の金も使い込む息子・与兵衛に愛想を尽かして勘当を言い渡す。
- She becomes fed up with her son, Yohei, who is arrogant towards his reserved father-in-law, and who spends the store's money, and cuts him off.
- 内容の大部分が名物記であるため『南方録』のように茶道界に大きな影響を与えることはなかった。
- Because the book mainly focuses on records of meibutsu (distinguished objects), it never had as great an impact on the tea ceremony world as 'Nanpo roku' (Nanpo record) did.
- そのため、銅銭の実際の価値が公定の価格以上に上昇して経済的に大きな影響を与えるようになった。
- Thus, the actual value of the copper coin became higher than the official value and it had a major impact on the economy.
- 寺社や宮司などに官職を給与した成功 (任官)(じょうごう)と同じく、売官によるものであった。
- It was the sale of official posts, like the jogo system under which temples/shrines and guji (the chief of those who serves a shrine) were given posts for the same purpose.
- 28日、新摂政・師家が下文を出し、前摂政・基通の家領八十余所を義仲に与えることが決定された。
- On January 19, the new sessho Moroie submitted a document issued by a superior or officer and it was resolved that Yoshinaka would be given some 80 territories owned by the former sessho Motomichi.
- 勝元は今出川邸の自邸に本陣を置き、6月には義政に要請して牙旗を授与され、官軍の体裁を整えた。
- Katsumoto located the headquarters in his own residence at Imadegawa, and in June at his request Yoshimasa conferred him with a gaki (flag with an ivory ornament at the top symbolizing the emperor or the shogun), which gave his troops an appearance of a regular government army.
- 士族(しぞく)とは、明治維新以降、江戸時代の旗本と上級武士に与えられた身分階級の族称である。
- The warrior class was a status given to hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun) and high-ranking warriors of the Edo period after the Meiji Restoration.
- 職業教育では総督府は当初農試験講習生制度を設立し台湾の産業発展に寄与する人材育成に着手した。
- For vocational education, the Sotoku-fu established the agricultural examination trainee system to educate persons who could contribute to the development of farming in Taiwan.
- 仮出獄できた者は坂本清馬、成石勘三郎、崎久保誓一、武田九平、飛松与次郎、岡林寅松、小松丑治。
- Those who were released on parole were Seima SAKAMOTO, Kanzaburo NARUISHI, Seiichi SAKIKUBO, Kuhei TAKEDA, Yojiro TOBIMATSU, Toramatsu OKABAYASHI and Ushiji KOMATSU.
- 戦いは、上杉氏側が北信濃の与力豪族領の奪回を、武田氏側が北信濃の攻略と越後進出を目的とした。
- The Uesugi side fought the battles to retake the territories of local land owners in the northern Shinano area, and the Takeda side to conquer the northern Shinano area and to advance into Echigo.
- つづく第2次桂内閣にも与党、第2次西園寺内閣のもとでは原敬・松田正久を中心に党勢を拡大する。
- During the Second Katsura Cabinet, which was formed next, the Seiyu Party remained as the ruling party and during the Second Saionji Cabinet, the party expanded its influence lead by Takashi HARA and Masahisa MATSUDA.
- その次に位置する主に連(むらじ)の姓(かばね)を持つ氏族には宿禰(すくね)の姓を与えていた。
- The clans with the kabane of Muraji which was the next rank under Omi were given the kabane of Sukune.
- さらに、天正19年(1591年)に義勝が改易された後、庄内を与えられたのは上杉景勝であった。
- When Yoshikatsu was punished by being deprived of his fief the Shonai district in 1591, the district was given to Kagekatsu UESUGI.
- 江戸の大店の若旦那であった与三郎は木更津でお富に出会い、一目惚れする(「木更津海岸見染」)。
- Yosaburo, a son of a mercantile house in Edo, met Otomi in Kisarazu and fell in love with her at first sight ('Kisarazu Kaigan Misome' (falling in love at the coast of Kisarazu)).
- 兼実は「鳥羽法皇は普通の君であるが、処分については遺憾であり、すべてを美福門院に与えられた。
- Kanezane mentioned, 'the Cloistered Emperor Toba was an ordinary person and regretted administering punishment, he gave all the authority to Bifukumon in.
- 織田氏重臣であった滝川一益は武田氏の討伐と関東進出への功績から、70万石もの所領を与えられた。
- Kazumasa TAKIGAWA, who was a great vassal of the Oda clan, was rewarded with a holding of 700,000 koku (approximately 126,000 cubic meters).
- これを寄騎同心制といい、重臣に大きな権力を与えずに備を構成・指揮させるのに有効な手段であった。
- This is called the yoriki doshin system, and it was an effective strategy in organizing and commanding sonae without giving too much power to the senior vassal.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)以降、土地を与えられ自立する下人が現れるなど身分環境に変動が起こってくる。
- Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), their circumstances of social statuses had begun to change and, for example, some of the genin became independent based on the lands they were given.
- 立場の悪化を自覚した義仲はすぐに平氏追討に向かうことを奏上し、後白河は自ら剣を与え出陣させた。
- Realizing that the situation was getting worse, Yoshinaka reported to the emperor that he was leaving to search and kill the Taira clan, and Goshirakawa had him depart by giving him a sword.
- 肥前国神崎荘の預所となった忠盛は、大宰府の関与を排除して日宋貿易にも直接介入するようになった。
- When he became the Azukari dokoro of Kanzaki no sho (imperial estate) in the Hizen Province, he eliminated the influence of Dazaifu (the governmental office with jurisdiction over Kyushu, Iki and Tsushima under the ritsuryo system) and became directly involved in trade between Japan and Song.
- また、室町幕府も徳政令が出されると倉役を免除しなければならなかったので財政収入に影響を与えた。
- In addition, the Muromachi bakufu had to make doso-sakaya exempt from the kurayaku tax when Tokuseirei (a debt cancellation order) were issued, which affected financial revenues.
- 地域の慣習法(郷土法)によって支給面積を削減されたり、遠方に口分田を与えられるケースもあった。
- There were the following cases as well: Based on the common law of the area (or area-dependent law), a field smaller than the one specified was actually supplied, or kubunden was supplied at a far away place.
- 御恩の具体的な内容は、主人が従者の所領支配を保障すること、又は新たな土地給与を行うことである。
- Specifically, goon indicated that a master guaranteed control of an area by his servant or that a master awarded an area newly to his servant.
- 第3回押出しで、与党議員であった田中は農民等を説得して大部分を帰郷させたが、直後に政権が崩壊。
- At the third Oshidashi, Tanaka (Shozo), who was a member of the House of Representatives and belonged to the ruling party at that time, persuaded the group of peasants and followers away from the direct petition, and most of them went home, however immediately after that, the government collapsed.
- 朝臣は、主に壬申の乱で功績の有った主に臣(おみ)の姓(かばね)を持つ氏族に優先的に与えられた。
- Asomi was mainly preferentially granted to the clans whose achievement was acknowledged in the Jinshin War and who had the kabane of Omi.
- 明治には、1912年の明治天皇崩御の際に殉死した陸軍軍人の乃木希典の殉死が社会的影響を与えた。
- In the Meiji period, the officer of land forces, Maresuke Nogi, committed junshi upon the death of Emperor Meiji in 1912, which exercised a social influence.
- 具体的な根拠がないままの偽文書説だったが、九〇年代以降、宮本義己がこれに具体的な根拠を与えた。
- There were no concrete grounds for this theory of forgery, however, Yoshimi MIYAMOTO found concrete grounds to this in the 1990s and onwards.
- その後、増田氏、新庄氏をへて、1595年(文禄4年)に京極高次が城主となり6万石を与えられた。
- Later, the ownership of the castle was transferred from the Masuda clan to the Shinjo clan and, in 1595, it was given to Takatsugu KYOGOKU with a stipend of 60,000 koku (approximately 10.8 million liters of crop yield).
- 大きな財政負担を与えることで弱体化させ江戸幕府に対して武力反抗できないようにする政策を執った。
- The Edo bakufu aimed to weaken the domains by placing them under large financial burdens and not letting them revolt against the bakufu.
- 将軍は大名に対して朱印状を与えてその知行を保障し、大名は当該知行内に藩を形成し、支配していた。
- Shogun gave shuinjo (licenses for foreign trade) to daimyo (feudal lords) and guaranteed their status as feifs, while the daimyo formed a domain within their given feifdom and controlled it.
- ちなみに本能寺の変に関する一説として朝廷関与説が浮上するのも、このような事情によるものである。
- Due to the above situation, there is a theory that the Imperial Court was involved in the Honno-ji Incident (the Raid on the Honno-ji Temple).
- 臣籍降下(しんせきこうか)とは、皇族がその身分を離れ、姓を与えられ臣下の籍に降りることをいう。
- Shinseki koka is when a member of the Imperial Family leaves their position and becomes a common subject giving up their nobility status, after given a new surname.
- 疑うお縫に太平次は「孫七夫婦を殺害すれば五百石を与える」との大学之助の書きつけを証拠に見せる。
- Onui is suspicious and Taheiji shows her the written order from Daigakunosuke as evidence, which says, 'if you kill Magoshichi and his wife, I will give you 500 koku.'
- これ以後、親王将軍(宮将軍)が代々迎えられ、親王将軍は幕府の政治に参与しないことが通例となった。
- Following this, successive generations of Imperial Prince shogun (miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court)) was welcomed but generally did not participate in bakufu politics.
- 本来、武士においては主君は家臣に対してその所領の一部を知行地として与える地方知行が基本であった。
- Samurai society was originally based on Jigatachigyo (feudal governments or domains providing land to retainers as salary), where lords would give a portion of their shoryo (territory) to vassals as their chigyo-chi.
- 組織のトップが公的地位を去り、なおも執行部に対して決定的な影響を常時与える形態を指す比喩である。
- It is a simile for the condition where, although the head of an organization leaves his position, he still continues to exercise decisive influence over executives.
- 禖子も大覚寺統の家長にふさわしく女院(崇明門院)の地位を与えられて上皇に准じる立場に就けられた。
- Baishi was given the position Nyoin (Sumeimonin) befitting her rank as the family head of the Daikakuji line, giving her a rank similar to Retired Emperor.
- 為兼は伏見の信任を背景に二条派と並ぶ歌壇の一方の指導者となっただけでなく、政務にも深く関与した。
- Tamekane was trusted by Fushimi and was the leader of the leading tanka (short poem) circle other than the Nijo school, and was also heavily involved in government affairs.
- これは倍田と言い、連作防止のためのもので、夫婦に与えられる土地は全部で120畝ということになる。
- These fields were called baiden (double fields) to prevent the same field from being used over consecutive years, and resultantly, a field of approx. 55.8 hectares were supplied to a pair of husband and wife.
- 銀座移転前のこの地は染物屋が多く集居していたが、西洞院通蛸薬師通付近に替地を与えられ立ち退いた。
- Before the ginza was set up, the area had a high concentration of cloth-dyeing shops, which moved to replacement land granted near Nishinotoin-dori and Takoyakushi-dori streets.
- これは後の明清交代期に於いて、清朝と明との間での朝鮮外交の針路に多大な影響を与えることとなった。
- During the later period in the shift from Ming to Quin, this made an important impact on the track of foreign diplomacy between the Quin Dynasty and Ming.
- 義久は、忠棟殺害は忠恒の独断によるものであり、自分は全く関与していないと石田三成に弁明している。
- Yoshihisa explained to Mitsunari ISHIDA that Takamune's assassination was solely Tadatsune's decision and he was not involved in any way.
- しかし、後世の史料であるが「庄内陣記」には義弘・忠恒が共謀し義久が同意を与えたという記述がある。
- However, although it was written later, 'Shonai Jinki' (Shonai war chronicle) has an entry stating that Yoshihiro and Tadatsune had conspired together while Yoshihisa gave his consent to the plan.
- なお、帝国議会開設に先立ち、1884年(明治17年)に華族令を定めて、華族に身分的特権を与えた。
- Prior to the opening of the Imperial Diet, the government established the Peerage Law to give Kazoku hierarchical privileges.
- これらの天皇は退位後も「天皇家の家父長」として若い天皇を後見するとして国政に関与する事があった。
- Such an Emperor would occasionally participate in governing the nation even after abdication, on the grounds that he, as 'the head of the Imperial Family,' was overseeing the young Emperor.
- 蔭位の制は唐の律令制に倣った制度だが、中国の制度よりも資格者の範囲は狭く、与えられる位階は高い。
- Oni system was modeled on the Ritsuryo system of Tang (China), but compared to the Chinese system, its extent of qualification was limited, and the ranks bestowed upon were high.
- その場を切り抜けるためお富は与三郎を兄だと言い繕ったのだったが実は多左衛門こそお富の兄であった。
- Otomi insisted that Yosaburo is her older brother in order to get through the situation, however Tazaemon is her brother in reality.
- 島を抜けた与三郎が下男の忠助のはからいで縁を切った生みの親に出会う情感豊かな「伊豆屋店先の場」。
- An expressive 'scene at the store of Izuya,' which describes that Yosaburo meets his renounced biological parents thanks to the arrangement of his houseboy Tadasuke, after escaping from the island.
- また卑弥呼の没後、男王が立ったが再度争乱が起こり、卑弥呼の宗女台与が王位について争乱は収まった。
- After Himiko died, although a new male king succeeded to the throne, fighting broke out again, after Toyo, a woman from the same family as Himiko, was decided to become Queen, the fighting ended.
- 良房の望みどおり道康親王が皇太子に立てられたばかりでなく、名族伴氏(大伴氏)と橘氏に打撃を与えた。
- It is believed that FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa realized his wishes of not only letting the Imperial Prince Michiyasu ascend the post of crown prince, but also giving a blow to the influential clans, the Tomo clan (or the Otomo clan) and the Tachibana clan.
- この中に頼政の次男・源兼綱が加わっていたことから、平氏は頼政の関与は察知していなかったようである。
- From the fact that Yorimasa's second son, MINAMOTO no Kanetsuna, was included in Tokitada's force, it may be inferred that the Taira clan had not yet discovered that Yorimasa was involved in the plot.
- 水は火に、火は金に、金は木に、木は土に、土は水に影響を与え、弱めるということが「五行相剋」である。
- Gogyo Sokoku' expresses the weakening influence elements have on each other, in that water influences and weakens fire, as fire does metal, metal does wood, and wood does earth.
- これらの現象は地上にある国家やその支配者(国王・皇帝・天皇)に重大な影響を与えると考えられてきた。
- These phenomena were thought to significantly influence nations on earth and their rulers (kings and emperors).
- だが、そもそも鏡を任命書として与えるような権力者、集団が当時日本列島に存在したかがまず問題である。
- However, it is doubtful in the first place whether such a powerful person or group as gave a mirror for an appointment letter existed in the Japanese islands at that time.
- 太平記、北野天神縁起絵巻などに取材しており、後世の歌舞伎、菅原伝授手習鑑にも影響を与えたとされる。
- This story introduced elements from Taiheiki (a collection of war stories in the old days in Japan), Kitano-tenjin-engi-emaki (a series of picture books of stories about Michizane SUGAWARA and Kitano-tenjin shrine), etc., and it is said that Raiden also influenced a kabuki work, Sugawa-denju-tenarai-kagami created in the later days.
- その後、八色の姓が制定されると、第15代の応神天皇以降の皇別の氏族には真人が与えられるようになる。
- After the eight honorary titles were issued, an Imperial Family with ancestors from after the era of the fifteenth Emperor Ojin, were give the surname of Mahito.
- このときは市村羽左衛門 (17代目)の与惣兵衛が絶品で、世話物の真髄を凝縮したような老け役だった。
- Yosobe played by Uzaemon ICHIMURA XVII was excellent and his performance as an old man was like the quintessence of the play dealing with the lives of ordinary people.
- 改めて表千家7代如心斎の姻戚である住山家より、住山家8代云々斎楊甫の孫を養子に迎え9代宗与とした。
- Then, the family adopted the grandson of Unnunsai Yoho (云々斎楊甫), the eighth generation head of the Sumiyama family, who were in-laws of the seventh generation Joshinsai of the Omotesenke school, who became the ninth head of the Hisada family, known as Soyo.
- 幕府や鎌倉公方が足利氏一門や有力守護に裏書免許、屋形免許、塗輿免許、白傘袋毛氈鞍覆免許などを与えた。
- The Shogunate and Kamakura kubo (Governor-General of the Kanto region) granted the Ashikaga clan and other powerful shugo the licenses to use endorsed letters, the honorific title of yakata (title for high officials), painted portable shrines, white umbrella covers, and fur saddle covers.
- 石井進は、本宣旨は頼朝に大きな行政権を与えたのであり、その実質上の効果は極めて大きかったとしている。
- According to Susumu ISHII, this decree gave Yoritomo huge executive power and its substantial effect was extremely profound.
- 保護する側を寄親(よりおや、指南・奏者)、保護される側を寄子(よりこ、寄騎(与力)・同心)とも呼ぶ。
- The person who provided protection was called Yorioya (shinan, soja), and the protected person was called Yoriko (Yoriki, doshin).
- 庶民の中には、大商人や藩財政に貢献があったものなどに士分が与えられ、苗字帯刀を許されるものもあった。
- Some commoners who helped domain finances or were wealthy merchants were given Shibun and allowed Myojitaito.
- 各官司に1本ずつ与えて年が終わる前に頒布することが定められており、これに基づいて行われる儀式である。
- And that a calendar should be distributed to each official before the current year ends and the ceremony is conducted according to this rule.
- この結果、朱子学は念願の王朝権力との一体化を果たし、思想界に重大な影響を与えることになったのである。
- Consequently, Shushigaku became integrated with Imperial Court power and acquired strong influence on ideological circles.
- その後、前漢が成立する(紀元前221年)と王号は皇帝の臣下へ与えられる称号(諸侯王)として定着した。
- Afterwards, as the Former Han was established (221 B.C.), the title of king settled as a title (vassal king) which was given to the emperor's vassals.
- また、気は万物を構成する要素で運動性をもち、理は根本的実在として気の運動に対して秩序を与えるとする。
- Further, 'Ch'i' is a component of everything and has mobility, and 'Li' gives order to the movement of 'Ch'i' as a fundamental existence.
- また247年の日食が原因で卑弥呼が殺され、248年の日食が原因で男王に代わり壹与が即位したと唱えた。
- Their theory states that Himiko's death was tied to the solar eclipse in 247, while Toyo's succession to the throne in place of a king was due to the solar eclipse in 248.
- 皇室自律主義を採り、旧皇室典範などの重要な憲法的規律を憲法典から分離し、議会に関与させなかったこと。
- Japan introduced the Imperial Family autonomy system, and important rules related to the Imperial Family such as the Imperial House Law were independent from the constitution, and the cabinet could not handle issues of the Imperial Family.
- また、皇子具平親王の末裔は「村上源氏」として、以後の宮廷政治において大きな影響力を与えるようになる。
- Also, the descendant of Prince Tomohira had a dramatic influence as MURAKAMI Genji (the MINAMOTO clan originating from Emperor Murakami) would in future turn toward politics controlled by the Imperial Palace.
- 3月14日、後白河は皇太后・藤原呈子に九条院の院号を与えて空席をつくり、20日、滋子を皇太后とした。
- After Emperor Goshirakawa gave the in go title (a title of respect given to close female relatives of the Emperor or a woman of comparable standing) of Kujoin to the Empress, FUJIWARA no Teishi on April 30, and since there was room for Shigeko to come in to the Palace, Shigeko was welcomed as the Empress on May 6.
- 父の倒幕計画に協力した順徳上皇は佐渡島に流され、関与しなかった土御門上皇も自ら望んで土佐国に遷った。
- Emperor Juntoku helped his father defeat the Kamakura government, but he was then sent to Sado ga-shima Island; the Emperor Tsuchimikado also went to Tosa Province by his own will, although he was not involved in the incident.
- 姓(かばね)は公(きみ)から真人(まひと)、宿禰などを経て774年(宝亀5年)に朝臣の姓が与えられた。
- The surname was changed from Kimi to Mahito, then to Sukune, and in 774 the surname Ason was given.
- 内奏方は直接判断は行わなかったが、調査・審理を行って適切な訴訟機関に審理を命じる権限が与えられていた。
- Although Naisogata didn't make any rulings by itself, it was given to the authority to investigate, deliberate, and order a proper legal institution to deliberate the case in question.
- さらに、大坂の役にて長宗我部氏が断絶すると、上士達は200年以上に渡って郷士に激しい差別を与え続けた。
- Subsequently, when the Chosokabe clan was extinguished in the Siege of Osaka, the Joshi continued to exercise severe discrimination against the Goshi for more than 200 years.
- 対馬藩は江戸幕府から朝鮮外交担当を命じられ、釜山に新設された倭館における朝鮮交易の独占権も付与された。
- The Tsushima clan was appointed in charge of diplomacy with Korea by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and was also bestowed the exclusive right for commerce with Korea at the newly-established wakan in Busan.
- 1609年に締結された己酉条約によって、朝鮮は対馬藩主らに官職を与え、日本国王使としての特権を認めた。
- Based on the Kiyu Treaty concluded in 1609, Korea bestowed government posts on the Tsushima clan and a few others, and granted them privileges as Japanese envoys.
- しかしその後も、現地の官僚や俘囚の長たちは、蝦夷内部の紛争に関与し続け、地方権力から支配を浸透させた。
- However, even after that the local bureaucracy and chiefs of Fushu kept getting involved in disputes within Emishi and spread their dominance through the local administration.
- 平安初期には空海によって真言宗が、最澄によって天台宗がもたらされ、貴族の仏教信仰に大きな影響を与えた。
- In the early Heian Period, Shingon sect was introduced by Kukai, Tendai sect by Saicho, which greatly influenced the noble's belief in Buddhism.
- この地でおこなわれた、いわゆる城東会戦の帰趨は、田原の敗戦にも劣らない打撃を薩軍に与えることになった。
- The defeat in 'the battle of Joto' fought here damaged the Satsuma army as badly as the defeat in Tabaru.
- ただし、両軍の兵力数と損害数に記述されるように、本当にそれだけの損害を与えられたのかは別に疑問が残る。
- However, it is still questionable whether Nobunaga's teppo units could really inflict as many casualties as the described number of soldiers and casualties on both sides.
- 雄略朝の大連・物部目の後裔を称する石上麻呂には朝臣の姓が与えられて、西暦708年(和銅元年)に左大臣。
- ISONOKAMI no Maro, who called himself a descendant of MONONOBE no Me (who was Omuraji in the era of the Emperor Yuryaku), was given the kabane of Ason and was promoted to Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) in 708.
- しかしこれらの動きは豪族や民衆に新たな負担を与えることとなり、少なくない不満を生んだと考えられている。
- However, it is thought that this movement became a burden for the local ruling families and citizens and produced a sense of dissatisfaction.
- 一番上の真人(まひと)は、主に皇族に与えられたため、皇族以外の臣下の中では事実上一番上の地位にあたる。
- Asomi was effectively the highest title amid vassals other than the Imperial Family because Mahito, which was the highest rank, was reserved exclusively for certain imperial clans.
- 全体的に朱子学に基づいた水戸学=大義名分論とする尊皇論で貫かれており、幕末の思想に大きな影響を与えた。
- Over all, it was written based on the idea of Mitogaku based on Shushigaku which considered that retainers should revere the emperor, and the book greatly influenced thought during the end of the Edo period.
- 承久の乱で幕府側として活躍した諏訪部助長は承久3年(1221年)に三刀屋郷の地頭職を与えられ下向した。
- Sukenaga SUWABE, who worked hard in the Jokyu War on the side of the feudal government headed by a shogun, was hired as the manager and lord of manor in Mitoya-go district and travelled there in 1221.
- 工事には士卒や農民らを動員し、1俵に付き銭100文、米1升という当時としては非常に高額な報酬を与えた。
- Soldiers and peasants were recruited for the embankment and paid 100 mon of money and one sho of rice per bale, which was extremely high-paying for the time.
- 先進国は少ないコストで削減が可能となり、途上国は技術や資金の供与といった対価が望めるなどの効果がある。
- Developed countries can reduce the amount at a low cost and developing countries can get the provision of technology and money as a counter value.
- 甲斐から信濃、上野に及んだ武田遺領は織田家家臣に分与され、武田旧臣の信濃国人衆らは織田政権に臣従した。
- The property of the Takeda clan that spread from Kai to Shinano to Ueno was distributed to Oda vassals, and Shinano Kokujin-shu (local samurais) who had been Takeda vassals who came to serve the Oda government.
- また刀傷を治す妙薬を知るなどの件の後、与三郎が「命がありゃあ話せるなあ」とお富を抱くところで幕となる。
- The play comes to an end with the scene in which Yosaburo hugs Otomi saying 'we can talk if we stay alive' after the event that Yosaburo came to know the miracle medicine that cures sword scars.
- 与三郎:え、御新造(ごしんぞ)さんぇ、おかみさんぇ、お富さんぇ、 いやさ、これ、お富、久しぶりだなぁ。
- Yosaburo: Hi, Goshinzo (a wife of a rich merchant), Ma'am, Ms Otomi, or Otomi, it has been a long time.
- これに基づいて所領の給与や地頭職・荘官職・有司職への補任などの形式を取って新たな土地財産権が給付された。
- Based on their examination result, they were given land and property rights in the form of the grant of holdings or the appointment to the posts of jito (military estate steward), manor manger, and governmental officer.
- 毎年の除目において、院宮や有力寺社に給与された位階や特定の官職を申任(推薦)する権利を与えることをいう。
- At annual Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials) persons with the rights were entitled to recommend people of their choices for Ikai (Court rank) and specific government posts which were given to influential temples and shrines as well as ingu (ex-emperor, ex-emperor who became a monk, imperial lady, grand empress dowager, empress dowager, empress consorts and crown prince).
- 義仲に弁解の余地を与えない厳しいものだった(『玉葉』11月17日条、『吉記』『百錬抄』11月18日条)。
- It was severe enough to make Yoshinaka indefensible ('Gyokuyo,' entry of January 8, 1184, 'Kikki' and 'Hyakuren sho,' entry of January 9, 1184).
- この徳政令は、当時、普及しつつあった貨幣経済に深刻な影響を与えるとともに、社会に大きな動揺をもたらした。
- The Tokuseirei deeply influenced monetary economy prevalent at the time, bringing great unrest to the society.
- 天平2年(730年)には優秀者から選抜された医得業生3名を設置するとともに大学寮の学生並の待遇を与えた。
- In 730, the court selected the three 'itokugosho' (best students of medicine) from among excellent students, and gave them almost the same treatment as the students of Daigakuryo.
- 京方の公家、武士の所領約3000箇所が没収され、幕府方の御家人に分け与えられ新補地頭が大量に補任された。
- Roughly 3000 different territories were confiscated from capital faction nobles and samurai, divided up and given to gokenin that supported the shogunate, and a great many new supplementary jito (estate steward) positions were created.
- しかし18世紀になって日本でも絹生産の技術が向上すると、中国産品の輸入が減少し、釜山交易に打撃を与えた。
- However, advancement of Japanese silk production technology in the 18th century diminished the imports of Chinese products, which had devastating effects on Busan trade.
- やがてこの私学校はその与党も含め、県令大山綱良の協力のもとで県政の大部分を握る大勢力へと成長していった。
- Under the cooperation of prefectural governor Tsunayoshi OYAMA together with the ruling party, Shigakko developed into a strong power to control the most part of the prefectural government before long.
- 表高(おもてだか)は、江戸時代に大名や旗本が征夷大将軍によって与えられた所領の額面上の石高のことである。
- Omotedaka refers to kokudaka (yield) on face value of shoryo (territory) that was given by seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') to daimyo (feudal lords) or hatamoto (direct retainers) in the Edo period.
- これは結果的に政争に幾度か関わりながらも、由緒ある貴族として命脈を保ってきた伴氏に打撃を与える事となる。
- This incident dealt a strong blow to the Tomo clan, which had, until then, survived so many political conflicts and kept the reputation as a venerable noble family.
- 正徳の治については新井、間部が幕政に参与した期間が短く、また家宣死去後は反甲府派や門閥の抵抗が強まった。
- Arai and Manabe's involvement in politics was very short and resistance from anti Kofu group and lineage were getting stronger after Ienobu's death
- 同年7月、雑賀荘・十ヶ郷の諸士を中心とする雑賀衆が兵を動かし、先に信長に与した三組の衆への報復を始めた。
- In August of the same year, Saiga shu consisting of warriors of Saigaso and Jikkago rose an army and began to retaliate against the three groups who previously sided with Nobunaga.
- アヘン戦争の衝撃は、日本各地を駆け巡り、魏源の『海国図志』は多数印刷されて幕末の政局に強い影響を与えた。
- The impact of the Opium Wars shook the whole country, and mumerous copies of 'Illustrated Treatise on the Marine Kingdoms' by Wei Yuan were published and influened greatly on the political situation during the end of Edo period.
- 『蕪村妖怪絵巻』(ぶそんようかいえまき)は、江戸時代中期の俳人・画家である与謝蕪村による日本の妖怪絵巻。
- 'Buson Yokai Emaki' is a Japanese picture scroll of specters drawn by YOSA no Buson, a Haiku poet and painter during the middle of the Edo period.
- 研究者の間で高い評価を得ていたことから、重要資料として現在の「わび茶」の概念の形成に大きな影響を与えた。
- Because it had been highly appreciated by researchers, as an important material, it had a great influence on formulating a concept of today's 'Wabicha' (wabi style of tea ceremony).
- 勧賞は第一・頼朝、第二・義仲、第三・行家という順位が決まり、それぞれに任国と位階が与えられることになった。
- As for praise and encouragement, the order was decided, Yoritomo was the first, Yoshinaka second, and Yukiie third, and each was to receive ningoku (place of appointment) and ikai (court rank).
- その結果、当主である六角高頼が義澄方への与力をあくまで主張する守護代の伊庭氏を抑えて足利義稙方に寝返った。
- As a result, Takayori ROKKAKU, family head of the ROKKAKU, revolted to Yoshitane ASHIKAGA's side, despite the Iba clan, shugodai (deputy of Shugo, provincial constable), who insisted to assist Yoshizumi's side.
- 辞職はしばしば連鎖的に発生し、地方か都市かを問わず、基幹病院の診療体制を崩壊させる深刻な影響を与えている。
- There were often a chain reactions of resignations which had the serious effect of causing treatment systems of foundation hospitals in both rural and urban areas to collapse.
- 近世では優秀な民間医が典医に登用されると同時に官位を与えられ、地下人の身分となるケースがほとんどを占めた。
- In the early modern times, in most cases, when a private doctor was employed by the Court, he was given an official court rank at the same time and became jigenin (a lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility).
- 10世紀の初め頃から11世紀の摂関政治期を中心とする文化であり、12世紀の院政期文化にも広く影響を与えた。
- It was a culture developed during the Sekkan seiji (regency government) period from the early 10th century to the 11th century and has much influenced the culture during the Insei (cloister government) period in the 12th century.
- 五行思想の特徴は、「相生」と「相剋」という、それぞれの要素同士がお互いに影響を与え合うという考え方である。
- A distinctive feature of Gogyo shiso is the idea that the five elements influence each other.
- 百済の影響下にあった耽羅も戦後、唐に使節を送っており倭国・百済側として何らかの関与をしたものと推定される。
- Tanra, a territory that was under the influence of Kudara, also sent an envoy to the Tang Dynasty, and it is speculated that Wakoku and Kudara was involved in this matter at some level.
- この事件には家持は関与していなかったが、後に藤原仲麻呂の暗殺計画に関わっていたとされ、左遷の憂き目を見る。
- OTOMO no Yakamochi was not involved in either incident, although he was allegedly involved in the assassination plot of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro and was transferred as punishment.
- 早くからヤマト王権に直属していた有力氏族の中に与えられた姓と言われ、特殊な官職や職業を束ねる立場に有った。
- Muraji is said to be the kabane granted to some of the influential clans who were under the direct control of the Yamato sovereignty from early times, and they held special official posts or were in charge of managing the occupations.
- また、奇兵隊士の一部は農民一揆にも参加しており、明治時代初期に多発した士族反乱にも影響を与えたと言われる。
- It is also said that a part of the members of Kiheitai Army had participated in peasants-uprisings which would have influence on Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) that often occurred in the early Meiji era.
- その他の姓(カバネ)としては、百済滅亡後に亡命してきた百済王族に与えられた百済王氏(こにきし)などがある。
- Other kabane included konikishi which was given to the Royal Families of Baekje after fleeing to Japan due to the fall of their country.
- 身分制度では最下層だが、彼らには非人化から10年以内であれば脱出(足洗い)の機会が与えられることもあった。
- Though they were at the bottom in the system of rank, occasionally an opportunity to escape (bail out) was given if it was within 10 years after becoming Hinin.
- 秀吉は秀長を通じて戸次川の戦いで嫡男信親を失った長宗我部元親に大隅一国を与えようとしたが、元親は固辞した。
- Hideyoshi intended to provide the whole Osumi Province to Motochika CHOSOKABE who lost his heir Nobuchika in the Battle of Hetsugigawa, but Motochika firmly declined the offer.
- 日朝修好条規締約後の朝鮮では日本の支援による兵制改革で軍人が失職し、残った旧式軍隊にも給与が遅配していた。
- In Korea after Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity was concluded, military system reform with Japanese support left many solders unemployed, and the remaining soldiers in the old-fashioned military force were not paid on time.
- また、「壹與(ゐよ)」(「台与」)は、中国風の名「(倭)與」を名乗った最初の倭王であるなどと主張している。
- He also claimed that 'Iyo' (Toyo) was the first ruler of Wa, who assumed the Chinese-style name of '[Wa] Yo.'
- このとき、本願寺法主顕如も莫大な献金を行っており、天皇から門跡の称号を与えられ、以後本願寺の権勢が増した。
- On the same occasion Ken-nyo, Hosshu (the head of a Buddhist sect) of Hongan-ji Temple was given the title of Monzeki (an imperial prince in holy orders; a priest-prince made) after they gave an enormous donation, whereby Hongan-ji Temple established more authority.
- 礼を述べた二人が孫七と話すをするうち、与兵衛は多賀家の家臣高橋瀬左衛門の弟で、孫七は瀬左衛門の旧臣と知る。
- They thank Magoshichi and chat with him, and then it is disclosed that Yohei is the younger brother of Sezaemon TAKAHASHI, a vassal of the Taga family, whom Magoshichi used to serve.
- 捨て子の与吉は盗人・月の輪のお熊に育てられ、大名や豪商から金子を盗み貧者に分け与える義賊・鼠小僧となった。
- An abandoned child Yokichi was raised by a thief Tsukinowano Okuma and became a chivalrous robber Nezumi kozo who steals money from daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and wealthy merchants and provides it to the poor.
- それによれば、このとき利休は茶杓を削って「大振袖」と名づけ「婦人シツケ点前一巻」と共に宗円に与えたという。
- According to the story, at the time of the marriage, Rikyu gave Soen a chashaku (bamboo tea spoon for making Japanese tea) he had carved for the occasion, which he called 'large furisode,' along with a scroll called 'Fujin shitsuke temae' (tea ceremony procedures for women).
- かたや義輝は、全国の戦国大名へ合戦の調停を行なったり、幕府の役職を与えたりするなど、幕府権威の回復を図った。
- Yoshiteru, on the other hand, tried to restore the authority of the Bakufu by mediating among warring lords throughout the country and appointing some of them to honorable offices in the Bakufu.
- 苗字は認められても帯刀は認められない例や苗字は子孫への伝承を許すが帯刀は授与された当人一代に限った例もある。
- In one example, it was permitted to possess a family name, but not to wear a sword, and in another example, it was permitted to hand down a family name for later generations, but not have the right to wear a sword.
- 1874年4月に蕃地事務局を設置し、長官に大隈重信、陸軍中将の西郷従道を事務局長に任命して全権が与えられた。
- In April 1874, Banchi Office (Taiwan Expedition Office) was established and Shigenobu OKUMA was appointed as director general and Lieutenant General Tsugumichi SAIGO as commander of the Taiwan expeditionary force, giving them full authority.
- しかし、それが他の列強に知られたために、この話に与れなかったドイツやロシア、フランスの姿勢を更に硬化させた。
- However, the other world powers, including Germany, Russia and France, noticed the demand and hardened their stance toward Japan even more.
- 卑弥呼の次は男子が倭国王となったが再び内乱が生じ、女子の臺與・壹與(台与参照)が倭国王となって乱は終結した。
- Following Himiko, a male became a king of Wakoku, but another civil war occurred again, ending with accession of female Tayo (臺與・壹與, see also Tayo).
- また卑弥呼や台与(壹與)の時代にも生口を送っている記録があり、日本側からも人を送っていたことが見受けられる。
- It is also recorded that they conveyed seiko in the time of Himiko or Toyo (the kanji of Toyo is台与 or 壹與), which proves that such people were sent from Japan side as well.
- 江戸時代には家畜解体業や革細工などの専用の職業が与えられることで、結果的に生活の安定は最低限保障されていた。
- In the Edo period, a minimum of lifestyle stability was guaranteed by being given exclusive occupations such as the slaughter of livestock as well as leather craft and others.
- 信長も9月21日に宇智郡の領有権を認める朱印状を高野山に与えるなど、直ちに武力行使に踏み切る意思はなかった。
- Nobunaga also did not intend to use military force immediately as he gave shuinjo which admitted the territorial right over Uchi County to Koyasan on November 8.
- 『与話情浮名横櫛』(よわなさけ うきなの よこぐし、旧字体:與話……)とは歌舞伎世話物の名作のひとつである。
- 'Yohanasake Ukinano Yokogushi' is one of the Sewamono (play dealing with the lives of ordinary people) masterpieces of Kabuki.
- 将棋の分野では、竜王、王将などのタイトルを取得した勝者に与えられるタイトルの授与を記した文書を贈位状という。
- In the field of Shogi, zoijo means a document that shows conferment of titles to the winners which have gained the titles including ryuo (promoted rook), osho (king), and so on.
- 鹿せんべい(しか-)は、奈良市の奈良公園周辺で放し飼いの鹿に観光客が与える餌として販売されているものである。
- Shika senbei are sold in Nara Park, Nara City, to tourists for them to feed the deer that roam free in and around the park.
- その後、芸系は二世檜垣本吉久、三世檜垣本国忠を経て、名手・四世似我与左衛門国広(?〜1580年)が相続した。
- The performance style was succeeded by Yoshihisa HIGAIMOTO, the second, Kunitada HIGAIMOTO, the third and the master Jibayozaemon Kunihiro (?-1580), the fourth.
- 半済令によって本所領を占拠している地頭が武家ではなく、幕府より勲功によって地頭職を与えられた公家の場合もある。
- In some cases, the Jito occupying a territory of a honjo was not a samurai family, but a Kuge (court noble) who was given the position of Jitoshiki (manager and lord of a manor) as a reward by the bakufu for meritorious service
- 御朱印は印に寺社名が入っていることから、寺社で授与されるお札などと同等とされ、粗末に扱うべきではないとされる。
- Since a goshuin includes the name of a temple, it is regarded as being the same as talismans given at a temple and therefore is always to be handled with respect.
- 銀座(ぎんざ)とは、中近世の日本の政権において貨幣の鋳造および銀地金の買売を担った場所に与えられた呼称である。
- Ginza is a name used for mints in the medieval and modern ages of Japan, where coins were manufactured and silver bullion was bought and sold.
- この事件は文学者たちにも大きな影響を与え、石川啄木は事件後ピョートル・クロポトキンの著作、公判記録を研究した。
- This Incident greatly affected literary figures as well, and Takuboku ISHIKAWA studied the books of Pyotr Alekseevich KROPOTKIN and trial records after the Incident.
- 清国は、遼東半島、台湾、澎湖諸島を日本に割譲し、該地方にある城塁、兵器製造所及び官有物を永遠に日本に割与する。
- Qing permanently cedes to Japan the Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan and the Penghu islands together with fortifications, arsenals and public property located in such areas.
- 軍部の一部では特に朱子学に心酔する者が多く、二・二六事件や満州事変にも多少なりとも影響を与えたといわれている。
- There are many keen devotees of Neo-Confucianism in parts of the military, and it is said that they affected the February 26th Incident and the Manchurian Incident to some degree.
- 日本の文化は常に中国大陸および朝鮮半島を主とする外来文化の影響を受け、仏教が文化全般に多大な影響を与えていた。
- Japanese culture had been always influenced by foreign culture - mainly by that of China and Korea - and Buddhism introduced from them greatly influenced the whole of Japanese culture.
- それをいいことに、義理ある息子与兵衛はますます増長し放蕩し、店の有り金を持出しては新町の遊女に入れあげている。
- Yohei, who is Tokubei's son-in-law, uses this to his advantage and grows increasingly dissipated, taking money from the shop and spending it on prostitutes at Aramachi-town.
- 三五郎と小万は、源五兵衛が自分たちに害を与えずに去ったことに安堵して、床に就いたところ、枕もとに幽霊が現れる。
- Relieved that Gengobe did not do anything, Sangoro and Koman go to bed, and then a ghost appears at their bedside.
- 武士ではあるが、町人の中に住まって犯罪捜査に従事する「不浄役人」の与力はもっと町方風の粋な銀杏髷を結っている。
- Yoriki called 'Fujo yakunin' (dirty officials), who lived among townspeople to be engaged in criminal investigation, arranged their hair more stylish similar to townspeople's Ichomage.
- 師匠は弟子の修行が十分に達成されたと判断した時、仏法の核心を伝授し、その証として祖師伝来の袈裟と持鉢を与える。
- When the priest master judges that training of the disciple has been successfully completed, he teaches the disciple the core of the dharma, and gives the disciple kesa and Jihatsu (nesting set of bowls with which a priest in training eat) that were inherited from the founder of the sect, in proof of the completion.
- 更に秀吉が諸大名ら武家にも気前良く官位を与えたためにただでさえ不足気味であった官位が全体的に不足する事となった。
- Official ranks, which had already been in short supply, came to further run short because Hideyoshi generously awarded these ranks even to the samurai families such daimyo in various areas.
- 国司や領主などの支配層は、田堵負名による名田経営を強化するために、現地での支配権・管理権を次第に付与していった。
- The ruling class, including territorial governors and manorial lords, granted tato farmers various rights to rule and manage land in villages in order to strengthen the myoden system supported by these farmers.
- また後藤新平の消極的な政策を改め、鉄道や水利事業などへの積極的な関与を行い、同化政策は具体的に推進されていった。
- The government changed the hands-off approach taken by Shinpei GOTO and actively introduced railway and water systems and promoted assimilation policies.
- 単に「大逆事件」と呼ばれる場合は、その後の歴史にもっとも影響を与えた1910年の幸徳事件を指すのが一般的である。
- Generally, 'Taigyaku Jiken' refers to the Kotoku Incident in 1910, which was the most influential among such cases on later history.
- 1900年(明治33年)9月15日、超然主義の破綻と政党政治の必要性を感じた伊藤博文が自らの与党として組織した。
- On September 15, 1900, Hirobumi ITO organized it as his ruling party since he became aware of the collapse of the doctrine of superiority and the necessity of party government.
- 現役とは平時軍務に従事する常備兵役を指し、現役武官の人事は、内閣 (日本)の関与が不可能な天皇の統帥権に関わる。
- Geneki (active officer) refers to an individual in regular military service engaged in normal military affairs, and their administration is under the supreme command of the Emperor that the Cabinet cannot affect.
- そしてニコライから直接聖アンナ勲章を授与され、当時の金額で2500円の報奨金と1000円の終身年金が与えられた。
- They were given the Anna medal by Nicholas himself, and also given a reward of 2,500 yen plus an additional 1,000 yen pension, which was a tremendous sum for the time.
- また、中央政権は太閤蔵入地を通じてその地の財政・内政に関与することができるなど、豊臣政権は地方に発言力があった。
- The central administration was able to take part in the rural area's financial and domestic administrations through Hideyoshi's directly-controlled land, which indicated the local regions carried a lot of weight.
- お吉の三十五日の逮夜の供養に与兵衛は何食わぬ顔で列席していたが、天井でネズミが荒れて血潮を拭った古証文をおとす。
- Yohei attends the Taiya (services held the night before a Buddhist funeral) held for Okichi as if nothing had happened, but the movement of rats in the ceiling cause a blood-stained deed to fall.
- とはいえ『日本』には主筆の羯南以下、正岡子規など明治を代表する多くの文人が集い、後世の文壇に与えた影響は大きい。
- However, in the 'Nippon' many representative writers in the Meiji period such as Katsunan, the editor, and Shiki MASAOKA gathered and they greatly influenced the following literary world.
- この絵図は正嘉2年(1258年)に作成されたと推定されており、同年11月付けの和与中分の内容についての裏書がある。
- This map is estimated to have been drawn in 1258 and the details of wayo-chubun made in November of the same year were underwritten on it.
- そのため、各地の守護が戦乱などを口実に幕府の許しを得ずに行ってきた半済・押領を追認・永続化させる法的根拠を与えた。
- This provided the legal grounds to authorize and perpetuate the usurpation of territories and hanzei that had been enforced by Shugo in various regions on the pretext of war without approval from the bakufu.
- 後水尾天皇はこの事件をきっかけに退位を決意したとも考えられており、朝幕関係に深刻な打撃を与える大きな対立であった。
- It is said that this incident was the trigger that led to Emperor Gomizunoo deciding to abdicate, and was a serious blow to the relationship between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court.
- 義時は弟の北条に1000騎を与えて上洛させ、武力による恫喝を背景に交渉を試みるが、朝廷の態度は強硬で不調に終わる。
- Yoshitoki provided his younger brother, Tokifusa HOJO, with 1000 mounted samurai warriors and sent him up to the capital at Kyoto, intending to negotiate with the court with this intimidating show of force as a backdrop, but the Court held firm in its position and the negotiations broke down.
- この還幸にあたり、東京市民に不安を与えないよう再び東京に行幸することと、旧本丸跡に宮殿を造営することが発表された。
- So as not worry the citizens of Tokyo, it was announced that the emperor would return to Tokyo and the imperial palace would be built on the remains of the old castle keep.
- 具体的にはスパイや義兵鎮圧の名目で、法的手続なしに朝鮮人を逮捕し処罰出来るものであり、朝鮮人の日常生活に関与した。
- In particular, they could arrest and punish the Koreans without any legal procedures under the pretext of suppressing spies or rebels, and they got involved in the daily life of the Koreans.
- 排出量取引、技術供与などによる削減については、近年、京都メカニズムなどのルールづくりが進められているところである。
- As for the reduction by emission trading and licensing of technology, rulemaking has recently been in process as in the Kyoto Mechanisms.
- 泗川の戦いは島津氏軍が明軍の火薬の暴発事故による混乱に乗じて一斉に突撃し、明・朝鮮連合軍に大打撃を与え潰走させた。
- In the Battle of Suncheon, the troops of the Shimazu clan made a rush by taking a chance in the confusion caused by an accidental burst of gun powder on the Ming side and inflicted large scale damage sending the Ming and Korean forces flying.
- 事変後清は袁世凱らが指揮する軍隊を朝鮮に駐留させ、軍隊訓練や政府顧問をおくなど朝鮮の軍事や内政に積極的に関与した。
- After the incident, Qing began to get actively involved in the military and internal affairs of Korea by stationing its military force led by YUAN Shiva in Korea for military training and posting an adviser in the government.
- 父の敵とはやる兄弟に朝比奈がなだめ、工藤は、巻狩りの身分証明書である狩場の切手を兄弟に与え双方再会を期して別れる。
- Asahina calms down the brothers who are agitated to see the enemy who killed their father, and Kudo gives them a pass for the hunting ground, which is an identity card for the hunting session, and promises to see them again.
- ただし、任務の都合上、町人に変装することもある与力などには町人と同じように生え際をまっすぐにそり落とすものもいた。
- However, some of Yoriki (police sergeant), who had to disguise themselves as townspeople for the sake of their duties, shaved their hairline straightly just like townspeople.
- この際、象が無位無官であるため参内の資格がないとの問題が起こり、急遽「広南従四位白象」との称号を与えて参内させた。
- On this occasion, the problem was caused due to the elephant not having any official position and not being able to enter the Imperial Palace, the elephant was given ' 広南従四位白象 (Kankan Ju Shii White elephant)' in haste and was then allowed into the Palace.
- だが母親は実家がある大江(現京都府与謝野町)への帰途、山陰本線の列車から亀岡市馬堀付近の保津峡に飛び込んで自殺した。
- However, the mother jumped from the train of the Sanin Main Line into Hozukyo (Hozu Gorge), located in Umahori, Kameoka City, to end her life on her way back home in Oe (present day Yosano-cho, Kyoto Prefecture).
- この約束は遵守され、敦明には上皇に准じて「小一条院」の院号と年官年爵などが与えられ、上皇同様に院庁も設置されている。
- This promise was kept and Atsuaki was given the title 'Koichijoin' equivalent to the Retired Emperor, received Nenkan, Nensyaku and had a In-cho (office) similar to the Retired Emperor.
- 中世の武士間の主従関係は、決して片務的なものではなく、主人・従者が相互に利益を与え合う互恵的な関係で成り立っていた。
- The master-servant relationships among samurai during the medieval period were not one-sided but were established based upon mutually beneficial ones in which benefits were not only given by a master and received by his servant, but also given by a servant and received by the master.
- 平安貴族たちの主な収入源は必ずしも荘園ではなく、むしろ官職に応じて国家から給与される田地や禄などが主要収入であった。
- The income source of the Heian nobles was not necessarily their shoen (manor in medieval Japan), but rather mainly in farmland and stipend given by the government depending on government post.
- 有名人としては、中条家長(初代評定衆として御成敗式目の策定に関与)や愛甲季隆(弓の名手。畠山重忠を討ち取る)が居る。
- Ienaga CHUJO, who was involved in the establishment of code of conduct for samurai as the first member of the Council of State, and Suetaka AIKO, who was a very skillful archer and slew Shigetada HATAKEYAMA, were well known as members of the Party.
- 信長が明智光秀に本能寺で襲われたのが、それを如実に示しているように、信長は配下の家臣に兵力を与えすぎていたのである。
- As clearly shown by the fact that Nobunaga was raided by Mitsuhide AKECHI at Honno-ji Temple, Nobunaga gave too much military force to his vassals.
- 一方、海外において日本美術の装飾性が注目され、ジャポニズムがブームとなり、印象派やアール・ヌーボーへの刺激を与えた。
- Meanwhile, in foreign countries, Japanese art attracted people's attention to its decorativeness, originated the boom of Japonisme (in English, Japanism), and gave artistic stimulation to the impressionists and Art Nouveau.
- 明治政府は交渉決裂の場合の清との開戦も決し、9月「和戦を決する権」を与えられた大久保が全権大使として北京で交渉した。
- The Meiji Government, with the determination of starting a war with Quing after a breakdown in negotiations, gave Okubo full authority to 'decide on war or peace,' and in September, Okubo had talks in Beijing as a plenipotentiary.
- 些細なことで喧嘩をし、通りがかりの侍に恥を掻かせ、与兵衛の為に心を砕く義父や母更には病身の義妹にまで暴力を振るった。
- He begins fights for no reason, humiliates a passing samurai, and even beats his mother and father-in-law, who are heartbroken over him, and his stepsister who is physically weak.
- 「切られ与三」の世界と妖刀村正が引き起こす御家騒動をからめた物語だが、現在ではこのうち縮屋新助の筋のみが上演される。
- In the story, the world of 'Kirare Yosa' (Yosa with a scar face) is mixed with family troubles caused by a yoto sword (mysterious sword) named Muramasa, but nowadays, only the portion related to Chizimiya Shinsuke is performed.
- また、作者不詳の『続浦島伝』のように史実よりも創作性を重視した作品も現われるようになり、後の物語文学にも影響を与えた。
- Also, more creativity-conscious books than historical facts, such as 'Zoku Urashima Den' (Sequel of the folklore, Taro Urashima [Rip van Winkle]) of unknown authorship, appeared, which influenced the subsequent narrative literature.
- 国司に付与された権限については、租税収取に関するものに注目が集まりやすいが、軍事警察の面でも大きな権限を獲得している。
- Although the authority for tax collection tends to be focused, kokushi were also given great authority for military police.
- 守護・地頭には、兵糧米の徴収権、在庁官人の支配権などが与えられ、これは頼朝政権が全国的に在地支配を拡げる契機となった。
- Shugo and Jito were given the power of collection for provisions of rice for the army and the control of Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) and so on, which was the opportunity for Yoritomo administration to expand control over local lands across Japan.
- 騎士(上士)は騎乗を許された上層武士であり、例えば広島藩の場合、百石以上の知行を与えられた武士がこれに当たるとされた。
- Kishi (Joshi) were upper class bushi who were allowed to ride horses and, for example, in the case of the Hiroshima domain, bushi who were given more than one hundred koku were considered to belong to this class.
- 荘園においても、荘園領主らは必要物資を得るために荘園内に手工業者・職人を確保し、職能に応じて彼らへ給田を与えていった。
- As for Shoen, shoen landholders kept handicraftsmen within their shoen to obtain necessary supplies and gave Kyuden according to their ability.
- 将軍宣下(しょうぐんせんげ)とは、天皇が武家政権の長であり、日本国の統治大権を行使する征夷大将軍位を与える儀式のこと。
- The appointment to Shogun refers to a ceremony where the Emperor granted the title of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') as the head of a military government and to govern Japan.
- 中央政府から派遣される国司には多大な権限を与える一方、地方豪族がその職を占めていた郡司にも一定の権限が認められていた。
- Kokushi (provincial governor) dispatched from the central government were given substantial authority, while Gunji (local magistrates) whose position was occupied by powerful local clans were also given a certain level of authority.
- 戦略拠点としてその点に注目され、織田信長は佐和山城に丹羽長秀を入れ、ほど近い長浜城 (近江国)を豊臣秀吉に与えている。
- As Hikone attracted many warlords' attention as their strategic point, Nobunaga ODA placed Nagahide NIWA in Sawayama-jo Castle and gave Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI Nagahama-jo Castle (in Omi Province) which was near NIWA's castle.
- 1571年、比叡山焼き討ちの後、明智光秀に近江国滋賀郡が与えられ、織田信長の命によって京と比叡山の抑えとして築城した。
- In 1571, after the fire attack against Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei, the land of Shiga County, Omi Province was given to Mitsuhide AKECHI, and Sakamoto-jo Castle was built by the order of Nobunaga ODA as a defense against the forces of Kyo (the capital) and Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei.
- 政府はさらにその流通をめざして和銅4年(711年)10月に一定量の銭を蓄えた者に位階を与えるとする蓄銭叙位令を発した。
- In November 711, in an attempt to promote its circulation, the government issued the Chikusen joirei which gave Ikai (Court rank) to persons who saved up a specified amount of coins.
- 永禄7年、織田信長は長良川の鵜飼を見物し、鵜飼それぞれに鵜匠の名称を授け鷹匠と同様に遇し、1戸に禄米10俵を給与した。
- In 1564, Nobunaga ODA saw Nagara-gawa ukai and gave the title of usho as well as ten bales (traditional unit for rice, which is 60 kilograms) of stipend to each ukai fishermen, which was the same treatment with takajo (a hawker).
- 明治の新作ではあるが、初期浄瑠璃や荒事に多大な影響を与えた金平浄瑠璃が唯一現行歌舞伎の演目として残っている場面である。
- Although it is a new work in the Meiji period, the scene is still presented only in 'Kinpira Joruri' (a type of sung narrative with shamisen accompaniment) which has tremendous impact on 'Shoki Joruri' (Joruri in the early time) and 'Aragoto' (rough style of kabuki acting).
- なお、中宮・東宮には別途に陰陽寮からの奏進が行われ、更に准三宮にも同様の待遇が与えられる場合があった(『貞信公記抄』)。
- Besides that, calendar presentation was made separately to chugu and togu by Onmyoryo and similar treatment was sometimes given to junsangu (according to 'Teishin koki-sho Extract').
- 律令は魏晋南北朝時代に発達し、7世紀~8世紀の隋唐期には最盛期を迎え、当時の日本や朝鮮諸国(特に新羅)へも影響を与えた。
- Luli was developed during the Wei-Jin/Southern and Northern Dynasty period, reaching its zenith in Sui Dynasty from the seventh to eighth century, and had an influence on Japan and the kingdoms of Korea (especially Silla) at the time.
- なお、2001年のマラケシュ合意では、排出上の権利を与えるものではないとしており、欧州連合も排出の権利とは認めていない。
- And in Marrakesh agreements of 2001 the right of emissions is supposed not to be given and European Union also does not admit the right of emissions.
- 国造とは、王権に服属した各地の有力豪族に与えられた一種の称号で、ヤマト政権の日本古代の地方官制的な性格を持つものである。
- Local chief was a kind of title which was given to powerful clans in various places who were subject to the emperor's authority; it was a form of provincial government in ancient times under the Yamato political system.
- 参勤は一定期間主君(この場合は征夷大将軍)のもとに出仕すること、交代は暇を与えられて領地に帰り政務を執ることを意味する。
- Sankin means that daimyo served for the lord (Seii-Taishogun [literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians] in this case) for a certain period, while kotai means that they returned to their domains on leave to attend to government affairs there.
- なお、原作ではお富のもとに引き返した与三郎が和泉屋の番頭が海松杭の兄であることから赤間一味の悪事を嗅ぎつけて復讐を誓う。
- In the original plot, however, Yosaburo who returned to Otomi found out the crime of the Akama group because the clerk of Izumiya is the older brother of Mirukui, and he swore revenge.
- 調査のため阿佐利与市が妻板額とともに現場に急行するが、入道側は板額が平太の従妹であるという理由で館内に入るのを許さない。
- For investigation Yoichi ASARI rushes to the scene with his wife, Hangaku, but Nyudo does not allow them to enter the mansion for the reason that Hangaku is a younger female cousin of Heita.
- 良い答えを出した人に座布団が与えられるシステムやフリップや小道具等の使用なども「笑点」によって一般的になった形式である。
- Based on the program called Shoten, the idea of giving one more zabuton (traditional Japanese cushions used to sit on the floor) to a performer that gives a good comical response and the use of a flip chart and prop, etc., have become common.
- 戦国時代_(日本)には幕府による権限は否定され、代わりに戦国大名が守護・国主の権限の一環としてこれを付与するようになった。
- During the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), this privilege which had been granted by the bakufu was denied and instead daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) in the Sengoku Period came to give it to their shugo and kokushu (landed daimyo) as part of their rights.
- 平治の乱後の永暦元年(1160年)、清盛は正三位参議に補任され、武士として初めて公卿(政治決定に参与する議政官)となった。
- After the Heiji Rebellion, Kiyomori was given the post of Shosammi Sangi (Senior Third Rank, Royal Advisors) in 1160 and became the first bushi to become a court noble (a Giseikan (legislator) participating in political decisions).
- 鎌倉幕府が成立すると、鎌倉殿が御家人を地頭へ任命するという形で本領安堵・新恩給与、すなわち御恩がほどこされるようになった。
- When the Kamakura bakufu was established, the benefit of honryoando or sinonkyuyo, or that of goon, was given by Kamakura-dono to gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) in the form that Kamakura-dono appointed them to jito (the managers and lords of manors).
- 広範な権限を与えられた国司は、現地の有力者を登用したり、代理人(目代という)を派遣したりして、現地支配を行うようになった。
- Given wide-ranging rights, kokushi came to control his assigned province through the local powerful persons he employed or his deputy (called mokudai) that he sent to the province.
- 天理や性が天から賦与されたものであることを想起させる言葉であるのに対し、「良知」は人が生来もつものというニュアンスが強い。
- In contrast to 'tenri' and 'sei', which remind people that they are given by Heaven, 'ryochi' contains a strong nuance of that which is endowed to people by nature.
- その後の武士は、知行地を与えられてもその土地と私的な関係を結ぶことは許されなくなり、惣国一揆が再び芽生えることはなかった。
- The samurai after that were not allowed to have a private relationship with the land which was given to him as chigyo-chi (territory), and sokoku ikki was never seen.
- なお、薨去の直後の7月7日に元帥に列せられ、大勲位菊花章頸飾が授与されているが、公式発表では生前に授けられたものとされた。
- Just after the Prince's death on July 7, he was appointed as a Marshal and was conferred the Collar of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum, and it was officially decided to be conferred while he was alive.
- 後鳥羽院(ごとば-(の)-いん)は中世屈指にして史上有数の歌人であり、その歌作は同時代および後代に大きな影響を与えている。
- Go-Toba (no)-in was one of the greatest, most outstanding poets of the Medieval period; his poems had an enormous impact on the later periods.
- 寿永・治承の内乱から奥州合戦に至るまでの恩賞給与に当たっては、関東武士らの満足が得られるものとなるよう最深の注意を傾注した。
- He paid careful attention to ensure that Kanto samurai warriors were content with the rewards they received during the period between the Jisho-Juei Civil War and the Battle of Oshu.
- そして、国司苛政上訴が功を奏し、太政官の政策に影響を与え、国内の税率を固定化する「公田官物率法」が1040年代に制定された。
- Kokushi kasei joso was effective in having an effect on Daijokan's policies, resulting in the enactment of 'Koden kanmotsu rippo' (fixing a limit of 3 to of rice per tan of land) in 1040 for fixing the tax rates in Japan.
- 凶党追捕が完了したときは、凶党の所領・財産は没収され、追捕にあたった武士たちへ恩賞として給与されたのだろうと考えられている。
- It is considered that, after gangsters were captured, their territories and assets were confiscated and were supplied as a reward to the samurai who participated in the capturing actions.
- 近世の京都で発生した最大規模の火災であり、皇居や二条城などが焼け落ちるなど深刻な被害であったために当時の社会に衝撃を与えた。
- It was the largest fire to break out in Kyoto during the early modern period and the serious damage caused including the destruction of the Imperial Palace and Nijo-jo Castle shocked the community at the time.
- しかし、室町期以来、村落自治が根付いていたこともあって、江戸幕府及び諸大名は、村落にある程度の自治を付与する民政を選択した。
- Nevertheless, due partly to the fact that self-government had already taken root in village communities, the Edo bakufu government and feudal lords chose to place villages under civil administration, allowing them a certain degree of self-government.
- 当時、名主職は相伝や譲与できる権利と認識されており、農村社会内部の均質化によって、名主の地位や権利は徐々に分割されていった。
- In this period, myoshu rights were already recognized as rights that could be inherited or sold, and as rural society became more and more homogenized the position and rights of myoshu were split into smaller elements.
- 近年では、明国内における銀の使用盛行が同国内部での銭の信用を低下させて、それが日本国内に何らかの影響を与えたという説もある。
- In recent years, the following theory has been proposed as well: Wide use of silver in Ming degraded the credibility of coins in Ming, affecting, in some way, situations in Japan at that time.
- 明朝の政治・思想に多大な影響を与えた陽明学であったが、その明朝と共に衰退し、清朝では考証学に学問の主役の座を奪われるに至る。
- Yomeigaku deeply influenced politics and thought during the Ming Dynasty; it then declined with the Ming Dynasty and during the Qing Dynasty, Kosho-gaku replaced Yomeigaku as the main school of the academic thought.
- 村においては地方知行制から俸禄制へと移行するなかで、村に対する武士の直接的関与が薄れ、年貢の村請けが進行するにともなかった。
- During Jikatachigyo system (provision of lands from a feudal government or domains to retainers as salary) changed into horoku system (salary) in villages, Samurai's (warrior's) direct engagement to villages weakened and the Murauke system (Village taxation system) did not move ahead.
- 継氏の嫡男川勝秀氏は豊臣秀吉に仕え、秀吉の馬廻を務めて、天正10年(1582年)、丹波国何鹿郡内に3,535石を与えられた。
- The son and heir of Tsuguuji, Hideuji KAWAKATSU served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as an Umamawari (a bodyguard), and in 1582 he was given 3,535 koku (637.68 cubic meters) of Ikaruga County in Tanba Province.
- 明治4年(1871年)には、士族の公務を解いて、農業・工業・商業の自由を与え、また、平民も均しく公務に就任できることとした。
- In 1871, the warrior class became able to engage in not only public services, but also farming, industrial jobs or commercial business, and commoners could engage in public services.
- 特に自身の名作『東海道四谷怪談』は、2ヶ月前に初演され大当たりを取っており、大きくこの作品にも影響を与えたと考えられている。
- One of his masterpieces 'Tokaido Yotsuya Kaidan' had been first performed two months before and succeeded particularly well, therefore it is considered that the success of the play affected the production of the new play considerably.
- また、崩御の直後に地元の人達によって御陵の近くに建てられた頓証寺(現在の白峯寺)に対しても官の保護が与えられたとされている。
- It is also said that the Tonsho-ji Temple (present day Shiromine-ji Temple), which was built near the Emperor's mausoleum by local people soon after his death, was protected by the government.
- 京都賞基礎科学部門(きょうとしょうきそかがくぶもん)は、京都賞の一部門であり、優れた業績を上げた科学者に与えられる賞である。
- The Kyoto Prize in the category of Basic Sciences is a prize awarded to an scientist for outstanding achievements in his or her respective field.
- 「御恩」には所領支配を保障する本領安堵(ほんりょうあんど)と新たな土地給与である新恩給与(しんおんきゅうよ)の2種類があった。
- Favors consisted of both honryo-ando (acknowledgment of inherited estates) and shinon-kyuyo (the granting new domains).
- 後醍醐には正式な前天皇としての上皇の称号と待遇が与えられ、これで後醍醐には将来治天として政務を執る可能性が生じることになった。
- Godaigo was officially given the title and privileges of the retired emperor as the previous Emperor and Godaigo had the possibility of ruling as Chiten in the future.
- 保元の乱では勝者の天皇方につき、平治の乱では形勢を観望して河内源氏(頼光の弟の源頼信の系統)の源義朝に与せず、清盛に味方した。
- Allied with the victorious imperial side during the Hogen war, when the Heiji war broke out he stood on the sidelines and observed, and didn't join with MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, who was of the Kawachi Genji (descended from MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, the younger brother of Yorimitsu), supporting Kiyomori instead.
- 世界各地の農業社会では、その初期の頃から、播種期に種子を貸与し、収穫期に利子を付けて返済させる慣行が生まれたと考えられている。
- In the agrarian society worldwide, it is thought that a system, in which seeds were loaned to peasants in the planting season to make them pay back the loaned seeds and the born interest in the harvesting season, was launched in the early days.
- 荘園公領制成立以前の武士は封建領主としての確固たる領地を持たず、一般の田堵負名と同様に名田の経営権を国衙との契約で付与された。
- Samurai didn't have their settled territories where they could rule as a feudal load before the shoen-koryo system was established, and kokuga gave management rights of myoden to them as well as ordinary tato and fumyo (local tax managers) by contract.
- 清和源氏は源満仲以来、藤原北家(摂関家)の家司として代々仕え、同家による他氏排斥の際には藤原北家の家司として積極的に関与した。
- Since the time of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, Seiwa-Genji served for generations as keishi of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan (regent family) and actively participated in tashihaiseki (expulsion of other clans from the Imperial Court) by the clan.
- 戦国大名は武力で自らの支配地域を確立していったため、従前の権利関係を解消して、支配地域を家臣や寺社へ分け与えることが多かった。
- As Sengoku-daimyos established their own regions of influence by force, they dissolved the previous rights and often gave their regions to the retainers, temples or shrines.
- 位階のうち五位以上の者には位田・位封・位禄・位分資人が給与されるなど多くの特権が与えられており、特別の身分階層を形成していた。
- Those at the Fifth Rank or above received a number of privileges such as being granted fields, fiefs, stipends, and servants, and developed into a special social class.
- これら水利事業の整備は台湾の農業に大きな影響を与え、農民の収入を増加させるとともに、総督府の農業関連歳入の増加を実現している。
- The development of water facilities influenced agriculture in Taiwan, increasing the income for farmers as well as agriculture-related revenue for the Sotoku-fu.
- 「性」とは天から賦与された純粋な善性を、他方「情」とは感情としてあらわれる心の動きを指し、「情」の極端なものが人欲といわれる。
- Sei' is the pure innate goodness given by Heaven, while 'jo' is the activity of one's mind represented as feelings, and the extreme form of 'jo' is called 'jinyoku', or human desires.
- 何度かの戦闘の結果、新羅は再び唐の冊封を受け、唐は現在の清川江以南の領土を新羅へ与えるという形式をとって両者の和睦が成立した。
- As a result of several battles, Silla became a vassal under the Tang Dynasty again, and the two parties reached a reconciliation by Tang giving the territory south of Seisenko River.
- 山背大兄王の側近の三輪文屋君は東国へ逃れて再挙することを勧めるが、山背大兄王は民に苦しみを与えることになると取り上げなかった。
- When Prince Yamashiro no Oe's close adviser, MIWA no Fumiya no Kimi, suggested him to escape to the east, he turned down this offer by saying he did not want the citizens to suffer anymore.
- 天正元年(1573年)9月に浅井氏が滅亡すると、秀吉は浅井郡・坂田郡の支配権を与えられ、本拠地として長浜城 (近江国)を築城。
- After the AZAI clan was destroyed in October 1573, Hideyoshi, who was given control of Azai County and Sakata County, built Nagahama-jo Castle in Omi Province as his base.
- 1572年-1573年にかけて、木戸城、田中城 (近江国)を落城させ、また湖面より囲船にて湖北の浅井氏勢に襲撃し打撃を与えた。
- From 1572 through 1573, he attacked and defeated Kido-jo Castle and Tanaka-jo Castle (Omi Province), and he also attacked the Asai clan on the northern shore of Lake Biwa with battle ships and damaged the clan.
- またロシアに勝利したことは、列強諸国の日本に対する評価を高め、明治維新以来の課題であった不平等条約改正の達成に大きく寄与した。
- Japan's victory over Russia raised the repute of Japan among the great powers and greatly contributed to Japan's objective to revise the unequal treaties which had been a priority issue for the Japanese government since the Meiji Restoration.
- 節を除いた残り(平(ひら)という)に、何回目ということをあらかじめ定め、間々(あいあい)といって、少額金を与えることがあった。
- Among the rest times except fushi (called hira), at some predetermined numbers of times called aiai, a small amount of prize money were given sometimes.
- 臣籍降下の概念が明確ではなかった上代においては、第9代の開化天皇以降の皇別の氏族には公(きみ)の姓(かばね)が与えられていた。
- In ancient times when the concept of demotion from nobility to subject was not yet clear, Imperial Families with ancestors from after the era of the ninth Emperor Kaika, were given the surname Kimi (Kabane).
- 「伊達競阿国戯場」は、騒動の舞台を細川氏・山名氏が争う応仁記の世界にとり、累伝説を脚色した累・与右衛門の物語と併せて劇化した。
- The play 'Date Kurabe Okuni Kabuki' was set in the world of Onin-ki (The Records of the Onin War), where the Hosokawa clan and Yamana clan fought each other, and also adopted the story of Kasane and Yoemon, dramatizing the legend of Kasane.
- シテ方観世流三世音阿弥の子・観世与四郎吉国(1440年〜1493年)が、金春流太鼓方の流祖金春豊氏の弟子となって流儀を興した。
- Yoshiro Yoshikuni KANZE (1440-1493), a son of the 3rd shite-kata Kanze-ryu Otoami, apprenticed himself to Harutoyo KONPARU, the founder of Konparu-ryu taiko-kata, and founded the school.
- また、純粋な恩賞とはいい難いが、鎌倉殿や執権が御家人に対して偏諱を与えるようになり、特に鎌倉殿の偏諱はきわめて重い栄誉とされた。
- Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura) and regents began to give the names (in which one character was identical to that of the givers) to gokenin, which cannot be considered pure rewards, although the names given by the shoguns were regarded as the highest honors.
- 簡単に家人を殺すのは武士ならではであっても、しかしその家人・眷属に対する生殺与奪の絶対的権力は当時では武士に限った話しではない。
- While bushi could easily kill his servant, the power to decide life and death of servants and kenzoku (disciples or followers of Buddha) was not limited to bushi at that time.
- むしろ、撰銭がおこなわれ、かつ一定の制限のもとであるにせよ公認された事実は、中国貨幣経済の信用度に大きな打撃を与えたことになる。
- The fact that erizeni acts were carried out and were officially permitted, even though some restrictions were imposed, impacted the credibility of the money economy in China greatly.
- 奥羽越列藩同盟政府から新政府に寝返った久保田藩・津軽藩・三春藩は功を労われ、明治2年(1869年)には一応の賞典禄が与えられた。
- The Kubota Domain, the Tsugaru Domain, and the Miharu Domain which defected from the Ouetsu-reppan alliance to the new government were commended for their deeds, and were given provisional shotenroku in 1869.
- 公家領や寺社領に対する訴訟の権限は有していたものの、警察・軍事に関しては幕府の行動に大義名分を与える役割に限定されるようになる。
- The court still held the power regarding the suits about territory of kuge (court noble) as well as temples and shrines, but as for the police and military, the court was only in a position to justify the bakufu actions.
- そして石田三成など政務を執る奉行衆は20万石前後とし、外様には政権参与を原則的に許してないなど、政務者と軍事力の分離が図られた。
- Hideyoshi tried to prevent those in charge of government practices from having military forces; for example, Hideyoshi gave 200,000 koku to the 'bugyoshu' (group of magistrates), including Mitsunari ISHIDA, and didn't allow 'tozama' to participate in government affairs.
- 幕府の各大名の支配方法として、参勤交代と御手伝いの義務のほか、将軍の娘をもらったり息子を養嗣子としたり、お金を貸し与えたりした。
- The shogunate government controlled feudal lords (daimyo) by various means, such as the alternate-year residence system in Edo (sankinkotai) and compulsory service in construction work, but in another occasion through the marriage with a daughter of the shogun or adoption of a son of the shogun and loaning.
- 片時もお富を忘れることのできなかった与三郎はお富を見て驚くと同時に、またしても誰かの妾になったかと思うとなんとも肚が収まらない。
- Because Yosaburo was unable to forget Otomi even for a moment, he was surprised to see Otomi, and also got angry to know that she became a mistress of someone.
- このクーデターの成功により新政府が樹立され総裁・議定・参与の三職が新たに設けられると、熾仁親王はその最高職である総裁に就任する。
- This coup was successful and the new government was established, three new positions of President, Gijo, and Councilor were established and the Imperial Prince Taruhito assumed the highest position of President.
- 慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦いの前に、東軍に与した細川藤孝が籠城する田辺城 (丹後国)を西軍が攻めた田辺城の戦いが起きた。
- Before Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, Battle of Tanabe-jo Castle happened, where Western Camp besieged Tanabe-jo Castle (Tango Province) in which Fujitaka HOSOKAWA, who was on the side of Eastern Camp, held up.
- 日本における恩賞の給与は、古代以降、蝦夷征伐や謀叛の鎮圧に功労のあった武官に対して、朝廷が官位の任官または昇叙を行ったことによる。
- The practice of reward grants in Japan goes back to ancient times when the Imperial Court appointed those who rendered distinguished service in conquering Ezo or fighting rebellions as government officials or promoted them.
- これよりも結びつきが低い(恩給は与えず、有事の時に指揮・被指揮の関係に入る)「指南・被指南」制度を採った伊達氏や結城氏の例もある。
- The weaker relationship of 'instructor-pupil' (Onkyu was not provided for and the leader-follower relationship was formed in times of emergency), for example, was adopted by the Date clan and the Yuki clan.
- このとき、開発領主は国衙から認められた開発所領を失ったが、それと同等か、より多くの田地を給田として与えられることが一般的であった。
- The development landholder lost the kaihatsu shoryo recognized by the kokuga, but it was conventional that they were given equivalent or more rice fields as Kyuden.
- 確かに平家の一門が落ち延びたという伝承も少なくはないが、平家の落人という概念が形容するものは「平家方に与して落ち延びた人」である。
- Although there exist quite a lot of oral traditions saying that members of the Taira family escaped to the place concerned, the notion of Heike no Ochudo stands for 'people who sided with the Taira family and thereafter escaped to a certain place.'
- 直後の4月28日、「太郎焼亡」と称される大火が発生、大極殿および関白松殿基房以下13人の公卿の邸宅が焼失して、人々に衝撃を与えた。
- Soon after, on June 3, an extensive fire referred to as 'Taro Shobo' broke out and shocked the people as it burned down the Daigoku-den Palace and housing complexes of 13 aristocrats including Motofusa MATSUDONO (chief adviser to the Emperor).
- 後醍醐天皇は光厳天皇の即位と正慶の元号を廃止、光厳が署名した詔書や光厳が与えた官位の無効を宣言し、さらに関白の鷹司冬教を解任した。
- Emperor Godaigo declared both Emperor Kogon's reign and the Shukyo era name annulled, and announced that all imperial decrees signed by Kogon, or court appointments made by him, were invalid; he took the additional step of dismissing Fuyunori TAKATSUKASA from his position as kanpaku (chief advisor/Prime Minister).
- 1466年(文正元年)7月、突然、義政は側近の伊勢貞親・季瓊真蘂らの進言で斯波武衛家の家督を斯波義廉から取り上げ斯波義敏に与えた。
- In July 1466, at the recommendation of his aides including Sadachika ISE and Shinzui KIKEI, Yoshimasa suddenly deprived Yoshikado SHIBA of the Shiba Buei family headship and bestowed it on Yoshitoshi SHIBA.
- また、ヨーロッパとの交易(南蛮貿易)が開始し、火縄銃やキリスト教などが伝来し、それまでの戦術や日本の宗教観念に大きな影響を与えた。
- Trade with European countries (trade with Spain and Portugal) started, and matchlock guns and Christianity were brought to Japan, significantly affecting fighting techniques and religious concepts that Japanese had until then.
- しかし総じて明初期の思想界は朱子学的側面が強く、呉与弼や陳献章にせよ、本人としては朱子学の実践を行っているつもりであったのである。
- But in general, ideological circles in the Ming period were largely under the influence of Shushigaku, and even Wu Yubi (Kangzhai) and Chen Xianzhang must have thought they were practicing Shushigaku.
- 日本では奈良時代に橘逸勢が842年に反逆罪に問われ、姓・官位を剥奪されて「非人」の姓を天皇から与えられたのが文献上の初例とされる。
- The first reference of the term 'Hinin' could be found in the literature describing that TACHIBANA no Hayanari faced treason charges in 842 and was deprived his surname as well as official rank; He was also reduced to the nonstatus signified by 'Hinin' by the Emperor.
- このとき、古河側が農民に若干の示談金を与えるかわりに、それ以前、以後の鉱毒被害の請求権を放棄するという内容の永久示談に切り替えた。
- In this negotiation, the Furukawa side changed their policy to offer a final composition that they would give some money and in return demand the abandonment of the right in the future to claim against them for damages by the mining pollution.
- 政府のトップが長期間政府を離れ外遊するというのは異例であるが、直に西洋文明や思想に触れたという経験が彼らに与えた影響は評価される。
- Although it was unusual for senior government members to leave the government and travel abroad for a long period of time, they are believed to have done so on the basis that it would enable them to directly experience Western civilization and thought, which had a great impact on them.
- その噴火・発光、湯だまりの変異等の自然現象が起きる度に、神霊現象として中央へ報告され、神階が上昇し、封戸が与えられるなどしていた。
- Each time a natural phenomenon such as eruption, light emission, or changes in the crater lake occurred, it was reported to the central government as a phenomenon caused by a Shinto god, resulting in a raise of shinkai (a rank granted to Shinto gods) and granting of fuko (residential units (ko) assigned as prebends (fu) to support top-ranking officials, temples, shrines, and royal households such as those of the queen-consort and crown prince).
- しかしながら、関ヶ原の戦い後に加藤清正の計らいで惟光の弟の阿蘇惟善に所領が与えられ、清正の手で復興された阿蘇神社の大宮司となった。
- However, after the Battle of Sekigahara, Kiyomasa KATO arranged provision of a territory to Koreyoshi ASO who was Koremitsu's younger brother and was appointed to daiguji of Aso-jinja Shrine that was revived by Kiyomasa.
- 王政復古 (日本)において、幕府や摂政・関白の廃止と天皇親政が定められ、天皇の下に総裁・議定・参与の三職からなる官制が施行された。
- On the occasion of Osei-hukko (the restoration of Imperial rule in Japan), the new government abolished the Shogunate, the positions of Regent and Chief Advisor to the emperor, provided direct Imperial rule, and established a central government organization consisting of a president, a chairman (Gijo), and a councilor under the control of the Emperor.
- 慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦いでは、嫡男川勝広綱とともに西軍に与して丹後国田辺城 (丹後国)攻撃(田辺城の戦い)に参加した。
- At the Battle of Sekigahara (1600), he and his heir Hirotsuna KAWAKATSU joined the West Army, and fought in the attack against Tanabe-jo Castle in Tango Province (the Battle at Tanabe-jo Castle).
- また吉保の5男柳沢時睦も享保9年蒲原郡内(新潟県新発田市北部・北蒲原郡加治川村西部)において1万石を与えられて三日市藩主となった。
- Tokichika YANAGISAWA, the fifth son of Yoshiyasu, was given 10,000 koku in Kanbara-gun (currently in the northern part of Shibata City and the western part of Kajikawa village, Kita Kanbara gun, Niigata Prefecture) in 1724, and became the lord of Mikkaichi City.
- 安忠の子柳沢吉保は綱吉の腹心となり、綱吉が5代将軍になると元禄元年(1688年)1万石を与えられて側用人になり、松平姓を許された。
- Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA, the son of Yasutada, became a confidant of Tsunayoshi, and when Tsunayoshi became the fifth shogun, Yoshiyasu was given 10,000 koku, became a goyonin (one of the most senior retainers of the shogun) and was allowed to use the name MATSUDAIRA.
- 彼女を連れて会津若松市のお大尽が野崎参りに出かけたのを知った与兵衛が、嫌がらせに途中の道で待ち伏せたのが事の発端のきっかけである。
- The incident began when Yohei learned that a wealthy man from Aizuwakamatsu City was taking her to Nozaki, and, out of spite, went to the road to lay in wait for them.
- 大覚寺で院政を執ったときに僧位などの称号・位階を設け、この称号の授与に関する権限を大覚寺に与える「永宣旨」(えいせんじ)を出した。
- He received a title or a rank as a Buddhist priest while ruling the cloistered government at Daikaku-ji Temple, and he issued 'Eisenji' which gives the authority to use those titles and ranks to the temple.
- 京都賞先端技術部門(きょうとしょうせんたんぎじゅつぶもん)は、京都賞の一部門であり、優れた業績を上げた科学者に与えられる賞である。
- The Kyoto Prize in the category of Advanced Technology is one of the categories of the Kyoto Prize, and is given to a scientist who achieved great results.
- しかし受領による国内支配の強化への妥協と見る説と、郡司層が旧来の権利を失った代替として越訴権が与えられたとする見解が提出されている。
- However, some have suggested it was accepted as a compromise measure against Zuryo's growing control over entire Japan, while others have suggested that the Gunji class (local magistrates) was given the right to direct appeals in exchange for their lost conventional rights.
- なお、「令宗」(よしむね)の姓は、惟宗氏全員の改姓ではなく、長保元年(999年)頃、允亮と彼の弟と思われる惟宗允正のみに与えられた。
- By the way, the surname 'Yoshimune' was not another name for all members of the Koremune clan, but was granted around 999 only to Tadasuke and KOREMUNE no Tadamasa, who is thought to be Tadasuke's younger brother.
- 元の滅亡や南北朝動乱の継続により、日中双方の中央政体が混乱し、唐船に与える名目も喪失したため、寺社造営料唐船の時代は終わりを告げた。
- The age of trading vessels dispatched to Yuan ended because the grounds given to Tosen disappeared under the confusion of the central governments of both Japan and China due to the fall of Yuan as well as continued disturbances between Northern and Southern Dynasties.
- 主に、神社用の田である神田、寺院用の田である寺田、官職に応じられて与えられた田である官田をはじめ勅旨田・公廨田などが不輸租田である。
- Fuyusoden mainly included shinden (also referred to as kamita, kanda) which was a paddy field affiliated with a shrine, jiden (also referred to as terada) which was a paddy field affiliated with a temple, kanden (imperial estates) which was a paddy field allotted according to government rank, chokushiden (imperial proprietorships and land), and kugaiden (estates belonging to government officers.)
- このように、幕府が紫衣の授与を規制したにもかかわらず、後水尾天皇は従来の慣例通り、幕府に諮らず十数人の僧侶に紫衣着用の勅許を与えた。
- Although the bakufu regulated the presenting of Shie, Emperor Gomizunoo followed the previous tradition of giving Imperial decrees, allowing the wearing of Shie by about 15 Buddhist monks without asking for the bakufu's opinion.
- 翌4日も戦闘が続き、5日になると明治天皇が小松宮彰仁親王に錦の御旗を与え(岩倉具視が偽造したという説もある)、新政府軍が官軍となる。
- The battle continued on the following day (January 28), and on January 29, Emperor Meiji granted the Imperial standard to Imperial Prince Komatsunomiya Akihito (some believe Tomomi IWAKURA forged it); consequently, the new government's forces became the Imperial forces.
- 昌幸は東軍を率いる家康に従っていたが、慶長5年(1600年)7月下旬、下野で次男・真田幸村とともに離反して上田に帰還し西軍に与した。
- Masayuki served Ieyasu leading the Eastern Camp, but in September 1600, he fell out with his second son Yukimura SANADA in Shimotsuke and went back to Ueda to side with the Western Camp.
- この見解は中国絵画史に大きな影響を与えたが、董其昌の主張は対立する北宗画を攻撃する狙いもあり、その理論の組み立ては恣意的な点が多い。
- His opinion made a great influence on the history of Chinese paintings, but his theory was structured on much arbitrariness, for Dong Qichang's claims were also aimed to attack the Hokusoga that stood in opposition.
- 辻番所で交わされる幸蔵・与惣兵衛の親子の名乗りと、稲葉内の幸蔵と三吉とのやり取りが人気で、今日ではもっぱらこの二幕が上演されている。
- The scene when Kozo and Yosobe talk and find out they are a father and son in Tsujibansho and the conversations between Kozo and Sankichi in Inaba are popular; these two scenes are mainly performed in these days.
- 中分には、両者の示談による和解で決着する和与中分(わよちゅうぶん)と、裁判判決など幕府からの命令により実施される強制的な中分があった。
- There were two kinds of chubun, namely wayo-chubun by which the land was divided amicably through both parties' negotiation and compulsory chubun by which the land was divided according to the order of the Bakufu, such as a court ruling.
- 江戸幕府においては、年始に江戸在府の御三家が老中以下の幕閣や有力旗本を饗応し、同じく町奉行が役宅で与力らを饗応することを椀飯と称した。
- In the Edo bakufu, the Gosanke (the three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family) in Edo would entertain the roju (member of shogun's council of elders) and other prominent council members and hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu), and in a similar way, the Machibugyo (town magistrate) would entertain yoriki (police sergeant) and others at the official residence and these were considered oban.
- 治承元年(1177年)には鹿ヶ谷の陰謀が起き、藤原成親、平康頼、西光、俊寛ら院近臣多数が処罰され、後白河法皇も事件への関与を疑われた。
- In 1177 the Shishigatani Conspiracy was launched, as a result of which several of the group of close retainers to the cloistered emperor, including FUJIWARA no Narichika, TAIRA no Yasuyori, and the monks Saiko and Shunkan were executed, and suspicions about cloistered emperor Goshirakawa's possible involvement in the plot were raised as well.
- 王家の分裂を固定化する意図によるものとする説と、皇位継承を王家の自律に任せ直接的な関与を避ける意図によるものとする説とが対立している。
- There are two opposing theories, one that this was done to establish a division in the Imperial family, and the other is that it was done to avoid direct intervention and leave the Imperial succession to the autonomy of the Imperial family.
- 相模組与頭の佐々木只三郎、渡辺吉太郎、高橋安二郎、桂早之助、土肥仲蔵、桜井大三郎、今井信郎らが坂本龍馬暗殺の実行犯として有力とされる。
- Tadasaburo SASAKI, who was Kumigashira (the leader) of the Sagami no kami brigade, and Kichitaro WATANABE, Yasujiro TAKAHASHI, Hayanosuke KATSURA, Nakazo DOHI, Daizaburo SAKURAI, and Nobuo IMAI are regarded as likely perpetrators of the assassination of Ryoma SAKAMOTO.
- 保元以前、武力で政争が解決した事例は平安初期の平城上皇の変にまで遡り、三百数十年ぶりの異変だったため、当時の人々に大きな衝撃を与えた。
- These wars astounded people of the time because they had not had a political fight which involved a military force for 300 years and several decades since the War of retired Emperor Heizei, in the early Heian period.
- 期待していた親類の細川幽斎、与力の筒井順慶ら近畿の有力大名の支持を得られなかったことが戦力不足につながり、敗因の一つであったと言える。
- It can be said that one of causes of his defeat was that he did not have sufficient military strength caused by his failure to acquire support from powerful warlord in the Kinki area such as Yusai HOSOKAWA, who was his relative, and Junkei TSUTSUI, who was a yoriki (warlord attached to another) to Mitsuhide.
- 義教は赤松氏の庶流の赤松貞村を寵愛し、永享12年(1440年)3月に摂津国の赤松義雅(満祐の弟)の所領を没収して貞村に与えてしまった。
- Yoshinori favored Sadamura AKAMATSU, a branch family of the Akamatsu clan, and confiscated the territory of Yoshimasa AKAMATSU (younger brother of Mitsusuke) in the Settsu Province and gave it to Sadamura in April, 1440.
- 平氏政権は仁安 (日本)2年5月10日に後白河院院宣及び六条天皇宣旨によって平重盛(平清盛は既に出家)に諸国の軍事警察権が与えられた。
- On June 6, 1167, TAIRA no Shigemori of the Taira clan government (TAIRA no Kiyomori already became a priest then) was granted Japan's military and police authorities by the retired emperor Goshirakawa and the Emperor Rokujo.
- また将軍などの贔屓による栄転・加増の場合は、意図的に表高を抑えて、公称した例もあった(例、越後与板藩から信濃小諸藩に栄転した牧野氏)。
- In addition, in some cases if the promotion/increase was made under the patronage of the shogun, the officially published omote-daka was intentionally kept low (for example, the Makino clan was promoted from the Yoita Domain of Echigo clan to the Komoro Domain in Shinano Province).
- 翌11月5日、現地の英仏領事と両艦の艦長が会同して打ち合わせを行ったが、英仏領事とも、この時点では榎本軍に対して高い評価を与えていた。
- On November 5, the British and French consuls stationed on the spot and the captains of the two warships held a meeting, and at this this, the two captains were highly evaluating the Enomoto's Army.
- 市場の貨幣流通量を減らすべくその方法として貨幣純度を元に戻す必要は感じていたが、これを一気に行えば経済界に与える悪影響は計り知れない。
- He understood the need to return the purity of currency in order to reduce currency circulation in the market, but he was also concerned about the immeasurable impact on business activities if the government carried out this at once.
- ただでさえ少なかった秀吉の縁者である豊臣秀長・豊臣鶴松・大政所・朝日姫らが、天正末期に次々と死去したことは、豊臣政権に大打撃を与えた。
- Hideyoshi originally had few relatives, and as Hidenaga TOYOTOMI, Tsurumatsu TOYOTOMI, Omandokoro, Asahihime (Hideyoshi's younger sister and Ieyasu's lawful wife) and others passed away one after another, it caused heavy damage to the Toyotomi government.
- その後、正保4年12月24日 (旧暦)(1648年9月12日)に下野国鹿沼市などを与えられて鹿沼城を居城と定めた事で鹿沼藩が成立する。
- Subsequently, on January 18, 1648, he was granted Kanuma City in Shimotsuke Province and others, and established the Kanuma Domain by choosing Kanuma-jo Castle as his residence.
- 初め荒川氏を称してたが、荒川易氏のときに征夷大将軍足利義尚から信濃国伊那郡の一部を与えられ、易氏の孫の伊奈易次の代に伊奈熊蔵と号した。
- Although the family first referred to itself as the Arakawa clan, Yasutsugu INA, a grandson of Yasuuji ARAKAWA who had been given a part of Ina County, Shinano Province, by the Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, called himself Kumazo INA.
- 兄・後深草の系統を持明院統、弟・亀山の系統を大覚寺統というが、これが日本史上最大の皇位迭立となり、後世に大きな影響を与えることとなる。
- The older brother, Emperor Gofukakusa's line was called the Jimyoin Imperial line, and the younger brother, Emperor Kameyama's line was called the Daikakuji Imperial line, this example of sharing the throne was the biggest event in Japanese history that had a great impact on the later period.
- 中世一時的には氏長者の権威が低下する時期もあったものの、氏長者には氏爵といい、朝廷より一門に対する位階任官者推薦の特権が付与されていた。
- Although the authority of the ujinochoja sometimes temporarily declined during the medieval period, the Imperial Court granted the ujinochoja the privilege of ujinoshaku that allowed them to recommend candidates within their clans for the ikai (Court rank).
- なお以上の解釈には一定の歴史的根拠が与えられるが、これらの説明は日本の近代中国思想研究に於ける影響下にあることを前もって知る必要がある。
- The above-mentioned interpretation is based on certain historical grounds, but it should be noted that the description is made under the influence of Japanese study on modern Chinese ideology.
- これは、御家人の所領の分散を阻止するために、惣領による悔返権の強化や他人和与の禁止を進めてきた鎌倉幕府の土地政策の延長上にあると言える。
- It is possible to say that this provision was an extension of a land policy taken by the Kamakura bakufu which enhanced the right of kuikaeshi (the right of claim for return) of soryo (heir) and prohibited the donation of land to others, so as to prevent dispersion of Gokenin's shoryo.
- 朝鮮には憲法も選挙法も適用されていなかったが、朝鮮人も日本国籍を付与されていたため、内地における衆議院選挙に参加することは可能であった。
- Though neither the constitution or the election law was applied in Korea, the Koreans were given Japanese nationality and it was possible for them to join the Lower House election in the mainland.
- しかし、1月3日毛利秀元等が率いる援軍が到着し、翌4日水陸から明・朝鮮連合軍を攻撃敗走させ2万人の損害を与えて勝利した(蔚山城の戦い)。
- On February 8, however, rescue forces headed by Hidemoto MORI and so on arrived and, on the next day, February 9, attacked and routed the allied Ming and Korean forces and caused 20,000 casualties and won the battle (the Battle of Ulsan).
- 博多御公用丁銀(はかたごくようちょうぎん):「御公用」「文禄二中山与左衛門」の極印が打たれ、文禄の役の際、豊臣秀吉が鋳造させたとされる。
- Hakatagokuyo Chogin: Chogin with '御公用' (Gokuyo) and '文禄二中山与左衛門' (Second year of the Buroku era, Yozaemon NAKAYAMA) hallmarked and were said to be ordered by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI at the Bunroku War.
- 尚、以仁王自身はこの戦いで殺害されたが、皇族殺害の汚名をおそれた平清盛の計略により、死後強制的に源氏を賜与されて名も「源以光」とされた。
- After Prince Mochihito was killed in this battle, the TAIRA no Kiyomori were concerned with having a bad reputation from killing a member of the Imperial family, Kiyomori made a plan and the Prince was given the name of the Genji clan compulsory after he died, and was called 'MINAMOTO no Mochimitsu.'
- そして、城下町を形成して屋敷を与え、家臣または家臣とその妻子を住まわせることで背信を防いだり、次第に武士の土着化を防ぐようになっていった。
- Sengoku daimyo constructed castle towns, giving residences to their vassals and families inside the towns in order to prevent revolts and indigenization.
- 毎年、治天ないし三宮に1人分の叙爵権を付与し、治天及び三宮は叙爵希望者より叙料を納めさせることで、従五位に叙爵させることができるとされた。
- Each of the chiten and sangu was given every year the right to confer a court rank on one person and allowed to confer the Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank) on one of the applicants in return for a payment of joryo (a fee for attaining a court rank).
- 寛平・延喜東国の乱と承平南海賊のいずれにおいても、反乱制圧・平和維持に尽力した最初期の武士たちは、十分な恩賞が与えられたとは考えなかった。
- In either of the Kanbyo Engi Togoku War and Joheinankaizoku, the samurai at the early stage who made efforts to suppress the rebellions and to maintain security did not consider their rewards sufficient.
- 平安時代も末期とならない限り武士の世界において領地を与える(新恩給与)、あるいは領地の所有権を保証(本領安堵)するなどはありうべくもない。
- There was no donation of estates (shinon-kyuyo - granting of new domains) or a guaranteed ownership of the estate (honryo-ando - acknowledgment for an inherited estate) in the world of bushi until at the end of Heian period.
- 10月9日、後白河は頼朝を本位に復して赦免、14日には寿永二年十月宣旨を下して、東海・東山両道諸国の事実上の支配権を与える(『百錬抄』)。
- Goshirakawa pardoned Yoritomo by reinstating him in his previous position on November 2, and gave Yoritomo the virtual right to rule the provinces along Tokai-do Road and Tosan-do Road by issuing Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji (the imperial decree issued to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo) on November 7 ('Hyakuren sho').
- 勘合符の実物は残されていないが、禅僧の天与清啓が明への渡航を記録した「戊子入明記」に「本字壱号」(本字壹號)の勘合符の例図が描かれている。
- The real Kangofu no longer exists, however, 'Boshi Nyuminki' (The Account of the Visit to Ming in 1468), the Zen priest Tenyo Seikei's travel report to Ming, includes an illustration of 'Honji Ichigo' (Honji No. 1).
- しかし、公出挙でも年利50%と高利が認められていたので、国府や郡家などの地方機関は春になると正税(租庸調)の種籾を百姓へ強制的に貸与した。
- However, since charging high annual interest rates at 50% was admitted even in Ku-Suiko, local administrative organizations such as the Kokufu (provincial office) and Gunke (public office) started to forcibly loan seed rice to peasants in spring, although such seed rice should have been stored in the provincial offices' warehouse as Shozei, the rice tax (belonging to So-Yo-Cho system [a tax system, corvee]).
- 俘囚が有していた狩猟技術・武芸技術は、乗馬と騎射を中心とするものであり、俘囚の戦闘技術は当時登場しつつあった武士たちへ大きな影響を与えた。
- Fushu's hunting and military arts were centered on horseback riding and Kisha (shooting an arrow while riding a horse), and thus many samurai who came to the forefront at the time were heavily influenced by the Fushu's skills in battle.
- 座は公家や寺社を本所として座役を納め、あるいは奉仕を行い、本所は座の構成員である座衆に供御人・寄人・神人などの身分を与えてこれを保護した。
- A za did za-yaku (duties imposed on a za) or offered services to a court noble, a temple or a shrine which was their honjo (a controller and protector of a za), and in exchange for it the honjo granted some status such as Kugonin (purveyors to the Imperial Household), Yoriudo (dependents of powerful nobles, temples or shrines), or Jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) to za-shu (members of a za) of that za.
- これは、土地(下地)を折半(中分)するもので、両者の交渉(和与)で中分する和与中分と荘園領主の申し立てにより幕府が裁定する中分とがあった。
- The shitaji (lands) were divided into halves and there was wayo chubun (territorial division agreed to by compromise) where the lands were divided into halves by the compromise between the both sides and in some cases the bakufu divided the lands following the claim of the lords of shoens.
- 日本では蔭位という例外規定が設けられ、高位の貴族の子弟は自動的に官職が与えられたため、徹底はしなかったが、官人の登用試験としては存在した。
- In Japan, the examination system was adopted for low to mid-ranked officials, although not thoroughly carried out for all officials because of the exceptional rule called 'on-i,' whereby children of high ranking nobles were automatically promoted to government posts.
- その他、敗因はさまざまに語られるが、上記のとおり重複する点も含めて、日本軍が元軍の上陸前に船や陸上から攻撃を与えたことも要因の一つである。
- Although various other reasons are considered to have led to the defeat, one of the reasons was the fact that the Japanese army attacked the Yuan army in boats or on shore, before it disembarked, including the attacks described above.
- なお、百済王の一族、扶余豊璋の弟・善光(または禅広)は朝廷から百済王氏(くだらのこにきし)という姓氏が与えられ、朝廷に仕えることとなった。
- One of the family members of Kudara's king, the younger brother of Fuyo Hosho, Zenko, was given the clan title of Kudara no Konikishi from the Imperial Court and served under it.
- とくに加波山事件は、「完全なる立憲政体を造出」するため「自由の公敵たる専制政府」を打倒すると公言した武装蜂起で、政府に大きな衝撃を与えた。
- Particularly, the Kabasan Incident was an armed uprising with an avowed slogan of 'defeating the government, the enemy of freedom' in order to 'establish perfect constitutional system of government' and gave a great blow to the government.
- またこの事により、あまり政治に関与しなかった将軍であっても、幕閣の完全な傀儡になる事はなく、政権の簒奪も未然に防止することが可能となった。
- Due to this fact, even if the shogun was not involved in politics, he would not become a complete puppet of the cabinet officials, and equally usurping of power could be prevented.
- またこの説では、卑弥呼の後に王位に就いたとされる台与(とよ)を、系図の中で、宇那比姫命の二世代後に記される、天豊姫(あまとよひめ)とする。
- According to this theory, Toyo, who succeeded to the throne after Himiko, is identified with Amatoyo Hime, whose name was mentioned two generations after Unabi Hime no Mikoto in the family tree.
- 室町時代に入って間もなく1346年(貞和2)、室町幕府は守護による国内統治を安定させるため、刈田狼藉の検断権および使節遵行を守護へ付与した。
- In 1346, soon after the Muromachi period began, the Muromachi bakufu, aiming to stabilize the governing of the state by shugo, granted them the power of kendan and shisetsu jungyo (the authority to implement the bakufu's judgments on property ownership disputes).
- ところが、年が明けて後光厳上皇の7回忌を巡って興福寺側が帰座の約束を破棄すると、義満は積極的に朝廷に参与して自らが主導する態度を見せ始めた。
- In the next year, however, Kofuku-ji Temple argued over the sixth anniversary of the Retired Emperor Gokogen and broke its promise of shinboku kiza, so Yoshimitsu actively participated in the court administration and began to suggest that he would take the lead in the negotiations.
- しかし叛乱に興福寺や園城寺などの有力寺院が与したことから、清盛は平氏にとって地勢的に不利な京都からの遷都を目指して福原京福原行幸を決行した。
- However, major temples such as the Kofuku-ji Temple and the Onjo-ji Temple had participated in the rebellion, so Kiyomori decided to have the Emperor visit Fukuhara with the aim of moving the capital from Kyoto, which would place the Taira clan at a geographic disadvantage.
- 本阿弥光悦が、江戸幕府から与えられた、京都の鷹ヶ峰の地に、さまざまな分野の、町衆の文化人や職人、芸術家たちを集めて、独自の文化を築きあげた。
- Koetsu HONAMI gathered artisans and artists from machi-shu (towns people) of various fields in Takagamine, Kyoto, which he received from the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and subsequently build a unique culture.
- 新政府軍は主にグレートブリテンおよびアイルランド連合王国から、旧幕府軍は主にフランス第二帝政から、軍事教練や武器供与などの援助を受けていた。
- The new government's forces received military training and weapons mainly from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland while the former Shogunate forces from the French Second Empire.
- 幕府もこれを認めざるえなくなり応永12年(1405年)頃に盛見に周防・長門の守護職を与え、更に豊前・筑前の守護まで加えてようやく帰順させた。
- The shogunate, no longer able to avoid acknowledging Morimi's overlordship of these lands, officially granted him the title of shugo over Suo and Nagato Provinces in 1405, and when they added the provinces of Buzen and Chikuzen to his dominion as shugo, he finally swore allegiance to the Shogun again.
- また、「三代実録」の編纂には道真自身も関与していたために完成前にその草稿を保有しており、流罪前にその草稿を元にして加筆されたとする説がある。
- And the other theory is that since Michizane himself was involved in the compilation of the 'Sandai Jitsuroku' and had the draft before its completion, he added a few touches to it before his exile.
- さらに三浦周辺の地方官吏や辺将(朝鮮王朝の地方武官)に止まらず朝鮮王朝中央高官の中にさえ、商人に便宜を図り密貿易に関与する者が出現している。
- In addition to local officials and hensho (local governors) around Sanpo, some higher-ranked officials of the central government of the Korean Dynasty began to provide merchants some assistance and participate with them in the illegal trading.
- 8代執権北条時宗の死後、有力御家人の安達泰盛と、内管領の平頼綱が対立し、頼綱方の先制攻撃を受けた泰盛とその一族・与党が滅ぼされた事件である。
- After the death of the eighth regent Tokimune HOJO, the senior vassal Yasumori ADACHI and TAIRA no Yoritsune, Uchi-Kanrei (head of Tokuso Family [the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan]) opposed each other and Yasumori, his family, and his party were destroyed in this incident in which Yoritsuna's party made the preemptive attack.
- これは当時の天文権博士和気久邦が伊予国に滞在中であり、天文密奏宣旨を受けた2名も技術が未熟であったために応急措置として与えられたものである。
- There were two reasons for this emergency appointment: the first was that the then tenmongon no hakuji (master of astronomy), WAKE Hisakuni (? 和気久邦), was in Iyo Province, and the second was that the two people who received imperial decrees of tenmon misso were not sufficiently skilled.
- また、摂津守護細川氏(京兆家)の被官としても行動し、応仁の乱では細川勝元に与し東軍として戦っており、能勢頼弘とその子能勢頼満が討死している。
- Furthermore, they acted as vassals of the Hosokawa clan (Keicho family), Settsu no kami and when they fought against the East squad on the side of Katsumoto HOSOKAWA in the Onin War, Yorihiro NOSE and his son Yorimitsu NOSE were killed.
- 正応三年(1290年)二月、出家し法諱を素実とし、公式の院政を停めたが、その後も政治への関与が続き、持明院統の中心としてその繁栄につとめた。
- He became priest in February 1290 and had the Buddhist name of Sojitsu, he stopped officially ruling the cloistered government, however he continued to be involved in politics and later contributed as a main person in the Jimyoin Imperial line.
- 給主たる院宮・寺社は毎年、叙位或いは特定の官職への任官希望者を公募し、応募者に叙爵料、任料を納める代償として希望する官位を与えることができた。
- As the owners of the territories, ingu, temple and shrines were allowed to publicly seek applicants for joi (investiture of a Court rank) or specific government posts every year and grant official ranks in return for Joshaku (conferring of a Court rank) fee and ninryo (fee for getting an official rank).
- 当時において和与とは、合意に基づく所領や所職等権利の譲与を指しており、和与に基づく権利の移転は悔返を認めない法理(『法曹至要抄』)が存在した。
- At that time, a compromise indicated a consensus transfer of a right, such as territory or position, and there was doctrine that did not allow Kuikaeshi (a right of claim for return in the Middle Ages' Law) with respect to a consensus transfer of a right ('Hosso shiyosho' [The Essentials for the Judiciary]).
- 9日、尾張に流されていた師高が、清盛の家人の襲撃を受けて惨殺、成親は一旦は助命されて備前国に配流されるが、食物を与えられず殺害されてしまった。
- On July 13, Morotaka, who has been exiled to Owari, was attacked by followers of Kiyomori and brutally killed, and although Narichika was saved and exiled to Bizen Province, he was starved to death.
- また、事務引継ぎが不調に終わった場合、解由状の代わりに不与解由状(ふよげゆじょう)を発給することとし、勘解由使の勘判に委ねることが定められた。
- Regulations also covered when it was impossible to accept a description of matters necessary for continuing the office duties, in such case, the successor should issue a fuyogeyujo (literally, not giving a geyujo) instead of a geyujo, and the kageyushi should judge the situation.
- 貞治年間の北朝_(日本)において、年間200貫を朝廷に収めることを条件に押小路家に酒麹売課役(さけこうじうりかやく)として徴税権を与えられた。
- In the Northern Dynasty (Japan) during Joji era (1362-1368), the Oshikoji family became Sakekojiurikayaku and was bestowed the power to levy taxes.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)では足利尊氏に与して室町幕府創業の功臣となり、播磨国の他に備前国、美作国を領し、幕府の四職のひとつとなっていた家柄である。
- His family boasted a pedigree that taking sides with Takauji ASHIKAGA in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the clan became a meritorious retainer for foundation of the Muromachi bakufu, then was given the Bizen Province and the Mimasaka Province in addition to the Harima Province, and they became one of Shishiki (Four major feudal lords who worked for Muromachi bakufu).
- 意見書によると、ロシアとの共同行為は、恩を感じた清国から艦隊や貯炭所の割譲または租借ができる唯一の可能性を与えるものである、と認識されている。
- According to a written statement, the concerted intervention with Russia was acknowledged among the high officials as the only way to get a cession or a lease of fleets and coal yards from Qing, as Qing would feel obligated to do so if the intervention was successful.
- 逆に尊攘派の代表と見られた姉小路公知が暗殺される事件(朔平門外の変)も起き、犯行に関与したとみられた薩摩藩など公武合体派の勢力が一時低下した。
- In the meantime, Kintomo ANEGAKOJI, who was regarded as a leader of sonjo party, was assassinated (the Sakuheimon incident); some groups that had worked for kobu-gattai, including the Satsuma clan, were suspected to be responsible for the incident and for a while their authority fell.
- そして、翌年の関ヶ原の戦いでは東軍として戦い、戦後西軍に属した島津氏より召し上げた能勢の所領5千4百石を与えられ旧領を回復することの成功した。
- Then during the Battle of Sekigahara, which took place the following year (1600), he fought on the side of the East Squad and after the battle he successfully regained his former territory when he was given the land totaling 5400 koku in Nose which was seized from the Shimazu clan, who had been on the side of the West Squad.
- だが、近松作品の特徴である「恋のもつれ」が無く、更に主人公・与兵衛が救いのない不良で観客の同感を寄せにくいキャラクターであったからと思われる。
- Perhaps it was because it did not feature 'entanglements of love', which were characteristic of CHIKAMATSU plays, and because the main character, Yohei, is a complete villian, which makes it difficult for the audience to feel sympathetic towards him.
- 主人と共に慈眼寺 (大東市)に向かう途中で、よりによって馴染みの女郎を巡って喧嘩中の甥・与兵衛が八弥に泥玉をぶつけるという不祥事をしでかした。
- On the way to Jigen-ji Temple (Daito City), he comes across his nephew, Yohei, who is in a fight over a favored prostitute, and trouble arises when a mud ball Yohei throws hits his master.
- また幕末の尊王論に影響を与えた儒学者頼山陽は、後小松天皇は後亀山天皇からの禅譲を受けた天皇であり、南朝正統論と現皇室の間に矛盾はないと論じた。
- Also the Confucianist, Sanyo RAI, who influenced Imperialism at the last days of the Tokugawa government, insisted there was no contradiction between the orthodox theory of Northern Court and the current Imperial family since Emperor Gokomatsu received a smooth transference of power from Emperor Gokameyama.
- 応永26年(1419年)幕府は北野麹座に京都全域における麹の製造販売の権利一切を与え、京都の全ての酒屋は北野麹座から麹を購入する事が決定された。
- In 1419, the bakufu gave all rights to produce and sell koji malt in Kyoto to Kitano koji za, and it was determined that all sakaya in Kyoto should purchase koji malt from Kitano koji za.
- 遺言状も財産の分与をこまごまと定めるのみで後継者を指名する文言はなく、ただ次代の治天の指名は鎌倉幕府の意向に従うようにという遺志だけが示された。
- His will only specified the division of property without naming a successor, only indicating his wish that the naming the next Chiten should follow the wishes of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 姓(カバネ)とは、古代日本のヤマト王権において、大王 (ヤマト王権)(おおきみ)から有力な氏族に与えられた、王権との関係・地位を示す称号である。
- Kabane refers to the titles given by Okimi (great king) (Yamato sovereignty) to powerful clans which showed ones' relationships to the sovereignty as well as ones' ranks in the Yamato sovereignty of ancient Japan.
- 8月14日、上村彦之丞中将率いる日本海軍第二艦隊は蔚山沖でようやくウラジオストク艦隊を捕捉し、大損害を与えその後の活動を阻止した(蔚山沖海戦)。
- On August 14th, the IJN Second Fleet under the command of Vice Admiral Hikonojo KAMIMURA intercepted the Vladivostok Fleet off Urusan and inflicted heavy damage and interdicted its anti-shipping operations (Battle off Urusan).
- おもな歌人として藤原俊成や武士出身の西行(俗名佐藤義清)があらわれ、『新古今和歌集』の新風形成に影響を与え、中世和歌の形成に大きな役割を果たした。
- Famous waka poets such as FUJIWARA no Toshinari or Saigyo (secular name Norikiyo SATO) who was originally a samurai appeared and facilitated to develop a new style in 'Shinkokin Wakashu' (New Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry); they played a big role to develop waka during the medieval period.
- これらの動きは実証的な歴史研究、すなわち18世紀の荻生徂徠や伊藤東涯らによる政治制度史研究へとつながっていき、あわせて国学へも大きな影響を与えた。
- These movements led to fact-based research of history, or the historical research of political systems by Sorai OGYU and Togai ITO, and affected Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature) as well.
- このオレンジ色の星が、ライチョウなど羽色が橙色系の胸をもつ鳥とともに、「朱雀」という瑞鳥のイメージの成立に、何らかの形で関与している可能性もある。
- This orange colored star, in addition to creating an image of the Ptarmigan or any other birds whose feathers are orange around the breast, may also have possibly influenced the establishment of the image of this auspicious bird 'Suzaku.'
- 709年には隼人の朝貢制度が始まり、朝廷において蝦夷とともに異民族たる「夷狄」が服属していることを示し、国家の儀礼において重要な役割を与えられた。
- In 709, the Hayato people began to pay tribute to the imperial court, asserting that Ezo and 'iteki '(barbarians) - who were considered different race - were to be subjugated, and thus given important role in National ceremonies.
- 翌3年(1134年)3月2日、廷臣の反対を排し、上皇の妃ながらに女御宣下を与え、同月19日、これまた異例中の異例として、皇后宮に冊立したのである。
- Despite the objections of court retainers, Taishi was given the title of Imperial Princess on April 5 of the following year, entitling her to be treated as almost equal to the Retired Emperor's Empress, and in an almost unprecedented turn of events, she became Kogogu (equivalent to Empress) on April 22.
- 家臣に領地を与え、または本領安堵をし土地支配権を認める知行制に替えて、武士の給与を俸禄制とし、大名の土地支配権を大名が一括して担う傾向が強くなった。
- Daimyo adopted a horoku (salary) system in place of the chigyo system (a system under which vassals were entitled and given the right to rule the land) and monopolized the right to rule the land.
- また非血縁関係の家臣・国人領主たちに「一家」・「一門」などの称号を与えて自己の一族扱いをしてゆく事によって組織における指導的地位を確保しようとした。
- They treated the vassals and Kokujin ryoshu, who had no blood relations, as equals to family members by conferring them the title of 'ikka' or 'ichimon' in an attempt to maintain their leading position in the organization.
- 太上天皇をはじめ皇族、公卿に対して毎年、一定の官職を給与し、給与を受けた者が任官希望者を募り、任料を納めさせる代わりに希望者を申任させる制度である。
- Under this system, the Retired Emperors, Imperial families and court nobles were given certain official posts every year, invited applicants for the posts in question and recommended one of the applicants to the post in return for the payment of ninryo (fee for getting official post).
- 大宰大弐を務めた時は日宋貿易に深く関与し、安芸守・播磨守を務めた時は瀬戸内海の海賊を伊勢平氏勢力下の水軍に編成して瀬戸内海交通の支配を強めていった。
- He was deeply involved in Japan-Song trade when he was Dazai no daini (the next seat position of Dazaifu), and he organized the pirates in the Seto Inland Sea as a naval force under the Ise Heishi (Taira clan) when he was governor of the Aki and Harima Provinces and strengthened his control over Seto Inland Sea transportation.
- 1352年(文和元)、観応の擾乱における軍事兵粮の調達を目的に、国内の荘園・国衙領から年貢の半分を徴収することのできる半済の権利が守護に与えられた。
- In 1352, the shugo were given the right of hanzei to collect half the customs from the manor and the Kokuga's territory within the province, in order to secure military provisions for the Kanno-no-Joran (turmoil of the Kanno).
- この給与は莫大なもので、例えば藤原北家の当主は、職田・位田・職封・位封・資人・季禄など現在の貨幣価値に換算して約3-5億円の収入を国家から得ていた。
- This salary was huge, and for example, the head of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan earned about 300 to 500 million yen by the government when converted to modern currency, which included Shikiden (a rice field provided for Dainagon and the higher rank), Iden (a rice field provided for yuhon-no-shinno or the fifth and higher rank officials), Shikifu (a fief to the Imperial families, higher-rank officers, and shrines and temples), Ifu (a fief to the third rank and higher vassals and princes), Shijin (lower-rank officers provided to the Imperial or noble families and used as a guard or miscellaneous services), and Kiroku (salary paid to the officers under the ritsuryo system).
- また、織田家の勢力の伸張は急速であり、日に日に国力差が開いていく現状を鑑みれば、どのみち早い段階で織田家と主力決戦を行い決定打を与える必要があった。
- Considering the situation in which the Oda family expanded its power so rapidly that the power gap between it and the Takeda family was widening each day, the latter in any case had to deal a decisive blow to the former in a major battle as soon as possible.
- 代わって、天皇への忠誠心がある有能な人材には新たに作られた真人(まひと)・朝臣(あそん)・宿禰(すくね)・忌寸(いみき)の姓(カバネ)が与えられた。
- Instead, those competent individuals who showed their loyalty to the emperor were given new kabane such as mahito, ason, sukune and imiki.
- ヤマト王権が成熟し、大王家を中心として有力氏族の職掌や立場が次第に確定していく中で、各有力者の職掌や地位を明示するために付与されたと考えられている。
- It is believed that they were given to powerful clans to show their ranks and official duties as they began solidifying their positions in relation to Royal Family when Yamato sovereignty became stable.
- 以後、澤宣嘉は外務卿、三条実美は太政大臣や内大臣、三条西季知は参与や神宮祭主、東久世道禧は枢密院副議長や貴族院副議長になるなど明治政府の要職に就いた。
- Later, Nobuyoshi SAWA became the foreign affairs minister, Sanetomi SANJO became the grand minister and the inner minister, Suetomo SANJONISHI became the councilor and the lord custodian of the shrine, Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE became the vice president of the privy council and the vice president of the house of lords, appointed to important positions in the Meiji government.
- 海軍においては政治への不関与を命じたものと位置づけるのが主流であったが、政党政治に終局をもたらせた暗殺テロ、五・一五事件に代表される急進派も存在した。
- On the side of the Navy, most thought the rescript ordered them not to engage in politics, but there were some radicals who caused the May 15th Incident, terrorist assassination, that resulted in the end of party politics.
- 5世紀後半の475年、高句麗の南下によって百済は南方へ移動したが、この事件は百済と友好関係にあったヤマト王権(倭国)にも経済的・政治的な影響を与えた。
- During the late fifth century, in 475, Baekje moved further south as Goguryeo advanced southward, and this economically and politically affected the Yamato Kingdom, that had a friendly relationship with Baekje.
- 日米和親条約では、薪水の給与のための下田・函館開港と並んで、両国の必要に応じて総領事が置かれることとなり、米国はタウンゼント・ハリスを下田に派遣する。
- Under the treaty between Japan and the US, consulates could be placed if needed, as well as opening Shimoda and Hakodate ports to supply fuel and water for ships; the United States then sent Townsend HARRIS to Shimoda.
- 扇子と手ぬぐいは、落語の表現上抽象性があらかじめ与えられており、状況に応じて、前者は箸や刀になり、後者は財布や証文になるなど、様々な用途で使用される。
- The sensu and tenugui are given a great deal of versatility in rakugo as they are used to symbolize a range of things, for example, the former may be used to represent a pair of chopsticks or a sword, and the latter a wallet or a document.
- 古書『古事談』には、これは崇徳天皇が鳥羽天皇の実子でなく、鳥羽天皇の祖父白河天皇と、白河が後に鳥羽に与えた待賢門院との間にできた子であったためとある。
- According to an old book, 'Koji Dan,' Emperor Sutoku was not Emperor Toba's real child but the child of Emperor Toba's grandfather, Emperor Shirakawa, and Tai ken mon in, since Tai ken mon in had been passed from Emperor Shirakawa to Emperor Toba.
- また明治以降、累・与右衛門の物語は「薫樹累物語(めいぼくかさねものがたり)」などの外題で、独立の狂言として歌舞伎・人形浄瑠璃で上演されるようになった。
- The story of Kasane and Yoemon became a separate Kabuki play titled 'Meiboku Kasane Monogatari' (The Story of Kasane) after the Meiji period, and has been performed in Kabuki and Ningyo Joruri.
- 彼ら入唐僧はまた、両界曼荼羅(両部曼荼羅ともいう)などの密教図像を数多く日本へもたらし、これらはその後の日本の仏教絵画に深い影響を与えることとなった。
- Those monks who went toTang for study brought to Japan many Mikkyo-zuzo paintings such as Ryokai mandala (also called Ryoubu mandala), which had a deep impact on Buddhist paintings in Japan.
- なお、徳川家も秀吉と同じく大和四座を保護していたが、秀忠は大和四座を離れた猿楽師であった喜多七太夫長能に保護を与え、元和年間に喜多流の創設を認めている。
- As with Hideyoshi, the Tokugawa family protected Yamato-shiza, but Hidetada protected Kita Shichidayu Nagayoshi, sarugaku-shi who seceded from Yamato-shiza, and approved the establishment of the Kita school during the Genna era.
- 国民政府により台湾の資源を収奪した植民地時代として否定的な評価が行われるが、鉄道に関して確実に戦後の台湾経済の発展に大きな影響を与えた遺産となっている。
- The National Government made a negative evaluation on Japan's colonial rule as depriving Taiwanese of their resources, but the railways are undoubtedly the heritage that contributed greatly to post-war economic development in Taiwan.
- その後、壬申の乱で擁立した天武天皇の皇統が断絶し、その血を全く引かない桓武天皇が即位すると、今度は氷上川継の乱への関与を疑われて、また左遷されてしまう。
- Then, after Emperor Kanmu, who was not a descendant of Emperor Tenmu's imperial line (Emperor Tenmu was enthroned after the Jinshin War), was enthroned, Yakamochi was transferred again under suspicion of involvement in HIKAMI no Kawatsugu's War.
- 12月9日、王政復古 (日本)が下され、従来の将軍・摂政・関白などの職が廃止され、天皇親政を基本とし、総裁・議定・参与からなる新政府の樹立が宣言された。
- On December 9, the Restoration of the Imperial Rule (Japan) was declared, revoking traditional titles including Shogun, Sessho, and Kanpaku, and the new government, based on direct rule by the emperor, consisting of Sosai (President), Gijo and Sanyo (Councilor), was declared to be established.
- 葛西持信は光村に領地を与えて家臣とした(この時、下総に残った一族もかなりいたらしく、千葉県北部に及川氏が集中しており、現在の全及川氏の6%が千葉県人)。
- Mochinobu KASAI gave territories to Mitsumura and made him his retainer (at that time, many families seemed to remain in Shimousa; the OIKAWA clan concentrates in the northern part of Chiba Prefecture, and currently six percent of all OIKAWA clan are residents of Chiba Prefecture).
- 寛平御遺誡(かんぴょうのごゆいかい)とは、寛平9年7月3日 (旧暦)(897年8月4日)に宇多天皇が醍醐天皇への譲位に際して当時13歳の新帝に与えた書置。
- Kanpyo no goyuikai was the note that Emperor Uda left for the 13-year-old new emperor when he abdicated the throne in favor of Emperor Daigo on August 8, 897.
- 義仲は義仲四天王の今井兼平に500余騎を与えて瀬田 (滋賀県)を、根井行親、楯親忠には300余騎で宇治市を守らせ、義仲自身は100余騎で院御所を守護した。
- Yoshinaka gave Kanehira IMAI, one of the big four of Yoshinaka, about 500 samurai to guard Seta (Shiga Prefecture), about 300 samurai to Yukichika NENOI and Chikatada TATE to guard Uji City, and Yoshinaka himself guarded the imperial palace with about 100 samurai.
- 更に745年の国司の給与の財源として公廨稲が正税から分離されて、出挙の運用原資として用いられるようになった事で出挙と国司の収入が直接関係するようになった。
- In addition, regarded as financial resources for provincial governors' salary, Kugaito (local source of revenue) was separated from Shozei in 745 and used as the fund for managing Suiko, which created a direct relationship between the income through Suiko and the provincial governors' salary.
- そこで政府は事件を所轄する裁判官に対して旧刑法116条に規定する天皇や皇族に対して危害を与えたものに適用すべき大逆罪によって死刑を適用するよう働きかけた。
- Therefore, the Japanese government applied pressure to the Court to try Tsuda under Article 116 of the Criminal Code, which demanded death penalty for acts against the Emperor, or members of the Imperial family.
- 慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦いの際、衛友は西軍に属して小野木重勝らと行動を共にし、東軍に与した細川幽斎(幽斎)の丹後国田辺城 (丹後国)を包囲する。
- During the Battle of Sekigahara (1600), Moritomo, together with Shigekatsu ONOGI, joined the Western Camp as it besieged Tanabe-jo Castle in Tango Province, owned by Yusai HOSOKAWA who belonged to the Eastern Camp.
- 1582年(天正10年)6月の本能寺の変の後に行われた清洲会議では、明智討伐に功があった堀秀政に与えられ、その後、堀家の転封にともない堀尾吉晴が入城した。
- At the Kiyosu Council, which occurred in the sixth month of 1582 following the Honnoji Incident (in which Nobunaga died, betrayed by his vassal Mitsuhide AKECHI), the castle was awarded to Hidemasa HORI, who had won distinction during the hunting down of the Akechi forces, but thereafter, following a transition of the leadership of the Hori clan, it was Yoshiharu HORIO who occupied it.
- また、上奏権や建議権が限定付きながら与えられた(最終的には天皇の裁可と国務大臣の副署が必要であったが、建議権を通じた事実上の政策への関与が可能とされた)。
- And the Imperial Diet was also given limited rights to report and make proposals to the emperor (They could participate in politics using the right to make proposal to the emperor even though they needed to obtain approval of the emperor and countersignature of Minister of State when making a final decision.)
- 幕末から明治にかけて活躍した三遊亭圓朝は歴史的な名人として知られ、圓朝の高座を書き記した速記本は当時の文学、特に言文一致の文章の成立に大きな影響を与えた。
- Encho SANYUTEI, a popular storyteller who performed from the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate to the Meiji period, was known as a historic master of storytelling, and the book based on shorthand notes of his storytelling had a great impact on the literature of the time, particularly in relation to sentences written in a colloquial style.
- 明治の末に「源氏店」が市村羽左衛門 (15代目)の与三郎、尾上梅幸 (6代目)のお富、尾上松助 (4代目)の蝙蝠安によってくり返し演じられて人気を呼んだ。
- In the end of the Meiji period, 'Genjidana' was performed repeatedly by Uzaemon ICHIMURA (the fifteenth) playing Yosaburo, Baiko ONOE (the sixth) playing Otomi and Matsusuke ONOE (the fourth) playing Komori Yasu, and they gained much popularity.
- そしてその調整策の結果、中継ぎとしての後醍醐天皇の即位、そして皇位継承への幕府の関与に対する異議申し立てに発する討幕運動へと展開していく事になるのである。
- As a solution, Emperor Godaigo was appointed to temporarily succeed to the throne, and this caused adverse claims and started a movement to close down the bakufu in order to prevent their participation in the Imperial succession.
- しかし、義仲が受領(従五位下左馬頭・越後守)任官を果たした(『玉葉』八月十日条)のに対し、頼朝には本来の官位復帰すら与えられず、謀叛人の身分のままとされた。
- However, while Yoshinaka was appointed as Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) of Echigo no kami (Provincial Governor of Echigo) whose rank was Samanokami (the head of the section taking care of imperial horses) of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade)(according to the section of the 10th day of the 8th month in the 'Gyokuyo'), Yoritomo was not even allowed to regain an official court rank, and his social position as a rebel was retained.
- 11世紀40年代ごろから太政官によって制定され始めた公田官物率法は、一国内の税率を固定化する内容を持っており国司に付与された租税収取権に大きな制限を加えた。
- Koden kanmotsu rippo, which was established by Dajokan around 1140, restricted kokushi's right to collect tax since it included the provision which fixed the tax rate in a province.
- その報酬は国衙から給与されていたが、平安後期以降、律令制に基づく国衙機構が大きく変質し再編成が行なわれると、手工業者への報酬に代えて給田が設定されていった。
- The payment was paid by the Kokuga, but in the late Heian period, the Kokuga organization based on the Ritsuryo system was dramatically reorganized and Kyuden were given to handicraftsmen as payment instead.
- 平氏の都落ち後、六波羅の地は源頼朝に与えられ、京都守護となった北条時政が京都守護の庁舎を置き(後、一族の北条時定が駐留する)、頼朝や御家人の宿舎が築かれた。
- After the Taira clan was exiled from Kyoto, Rokuhara was given to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and Tokimasa HOJO, who became Kyoto shugo, built buildings there for Kyoto shugo (where Tokisada HOJO of the Hojo clan were later stationed) and residents of Yoritomo and gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo period).
- 政治においては、スキャンダル等によって退陣を余儀なくされた内閣総理大臣が、なお与党内において最も強力な影響力を保持している場合に「院政」の比喩が用いられる。
- In politics, a case where a prime minister has had no choice but to resign due to a scandal, etc., but retains the strongest influence within the ruling party, is referred to as 'insei.'
- この普請には幕府からある程度の費用が与えられてはいたが、動員された大名は経済的に疲弊し、例えば佐賀藩では藩士の俸禄を一律三割減らすといった状態に陥っていた。
- The bakufu offered a certain amount of expenses to daimyo who were ordered to do the fushin (Tenkabushin), however, the expenses impoverished daimyo; for example, the Saga clan had to reduce its retainers' horoku (salary) by 30% across-the-board.
- しかし、江戸時代江戸時代中期の徳川家宣の治世を経て、幕府は政策を改めて関与を徐々に減らし、19世紀はじめの仙石騒動を最後に、お家騒動への介入は行っていない。
- By the reign of Ienobu TOKUGAWA in the mid-Edo Period, however, the shogunate amended its policy and gradually reduced such interventions and did not intervene in family feuds since the Sengoku family feud in the early 19th century.
- また、その出自(しゅつじ)や政治的地位・官職の高下・職務内容の違いに応じて、カバネを賜与され、部民(べみん)などの隷属民を領有することを認められたのである。
- Further, the uji were given kabane (hereditary titles) according to differences in their status by birth and political status/rank of government post/content of duty, and it was permitted for them to own subordinates such as the bemin.
- 足利尊氏に鎮守府将軍・左兵衛督の官位を与え、後醍醐天皇の諱「尊治」の一字を賜り、「高氏」→「尊氏」と名を改めさせる(高氏の「高」は北条高時からの偏諱である)。
- Takauji was given the official ranks and titles of Chinjufu shogun and Commander of the Left Inner Palace Guards, and honored by being allowed to use the 'Taka (尊)' character from Emperor Godaigo's own personal name (Takaharu (尊治)), letting him change the meaning of his name Takauji, from 'high lineage/clan' to 'exalted lineage/clan' (the original 'taka' (high (高)) from Takauji's name had been bestowed on him by Takatoki HOJO).
- のちに阿蘇惟光は、九州を制圧した豊臣秀吉に保護を求めてわずかながらの領地を与えられ、阿蘇神社宮司としての地位も認められたが、大名としての特権は全て剥奪された。
- Koremitsu ASO later requested Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI who gained control over Kyushu to provide protection, was provided with a small territory, and was appointed to gunji of Aso-jinja Shrine, but he was deprived of all his daimyo privileges.
- 歴代の徳川将軍は能力の優劣はあったとしても、それぞれにおいてそれなりに政治に関与していた事実は確かであり、また逆に完全に独裁者として振る舞っていた訳でもない。
- Although some were more competent than others, every shogun was to at least some extent involved in politics, and it is also true that none of them acted as a complete dictator.
- 女王位についた壹与は掖邪狗ら20人に張政の帰還を送らせ、掖邪狗らはそのまま都に向かい男女の生口30人と白珠5000孔、青大句珠2枚、異文の雑錦20匹を貢いだ。
- Toyo sent 20 people, including Yasuku, to serve Chang Cheng in Wei, for which Yasuku brought 30 slaves, 5,000 white pearls, 2 strings of green jadeite, and 20 brocades with exotic patterns.
- 明治維新前後に次々に設置された1代限り宮家は、明治初年の廃仏毀釈の風潮に乗って続々と還俗した元門跡たちに、その身分にふさわしい礼遇を与えるためのものであった。
- This was done to ensure that former priests of a monzeki temple were granted the honor befitting their rank even after they returned to secular life as a result of the movement to abolish Buddhism in the early Meiji period, and because of this, one-generation Miyake (house of an imperial prince) sprung up one after another around the time of the Meiji Restoration.
- 同集の編集にあたっては、『明月記』そのほかの記録から、院自身が撰歌、配列などに深く関与し、実質的に後鳥羽院が撰者の一人であったとも言っても決して過言ではない。
- In terms of editing the above, according to the record written in 'Meigetsu-ki' and others, Go-Toba-in was deeply involved in choosing poems or constructing the layout of the poems, so it would not be an exaggeration to state that he was one of the actual editors.
- なお、親王任国においては、太守の俸禄は太守の収入に、その他の料物については無品親王(官職に就けない内親王含む)に与えられたと考えられているが、詳細は不明である。
- Although it is believed that Taishu of Shinno-ningoku received their salary but gave other revenues to Muhon-Shinno (Imperial prince without court rank) (inclusive of Imperial Princesses without official position), the details are not clear.
- 奈良時代和気広虫(出家して法均尼と号する)と弟の和気清麻呂が僧道鏡に対する宇佐八幡宮神託事件で功があって朝廷に進出し、藤野別真人から和気朝臣の氏姓が与えられた。
- In the Nara period, WAKE no Hiromushi (who adopted the name Hokin-ni after entering the priesthood) and his younger brother WAKE no Kiyomaro, who had made achievements in a plot by the Usa Hachiman-gu oracle against the Buddhist monk Dokyo, advanced to the Imperial court and were given the surname Wake Ason by Fujinowake no Mahito.
- 更に徳川政権が慶長5年(1600年)から同7年(1602年)にかけて主要な宿場町の伝馬役の代償として地子免許を与え、後に五街道を中心に各地の宿場町で認められた。
- And also, the Tokugawa regime gave jishi menkyo to the major post station towns from 1600 to 1602 in exchange for the duty to provide the post horses, and afterward, jishi menkyo was given to the local post station towns - mainly, those on 'Gokai-do Road' (the Five Highways radiating from Edo).
- 高倉天皇は成人して政治への関与を深めていたが、後白河も院政継続を望んでいたため、高倉を擁する平氏と後白河を擁する院近臣の間には人事を巡って鋭い対立が生じていた。
- Emperor Takakura had come of age and was interested in participating in politics, but Goshirakawa wished for a continued cloistered government, which led to strong conflicts over promotions between the Taira clan who supported Takakura, and the close aides that supported Goshirakawa.
- 幕府の役所の下役で一代限り雇用名目の者達のうち、与力は本来は寄騎、つまり戦のたびに臨時の主従関係を結ぶ武士に由来する騎馬戦士身分で「侍」、同心は「徒士」である。
- Among those who worked under the bakufu's office and were nominally hired only in one generation, the '与力' (yoriki, a police sergeant) was originally '寄騎' (yoriki, lower-ranked samurai), that is, they were in the class of cavalry warriors who came from the bushi who established a temporal master-subordinate relationship every time war happened and were 'samurai,' and doshin (a police constable) were 'kachi.'
- また東京大学出身の吉野・美濃部の両人に加え、中央大学出身の長谷川如是閑や早稲田大学出身の大山郁夫といったジャーナリストや学者の発言も在り方に大きな影響を与えた。
- The theory upheld by YOSHINO and MINOBE of Tokyo Imperial University was buttressed further by journalists and other political scientists such as Nyozekan HASEGAWA of Chuo University and Ikuo OYAMA of Waseda University.
- 加えて試験を受ける学生と特定の有力貴族が通じて、学生側から有力者への利益供与などと引換にその権力を背景に省試や秀才試合格を得ようとする例も見られるようになった。
- In addition, there were cases in which students taking the exam conspired with certain nobles and persons of influence would exercise the power to let the students get through shoshi as well as the difficult official appointment examination for the 'shusai' rank in exchange for some benefits from those students.
- 保元の乱では、惣領の座を巡って激しく争った多田頼盛・多田頼憲兄弟が後白河天皇方と崇徳上皇方とに別れて戦い、上皇方に与した頼憲とその嫡子多田盛綱が処刑されている。
- Yorimori TADA and his brother Yorinori TADA who had disputed over the head of the Tada clan fought each other at the Hogen Disturbance as Yorimori supported the reigning Emperor Goshirakawa and Yorinori supported the Retired Emperor Sutoku, and then Yorinori and his heir Moritsuna TADA were executed.
- この事件は初め、北条氏による弘安合戦により所領を没収された事による反抗かと思われたが、後に三条実盛の関与が発覚し、亀山上皇が裏で策動していたと言う疑惑があった。
- In regard to this incident it was initially presumed that Hojo clan made a countercharge, since their private land had been taken away in the Battle of Koan; however, it was subsequently discovered that Sanemori SANJO was involved, and there was suspicion that the retired Emperor Kameyama had agitated the matter behind the scenes.
- 近世以前に行われた合戦において、主君が武士が戦功を挙げた家人や武士に対して表彰し、所領もしくは官途状、感状、物品の授与、格式の免許、官職への任官の推薦を行うこと。
- In the battles fought before the early modern times, the master honored his kenin (retainers) or samurai warriors who rendered outstanding military service and granted them territories, written appointments, testimonials, goods, rank and office confirmations, or commendation to governmental posts.
- 所領給与・年紀法などの所謂「武家社会の道理」に関する部分については明記はされているものの、但書や細目、例外条項の形で触れられており、間接的に触れているに過ぎない。
- In shikimoku the section of so-called 'reason in the samurai society' regarding incomes from land taxes on shoryo (territory), Nenkiho (a legal principle for the statute of limitations on land in possession) and so force were clearly described, while only indirectly mentioned in the form of proviso, details, and article of exceptions.
- なお、『春秋公羊伝』と『春秋穀梁伝』は、宝亀7年(776年)に唐から帰国した伊与部家守(伊予部宅守)が両書の解釈を伝え、延暦17年(798年)に小経に追加された。
- When IYOBE no Iemori came back from Tang (China) in 776, he brought with him the annotations of two books, 'Shunju Kuyoden' and 'Shunju Kokuyoden,' which were added to the small scriptures in 798.
- 院政期は律令制に代わり、院を頂点とした主従制的関係が形成され、官職や土地を恩給として臣下に与えて奉仕させるようになり、知行国・荘園制度が確立していった時期だった。
- The cloistered government took the place of the Ritsuryo system, developing lord-vassal relationships with the cloistered Emperor at the apex, and making subordinates work in exchange for positions and land as rewards, and was a period when the system of custodial provinces and shoen were established.
- このことで、太上天皇の地位は後任の天皇から与えられることに根拠を持つものに変質し、在位の天皇の優位性が確立して、二頭政治・二重権力の弊害は解消されることになった。
- This led to a change in the position of retired emperor as a position to be given by the coming emperor, and established the superiority of the residing emperor, relieving the harmful effects of diarchy/dual power.
- 明清期においても、前王朝の官有地や没官地(前王朝関係者の荘園を接収したもの)、戦乱のおりの荒廃地などを宮廷や諸王、勲戚、官僚などに荘田・荘園などとして与えられた。
- Also during the Ming and Ching dynasty, the government-owned land of the previous dynasty, the confiscated fields (the confiscated shoens of the previous dynasty affiliates) and the denuded lands during war-torn eras and so on were given to the imperial court, the shoo (princes who didn't receive any proclamation to be an Imperial Prince), the relatives who did a distinguished military service, the bureaucrats and so on as shoden (field within a manor) and shoen and so on.
- その危険性に気づいた伊藤博文らは大日本帝国憲法制定時に天皇の神格化を図り、「神棚に祭る」ことで第三者が容易に関与できないようにし、合法的に天皇権限を押さえ込んだ。
- Hirobumi ITO and his colleagues realized that risk, and tried to deify the emperor when they legislate the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, to 'enshrine the emperor in the Shinto altar' makes third party incapable of participating easily, and legally suppressed the authority of the emperor.
- その他、美濃国では大垣城が全壊焼失、近江国では長浜城 (近江国)が全壊し城主山内一豊の息女与祢姫が死亡するなど、近畿、東海、北陸にかけての各地で甚大な被害が出た。
- The greatest damage was brought on the regions of Kinki, Tokai and Hokuriku by the earthquake, such as the case of the Ogaki-jo Castle of Mino Province which was completely destroyed and burned, as well as the case of the Nagahama-jo Castle of Omi Province which was also completely destroyed and Yonehime, who was the daughter of the castellan Katsutoyo YAMAUCHI, died.
- また、儒教思想の日本への定着はすなわち、中華思想(華夷思想)の日本への定着を意味し、近代の皇国史観などに影響を与え、日本版中華思想ともいうべきものの下地となった。
- Moreover, the establishment of Confucianist thought in Japan meant the establishment of a China-centered view of the world in Japan, which had an influence upon emperor-centered historiography in later times and became the foundation for a Japanese style China-centered view of the world.
- 例えば「売上四分、買上八分」すなわち、両替商が南鐐二朱銀を売るとき買手に一両当り銀四分を与え、買上げるときは南鐐二朱銀の売り手から銀八分を徴収するよう取り決めた。
- For example, it was '4 bun when selling, 8 bun when buying' which means when money changers sell Nanryo Nishu Gin silver coins they would give 4 ichibu gin coins per ryo (0.6%) to the buyers but when they were buying they charged 8 ichibu gin coins (1.2%) to the sellers of Nanryo Nishu Gin.
- しかし、鎌倉幕府との結びつきが強かったことを理由に新政府に冷遇され、第14代石川貞光の時、陸奥守北畠顕家は古来から石川氏が治めていた領地を結城家や和地氏に与える。
- Nevertheless, the Ishikawa clan was treated coldly by the new government for the reason that it was tied closely with the Kamakura bakufu, and in the time of Sadamitsu ISHIKAWA, the fourteenth head of the family, the Governor of Mutsu Province, Akiie KITABATAKE, distributed the fief traditionally succeeded and controlled by Ishikawa clan to the Yuki family and the Wachi clan.
- そのため振売は社会的弱者のための職業とされており、幕府は振売のための開業許可を50歳以上か15歳以下の人物、そして身体が不自由な人物に与える、と触れ書きを出した。
- For that reasons, the furiuri was though to be a job for the socially vulnerable, and the bakufu issued a law that gave people aged 50 and over, or 15 and under, and people with disabilities permission to start the furiuri.
- しかし実際には政治の実権は依然摂関家の藤原実頼・藤原師輔兄弟にあり、更に母の穏子や兄の朱雀法皇も後見を名目に政治に関与しようとしたため、親政は表象にすぎなかった。
- However, the actual control of politics was still with FUJIWARA no Saneyori and FUJIWARA no Morosuke (brothers of the regent-and-chancellor family); in addition, the Emperor's mother Onshi and older brother, the Cloistered Emperor Suzaku in his pious life, tried to get involved in politics as guardians, so the government--which was supposed to be ruled by the Emperor--was a superficial one.
- 1468に足利義政の命令で明に渡った禅僧の天与清啓が記録した『戊子入明記』によると、遣明船は700~1700石の大型船で150人程度の乗員(内水夫50人)であった。
- According to 'Boshi Nyuminki' written by Zen monk Tenyo Seikei, who visited Ming in 1468 at the behest of Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, large ships, whose size were 700 to 1700 goku (a unit of ship size), were used for Kenminsen and 150 persons (including fifty sailors) were on board.
- 城将の鳥居元忠とその兵達が予想外の奮戦を見せ、また包囲軍の内部にも三成らに強制的に西軍として与させられた者がおり、戦意が上がらなったなどの要因があったためとされる。
- The reasons for this include the facts that Mototada TORII, the commander-in-chief, and his troop fought back unexpectedly against the attacking force and that the besieging army had some soldiers who had been forced to join the western army by Mitsunari and some other people and thus had little will to fight.
- 光厳にはいちおう上皇の称号と待遇が与えられたが、それは通例の前天皇に対する優遇措置ではなく、あくまでも皇太子の地位を辞退したことに対する褒賞であることが明示された。
- It was clearly indicated that Kogon was given the title and privileges of the retired emperor but not as preferential treatment for being the former Emperor, but as a prize for refraining the position of Crown Prince.
- ただ人欲を人間本来の自然とみる考えを全否定することはなく、それを認めつつ、人欲をコントロールする役目を「理」に与えることにより現実的な政策・思想を構想しようとした。
- The Dongling movement did not deny the idea of considering desire to be innate human nature, rather, it approved the idea, while making 'ri' play the role of controlling desire to establish more realistic policy and ideology.
- 姓(カバネ)の中では、臣、連が一番格式が高いとされ、最も有力な者には更に大臣 (古代日本)(おおおみ)、大連 (古代日本)(おおむらじ)の姓(カバネ)が与えられた。
- Omi and muraji were thought to be the high ranks within kabane, and the highest ranks given to the most powerful individuals were oomi (ancient Japan) and omuraji (ancient Japan).
- 中央・地方のウジは、大王との間に隷属・奉仕の関係を結び、それを前提にして氏上は朝廷における一定の政治的地位や官職・職務に就く資格と、それを世襲する権利を与えられた。
- The uji in the capital and local provinces established a relationship with the great king of vassalage and service, and on this premise, they were given the license to take up fixed political standings and government posts/duties along with the right to make them hereditary.
- 子の加藤明英は譜代の格式を与えられ、元禄3年(1690年)に寺社奉行から若年寄に昇進し、5000石の加増を受けて元禄8年(1695年)、下野国壬生藩に移封となった。
- Akihide KATO, a son of Akitomo, was bestowed the rank of fudai daimyo (hereditary daimyo), and in 1690, promoted to wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]) from jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines) and transferred to the Mibu Domain in Shimotsuke Province in 1695 with an increase of 5,000 koku of rice.
- 公武合体派の一橋慶喜、京都守護職松平容保(会津藩主)、松平春嶽(前福井藩主)、山内容堂(前土佐藩主)、伊達宗城(前宇和島藩主)、島津久光らによる参与会議が成立する。
- Then an advisory council was formed by Keiki HITOTSUBASHI, who supported Kobu gattai, Katamori MATSUDAIRA (Head of the Aizu clan), who was the Military Commissioner of Kyoto, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA (former Head of the Fukui clan), Yodo YAMAUCHI (former Head of the Tosa clan), Munenari DATE (former Head of the Uwajima clan) and Hisamitsu SHIMAZU.
- 明治元年正月、福井藩出身の参与由利公正が、坂本龍馬の船中八策と似ている部分が多い議事之体大意五箇条を起案し、参与東久世通禧を通じて議定兼副総裁の岩倉具視に提出した。
- New Year in 1868, Sanyo (councilor), Kosei YURI from Fukui Domain made up Gijinoteitaii Five Articles which was partially similar to Senchu hassaku (the basic outline of the new regime drawn up by Ryoma SAKAMOTO) and submitted to gijo (official post) and vice-president, Tomomi IWAKURA through Sanyo, Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE.
- 戦国時代_(日本)には戦国大名が自らの輸送・通信手段を確保するために、輸送業者に対して伝馬や小荷駄などの義務を課して、それと引換に駄賃馬稼の許可を与えるようになった。
- During the Sengoku period (period of Warring States), in order to secure their own means of transportation and communication, Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) imposed duties such as posts and provisions on carriers in exchange for permission to use Dachin-uma kasegi.
- これは明治時代に旧大日本帝国陸軍参謀本部が制定したものとされ、安居神社にある「眞田幸村戦死跡之碑」には戦死の地の選定に関しての参謀本部の関与を示す一文が刻まれている。
- This is assumed to have been established by Imperial Japanese Army Saff Headquarters in the Meiji period, and on 'Sanada Yukimura Senshi Ato no Hi (monument) ' in Yasui-jinja Shrine, one sentence showing the involvement of the Saff Headquarters in selecting the place where Yukimonura died.
- 敗戦後、関係資料が発見され、暗殺計画にいくらかでも関与・同調したとされているのは、宮下太吉、菅野スガ、森近運平、新村忠雄、古河力作の5名にすぎなかったことが判明した。
- After World War II, materials related to the assassination plot of the Emperor were discovered, revealing that the number of people actually involved in the plot were only five, Takichi MIYASHIA, Suga KANNO, Unpei MORICHIKA, Tadao NIIMURA and Rikisaku FURUKAWA.
- 狭義では、その国の貨幣制度の根幹を成す基準を金と定め、その基礎となる貨幣、すなわち本位貨幣を金貨とし、これに自由鋳造、自由融解を認め、無制限通用力を与えた制度である。
- In a narrow sense, it is the system to regard gold as the standard money that forms basis of the monetary system in a country, giving the governmental recognition of free coinage and melting, and admitting unrestrained passableness.
- また屋代氏などの北部の与力衆の離反もあって村上義清は本拠地葛尾城に孤立し、武田氏の勢力は善光寺(川中島)以北や南信濃の一部を除き、信濃国のほぼ全域に広がる事になった。
- Having been estranged from local samurai land owners in the northern area, such as the Yashiro clan, Yoshikiyo MURAKAMI was isolated in its stronghold Katsurao-jo Castle, and the Takeda clan became to control all areas of Shinano Province, except the area in the north of Zenko-ji Temple (or Kawanakajima) and part of the southern Shinano area.
- 今日普遍的に見られるテレビゲームなどは無かった時代の話ではあるが、子供たちは高価な玩具を与えられる事は少なく、もっぱら身の回りの物を遊び道具としていた時代の話である。
- At that time when there were no video games that are seen universally now, children were seldom given expensive toys and often used things around them as playthings.
- しかし、弘安8年(1285年)に泰盛とその与党が平頼綱らのクーデタ(霜月騒動)により殺害・追放されて幕府の政策が転換すると、その影響が朝廷にも及び、亀山院政は動揺した。
- However, in 1285, Yasumori and his group members were killed and exiled in a coup d'etat by TAIRA no Yoritsuna (Shimotsuki Incident) leading to a change in direction of bakufu measures that affected the Imperial Court, stunning the Kameyama Cloistered Government.
- この戦いで、美濃国で行われた関ヶ原での決戦に秀忠軍を遅参させることに成功したが、肝心の関ヶ原では西軍の敗北に終わり、西軍に与した昌幸と信繁は戦後処理で死罪を命じられた。
- In this battle, Masayuki succeeded to cause Hidetada's army to be late for the Battle of Sekigahara in Mino Province, but in the battle of Sekigahara itself, the West Camp was defeated, and Masayuki and Nobushige who were on the Western Camp's side were sentenced to death.
- 最澄や空海の保護者として知られる一方で、既存の仏教が政権に関与して大きな権力を持ちすぎた事から、所謂「南都六宗」と呼ばれた諸派に対しては封戸の没収など圧迫を加えている。
- While the Emperor is known as a guardian of Saicho and Kukai, the existing Buddhism had too much relation to (and power in) politics; Nanto Rokushu (Rikushu) (The Six Sects of the Southern Capital) were forced to lose their official rank or their rewards.
- 後白河は義仲の傲慢な態度に憤っていたと思われるが、平氏追討のためには義仲の武力に頼らざるを得ないのが現状であり、義仲に平家没官領140余箇所を与えている(『平家物語』)。
- It is considered that Goshirakawa was irate about Yoshinaka's arrogance, but since he had no choice but to rely on Yoshinaka's force to search and kill the Taira clan, he gave Yoshinaka some 140 Heike Mokkanryo (land rights confiscated by Kamakura bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] from the Taira family) ('The Tale of the Heike).
- この接近時に豊臣方の挑発に乗って始められた、包囲戦における最大の戦いである真田丸の戦い(12月3日 (旧暦)、4日)では、豊臣方が徳川軍を撃退、諸隊に大きな損害を与えた。
- When they were approaching the Toyotomi army, the Tokugawa army was defeated and a number of their troops were damaged badly in the Battle of Sanada-maru (December 3 and 4 [the old calendar]), the greatest battle in besieging Osaka Castle, which was triggered by the provocation of the Toyotomi side.
- 応永34年(1427年)に満祐が家督を相続した時、将軍足利義持は播磨国を取り上げて寵臣である赤松持貞に与えようとし、満祐が京の屋敷を焼いて領国に引き上げる事件が起こった。
- In 1427, an incident occurred, in which Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA attempted to confiscate the Harima Province which Mitsusuke took over as head of the family, and to give it to his favorite retainer, Mochisada Akamatsu, then Mitsusuke burned his residense in Kyoto and went back to his own territory.
- 戦国時代には戦国大名の一部は自身の居城の城下町に服属した武士を集めるようになり、豊臣秀吉が大坂城・聚楽第・伏見城で支配下に服した大名に屋敷を与え、そこに妻子を住まわせた。
- During the Sengoku Period, some Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) allowed their subjects to reside in their castle towns and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI set up the residences near Osaka Castle, Jurakudai, Fushimi Castle for his subjects and their families.
- 建武 (日本)2年(1335年)に中先代の乱の鎮圧のため勅状を得ないまま東国に出向いた足利尊氏が、乱の鎮圧に付き従った将士に鎌倉で独自に恩賞を与えるなど新政から離反する。
- In 1335, Takauji ASHIKAGA, who had traveled to eastern Japan without obtaining an imperial edict in order to suppress the Nakasendai Rebellion, became disaffected with the new government and privately rewarded the swordsmen who had accompanied him to suppress the rebellion.
- 室町時代には抹茶を入れる容器として価値を高め、室礼の様式化に伴って優品が選ばれるようになると(『君台観左右帳記』を参照)、特に優れた物には銘が与えられて「名物」となった。
- During the Muromachi period the value of chaire was enhanced as a container for powdered green tea, and when better pieces began to be selected with the progress of formalization of shitsurai (placing decorations suitable for a season or ritual onto appropriate indoor places) (see 'Kundaikansochoki' (book of secrets about zashiki-kazari (decoration of room or study with shoin (one of Japan's most important residential architectural styles, established in Momoyama era)))), especially excellent pieces were given a name and ranked as 'masterpieces.'
- この事件が朝鮮政府に与えた衝撃は大きく、変革を拒否する鎖国攘夷勢力の反対をおさえて日本との国交回復を検討することになり、翌1876年に日朝修好条規(江華条約)が締結された。
- This incident brought such a terrible shock to the Korean government that they had to consider the recovery of the diplomatic relations with Japan by surmounting all objections by the supporters of expulsion of foreigners, and concluded the Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity (the Treaty of Ganghwa) in 1876.
- なお「自主の邦」と規定したとはいえ、清は冊封関係において従来から「属国自主」として内政・外交については関与しない立場をとっており、清の宗主権を否定しつくすものでもなかった。
- In addition, the treaty provided for an 'independent state,' but did not completely deny suzerainty of China, because Qing had the conventional stance of 'independence as a subject state'and was not involved in domestic and diplomatic affairs.
- ついに橘逸勢らから東宮恒貞親王の身上について策謀をもちかけられるが、阿保親王は与せずに、これを逸勢の従姉妹でもあった皇太后橘嘉智子に密書にて報告、判断を委ねた(承和の変)。
- He was approached by TACHIBANA no Hayaari about the Crown Prince, Imperial Prince Tsunesada, however, Imperial Prince Abo did not take it seriously, and sent a secret document about this to Hayanari's cousin, the Empress Dowager TACHIBANA no Kachiko for her to make a decision. (the Showa Incident)
- この和与によって荒木田明盛から権利一切を譲られた度会彦章による相馬御厨における伊勢神宮側の領主としての地位が確定したため、彼が下司とした佐竹義宗の勝訴が確定することとなった。
- Since the position of Hikoaki WATARAI, who was given all the rights from Akimori ARAKIDA by the compromise, was established, the winning of Yoshimune SATAKE, who was appointed as Hikoaki's local official, was determined.
- 特に以前武家伝奏として皇位継承問題に関与していた中院は天皇本人を前にして後水尾法皇と前将軍家綱が死んでから1年余りでその意向をひっくり返した天皇と綱吉を公然と罵ったのである。
- Especially Nakanoin, who had been involved in the imperial throne succession as a Buke Tenso (liaison officer between the Imperial Court and the Bakufu), abused the Emperor and Tsunayoshi, openly in the presence of the Emperor himself, for reversing the intention of Cloistered Emperor Gomizunoo and former Shogun Ietsuna in only a little over one year after the deaths of both.
- 俘囚と公民百姓の差異に対応するため、812年(弘仁3)、朝廷は国司に対し、俘囚の中から優れた者を夷俘長に専任し、俘囚社会における刑罰権を夷俘長に与える旨の命令を発出している。
- To erase the differences between the Fushu and the public peasants, in 812 the Imperial Court issued an order to the kokushi to select competent persons from the Fushu as full-time Ifucho (leaders of Ifu) who would exercise their punitive authority for crimes in Fushu society.
- 台与以後、しばらく倭国による中国王朝への朝貢の記録は途絶えていたが、4世紀後期ごろから東晋など南朝への朝貢が再び見られるようになり、この朝貢は5世紀末頃まで断続的に行われた。
- After the rule of Tayo, there were no records that the Wakoku ruler had offered tribute to the Chinese dynasties for a few centuries, but around the late fourth century, records of tribute to the Southern Dynasty, including the Eastern Jin dynasty, were found and the tribute had been sent intermittently till the end of the fifth century.
- これらの公用のための労役、業務については利益を上げることは難しかったが、幕府は地子免許、各種給米の支給、拝借金貸与など種々の特典を与えることによって、宿場の保護育成に努めた。
- Increasing profit by these official services and business was difficult, but the Edo shogunate made efforts in preserving and developing shukuba by granting various privileges such as Jishimenkyo, distribution of rice as various salary, and loans.
- 市街地の宅地は、位階によって大きさが決められ、高級貴族が占める4町のものを筆頭として、2町・1町・1/2町・1/4町・1/8町・1/16町・1/32町などの宅地が与えられた。
- The residential land of urban areas was divided based on one's rank, which allowed the high rank nobles to have 4 towns, and the rest were followed by 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 town.
- 蔵米知行(くらまいちぎょう)とは、蔵米給与(くらまいきゅうよ)とも呼ばれ、江戸幕府や藩が家臣に対して、俸禄として知行地の代わりに蔵米(幕府の場合は特に廩米とも)を支給すること。
- Kuramaichichigyo, also known as Kuramaikyuyo, was a system in which the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and domains provided kuramai (written as 蔵米 or in the case of the bakufu as 廩米 - rice preserved in a depository) to their vassals as horoku (salary) instead of chigyo-chi (territory).
- 下野国の住人那須氏の一門・那須宗久(「大八」又は「大八郎」の名で知られ、那須与一の弟とされる)は鎌倉幕府の平家の残党追討軍に加わり、肥後との境にある向山に拠った残党を追討した。
- NASU no Munehisa (known as 'Daihachi' or 'Daihachiro' and believed to be a younger brother of Nasu no Yoichi), a resident of Shimotsuke Province and a member of the Nasu clan, joined the Kamakura bakufu army organized for hunting down the remnants of the Taira family and suppressed the remnants who took position at Mukoyama situated on the border of Higo Province.
- 以後に説明される陽明学の特徴も、その様な意味づけを与えられた結果であり、それが朱子学及び陽明学の歴史的・全面的な結果であると言い得るか否かは大いに疑問とする立場も一部にはある。
- The features of Yomeigaku described below are also the result of the above-mentioned reasoning; therefore, there are doubts that these features are the historical and general results of Shushigaku and Yomeigaku.
- (2)古都奈良の文化財は日本建築と日本美術の進化のひときわ優れた証拠性を有しており、それらは中国と朝鮮との文化的つながりの結果であり後世の発展に重要な影響を与えることになった。
- 2. Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara is exceptionally useful evidence of the development of Japanese Architecture and Art and the result of cultural ties among Japan, China, and Korea; it had the important influence on the development which took place in later years.
- (しかし、ヨーロッパ美術界でアカデミック絵画の権威や美術と工芸の境界が揺らぎ始めたこの時期、日本の美術品は前衛的な芸術家らにジャポニズムという強力な影響を与えることとなった。)
- At that time, however, the prestige of academic paintings began to shake and the boundary between arts and crafts became obscure in the European art community, so Japanese art works greatly influenced European avant-gardists and gave birth to Japonisme.
- これらの皇族に対しても律令の定めにより一定の所得が与えられることで財政を圧迫する要因となったため、皇位継承の可能性がなくなった皇族たちを臣籍降下させることが行われるようになった。
- Such Imperial Families were allowed to receive a certain income under the Statutes, but it caused too much financial strain, consequently, they were encouraged to accept demotion from nobility to common subject.
- 『愚管抄』によれば、後白河が静賢の鹿ケ谷山荘に御幸した際、藤原成親・西光・俊寛が集まり平氏打倒の計画が話し合われ、行綱が呼ばれて旗揚げの白旗用として宇治布30反が与えられたという。
- According to the 'Gukansho,' when Goshirakawa made a visit to Joken's Shishigatani mountain retreat, FUJIWARA no Narichika, Saiko and Shunkan met together to talk about plans to destroy the Taira clan and Yukitsuna was called and given 30 rolls of Uji fabric to make white flags for the launch.
- 丹波国は細川頼元、丹後国は一色満範、美作国は赤松義則、和泉国・紀伊国は大内義弘、但馬国は山名時熙、因幡国は山名氏家、伯耆国は山名氏幸、隠岐国・出雲国は京極高詮にそれぞれ与えられた。
- Tamba Province was given to Yorimoto HOSOKAWA, Tango Province was given to Mitsunori ISSHIKI, Mimasaka Province was given to Yoshinori AKAMATSU, Izumi and Kii Provinces were given to Yoshihiro OUCHI, Tajima Province was given to Tokihiro YAMANA, Inaba Province was given to Ujiie YAMANA, Hoki Province was given to Ujiyuki YAMANA, and Oki and Izumo Provinces were given to Takanori KYOGOKU.
- 榎本軍が箱館を占領した後、1868年11月4日、英軍艦サトライト、仏軍艦ヴェニウスは、英公使ハリー・パークスより訓令を与えられ、英国公使館書記官アダムズを同行させて箱館に入港した。
- On November 4, 1868 after the Enomoto's army occupied Hakodate, the British warship Satellite and the French warship Venius entered the Hakodate port together with Adams, Secretary of British Legation, on board, following the directive of Harry Parkes, British Minister.
- のちの室町幕府や戦国時代 (日本)の家法にも強い影響を与え、広く武家法の基本となっただけでなく、優れた法先例として公家・武家を問わずに有職故実の研究対象とされた(「式目注釈学」)。
- It greatly affected family laws of Muromachi bakufu and the Sengoku period (Japan); it not only became the base of bukeho (samurai laws) but also was studied as great precedents of yusoku kojitsu (studies in ancient court and military practices and usages) by people, whether as court nobles or samurai families ('Shikimoku chushakugaku').
- 『平家物語』は多子の入内を二条の独断とするが、後見の美福門院や側近の経宗・惟方がこのような重大問題に関与しなかったとは考えにくく、二条の立場を固めるための政略的な婚姻と推測される。
- It is said in 'The Tale of the Heike,' Tashi was allowed to make her bridal entry to the court as the Emperor's court lady due to the Emperor's own authority; however, it is hard to think his guardian, Bifuku mon in, and his close aides Tsunemune and Korekata did not get involved in making decisions on such an important issue, so it is presumed that this was an arranged engagement for the Emperor to be in a better political position.
- 一方、作人や小百姓は一色田や散田など年貢の一部のみの納入で許されたが、1年ごとの更新制が普通で百姓名主や在家住人よりも土地その他に対する権利保障が無く、職が与えられることも無かった。
- Those who belonged to the latter group, such as sakunin and kobyakusho, on the other hand, were given much less rights and security over the land they worked in comparison to hyakusho-myoshu and zaike-junin, as they were usually given a one-year contract and never had a possibility to attain a managerial post, in exchange for the partial payment of nengu for fields such as isshikiden and sanden.
- 給田(きゅうでん)・給畠(きゅうはく)・給田畠(きゅうでんぱく)は、日本の中世において、荘園領主や国衙が、荘官、地頭、年貢運輸者・手工業者などに対して給与した田地または田畠地をいう。
- Kyuden, Kyuhaku and Kyudenpaku were rice paddies and fields that were granted to shokan (an officer governing shoen manor), jito (estate steward), nengu (land tax) couriers and handicraftsmen by shoen holders and the Kokuga (provincial government offices) during the middle ages in Japan.
- しかし平家打倒の治承・寿永の乱を経て、寿永2年/治承7年(1183年)に後白河天皇から東国における統治権的支配権(東海道・東山道の実質的支配権)を認める寿永二年十月宣旨を与えられる。
- After the Jisho Juei Revolt, during which the Taira government collapsed, he was handed a Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji (a written decree from the Emperor and the Great Council of State) by Emperor Goshirakawa in 1183, which granted him sovereign authority (effective control of Tokaido and Tosando) over the eastern provinces.
- 制度取調参与の福岡孝弟は、この由利五箇条に対して第一条冒頭に「列侯会議を興し」の字句を入れるなどして封建的な方向へ後退させ、表題も会盟に改めたため、列侯会盟の色彩が非常に強くなった。
- Because Seido torishirabe Sanyo (Councilor in charge of examining regulations) Takachika FUKUOKA added words 'setting up a council by feudal lords' at the beginning of the first article of the Yuri gokajo (Five Articles designed by Yuri) and the title was changed to 'kaimei' (pledge of feudal lords), it stepped back to feudalistic direction and the mood of pledge of feudal lords deepened.
- 特に延久の荘園整理令は、今までの整理令に見られなかった緻密さと公正さが見られ、その為に基準外の摂関家領が没収される等(『後二条師通記』に記載有り)、摂関家の経済基盤に大打撃を与えた。
- The Enkyu Decree Restricting the Expansion of Private Estates was much more detailed and much fairer than any previous such decrees; as a result, it was particularly harmful to the weakened finances of the Sekkan-ke (families of the Fujiwara clan whose members were eligible to become regent) as the private estates of the Sekkan-ke were confiscated, for example (details of these events were recorded in the 'Gonijo Moromichiki,' which was the diary of FUJIWARA no Moromichi, who later became Chancellor).
- 後に嵯峨天皇が退位しようとした時に、藤原冬嗣が退位後の天皇に平城上皇と同じ待遇を与えれば、費用がかさんで財政が危機に瀕するとして退位に反対する意見を述べている事からでも裏付けられる。
- Later, when Emperor Saga intended to abdicate, it became apparent that FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu opposed it, saying it would cost too much for the Imperial Palace and they would face financial difficulty if Emperor Saga were treated the same as the Retired Emperor Heizei.
- 院宮分国制(いんぐうぶんこくせい)とは、太上天皇や女院、中宮、斎宮などに除目の際に特定の令制国の受領を推挙する権利を与え、そこから経済的利益の配分を受けることで俸禄の代わりとする制度。
- Ingubunkokusei was a system of granting the right to recommend a provincial governor to a specific province to retired emperors, nyoin (women bestowed with the title 'in' (usually the empress, imperial princesses, etc.)), second consorts to the emperor, and imperial princesses serving at the Ise Shrine at the time of their appointment, and in return they would receive the financial profits of the provinces in place of a salary.
- こうした闘争をどう評価するにせよ、地域統治と収税の効率化のためにこうした富豪百姓層の成長を助け、彼らが莫大な利権を獲得する契機を与えたのはまぎれもなく受領を筆頭とする国衙機構であった。
- No matter what evaluations are given to these conflicts, it is clear that the mechanism of Kokuga (provincial government offices) headed by Zuryo helped such a wealthy farmer class grow to control the region and collect taxes more efficiently and gave them opportunities of acquiring huge vested interests.
- 更に平安時代末期になると、安倍氏によって天文博士の地位と天文密奏宣旨の独占が行われるようになるが、安倍氏のもう1つの家学である陰陽道との密着と安倍氏内部の内紛が天文密奏に混乱を与えた。
- At the end of Heian period, the Abe clan began to monopolize the roles of tenmon hakase and that received the imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso, however, both the Abe clan's deep involvement in Onmyodo, the other family learning of the clan and the internal strife within the clan confused tenmon misso.
- 藤原秀郷、平高望、源経基らがこの第一世代の武士と考えられ、彼らは在地において従来の富豪百姓層(田堵負名)と同様に大規模な公田請作を国衙と契約することで武人としての経済基盤を与えられた。
- FUJIWARA no Hidesato, TAIRA no Takamochi, MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto and so on are considered as the first generation of bushi; in the local lands they signed contracts for farming the koden (field administered directly by a ruler) with kokuga in the similar way as wealthy farmer class (tato fumyo [cultivator/tax manager]) did and got an economic base as warriors.
- また、国王の土地に対する支配権が確立され、バラモンやクシャトリヤに土地を与えることが行われるようになり、彼らはダーサと呼ばれる従属民などを用いて大土地所有者としての地位を確保してきた。
- And the king's governance of the land was established and the land could be given to Brahman or Ksatriya and they secured the status of large land holders by using the subservient people called Dasa.
- 弘安の役後、幕府は元軍の再度の襲来に備えて御家人の統制を進めたが、文永の役に続き弘安の役においても十分な恩賞給与がなされなかったため、戦費で窮迫した御家人達は借金に苦しむようになった。
- After Koan no Eki, in order to prepare for the next attack by the Yuan army, bakufu tried to strengthen its control over the vassals, but the vassals came to live in debt because they did not receive sufficient rewards in Koan no Eki as well as Bunei no Eki.
- 次いで佐竹家臣として出羽角館城に1万6000石を与えられたものの、盛重の死後、息子が相次いで病死、最後の当主蘆名千鶴丸も3歳で事故死したために家系は断絶して蘆名氏は名実ともに滅亡した。
- Morishige was granted Kakunodate Castle in Dewa and 16 thousand koku as a retainer of the Satake clan; though, after his death, his sons died one after another and the last head of the clan Sentsurumaru ASHINA died in an accident at the age of three, who was the last of the line, leaving the Ashina clan in ruin.
- 老中首座の阿部正弘(備後福山藩主)は、海防参与徳川斉昭(水戸藩主)らや、松平慶永(越前藩主、のち春嶽)・島津斉彬(薩摩藩主)ら親藩・外様大名をはじめ、庶民にいたるまで対応意見を求めた。
- Masahiro ABE, the head of roju (member of shogun's council of elders) (the lord of Bingofukuyama domain), asked a broad range of people, including a coastal defense officer Nariakira TOKUGAWA (the lord of Mito domain), Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA (the lord of Echizen domain), Nariakira SHIMIZU (the lord of Satsuma domain), and other various kinds of lords across the country, as well as ordinary people, about how they should respond to the situation.
- 木更津の親分赤間源左衛門は、妾のお富が間男の与三郎と海に身を投げてしまう派目になり、憂さを晴らすために子分の海松杭の松や用心棒の平馬をつれて鎌倉(実際は江戸)化粧坂の仲町に遊びに来る。
- After Otomi, his mistress, plunged into the sea together with Yosaburo, her lover, Genzaemon AKAMA, a boss in Kisarazu, he goes to Naka-cho in Kewai-zaka Slope in Kamakura (actually Edo) to dispel the consequent gloom, together with Mirukui no Matsu, his follower, and Heima, his bodyguard.
- 時行軍を駆逐した尊氏は後醍醐天皇の帰京命令を拒否してそのまま鎌倉に居を据え、乱の鎮圧に付き従った将士に独自に恩賞を与えたり、関東にあった新田氏の領地を勝手に没収するなど新政から離反する。
- Takauji, after destroying Tokiyuki's army, violated Emperor Godaigo's order to return to the capital and installed himself in Kamakura instead; having become alienated from the new government, he showed his disaffection by bestowing unique rewards on the officers and men who had fought with him to put down the rebellion, and by willfully seizing the territory of the Nitta clan in the Kanto (eastern Japan).
- 江戸時代に至っては、京都や諸国の優秀な民間医が官位を与えられて典薬寮医師(御典医)に登用されるケースが多くなり、典薬大允以下の役職は、典医の中から技術の優劣や年功の長幼によって選ばれた。
- Leading up into the Edo period, there were many cases where the most outstanding private civilian doctors in Kyoto and the other provinces were given office and rank and appointed as Tenyakuryo physicians (goteni); candidates--both young and old--for official posts of Tenyaku Taijo (Senior Secretary of the Bureau of Medicine) rank or lower were chosen from among the teni (doctors) either due to their superior skills or due to a long record of distinguished service.
- 一方、鹿児島では、2月9日に県庁に自首してきた野村綱から、「大久保から鹿児島県内の偵察を依頼されてきた」という内容の自供を得て、西郷暗殺計画には大久保利通も関与していたと考えるに至った。
- On February 9, in Kagoshima, Tsuna NOMURA surrendered to the prefectural office and confessed that he was sent by OKUBO on reconnaissance in Kagoshima Prefecture; accordingly, it was concluded that Toshimichi OKUBO was engaged in the plan of assassinating SAIGO.
- 天正13年(1585年)には甲斐へ着陣して昌幸に沼田領の北条氏への引き渡しを求めるが、昌幸は徳川氏から与えられた領地ではないことを理由にして拒否し、さらに敵対関係にあった上杉氏と通じた。
- In 1585, Ieyasu arrived at an encampment in Kai and requested that Masayuki hand over Numata territory to the Hojo clan, but Masasuke rejected the request on the grounds that the territory was not given by the Tokugawa clan, and communicated with the Uesugi clan who was in a hostile relationship with him.
- ただ、業として無尽と、無尽管理業務についてのみの規制に留まり、住民や職場などで、業者を関与させずに無尽をする行為を禁止するものではなかったので、その後も無尽は続けられ、現在に至っている。
- However, it regulated Mujin as business and the Mujin management task and did not prohibit any Mujin conduct in a residence, working place, and other without involving the dealers, therefore, Mujin has continued up to the present date.
- 威仁親王の嗣子・栽仁王は父に先じて早世したが、有栖川宮3代の勲功に鑑み、大正天皇は親王の臨終に際し、特旨を以って第3皇子・高松宮宣仁親王に高松宮の称号を与え、有栖川宮家の祭祀を継がせた。
- Prince Takehito's adopted child, Prince Tanehito, died before his father, but he endeavored to make the third generation of Arisugawa no miya, and when the Prince died the Emperor Taisho gave the name of Takamatsu no miya, as an exception, to the third prince, Takamatsu no miya Nobuhito, to succeed Arisugawa no miya in family events.
- 本来、父の花園天皇は持明院統においては傍流であり、その皇位は嫡流である後伏見天皇-光厳天皇-崇光天皇の系統に引き継がれるものと考えられていたために親王は皇位継承に与れる立場にはなかった。
- Because his father, Emperor Hanazono was originally a branch line of the Jimyo-in Imperial line, Imperial Prince was not in a position to succeed the throne; the throne was supposed to be succeeded by the main line; Emperor Gofushimi-Emperor Kogon-Emperor Suko.
- 戦前からの鉄道ファンとしても有名で、鉄道友の会の理事や名誉会長も勤め、ブルーリボン賞 (鉄道)叙与式、大阪市電最終運転日など関西での鉄道関係のセレモニーには来賓としてしばしば顔を出した。
- Prior to World War II he became known as a railroad fanatic; he acted as a director and honorary chairman of Tetsudo-tomo-no-kai (Railroad Fanatics' Association) and often attended railroad-related ceremonies held in the Kansai region, such as the presentation ceremonies of Blue Ribbon Ward (railroad) and the Osaka City Railroad's final day of operation.
- そして戦闘員と一般農民の区別がまだ生じていなかった為に、当時の関東の合戦は、敵の本拠地、「営所」を攻撃するだけでなく、「与力伴類の舎宅、員(かず)の如く焼き払う」という焦土戦術がとられた。
- In addition, fighters and normal peasants were not segregated, the battle at Kanto was to not only to attack the 'camp' of the enemy, but was to 'burn down the residence and servants' and used the battle technique to burn everything to ashes.
- 佐藤は、本宣旨により頼朝は既存の国家権力である朝廷から公権(東国行政権 国衙在庁指揮権)を付与され、この公的権力との接触により一つの国家的存在、すなわち東国国家 鎌倉幕府が成立したとする。
- Owing to this decree, Yoritomo was granted the official authority (the administrative authority of the Togoku region and the right to command the local officials of kokuga) by the Imperial Court, which was the then existing national authority, and this contact between Yoritomo and the public authority caused the formation of other national organizations, namely the Togoku state and the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), according to SATO.
- 7人と言うのは後の語呂合わせである(ただし彼らが挙げたとされる手柄は勝利が確定した後の追撃戦によるもののみであり、一番手柄も大谷吉継、石田三成らの先駆衆と呼ばれる武士達に与えられている)。
- The number of 'seven' was a mere play on words made up in later years (However, the feats that were said to be theirs were performed only during the running battle after Hideyoshi's victory had been secured. The honor of launching the attack fell to a group of samurai called sakigakesyu [the vanguard], which included Yoshitsugu OTANI and Mitsunari ISHIDA).
- 毛利氏、島津氏、伊達氏、徳川氏、上杉氏ら100万石にならんとする大大名がいるが、秀吉生存中は彼らに執政権を与えず、石田氏や大谷氏ら自身の子飼い大名に近畿周辺の小禄に封じて政治をさせている。
- Although there were several 'Daidaimyo' (a feudal lord given a greater stipend) including the Mori, the Shimazu, the Date, the Tokugawa, and the Uesugi clans, who owned provinces almost one million-koku in size, Hideyoshi, while he was alive, didn't give them any authority to control the administration but instead had the feudal lords who were reared from an early age, such as the Ishida and the Otani clans, govern the country by making them live around the Kinki region and giving them a small stipend.
- また『柳烟雑記』は享保九年五月(1723年)の武家人口として、大名264人、旗本5205人、御目見以下1万7004人、与力・同心並びに六尺・下男3万0909人、その他487人と伝えている。
- Additionally, according to the 'Ryuenzakki' [柳烟雑記] (Miscellaneous Records of Smokey Willow), the samurai population as of May 1723 (Kyoho 9) comprised of 264 daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), 5,205 hatamoto (bannermen), 17,004 subordinates, 30,909 of those including yoriki (police sergeant), doshin (police constable), rokushaku (servant) and genan (houseboy), and 487 others.
- 「これも信心いたす、お不動様のおかげじゃ、また、兵太夫様、おありがとうございます、磯之丞様は私が命に賭けてお守り申します」と喜ぶ団七に、三婦が呼びかけ再会を喜んだあと、新しい着物を与える。
- Danshichi was happy saying that 'I owe this to Ofudosama of my faith, and thank you very much, Mr. Hyodayu, I will protect Mr. Isonojo at the risk of my life', then Sabu called him, celebrated the reunion, and gave him a new kimono.
- その一方で頼朝は、源義広 (志田三郎先生)が上洛したこと、義仲が平氏追討をせず国政を混乱させていることを理由に、義仲に勧賞を与えたことを「太だ謂はれなし」と抗議した(『玉葉』10月9日条)。
- On the other hand, Yoritomo protested Yoshinaka's having been given praise and encouragement as 'totally irrational,' giving reasons that MINAMOTO no Yoshihiro (SHIDA Saburo Senjo) had gone to the capital and that Yoshinaka had disrupted the national administration, instead of searching for and killing the Taira clan ('Gyokuyo,' entry of November 2).
- 荘園の増大は摂関家などの有力貴族や彼らに保護された寺社などに莫大な収入をもたらす一方、国司等による税の徴収が不可能(すなわち公領の減少)となってしまうために国家財政に深刻な打撃を与えていた。
- An increase in the number of manors brought enormous income to powerful nobles such as sekkan-ke (regent family), as well as temples and shrines under their protection, but on the other hand, tax collection by kokushi (provincial governors) became impossible (in other words, imperial demesne decreased), causing serious harm to national finance.
- 成人して政務に関与するようになった高倉天皇と、院政継続を望む後白河の間には対立の兆しがあったが、12月5日の除目において後白河近臣の藤原定能・藤原光能が、平知盛らを超えて蔵人頭に任じられた。
- There were signs of confrontation between Emperor Takakura, who had started to take part in political matters after reaching adulthood, and Goshirakawa, who wanted to continue his cloistered governance, but upon the position assignment on January 13, 1177, FUJIWARA no Nobuyoshi and FUJIWARA no Mitsuyoshi, who were close aides of Goshirakawa, were promoted to Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain), passing over TAIRA no Tomomori and others.
- 12月2日_(旧暦)には四宮の親王宣下が行われて「朝仁親王」の名が与えられ、翌3年(1683年)2月9日_(旧暦)には中世以来断絶していた立太子式が行われて朝仁親王が正式に皇太子に立てられた。
- On December 30, an imperial proclamation to nominate Shinomiya was issued, renaming him Imperial Prince Asahito, who was officially invested in crown princedom in the ceremony of investiture of the Crown Prince next year, on March 7, 1683, the first such rite after a long interval since the (Japanese) Medieval Age.
- 士農工商の下には、古くからあった穢多、非人と呼ばれる被差別階級があり、かれらは人の嫌がる仕事(刑死執行人・掃除など)を与えられ、その上、幕藩体制維持のために諸大名より差別政策の犠牲者となった。
- Under the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants (shinokosho), there were discriminated classes called eta and hinin for a long time, and they were given duties which other people were unwilling to do (such as executioners, cleaning), and moreover, they became victims of discrimination policies enacted by feudal lords in order to maintain the shogunate system.
- この流れの中で、それまで公田経営請負によって(つまり田堵・負名層となることで)武人としての経済基盤を与えられていたに過ぎなかった武士が、荘園と公領間の武力紛争の対処能力を期待されるようになった。
- Under the above trend, the ability of samurai, who had maintained their lives through the job of warriors under koden management contract (in other words, by becoming tato/fumyo), was increasingly expected in order to cope with the armed conflict between shoen and public land.
- 室町時代初頭の貞和2年(1346年)、南北朝の争乱が続く中で、室町幕府は守護の権能を強化することで治安を確保することを企図し、守護に使節遵行権および刈田狼藉 の検断権を直接付与する法令を発した。
- In 1346 of the early Muromachi period, while the battle between the Southern and Northern Dynasties had been going on, the Muromachi bakufu contemplated securing public order by strengthening the Shugo's authorities and enacted laws which directly granted the Shugo the right to judge criminal cases for shisetsu jungyo and Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally).
- 11月26日には衆議院法務委員会に服部学長と同学会委員長が喚問される事態となり、政府(第3次吉田内閣)および与党自由党はこの事件をきっかけに大学への警官の自由な立ち入りを認めさせようと画策した。
- The president of the university Hattori and the chairman of the Dogakukai were summoned to the Lower House Judicial Affairs Committee on November 26, and the Government (the third Yoshida cabinet) and the ruling Liberal Party planned, taking advantage of this incident, to make it possible for the police to enter the university campus freely.
- 執権北条時宗の代に2度に渡る元寇があり、鎌倉幕府はこれを撃退したが、他国との戦役であり新たに領土を得たわけではなかったため、十分な恩賞を与えることができず、これもまた武士たちの不満を強めさせた。
- During the time of the regent Tokimune HOJO, Japan was twice invaded by the Mongols, and although the Kamakura bakufu managed to repel both invasions, it was an international conflict and thus there was no enemy land to confiscate and award to their soldiers, leaving them unable to provide suitable rewards, something that only strengthened malcontent among the warrior class.
- しかし、宮廷の対立が戦闘によって解決したこと、とりわけ京都市街を戦場とし、数百年ぶりに死刑が執行されたことは、当時の人々に大きな衝撃を与え、貴族から庶民まで武士の力を強く印象づけることとなった。
- People at that time, however, were surprised by the fact that the internal conflict of the Imperial Court was resolved militarily, particularly in a battle in the urban area of Kyoto, and the death penalty was imposed for the first time in hundreds of years; commoners as well as nobles were left with a strong impression of samurai power.
- 忠邦はまた、阿片戦争における清の敗北により、従来の外国船に対する異国船打払令を改めて薪水給与令を発令して柔軟路線に転換する一方、江川英龍や高島秋帆に西洋流砲術を導入させて、近代軍備を整えさせた。
- In response to the defeat of Qing Dynasty in the Opium Wars, Tadakuni shifted his foreign policy to more flexible one by amending the conventional edict to repel foreign vessels to the law to provide water and fuel for foreign ships, while he ordered Hidetatsu EGAWA and Shuhan TAKASHIMA to introduce the western style gunnery and the modern military buildup.
- 王政復古によって設置された三職(総裁、議定、参与)のうち、実務を担う参与の一員となった由利公正、福岡孝悌、木戸孝允らは、公議政体論の尊重と開国和親を基調とした新政府の基本方針を5ヶ条にまとめた。
- After Osei Fukko, three official positions (President, Legislators, and Councilors) were newly established, and some Councilors such as Kosei YURI, Takachika FUKUOKA and Takayoshi KIDO itemized a basic policy of the new government, based on esteem for parliamentary regime and opening of the country, into five articles.
- 1221年の承久の乱のおりには、土御門上皇は何も関与していなかったので処罰の対象にはならなかったが、父である後鳥羽院が遠流であるのに、自分が京にいるのは忍びないと、自ら申し出て土佐国に流された。
- When the Jokyo Disturbance occurred in 1221, although Emperor Tsuchimikado had nothing to do with the incident, he insisted on being deported to Tosa Province after his father, Gotoba-in was sentenced to deportation to a far destination.
- 3歳の時、父である亀山法皇が病死するが遺詔でその財産の多くを与えた上に、自分の孫に当たる後二条天皇に対しては次の大覚寺統の皇位は天皇の嫡男邦良親王ではなく、恒明親王を立てるように命じたのである。
- After his father, the Cloistered Emperor Kameyama died when he was three years old, he inherited most of his father's assets due to his father's will, he ordered his grandchild, Emperor Gonijo to let Imperial Prince Tsuneaki succeed to the throne for next Emperor from the Daikakuji Imperial line, instead of Emperor's eldest Prince, Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi, also pronounced Kuninaga.
- この一文は、武士論を正面から展開する中でのものではなく、南北朝時代に武士の家が敵味方に分裂したことに関連してサラッと書かれた一文なのだが、しかしその後の武士・武士団研究に大きなインパクトを与えた。
- This was not included within the main part of the developed samurai theory, but a lightly stated sentence related to how the bushi families split into enemies and allies during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) that left a great impact in later bushi and bushidan studies since that time.
- 院宮分国制とは、年限を限って、院宮家(太上天皇・女院・皇后・中宮・東宮など)に特定国の国守(または受領)を推薦する権利を与えるとともに、当該国から上進される官物を院宮家が収納するという制度である。
- The ingu bunkoku-sei system is the system in which Innomiya families (the families of Daijo Tenno (the Retired Emperor), nyoin (a close female relative of the Emperor or a woman of comparable standing), Empress, chugu (the second consort of an emperor) and Togu (the Crown Prince)) were given the right to make a recommendation of kokushu (or zuryo (the head of the provincial governors)) of a specific province and were also allowed to get the kanmotsu dedicated by the province.
- 朝廷や幕府財政の悪化が深刻になると、段銭・半済などの課役免除や禁制制札の発給、関所の新設廃止、座などの商業上の特権付与、訴訟に対する支持など様々な権利を求める人々に対して礼銭を求めるようになった。
- When the financial conditions of the Imperial Court and the bakufu greatly worsened, to present the reisen was required for those who asked for various kinds of privileged rights such as: tax exemption including the tansen (a kind of provisional tax in medieval Japan) and the hanzei (tax system in which the Muromachi bakufu allowed Shugo, or military governors, to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund); issuance of the kinsei seisatsu (notice of banning orders on a street bulletin board); ban on the construction or abolition of a sekisho (checking station); granting of commercial privileges such as the za (privileged guild); or support for a lawsuit.
- 当初は民部省に貢進された後で各官司に配分されたが、10世紀に入ると民部省を関与させずに特定の官司に対して特定の国が舂米を直接貢進する形式に替わり、各官司の財政が独立採算制に変わっていく一因となった。
- Originally, it was tithed to the Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) and then distributed to the various Kanji (government official), but in the tenth century, the Minbusho did not intervene, but each province directly tithed shomai to a given Kanji and this became one of the factors that led to each Kanji becoming responsible for their individual finances.
- また、当初中原氏の養子に入り明法道を学んだ大江広元が鎌倉幕府創設に深く関与し、また『裁判至要抄』の『御成敗式目』への影響が指摘されるなど、明法道と武家法の成立にも少なからず関係があったとされている。
- Also OE no Hiromoto who became an adopted son of Nakahara clan to study Myohodo, was likely to have something to do with the establishment of Myohodo and Bukeho (the low system of samurai society) because he participated deeply in the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu and influenced 'Goseibaishikimoku (the law of samurai regime)' of the legal book 'Saiban Shiyosho. '
- 勧農は非常に広い概念を有する語であり、例えば、潅漑用水の整備・維持、種子・農料の貸与・給付(出挙もこれに含まれる)、耕地の配分、農業労働力の組織編成、荒廃地の開発、税率の上下調整などが含まれていた。
- Kanno is a term covering very wide-ranging concepts, it included the maintenance of irrigation facilities, lend-lease and benefit of seeds and agriculture fees ('suikyo,' land lease at interest was also included), the allocation of farm lands, the organization of the agricultural labor, the development of denuded lands, the up-down adjustment of the tax rate, and so on.
- 5月20日 (旧暦)夜、酒井忠次率いる東三河衆の他、織田軍・金森長近などの与力、また鉄砲500丁を持たせた計約3000名という連合軍の大部隊(『信長公記』によると約4000名)が、密かに豊川を渡河。
- During the night of July 18, the great allied forces, comprising the Migashimikawa army under Tadatsugu SAKAI, the yoriki (assistants to commanders) including Nagachika KANAMORI of the Oda force, and approximately 3,000 (or 4,000 men according to 'The Shinchoko-ki') with 500 teppo, crossed Toyo-gawa River in secret.
- 歴代の当主・継嗣は、そのときどきの天皇または上皇の猶子となることによって擬制的な親子関係を構築し、そのことを根拠にして親王宣下により親王の地位と称号を与えられて、皇位継承権を保障されてきたのである。
- The successive head of the family or the successors to the family created fictitious relationships to emperors and retired emperors of each era, by being adopted as their children, then they were able to receive title of Imperial Prince by the Imperial Order which secured their position to succeed to the Imperial throne.
- なお、歴代将軍の中には中途で改名したものもおり、改名以前にその当時の下の字が与えられている例もあるので注意を要する(足利義稙(義材)の「材」、足利義澄(義高)の「高」、足利義輝(義藤)の「藤」など)。
- Note that some shogun changed their names and some were received a character of his former given name (such as 'ki' [材] of Yoshitane ASHIKAGA [former Yoshiki, 義材], 'taka' [高] of Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA [former Yoshitaka, 義高], and 'fumi' (藤) of Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA [former Yoshifumi, 義藤]).
- しかしながら、大日本帝国憲法は国民の権利を、天皇が臣民に与えた「恩恵的権利」と定義し、権利制限の根拠を「法律ニ定メタル場合」「法律ノ範囲内」などのいわゆる「法律の留保」、あるいは「安寧秩序」に求めた。
- However, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan specified that people's rights were 'privileged' ones that were given by the emperor and these rights could be limited 'by the constitution' and only permitted 'within the confines of the law,' in favor of public order and security.
- やがて、文章博士経験者が従来の明経博士経験者に代わって大学頭・侍読・式部大輔などの要職を独占して公卿に昇進する者も登場するようになり、明経道が管轄する儒学に関する事柄にも文章道が関与することもあった。
- Later, as those who experienced monjo hakase, instead of those who experienced myogyo hakase, began dominating important positions such as daigaku no kami, jidoku (imperial tutor) and shikibu no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial) and some were even promoted to kugyo, monjodo sometimes became involved in Confucianism, which was under myogyodo's control.
- 寵愛の女官四辻与津子との間に皇子・皇女が居た事が発覚すると、徳川秀忠は娘の徳川和子の入内を破談にすると恫喝するが、近臣を処罰するなどの詫びを行い、元和6年(1620年)に徳川和子が女御として入内する。
- When it was found out that there were a prince and princess between Emperor Gomizunoo and his favorite court lady, Yotsuko YOTSUTSUJI, Hidetada TOKUGAWA was furious and he demanded the cancellation of the arrangement to make his daughter, Masako TOKUGAWA, become the Imperial consort; however, some close aides were punished, and in 1620 it was arranged that Masako would become a consort in the palace.
- なお、当初は暦博士は暦本作成のみを担当し、御暦所や御暦奏には関与しなかったが、9世紀後期より陰陽頭・助と交じって御暦奏に加わる例が見られるようになった(『日本三代実録』仁和2年11月丙子朔(1日)条)。
- At the beginning, rekihakase participated only in making calendar books and were not involved in the onkoyomidokoro and goryakuso, but from the late ninth century, he began to participate in goryakuso together with Onmyo no kami and suke (according to 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' dated on December 4, 886).
- 朝鮮王朝実録には、恒居倭同士の殺人事件に関し朝鮮王朝が関与を放棄した事例や、宗氏の派遣した代官が検断権を握っていたことなどが記録されており、朝鮮王朝は恒居倭に対する検断権を放棄していたと考えられている。
- The 'Korean Dynasty's Fact Record' mentioned the incident that the Korean Dynasty gave up the investigation of a murder which occurred between kokyowa and the fact that a daikan which was sent by the So clan had the police authority and the legal jurisdiction. It is thought that the Korean Dynasty abandoned the police authority and the legal jurisdiction over kokyowa.
- この門葉の顔ぶれを見る限り、門葉たる地位を付与されるためには、血筋上の嫡流庶流や頼朝の血筋との近接性はあまり問題ではなく、あくまで忠勤の目覚ましい清和源氏であることがその要件であったということができる。
- Given the manner in which the members of these monyo were selected, in order to be given the status of monyo, what mattered wasn't the main line or branch of the family blood nor how close one was to Yoritomo's blood but was instead being the faithful Seiwa-Genji, which was the only requirement.
- 作品が国宝に指定されている画家としては、日本人では雪舟、狩野正信、狩野永徳、長谷川等伯、俵屋宗達、尾形光琳、円山応挙、池大雅、与謝蕪村、渡辺崋山、浦上玉堂など、中国では梁楷、李迪、徽宗皇帝などが挙げられる。
- Of the painters who have created one or more paintings designated national treasures, Japanese painters include Sesshu, Masanobu KANO, Eitoku KANO, Tohaku HASEGAWA, Sotatsu TAWARAYA, Korin OGATA, Okyo MARUYAMA, IKE no Taiga, Buson YOSA, Kazan WATANABE, and Gyokudo URAGAMI, while Chinese painters include LIANG Kai, DI Li, and Emperor Huizong.
- 戊辰戦争の際には、すでに鳥羽伏見の戦いの時点で薩摩藩兵とともに東寺や大津を守備するなど、最初から勤王の姿勢を示しており、近藤勇を逮捕する手柄を立てるなど実戦での功績も評価され、賞典禄2万石を与えられている。
- From the beginning of the Boshin War, the Ii Family showed their loyalty to the Emperor by guarding To-ji Temple and the town of Otsu with soldiers of the Satsuma clan at the Battle of Toba-Fushimi and, having achieved great success with the arrest of Isami KONDO, were rewarded with territory worth 20,000 koku.
- しかし、室町時代に入ると、室町幕府は守護に対して刈田狼藉取締権をはじめ、使節遵行権・半済給付権・闕所地処分権・段銭徴収権など、国内の荘園・公領へ統治的・経済的支配を及ぼしうる様々な権限を付与するようになった。
- But early in the Muromachi period, the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) granted various authorities to Shugo, which would enable them to exert a range of administrative and economic influences on shoen and koryo in the country, such as the right to control Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally), the right to enforce the bakufu judicial decisions in land disputes (Shisetsu jungyo), the right to permit hanzei (half payment of tax), the right to confiscate property from criminals or if it is left derelict, the right to collect tansen (a tax on arable land).
- さらに同時期までに、守護職には大犯三ヶ条の検断沙汰権、刈田狼藉の検断権、使節遵行権、半済給付権、闕所地給付権、段銭・棟別銭の徴収権など、軍事・警察的職権から経済的利得権まで広範な権能が付与されるようになった。
- In addition, in the same period, the shugo-shiki came to assume a wide spectrum of authority ranging from military and police authority to the authority for gaining an economical profit, such as the authority to make an investigation and give instruction (kendan-sata) over three kinds of criminal cases (Taibon-sankajo, three major tasks for peacekeeping), the authority to investigate the karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally), the authority to pass delegation of the word, the authority to collect half of the nengu (land tax), the authority to provide confiscated land or land without a governor (called kessho-chi), as well as the authority to collect tan-sen (surtax on the rice fields) and munabechi-sen (surtax on the houses).
- また、ヨーロッパやロシア、米国は、それぞれの国のエネルギー事情から、数値目標が達成可能かどうかや、経済に与える影響をあらかじめシミュレーションしていたが、日本は6%に対して、裏づけがないまま合意に至っている。
- Also, Europe, Russia and America had simulated previously whether or not the numerical goals could be achieved and the influence on the economy based on the energy situation of each country, but Japan agreed on 6% without deep consideration.
- 一方、師直は、武士たちが幕府に敵対したり南朝側についたりしないよう、十分な恩賞を与える必要を感じ、守護・地頭やその配下という形で公家や寺社の荘園を実際に管理している武家が土地支配者となるべきであると考えていた。
- On the other hand, Moronao felt it necessary to give sufficient reward to bushi to prevent them from confronting the bakufu or supporting the Southern Court, and thought that buke who had been the actual managers of the shoen of kuge, temples and shrines as shugo (constable) or jito (land steward) should become the landlord.
- 元来は、オスマン帝国が恩恵的にフランス、オランダ、イギリスに対して与えていたカピチュレーションの制度において、治外法権その他を認めていたものだが、産業革命以後は西欧経済圏への従属を企図したものに変質していった。
- Originally, an unequal treaty was to approve extraterritoriality and other conditions in the capitulation system which was beneficially given to France, the Netherland and the United Kingdom by the Ottoman Empire, but such treaties gradually transformed into ones aiming for subordination to the Western European economic zone after the Industrial Revolution.
- 明治元年(1868年)5月24日、徳川氏が江戸から駿府70万石に移されることが決まると、大木・江藤の東西両都案も決され、政府は同年6月19日、参与・木戸孝允と大木に江戸が帝都として適しているかの調査にあたらせた。
- In May 24, 1868, when it was decided that the Tokugawa clan would transfer 700,000 koku from Edo to Sunpu, the Oki and Eto draft for Kyoto and Tokyo to be the capital was decided upon, and on June 19 the government surveyed Sanyo, Takayoshi KIDO, and Oki about whether Edo was appropriate for the Imperial capital.
- こうして与えられた支配権・管理権は一様ではなく、名田の規模・態様によってさまざまな形態をとっていたが、いずれにせよ田堵負名は、国司・領主に認められた権限を背景に、現地において百姓らへの支配を強めていったのである。
- Although these rights to rule and manage land varied greatly depending on the size and arrangement of myoden land, tato fumyo farmers succeeded in strengthening their control over peasants in many villages by using the authority recognized by their own rulers.
- 旧来の臣・連・伴造(とものみやつこ)・国造(くにのみやつこ)という身分秩序にたいして、臣・連の中から天皇一族と関係の深いものだけを抽出し、真人・朝臣・宿禰の姓を与え、新しい身分秩序を作り出し、皇族の地位を高めた。
- While the old order of the social status was Omi, Muraji, Tomonomiyatsuko, and Kuninomiyatsuko, the Emperor Tenmu selected only the ones who had a close connection with imperial family from among Omi and Muraji, gave a new titles of Mahito, Asomi/Ason, and Sukune to them, created a new order of the social status, and raised the status of imperial family.
- これは、当時の関東では土地はいくらでもあり、要は土地を耕す労働力の編成が問題なのであって、敵を滅ぼすとは、その敵の兵力であり、同時に労働力であるそれら与力伴類にダメージを与えて四散させることが重要であったのである。
- It was because there were such a great amount of land in Kanto, and the labor organization that cultivated the land was a problem, and damaging and scattering yoriki (police sergeant) consisting of both the military and labor force of the enemy was required in order to annihilate the enemy.
- だが、戦国時代_(日本)に入り、幕府の権威は低下して下剋上によって幕府の力に依存せずに自力で領国を形成した戦国大名達はこの特権を否定し始めるとともに、自らの権限としてこれを付与あるいは剥奪を行うようになっていった。
- After the Sengoku Period, however, the authority of the bakufu declined and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) who formed their own territories by winning gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) without dependence on the bakufu's power not only began to deny the privilege but also came to grant or despoil it as their own rights.
- 13世紀前半の承久の乱以降、新補地頭に対して荘園公領11町当たり1町の給田を与える新補率法が成立すると、実際には1町にとどまらず2町・3町の給田を設定する例が多く見られ、新補地頭による荘園公領侵出を強く後押しした。
- After the Jyokyu War in the early thirteenth century, the Shinpo rippo (the regulation regarding new Jito appointments) was established to give 1 cho of kyuden per 11 cho of shoen koryo to newly appointed jito, but in actuality, there were many cases where two or even three cho of kyuden were given, strongly pushing the invasion of newly appointed jito into shoen koryo.
- 幕府の強硬な態度に対して朝廷は、これまでに授与した紫衣着用の勅許を無効にすることに強く反対し、また、大徳寺住職・沢庵宗彭(たくあんそうほう)や、妙心寺の東源慧等ら大寺の高僧も、朝廷に同調して幕府に抗弁書を提出した。
- Against the strong-handed stance of the bakufu, the Imperial Court strongly objected to the annulment of Imperial decrees allowing the wearing of Shie and high priests of major temples such as Takuan Soho, the resident priest of Daitoku-ji Temple and Eto TOGEN of Myoshin-ji Temple also agreed with the Imperial Court and submitted a document of complaint.
- その頃、明治政府の参与を免ぜられて京都に引籠もっていた愛宕通旭はかつて廷臣八十八卿列参事件にも加わった事があり、「天皇の藩屏」たる公卿が薩長の下級武士によって政治の中枢から切り離されていくことに苛立ちを感じていた。
- At the same time, Michiteru OTAGI, who had been dismissed from the position of councilor to the Meiji Government and retired to Kyoto, felt irritated that, despite having participated in the demonstration held by 88 retainers of the Imperial Court and been part of 'the protective wall for the emperor', he had now been cut off from the center of politics by lower-ranking samurai from Satsuma and Choshu.
- 受領は租税納入先の大寺社や摂関家のような上級貴族へ滞納が生じると、勤務評定である受領功過定(ずりょうこうかさだめ)を切り抜けるために、公領の一部の租税収納権を納入先の大寺社や摂関家に与えることが慣例になっていった。
- To deal with tax delinquencies designated to the main temples and shrines, and the high-ranked aristocracy including Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), it became customary for Zuryo to give away to those tax recipients the rights to collect taxes from parts of koryo, as an attempt to avoid poor evaluation with Zuryo koka sadame, their job performance reviews.
- 例えば、江西省撫州の人呉与弼(康斎)や 陳献章(白沙)は朱子学派に属すものの、その聖人となるための修養法は読書よりも実践・静坐を重視するなど、後世から見ると若干朱子学とは異なる側面も見られないではなかったのである。
- For example, although Wu Yubi (Kangzhai) and Chen Xianzhang (Baisha) in Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province belonged to the Shushigaku school, they emphasized practice and meditation instead of reading as a way to become a sage, which from a later viewpoint seems to be slightly different from conventional Shushigaku.
- 内容は(1)摂関制度(摂政・関白)の廃止(2)(慶喜の)将軍職辞職を勅許(3)江戸幕府の廃止(4)(新たに)総裁、議定、参与の三職をおくというもので、江戸幕府の廃絶と、天皇による新政府の成立を宣言するものであった。
- It was a declaration to abolish the Edo Shogunate and to establish a new Imperial government; more specifically, (1) abolishment of sekkan-seido (a system of regents and advisors), (2) imperial consent to Yoshinobu's resignation of Shogunate, (3) abolishment of the Edo Shogunate, and (4) appointment to the posts of three new offices, namely sosai (president), gijo (official post) and sanyo (councilor).
- その後は、藤原純友の乱を平定した藤原忠文や、阿衡事件に関与した藤原佐世等を輩出したものの、平安時代中期以降は儒学によって立身する家系として数家がしばらく血統を保つのみとなり、鎌倉時代まで続いた家はほとんどなかった。
- Thereafter, Fujiwara Shikike produced FUJIWARA no Tadabumi, who put down FUJIWARA no Sumitomo's War, and FUJIWARA no Sukeyo, who was involved with the Ako Incident, but from the middle of the Heian period, only a couple of families managed to keep their lines known as those that rose on the basis of Confucianism, and few could remain until the Kamakura period.
- その結果立憲政友会・憲政会・革新倶楽部の護憲三派からなる加藤高明内閣が成立し、普通選挙法が制定され財産(納税額)によって制限される制限選挙から満25歳以上全ての男子に選挙権が与えられることとなり、普通選挙が実現した。
- This led to the formation of the Takaaki KATO administration by the three pro-constitution factions of Rikken Seiyukai, Kenseikai and Kakushin Kurabu and to the legislation of the Universal Manhood Suffrage Act that abolished the restriction of voting right based on property (tax payment) and granted the right to all men aged over 25 for organization of popular elections.
- 戦国大名から統一政権を打ち立てた織田政権・豊臣政権の両政権では右筆衆(ゆうひつしゅう)の制が定められ、右筆衆が行政文書を作成するだけではなく、奉行・蔵入地代官などを兼務してその政策決定の過程から関与する場合もあった。
- Under both the Oda and Toyotomi governments, which were established after the unification of the warring daimyo, there was an institution called the Yuhitsushu (corps of administrators), who not only created public documents, but also sometimes stood in as the Bugyo (magistrate) or the Daikan (local governor) of directly-controlled lands, taking part in the policymaking processes.
- その後17世紀前半(江戸初期)にかけて、キリスト教の布教(キリシタン)と貿易(南蛮貿易)を通じて、日本とスペインの間には盛んな人物の往来が見られ、また衣食住を含む当時の日本の文化や世界観にも影響を与えた(南蛮文化)。
- From then till the first half of the 17th century (the early Edo period), people frequently came and went between Japan and Spain through propagation of Christianity (Christian) and trade (with Spain and Portugal), which had an impact on Japanese culture including housing, food and clothing, and its world view.
- 律令国家・国衙の援助で広大な未開地を設定して開発する、自墾地系荘園(じこんちけいしょうえん)は地方に多く、すでに熟田化した墾田を買得・相博・譲与・寄進などで集積した、既墾地系荘園(きこんちけいしょうえん)は畿内に多い。
- There were many Jikonchi Kei Shoen in rural areas, in which vast wastelands were defined in order to develop the land with the aid of the Kokuga under the ritsuryo code, while, in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), there were many Kikonchi Ke Shoen, which were collected through purchase, exchange, transfer, and donation of well-cultivated rice fields called Konata.
- 亀山は失意のうちに正応2年に出家(41歳)し、翌正応3年に霜月騒動で所領を失った武士浅原為頼らが内裏に乱入し伏見を殺害しようとする事件が起きると関与を疑われ、起請文を幕府に提出して身の潔白を主張しなければならなかった。
- Kameyama was disappointed and became a priest in 1289 (aged 41), and was accused of being involved in an incident where bushi Tameyori ASAHARA and others who lost their territory during the Shimotsuki Incident, invaded the Imperial Palace and tried to assassinate Fushimi, and had to submit an appeal to the bakufu to clear his name in 1290.
- この二つの文書は、1901年に幸徳らによって結成されながらも、ただちに禁止された社会民主党 (日本 1901年)の「社会民主党宣言書」の精神を引き継ぎ、その後の日本における社会主義運動に大きな影響を与えたものであった。
- These two documents succeeded the spirit of the 'Declaration of the Social Democratic Party of Japan' of the Social Democratic Party of Japan, which was established by KOTOKU and others in 1901, but was prohibited right away (in Japan in 1901), giving great influences on the subsequent socialistic movements in Japan.
- 高原奪還を目指す薩軍は7月17日、堀与八郎を全軍指揮長とし雷撃隊・鵬翼隊・破竹隊などの9個中隊を正面・左右翼・霞権現攻撃軍(鵬翼三番隊)の4つに分け、深夜に植松を発ち、正面・左右翼軍は暁霧に乗じて高原の官軍を奇襲した。
- On July 17, the Satsuma army, aiming at taking back Takahara, appointed Yohachiro HORI to Commander of all the forces and divided the nine companies from the troops including the Raigeki-tai troop, the Hoyoku-tai troop, and the Hachiku-tai troop into four units of the front, left, and right flanks, and the troop to attack Kasumi-gongen (the 3rd troop of the Hoyoku-tai troop), dispatched them from Uematsu in the midnight, and made the front, left and right flank troops launch a surprise attack on the government army in Takahara by taking the opportunity of the fog at the dawn.
- 寿永2年(1183年)7月の平氏西走後も、その本拠であった伊賀・伊勢両国には平氏家人が播居しており、元暦元年(1184年)3月に大内惟義が伊賀の守護に補任され、武蔵国の御家人大井実春が平家与党討伐のため伊勢に派遣される。
- Even after the Taira clan escaped to Saigoku (the western part of Japan) in July 1183, men of the Taira clan lived over wide areas of both Iga and Ise Provinces, which had been their home territory, so Koreyoshi OUCHI was assigned as Ise shugo (military governor of Ise) and Saneharu OI, a vassal in Musashi Province, was dispatched to Ise to subdue the Taira clan and their retainers there in April 1184.
- こうした武家の棟梁に対する恩賞は、所領を棟梁から家人へ分け与える一方、棟梁自らはさらなる勢力拡大のために収入の多い国の国司職や、中央政界における地位向上につながる位階の昇叙、御所への昇殿などを獲得するよう積極的に運動した。
- While Buke no toryo distributed territories to their kenin, they actively sought to become kokushi, which would provide them both handsome income, or to obtain a higher rank, which would lead higher grade in the central government, or to access to the Imperial Palace to advance their political status in the Imperial Court.
- 宇多天皇が次期天皇の決定について菅原道真以外には関与させなかったという事実は、一面において天皇や貴族社会における道真への警戒心と反発を高め、後年菅原道真が大宰権帥に左遷された事件(昌泰の変)の原因になったとも言われている。
- The fact that Emperor Uda did not involve anybody but SUGAWARA no Michizane in deciding the next emperor, in one sense, intensified wariness and backlash against Michizane within the society of emperor and the nobles, and it was allegedly one of the causes of the incident in the later years (the Shotai Incident) in which SUGAWARA no Michizane was demoted and transferred to Dazai gon no sochi (provincial governor-general of the Dazai-fu [local government office in Kyushu region]).
- そこで、関白藤原師通らが、天文密奏宣旨授与者である中原師遠と天文博士安倍親宗を喚問したところ、師遠は流星に気付かずに観測が出来なかったために密奏が出来ず、親宗は天文異変ではないので天文密奏の必要性は無かったと回答している。
- Then, kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Moromichi and others summoned NAKAHARA no Moroto, who had received the imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso, and tenmon hakase ABE no Chikamune -- Moroto confessed that he could not have done misso because he was not aware of the meteor and failed to observe it; but Chikamune explained that since the meteor was not an extraordinary astronomical phenomenon, it needed not to be reported as tenmon misso.
- 南朝側は、北朝の意向により天台座主や寺社の要職に就いた者などを更迭して南朝方の人物を据えることや、建武の新政において公家や寺社に与えるため没収された地頭職を足利政権が旧主に返還した事の取り消しなどを求め、北朝方と対立する。
- The Southern Court confronted the Northern Court by proposing to fire the people selected by the Northern Court to become Tendaizasu (chief of Tendaishu) and important positions in temples and shrines and replace them with Southern Court related people, and wanted the cancellation of the return by the Ashikaga administration of jito (land steward) positions that were taken away during the Kenmu Restoration to give to kuge and temples and shrines.
- 1376年には紀伊での南朝方の活動に対して頼之は弟の細川頼元を総大将とし派遣するが鎮圧に失敗し、成長した3代将軍義満は反頼之派の山名氏を派遣させ、また大和での軍事活動には復帰した斯波義将や土岐頼康ら反頼之派に軍勢を与える。
- In 1376, Yoriyuki made his younger brother Yorimoto HOSOKAWA supreme military commander and dispatched him to counter the Southern Court's military maneuvers in the Kii peninsula, but Yorimoto failed to subjugate the area, and the third Shogun Yoshimitsu, who had now reached adulthood, had the leader of the Yamana clan, a member of the anti-Yoriyuki faction, to sent as a replacement; moreover, he granted appointments to others of the anti-Yoriyuki faction, including Yoriyasu TOKI and the rehabilitated Yoshimasa SHIBA, to command military activities in Yamato.
- 大名の多くが「所領没収」で姿を消し、全国の要所は直轄領(天領)として大名を置かず、多数の親藩大名に大領を持たせ、その合間に外様大名を配置し、譜代大名には小領と中央政治に関与する権利を与えるという絶妙の分割統治策を実施した。
- The Tokugawa shogunate carried out a clever policies of dividing and ruling that many former feudal loads were forced to ruin by the enactment of 'confiscation of territories,' and that the places of strategic importance across Japan were set under the direct control of shogunate (shogunal demesne) avoiding influence of feudal loads (daimyo), who were classified into three groups, namely 'family daimyo' (a feudal load of a Tokugawa family branch or affiliation) with large territories, 'hereditary vassal daimyo' with small territories and the rights to participate in the state administration, and 'outside' daimyo (a feudal load who was not a hereditary vassal of the Tokugawa family) with the territories inserted between domains of 'family daimyo.'
- だが、実際の貴族社会の立身に大いに影響を与えたのは、蔭位・大舎人・内舎人などの血統に基づく仕組によるところが大きく、有力貴族の子弟は大学寮への就学が義務付けられていた平安時代のごく初期を除いて家庭における教育が主体であった。
- One's success in the aristocratic society largely depended on systems such as the Oni, the Otoneri, and the Udoneri, which took your bloodline into account, and the children of powerful aristocrats were educated mainly at home, except during a short period in the early Heian period when such children were obliged to study in the Daigaku-ryo.
- つまり、実際には、榎本に好印象を持った出先の英仏軍艦艦長が、本国の意向を無視して勝手に書いた覚書でしかなかったのである(事前に英公使ハリー・パークスが与えた訓令では、上記のような用語の使用を慎重に避けていたのにも関わらず)。
- That means, it was actually nothing but a mamorandam made freely by the captains of the British and French warshipsl, who had a good impression on Enomoto and ignored the intention of their countries (although the use of the terms as above was carefully avoided in the directive made by the British Minister Harry Parkes.)
- 江戸時代末期の『守貞謾稿』、明治43年(1910年)与兵衛鮓主人・小泉清三郎著『家庭 鮓のつけかた』、昭和5年(1930年)の永瀬牙之輔著『すし通』、昭和35年(1960年)宮尾しげを著『すし物語』のいずれも1つ2つである。
- Sushi was also counted as hitotsu, futatsu and so on in 'Morisada Manko' (a kind of encyclopedia of folkways and other affairs from the Edo period written by Morisada KITAGAWA) at the end of Edo period, 'How to Make Home-Made Sushi' written in 1910 by Seizaburo KOIZUMI, a chief of Yobe's Sushi, 'Sushi Connoisseur' written in 1930 by Ganosuke NAGASE, and 'Sushi Story' written in 1960 by Shigeo MIYAO.
- これらは重点産業こそ異なれ、経済発展の目標は農産物或いは工業製品の生産工場に拠り日本国内の需要を満たすことにあったが、日本からの大量資本投下は台湾経済の発展と社会インフラ整備を支援し、戦後の台湾経済にも大きな影響を与えている。
- Though the primary industry differed in each period, the primary goal throughout the entire time was to meet the domestic demand in Japan by increasing the production of agricultural and industrial products, while Japan's massive investment, which supported the development of Taiwan's economy and social infrastructure, influenced the post-war economy of Taiwan.
- 建武中元二年(57年)、博多湾沿岸に所在したと見られる倭奴国の首長が、後漢の光武帝から倭奴国王に冊封されて金印(倭奴国王印)の賜与を受けており(『後漢書』「」)、当時は北部九州の勢力が倭国内の中心勢力であったと考えられている。
- In 57, a chieftain of Wanonanokuni (small country in Hakata area of Fukuoka Prefecture), which is believed to have been located along the Hakata Bay, had suzerain-vassal relationship with the Emperor Kobu-tei (Emperor Guangwu) of the Latter Han Dynasty, who invested him with Wakoku by giving golden stamp (Wa no na no kokuo in [the oldest known seal in Japan]), ('History of the Latter Han Dynasty'), therefore, the center of Japanese political force is believed to have been located in the northern part of Kyushu at that time.
- 荘園・公領の運営には、運営実務に当たる荘官や、京都の荘園領主(本所)へ年貢などを運送する梶取などの運輸者、本所へ貢納する手工芸品を作る各種職人などの存在が不可欠であり、これら荘官・職人の職務の代償として与えられたのが給田である。
- The management of shoen and koryo required the existence of shokan, who did the daily management, couriers such as Kajitori who transported the nengu to the shoen landholder (Honjo) in Kyoto and various craftsmen who made handicrafts to be given to the Honjo and payment for the services of shokan and craftsmen were Kyuden.
- 民主と自由の思想による民族自決が世界の潮流となり、1918年1月にアメリカ合衆国大統領ウッドロウ・ウィルソンが提唱する民族自決の原則と、ウラジーミル・レーニンの提唱した植民地革命論は世界の植民地に大きな影響を与えるようになった。
- Self-determination based upon democracy and freedom became a mainstream of the world, and the principle of self-determination advocated by Woodrow Wilson and the colonial revolutionism by Vladimir Lenin had a great influence on colonies in the world.
- 続いて設立された立憲政友会を与党とする山本権兵衛内閣は軍部大臣現役武官制の廃止など陸海軍の内閣への発言力を弱める改革に着手したが、海軍高官の贈賄事件(シーメンス事件)の影響により再び国民の怒りを買いに内閣総辞職を余儀なくされた。
- The next administration led by Prime Minister Gonbei YAMAMOTO, with Rikken Seiyukai (Friends of Constitutional Government) as mainstream party, worked on reform to curb the influence of the Imperial Army and Navy in civilian government, including the abrogation of the law requiring military-related ministers to be active-duty military officers, but was forced into mass resignation in face of public ire over the corruption scandal involving high-ranking navy officers (Siemens Scandal).
- この姓(カバネ)は、後世での扱われ方からヤマト王権当初から氏族単位に賦与(ふよ)されていたと考えられていたが、実証的な文献研究により、ヤマト王権当初の姓(カバネ)は個人単位で付与されていたことが明らかとなったと主張する人がいる。
- It was believed that the kabane were given to each clan from the beginning of Yamato sovereignty; however, based on the research of historical records, some strongly suggest that they were given to individuals in the beginning of Yamato sovereignty.
- 当せんした者は褒美金全部を入手したのではなく、突留1000両を得たものはその100両を修理料として興行主に贈り、100両を札屋に礼として与え、その他諸費と称して4、50両取られたから、実際に得るところはおよそ700余両であった。
- Winners didn't receive all of the prize money, if a winner got tsukitome 1000 ryo, he gave 100 ryo to the distributer as a repair fee and 100 ryo to ticket seller and also was taken 40 – 50 ryo as miscellaneous expense, so the rest was about 700 ryo.
- 純歌舞伎では『青砥稿花紅彩画』(白浪五人男)の弁天小僧、『与話情浮名横櫛』(切られ与三)のお富、『新皿屋舗月雨暈』(魚屋宗五郎)の女房おはま、そして無類の貴公子ぶりを見せた『新薄雪物語』(薄雪)の左衛門などの世話物を得意とした。
- In the area of pure kabuki, he was very good at plays dealing with the lives of ordinary people, playing Bentenkozo of 'Aoto Zoshi Hana no Nishikie' (The Story of Aoto and the Gorgeous Woodblock Print) or 'Shiranami Gonin Otoko' (The Five Shiranami Men), Otomi of 'Yohanasake Ukinano Yokogushi'or 'Kirare Yosa' (Scarface Yosa), Ohama the wife of 'Shinsarayashiki Tsuki no Amagasa' or 'Sakanaya Sogoro,' and, above all, Saemon of 'Shin Usuyuki Monogatari' (The Tale of Usuyuki) or 'Usuyuki,' which he played with unmatched nobleness.
- 太政官符・太政官牒の発給には直接の担当者ではない少納言や外記が関与したり、天皇の御璽の請印などが必要とされたために、手続が煩雑でしかも間に儀礼的な文書授受や請印を求めるための儀礼が加わるなど、緊急時には対応が出来ないものであった。
- The daijokanpu or dajokancho was not fit for emergencies because shonagon and geki, who were not directly in charge of their issuance, were implicated, because the imperial stamp was needed for their issuance and because the procedures were complicated and often necessitated ceremonious events: exchange of documents, stamping etc.
- 鳥羽・伏見の戦い直後の明治元年(慶応4年)1月17日(1868年2月10日)、参与・大久保利通は、総裁・有栖川宮熾仁親王に対して、天皇が石清水八幡宮に参詣し、続いて大坂行幸を行なって、その後も引き続き大坂に滞在することを提言した。
- Directly after the battle of Toba and Fushimi on February 10, 1868, Sanyo and Toshimichi OKUBO regarding the presidency and Imperial Prince Taruhito, Arisugawa-no-miya, advocated that the emperor make a pilgrimage to Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine, and then go to Osaka where he would continue to reside.
- その結果、中央財政にも影響を与えるようになり、宋王朝では乾興 (宋)元年(1022年)に官僚荘園を30頃、将吏衙前荘園を15頃に制限する提案が出されたものの失敗し、その後限田免役法を行って免役の範囲や寄進に制約を課そうとしている。
- As a result, the finance of the central government was influenced by this and during the Sung dynasty in 1022, the proposition that the manors owned by a bureaucrat be limited to 30 and shorigozenmaeshoen to 15 was issued but it failed and later the regulations of tax exemptions were promulgated to impose the restrictions on the range of tax exemptions and the donations.
- これらのテロ計画に、熾仁親王本人を始め有栖川宮関係者が関知・関与していたか否か今日では証明できていないが、元来長州毛利家と縁戚で自他共に認める尊攘論者だった熾仁親王は、有力な過激派シンパとして容保たちからさらに警戒されるようになる。
- It can not be proved, nowadays, whether Prince Taruhito and other Arisugawanomiya related people, had something to do with the above terrorism or not, since Prince Taruhito was a relative of the Mori family of Choshu, and also well known supporter of the Emperor by other Imperial members, Prince Taruhito himself admitted it, he became being alarmed by Katamori and his group as an extreme (communist) sympathizer.
- これは他の分野でも同様の現象が起きており、やがて特定の博士家が博士の職を世襲するために、家説を秘伝化・神秘化しながらこれに権威性と絶対性を与えていくことによって、学術そのものを氏族内部のみで世襲化する「家学」へと発展させることとなる。
- The same phenomena took place in other fields, and in order to take up the position of hakase by heredityparticular hakase families developed the learning itself into 'kagaku' inherited within the clan by making their family's theory esoteric and mystified, and by giving it authority and unequivocalness.
- こうした状況の中で、12世紀~13世紀ごろになると、荘園領主や国衙、さらにこれらから在地支配を任された武士も田堵の力を認めざるを得なくなり、田堵に名田の永代保有権を付与する代わりに、年貢・公事の納付請負を確約させるようになっていった。
- Under such circumstances, around the 12th and the 13th centuries, lords of manors, kokuga, and samurai warriors who were appointed as the local supervisors by lords or kokuga had to recognize the tato's influence, and they gave the tato permanent tenure of myoden in exchange for the firm land tax payment and the undertaking of public duties.
- 台湾銀行以外に、台湾総督府は台湾金融の安定化を図るために彰化銀行、嘉義銀行、台湾商工銀行、新高銀行、華南銀行、日本勧業銀行などを設立し、また特別法を制定し、信用組合、無尽、金融講、信託会社なども設立され台湾経済の発展に寄与させていた。
- In addition to Bank of Taiwan, the Sotoku-fu allowed the establishment of the Shoka Bank, Kayoshi Bank, Bank of Taiwan of Commerce, Niitaka Bank, Bank of Hunan and the Nihon Kangyo Bank, and it also enacted a special act to establish credit associations, trust companies, mutual loan associations, savings and credit associations to contribute to the economic development in Taiwan.
- また事件前、西南戦争で敗死した西郷隆盛が実はロシアに逃げ延び、ニコライと共に帰って来るという噂がささやかれており、西南戦争で勲章を授与されていた津田はもし西郷が帰還すれば自分の勲位も剥奪されるのではないかと危惧していたという説もある。
- He also heard a rumor that Takamori SAIGO, who had died during Seinan War, was still alive in Russia and he would come back to Japan with Nicholas, so he feared that he would be deprived the medal which had been given to him during Seinan War.
- しかしながら工場等が企業努力により削減量を積み重ねてきたという言い分によって日本経団連などが強く反対し、また当団体などが盛んに行っている政府与党へのロビー活動等の影響力もあり、環境税への理解が浸透せず、未だに実現の目処も立っていない。
- However, Japan Federation of Employers' Associations strongly opposes the tax, saying that the reduction amounts have been accumulated by corporate efforts at factories and so on, and the Associations and the like actively lobby the governing party; thus the understanding for environmental taxes has not spread enough so that the introduction of the tax is not yet in sight.
- 清朝における孫文の辛亥革命、オスマン帝国における青年トルコ革命、カージャール朝におけるイラン立憲革命や、仏領インドシナにおけるファン・ボイ・チャウの東遊運動、インド帝国におけるインド国民会議国民会議カルカッタ大会等に影響を与えている。
- It influenced the Sun Yatsen's Xinhai Revolution, the Young Turks Revolution in the Ottoman Empire, the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, Phan Boii Chau's Dong Du Movement (Look-Japan Movement) in French Indochina, and the Indian National Congress's Calcutta Conference.
- しかし、孝明天皇は撫恤のための薪水給与は認めていたが、通商条約や異国人の入国には強く反対しており、また岩倉具視ら多くの公家が関白の幕府寄りの姿勢を批判したため(廷臣八十八卿列参事件参照)、堀田の工作にもかかわらず勅許は得られなかった。
- However, Hotta could not get permission primarily because the Emperor Komei strongly objected to the ideas of allowing foreigners to come into Japan and concluding a commercial treaty, though he did give permission for supplying fuel and water in mercy, and also because many aristocrats including Tomomi IWAKURA criticized Kujo for his attitude towards the shogunate (see the incident that 88 high-ranking aristocrats went on a sit-in protest).
- だが、新将軍・義尚は若くして病死し、引退した父・義政も銀閣をはじめとする慈照寺の造営に余生を費やして、芸術の世界にのみ生きた(とはいえ、義政の芸術保護が後の東山文化発展の基礎となり、後々の日本文化に大きな影響を与えた事は否定できない)。
- But the new Shogun, Yoshihisa, died of illness while still young, and his retired father Yoshimasa devoted his remaining years to construction projects at Jisho-ji Temple, notably the building known as Ginkaku (the Silver Pavilion), focusing his attention entirely on the world of artistic endeavor (and indeed, Yoshimasa's patronage of the arts became the foundation of the flourishing artistic culture of the Higashiyama area, and no one can deny he had a profound influence on later developments in Japanese culture.)
- 同時代では日蓮が批判し、後世の評価では2回目の日本侵攻の口実になった暴挙であると評価する論者と、元の2回目の対日侵攻には影響を与えなかった、あるいは国難に対しては手本にするべき好例であると肯定的に評価する『大日本史』や、頼山陽らがいる。
- At the time it occurred, it was criticized by Nichiren, and in a later era, there were both arguments for and against; some criticized it as a reckless act that gave the enemy a reason for the second invasion of Japan, and others affirm it, including Sanyo RAI and 'Dainihonshi' (Great History of Japan), which states that it did not influence the Yuan's second invasion of Japan and is a good example to be followed when tackling a crisis of the nation.
- サイズが大きく見栄えのするものであることから、豊臣秀吉が天正17年(1589年)5月に太閤の金賦りで与えたものは長大判であるとする説もあるが、これは菱大判の鋳造時期であり長大判の初鋳が文禄4年(1595年)であるならば矛盾し疑問である。
- Based on its impressive big size, some historians consider that the Tensho naga oban were used when Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI generously gave away money to lords and court nobles in May 1589 (according to old lunar calendar, that event is called 'Taiko no Kanekubari'), however, that theory is doubtful because Tensho naga oban was minted first in 1595.
- また、10月から12月にかけて公武合体派の島津久光(薩摩藩主の父)、松平春嶽(前福井藩主)、伊達宗城(前宇和島藩主)、一橋慶喜、山内容堂(前土佐藩主)が上洛、松平容保とともに朝廷参与会議に任命され、朝廷の下での雄藩の国政参画が実現した。
- During the months from October to December (according to the old lunar calendar) the powerful lords agreeing to the political cooperation between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court, such as Hisamitsu SHIMAZU (the father of the head of the Shimazu clan), Shungaku MATSUDAIRA (the former head of the Fukui clan), Munenari DATE (the former head of the Uwajima clan), Yodo YAMAUCHI (the former head of the Tosa clan), and Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI came to Kyoto one after another, and they were appointed as members of the Sanyo-kaigi with Katamori MATSUDAIRA, then the political cooperation between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court began in the form in which the delegates of the Shogunate speak in the Imperial Court.
- 更に時代が下ると、腐敗した朝廷の口向(経理)を監督するための「御所向御取扱掛」(安永3年設置、奉行が兼務)や京都市街の無秩序な拡大を防止して適正な町割をするための「新地掛」(文化 (日本)10年設置、与力が兼務)などの新たな職掌が生まれ、
- Along with the passage of time, new divisions emerged such as 'Gosho-muke otoriatsukai-gakari' (founded 1774, assumed by Magistrate) responsible for overseeing the corrupted kuchimuke (finance division) of the Imperial court and 'Sarachi-gakari' (founded 1813, assumed by yoriki) responsible for preventing random expansion of the Kyoto urban land and implementing appropriate urban development plans.
- 日本も封建制度の体制下で欧米の近代法にある法治国家の諸原則が存在しておらず、刑事面では拷問や残虐な刑罰が存置され、民事面では自由な契約や取引関係を規制して十分な保護を与えていなかったために、欧米列強からはその対象国であると考えられていた。
- Japan, too, was considered a target of unequal treaties by the allied Western powers because Japan, under the feudal system, did not have various principles of a nation under the rule of law as stipulated in modern Western laws and therefore maintained torture and cruel punishment in criminal cases and regulated free contracts and transactions without giving sufficient protection in civil affairs.
- 瓜生外吉少将率いる日本海軍第三艦隊 (日本海軍)の巡洋艦群は、同旅団の護衛を終えたのち、2月9日、仁川港外にて同地に派遣されていたロシアの巡洋艦ヴァリャーグ (防護巡洋艦)と砲艦コレーエツ (航洋砲艦)を攻撃し損傷を与えた(仁川沖海戦)。
- After providing amphibious support to the abovementioned brigade, the cruisers of the IJN Third Fleet under the command of Rear-Admiral Sotokichi URYU, engaged the Russian cruiser Варяг(Escort cruiser), and a gunboat Кореец (Oceangoing gunboat) outside the port of Incheon Port on February 9th, and inflicted damage on them (The Battle off Incheon).
- 総督府技師の八田与一は10年の歳月を費やし、当時東南アジアで最大となる烏山頭ダムを完成させると、1920年には嘉南大圳建設に着工、1934年に主要部分が完成すると嘉南平原への水利実現に伴い、台湾耕地面積の14%にも及ぶ広大な装置を創出した。
- Yoichi HATTA, a civil engineer of the Sotoku-fu, spent ten years to complete the Ushantou dam, the largest in the south east Asia at that time, and started the construction of Chianan Canal in 1920, and, with the completion of the major part in 1934, it became a huge water supply facility to supply water to the Chianan Plain, which covered as much as 14% of the total farming area in Taiwan.
- 武蔵七党の一角を占める児玉党の本宗家3代目児玉家行(有道姓)の次男、児玉二郎家遠(後の塩谷家遠)が、武蔵国児玉郡大寄郷若泉庄の塩谷(現在の埼玉県本庄市児玉町塩谷)の地を父から与えられ、子孫が土着して名乗った事から始まる児玉党を構成する氏族。
- KODAMA Jiro Ieto (later, Ieto SHIONOYA), the second son of Ieyuki KODAMA (Arimichi name) of the third generation of the head family of the KODAMA Party, which occupied a part of the head family of the Musashi-shichito parties (seven parties of samurai in Musashi Province), was given SHIONOYA's land of Wakaizumi-sho, Oyose-go, Kodama County, Musashi Province (currently Shioya, Kodama-cho, Honjo City, Saitama Prefecture) by his father and the offspring were localized and identified themselves as KODAMA and made up the KODAMA Party as a clan.
- この両論に疑問を表明したのは後藤守一、原田大六、森浩一、伝世鏡論に疑問や同笵鏡の分有関係の解釈について斎藤忠、系統的・理論的に批判した内藤晃、鏡の賜与だけをもって大和政権と地方首長との政治関係の成立を考察するのは困難とする西嶋定生などがいた。
- Shuichi GOTO, Dairoku HARADA and Koichi MORI raised questions regarding the two theories, Tadashi SAITO posed questions regarding Densei-kyo mirror ron and the explanation of the fact that Dohan-kyo mirrors were owned by more than one owner, Akira NAITO criticized the theories systematically and theoretically, Sadao NISHIJIMA insisted that the establishment of a political relationship between the YAMATO Administration and heads of local governments cannot be explained only in accordance of mirrors.
- 戦後では、栄典や顕彰・表彰・人事考課などという概念が一般的となり、公的に恩賞の概念は用いられないが、政権獲得や内閣成立に功績のあった与党政治家の重要役職への就任や入閣があった場合に、論功行賞人事や恩賞人事と揶揄される場合に用いられることもある。
- After the War the notions of honor, public recognition, commendation, and performance review have become common and the concept of onsho (rewards) has not been publicly used, however, when ruling-party politicians who rendered service in the formation of the government or cabinet are appointed to important posts or enter the cabinet, this is sometime ridiculed as onsho or reward-oriented appointments.
- 6代将軍足利義教は、管領などに対抗して将軍の権威を高めるために、将軍が主宰・臨席する御前沙汰の権威強化に乗り出し、雑訴のみならず所務も御前沙汰の評定対象として加え、実務を担当する右筆・奉行人の中から御前沙汰衆を選んで御前沙汰への参加資格を与えた。
- To strengthen the power of shogun against the shogunal deputy and others, the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA started out to extend the influence of gozen-sata that was chaired and attended by the shogun -- he included shomu (land management) as well as zasso on the agenda of gozen-sata, and also organized gozen-sata shu (members of gozen-sata) from working-level officials of yuhitsu (amanuenses) and bugyonin (magistrates) and qualified them to attend gozen-sata.
- 江戸時代に入ると主従関係の再編成によって制度としての寄親・寄子は消滅するが、奉行所における与力・同心のように下級役人の役職名などに残されたほか、各種奉公人の斡旋を行う口入屋を「頼親(寄親)」、奉公人を「寄子」と呼ぶなど制度の名残が広く残されていた。
- During the Edo period, as the master-servant relationship was restructured, Yorioya-Yoriko ceased to exist as a system, but the vestiges of the system remained widely, and yoriki and doshin remained as the titles for low-level functionary at magistrate's office, as well as 'Yorioya' the name for an employment agency that placed various servants and 'Yoriko' which meant servants.
- また、この分裂の際に正統派・革新派のどちらにも与しなかった金光庸夫・犬養健・太田正孝らは「中立派」(金光派ともいう)となり、翌1940年に発生した民政党の斎藤隆夫除名問題で除名を支持して正統派内で孤立した議員が中立派に加わって「統一派」と名乗った。
- Also, Tsuneo KANEMITSU, Takeru INUKAI, and Masataka OTA did not belong to either the orthodoxy faction or the reformists when the party split and they became 'the neutral faction' (also referred to as Kanemitsu faction) and in the following year, that is in 1940, councilors of orthodoxy faction who supported expulsion of Saito concerning the issue of the expulsion of Takao SAITO of Minsei Party (civil administration party) from the House of Representatives became isolated in the faction and joined the neutral faction, and then the neutral faction renamed their faction 'the unificationists.'
- 名人・クイーン(めいじん・クイーン)とは、百人一首を用いて、全日本かるた協会が定めた規則に則って行う競技、競技かるたにおいて、男性の名人戦、女性のクイーン戦の予選を勝ち抜き、さらに前年の優勝者との対戦に勝利し日本一となった者に与えられる称号である。
- Meijin' and 'Queen' refer to Kyogi Karuta (karuta [Japanese card game] match) in which karuta of Hyakunin Isshu (one hundred waka poems by one hundred poets) are used and they played by the rule of All-Japan Karuta Association; for male players the Meijin-sen (literally, 'master tournament') is held, and for female players the Queen-sen is held; they also refer to the titles given to the champions; male player has to pass the preliminary of the Meijin-sen and beat the champion of the previous year, and female player has to pass the preliminary of the Queen-sen and beat the champion of the previous year as well, and the champions become 'Meijin' and 'Queen.'
- そこで同じ摂津国の昆陽野(兵庫県伊丹市)、更には播磨国印南野(兵庫県加古川市)に新しい京を造営する話が持ち上がったが、どちらの話も立ち消えとなり、7月には福原をしばらく皇居とし、道路を開通させて親平氏派の一部の人々に限り宅地が与えられることになった。
- Proposals were then made to build the new capital in Koyano (Itami City, Hyogo Prefecture), Settsu Province and then in Inamino (Kakogawa City, Hyogo Prefecture), Harima Province but these came to nothing, and in July the Imperial Palace was temporarily set up in Fukuhara, and some roads were built and land was granted for houses to some Taira clan associates.
- だが、16世紀末から17世紀初めにかけて起きた壬辰倭乱・丁酉倭乱・丁卯胡乱・丙子胡乱の4つの戦乱によって職田制が崩壊し、17世紀後半には免税特権を国家から与えられた宮荘や屯庄が設置されるとともに土地売買の制約が一層緩くなり、荘園制度は最盛期を迎えた。
- However, by the four wars of Jinshin waran (the Bunroku War in Korean), the Japanese Invasion in 1597, the First Manchu invasion of Korea and the Second Manchu invasion of Korea, the 'office land' (chikchon) system collapsed and during the late seventeenth century, kyuso or tonsho which were given the privilege of tax exemption from the nation were set up and the constraints on the purchase and sale of land were increasingly loosened and the shoen system culminated.
- 後鳥羽天皇、順徳天皇はそれぞれ隠岐国、佐渡国に配流された(土御門天皇は何も関与していなかったので処罰の対象にはならなかったが、父・後鳥羽上皇や弟・順徳上皇が配流となるのに、自分だけ京に残ることを潔しとせず、自ら申し出て土佐国、次いで阿波国に流された。
- Emperor Gotoba and Emperor Juntoku were banished to Oki and Sado Provinces. (Although Emperor Tsuchimikado was not involved in the incident and was not punished, since his father, the Retired Emperor Gotoba and his brother, the Retired Emperor Juntoku were both sentenced to banishment, he thought it was not fare for him to remain in Kyoto, he insisted on being banished to Sado Province and then to Awa Province.
- 最も重い処分となったのは、同学会中央執行委員として学園復興会議の開催に奔走していた(しかし荒神橋でのデモ自体には関与していなかったとされる)文学部生の松浦玲(のちの日本近代史家)で、退学より重い放学処分となった(のち立命館大学文学部に再入学し卒業した)。
- A student of the faculty of literature, Rei MATSUURA, who had made an effort to hold the Gakuen Fukko Kaigi as a member of the central executive committee, was punished most heavily, expelled from the university (heavier than suspension) (Matsuura is considered not to have been involved in the demonstration at Kojin-bashi Bridge; later he entered the same faculty of the same university and graduated, becoming a modern Japanese historian).
- 強盗返は回り舞台を初めとして後の舞台機構に数々の影響を与えた江戸中期の大阪出身の歌舞伎狂言作者の並木正三(なみきしょうぞう, 1730–73)が考案したとする説と、宝暦12年 (1726) に狂言作者の竹田治蔵(たけだはるぞう)が考案したとする説がある。
- There are two explanations regarding the origin of gando gaeshi, one of which is that it was invented by Shozo NAMIKI (1730-73), a Kabuki Kyogen (comic drama) writer of Osaka in the mid Edo period, and another of which is that it was invented by Haruzo TAKEDA, a playwright of Kabuki play in 1726.
- 引用した対談は1974年のものであるが、それに先立つ1969年12月の法制史研究会総会で、戸田芳実は『国衙軍制の形成過程』を発表、そこで述べた「地方軍事貴族」または「辺境軍事貴族」という概念、そして「国衙軍制」への着目はその後の武士論に大きな影響を与えた。
- The interview was in 1974, but Yoshimi TODA announced 'The Formation Process of the Kokuga Forces System' at Japan Legal History Association Conference of December 1969 and 'aristocrats with regional army,' 'aristocrats with frontier army,' and the 'kokuga forces system' debated there and greatly affected the later bushi theory.
- 更に平安時代以来官司請負制のもとで暦博士を世襲してきた賀茂氏はその伝統と実績を背景として御暦奏を同氏の専権として主張するようになり、阿倍氏が陰陽頭であっても関与させないことを朝廷に認めさせるようになった(平経高『平戸記』仁治元年閏10月14日・22日条)。
- Besides that, Kamo clan, who had been taking over the post of rekihakase by succession in the government office contract system since the Heian period, thanks to its tradition and its experience, began to claim that goryakuso was its exclusive right and began to get the emperor to agree not to involve Abe clan in goryakuso even if they were Onmyonokami (according to 'Heikoki' by TAIRA no Tsunetaka on December 5 and 13, 1240).
- 吉保の4男柳沢経隆は宝永6年(1709年)甲斐国八代郡(現在の山梨市・甲州市)に甲府新田藩1万石を与えられ、享保9年(1724年)越後国蒲原郡黒川(新潟県蒲原郡黒川村 (新潟県北蒲原郡)・現在の新潟県胎内市黒川)で黒川藩1万石の大名になり、幕末まで続いた。
- Tsunetaka YANAGISAWA, the fourth son of Yoshiyasu, was bestowed the Kai Nitta Domain with 10,000 koku in Yashiro gun, Kai Province (the present-day cities of Yamanashi and Kofu) in 1709, then in 1724 became the daimyo of the Kurokawa Domain with 10,000 koku in Kurokawa, Kanbara-gun, Echigo Province (which became Kurokawa Town, Kanbara gun, Niigata Prefecture (Kita Kanbara-gun, Niigata Prefecture) and is currently Kurokawa Tainai-shi City, Niigata Prefecture) and the descendents continued to hold that post until the end of the bakufu.
- 札数が大多数に上る時は、番号には松竹梅、春夏秋冬、花鳥風月、または一富士、二鷹、三茄子、五節句、七福神、十二支という様に大分類を行い、そのそれぞれに番号を付け、たとえば松の2353番が当せんした時は竹、梅の同番号の札にもいくぶんかの金額を与えることがあった。
- When too many tickets were distributed, numbers were classified into major categories such as shochikubai (pine, bamboo and plum trees), shunkashuto (spring, summer, autumn and winter), kachofugetsu (flower, bird, wind and moon) or Ichi-fuji, ni-taka, san-nasubi (Mt. Fuji, a hawk or an eggplant), five seasonal festivals, the seven gods of good fortune, the 12 signs of the Chinese zodiac etc., and then put numbers on them – for example, if No. 2353 of pine tree won, the same numbers of bamboo and plum trees were also given some amount of prize money.
- 秀吉は、1月17日、寺沢志摩守を通じて玄雅に、「今度大明人蔚山取還之由注進付 而為後巻雖押出候敵引退之由 既に自此方も安芸中納言 増田右衛門 因幡但馬大和紀伊九鬼父子等可取立旨雖被仰付候右之分候間不及是非候 云々」の朱印状とともに、小袖一服、道服一服を与えた。
- On February 22, Hideyoshi sent Terasawa Shima-no-Kami to award Harumasa a letter bearing his seal, along with a kimoto with short sleeves and a set of formal clothes; the letter told Harumasa that 今度大明人蔚山取還之由注進付 而為後巻雖押出候敵引退之由 既に自此方も安芸中納言 増田右衛門 因幡但馬大和紀伊九鬼父子等可取立旨雖被仰付候右之分候間不及是非候 云々
- こうした弱点を克服する議論として主張されはじめたのが、下向井龍彦らによって主張されているように、出現期の武士が田堵負名としての経済基盤を与えられており、11世紀の後期王朝国家に国家体制が変質した時点で、荘園公領の管理者としての領主身分を獲得したとする議論である。
- To overcome such weak points, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI and so on started to insist that the bushi during the early period were given an economic base as tato fumyo and when the national policy changed to the latter half of the dynasty state during the 11th century, the bushi acquired the lord status as the manager of shoen koryo.
- たとえば、17世紀初頭に刊行された『日葡辞書』では、BuxiやMononofuはそれぞれ「武人」「軍人」という訳語が与えられているのに対して、Saburaiは「貴人、または尊敬すべき人」と訳されていることからも、侍が武士階層の中でも特別な存在であったことは窺えよう。
- For example, 'the Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam' (Nipojisho, Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary), published in early seventeen century, gave the meaning of the terms Buxi and Mononofu as 'bujin' (warrior) and 'gunjin' (military man), respectively, however, Saburai was translated as 'a nobleman or person to be respected', suggesting that samurai were special people within the bushi class.
- 卑弥呼-台与の王統を継承しているとする説、壱与で王統が断絶し新たな王統が発生したとする説、初期ヤマト王権の王位は世襲ではなく有力豪族間で継承されたとする説、初期の王統は途中で断絶して4世紀前期ごろにミマキイリヒコ(崇神天皇)が新たな王統を開始したとする説などがある。
- Theories about the royal lines of the Yamato Kingdom include that it originated from Himiko and Toyo; that the first royal line ended with Iyo and a new one appeared; that the royal line during the beginning of the Yamato Kingdom was not heredity but was shared between different powerful families; that the first royal line died out and Mimakiirihiko (Emperor Sujin) started a new one around the beginning of the fourth century.
- 社会変革を求める政治運動に呼応して、大正末期ごろ興った「プロレタリア文学」運動に見えるように、官憲の弾圧に抵抗しながらも身を隠し、あるいは処罰を覚悟しながらも自らを主張する、その自由獲得への情熱に対する憧れや賛美が、同時代の人々にドラマチックな感動を与えたのも事実であろう。
- As seen in the 'proletarian literature' movement around the end of the Taisho period, in response to the political movement requiring transformation of the society, it was true that the longing and admiration expressed towards the passion to seek freedom by insisting on a person's rights despite the oppression by officials, either in secret, or openly, with the expectation of being punished, left a dramatic impression on the people of that period.
- 鎌倉時代における守護の権能は御成敗式目に規定があり、大犯三ヶ条の検断沙汰(御家人の義務である鎌倉・京都での大番役の催促、謀反人の捜索逮捕、殺害人の捜索逮捕)および大番役の指揮監督という軍事・警察面に限定され、国司の権限である国衙行政・国衙領支配に関与することは禁じられていた。
- The power of the shugo during the Kamakura period was prescribed by the legal code for the warrior class: their power was limited to the military and law enforcement, such as the 'Taibon-sankajo no kendan-sata' (three official authorities given to the shugo over criminal cases: the prodding of lower-ranking vassals to fulfill their duties as obanyaku, i.e., security guards, in Kyoto and Kamakura, the search and arrest of rebels and murderers) and the direction and supervision of obanyaku; the shugo was prohibited from participating in the administration of the kokuga and the kokuga's province, which the kokushi was authorized to perform.
- 首謀者である健岑と逸勢の地位が、このような謀反を計画するにはあまりにも低く(また、家系的にも傍流出身で「藤原氏による他氏排斥」の対象にもなり得ない)、また計画に関与したとしたとして処罰された人々も叛乱に荷担する動機が見当たらないことから、事件自体をでっちあげとみなす説もある。
- Since the positions of the chief plotters, Kowamine and Hayanari, were so low (and also from branch lines of lineages that would not even be a target for 'elimination of other clans by the Fujiwara clan') for planning such an insurrection and the people who were punished for being associated with the plan had no motives, there is a theory that proposes that the whole incident was made up.
- 「そもそも西洋諸国に行わるる国会の起源またはその沿革を尋ぬるに、政府と人民相対し、人民の知力ようやく増進して君上の圧制を厭い、またこれに抵抗すべき実力を生じ、いやしくも政府をして民心を得さる限りは内治外交ともに意のごとくならざるより、やむを得ずして次第次第に政権を分与したる.
- In western countries, people confronted their government, and were enlightened, and rebelled against oppression, and built up arms, and a government which loses public favor could not control domestic and diplomatic affairs, and was gradually compelled to distribute ruling powers, and finally a national diet was established.
- だが、鎌倉幕府は今回の事件は大覚寺統全体が関与していないものであるから、後醍醐天皇と対立関係にある大覚寺統嫡流から皇太子を輩出して、引き続き大覚寺統と持明院統が交代で皇位継承(両統迭立)をすべきであるとしたため、持明院統もこれに同意して当時13歳の康仁親王の立太子を容認した。
- However, the Kamakura bakufu insisted that because this incident had nothing to do with the Daikakuji Imperial line, the Daikakuji Imperial line should appoint a successor to the Crown Prince, and Imperial succession should be shared alternately between the two parties in turns continuously, the Jimyoin Imperial line agreed to this and accepted Imperial Prince Yasuhito as Crown Prince who was thirteen years old at the time.
- 東大寺は二月堂・法華堂・正倉院・南大門・鐘楼・転害門・念仏堂などが焼け残り、被害そのものは源平の戦いの時に行われた平重衡の南都焼討よりも少なかったが、類焼によって炎上した前回とは違い、東大寺そのものが戦場になり、なおかつ大仏殿に直接火がかけられたと言う事実は内外に衝撃を与えた。
- The surviving buildings of Todai-ji Temple included Nigatsudo, Hokkedo, Shosoin, Nandaimon (literally 'southern big gate'), Shoro (bell tower), Tengaimon (literally 'the gate of shifting the evil') and Nenbutsudo (Buddha invocation hall); although the extent of destruction was smaller than in the burning of Nato by TAIRA no Shigehira during the Taira-Minamoto War, the very fact that Todai-ji Temple itself became a battlefield unlike in the past incident, in which the temple had caught fire from next door, and Daibutsu-den (the Great Buddha hall) itself was set fire shocked people both in and out of the area.
- 発端の大学之助の懸想は忠臣蔵大序における師宣の、第三幕の俊行の計略は忠臣蔵の七段目由良之助の、五幕目のおりよ殺しと五十両強奪は五段目の定九郎の与市兵衛殺しの、第六幕のお亀の身売りは六段目のお軽の、大詰めの兄弟の名乗りは『伊賀越道中双六』の平作と重兵衛の名乗りを下敷きにしたもの。
- The love of Daigakunosuke in Act 1 is based on that of Moronobu in Act 1 of Chushingura; the plot of Toshiyuki in Act 3 is based on that of Yuranosuke in Act 7 of Chushingura; the murder of Oriyo and robbery of 50 ryo in Act 5 is based on the murder of Yoichibe by Sadakuro in Act 5; Okame's selling herself in Act 6 is based on that of Okaru in Act 6; brothers' revealing their identity in the final act is based on that of Heisaku and Jubei in 'Iga-goe Dochu Sugoroku' (Revenge Sought Across the Path of Iga).
- 編纂者を直接示す記録は無いが、臨時格を追加したときに編纂に関与した人物として左大臣藤原時平が総裁を務め、藤原定国(大納言・右近衛大将)・三善清行(文章博士)・大蔵春行(民部大輔)・藤原善経(明法博士)が挙げられており、「延喜格」本文の編纂もほぼ同じ人員構成であったと考えられている。
- Although there is no record directly identifying the compilers, the names of persons cited as having participated in the compilation of the extraordinary volumes include FUJIWARA no Tokihira, Sadaijin (minister of the left), serving as the editor-in-chief, FUJIWARA no Sadakuni (Dainagon (chief councilor of state) and Ukone no Taisho or the Chief of Ukonefu, (Guard Department)), Kiyotsura MIYOSHI, Monjo-hakase (teacher of Chinese poetry and history under the Ritsuryo system), Haruyuki OKURA (Minbutaifu, executive officer of the Ministry of Popular Affairs) and FUJIWARA no Yoshitsune, (Myoho-hakase, teacher of the law under the Ritsuryo system), and the staff which compiled the main volumes of Engikyaku are assumed to have consisted mainly of the same persons.
- そのため、慶安元年(1648年)から寛文10年(1670年)にかけて6回もの禁令が出されるなど規制の対象としていたが、享保の改革において商業の統制を図るために組織化された方が望ましいとする方針の下に公認が与えられ、冥加金(上納金)を納める代わりに、販売権の独占などの特権を認められた。
- Thus, the bakufu regulated kabunakama by six interdicts between 1648 and 1670, however, it was officially approved under the policy that such organization was preferable to control the commerce and it was granted special privileges such as exclusive distributorship in exchange for render.
- しかも、世襲化されている旧来の姓(カバネ)ではなく、全く新たな姓(カバネ)である真人(まひと)・朝臣(あそん)・宿禰(すくね)・忌寸(いみき)を導入し、それらを賦与ないし継承させる氏上(うじのかみ)を直系親族に限定し、その許認可権すら当初は天武天皇自ら握っていたという事実は動かない。
- Furthermore, the fact remains that Emperor Tenmu introduced new kabane such as mahito, ason, sukune and imiki rather than using the ones that had already been passed on, that he allowed only the members of an immediate Imperial Family to be in the position of Ujinokami which had the right to give kabane, and that he even had the authority to give permission in the beginning.
- この御家人制は平安時代以降の土地制度である荘園公領制に立脚した守護地頭制に由来し、御家人に対して先祖伝来の所領の地頭に任命する本領安堵、また武功に対して新たに地頭に人目し所領を与える新恩給与による御恩を受ける代わりに鎌倉殿の課す軍役や京都大番役、鎌倉番役を課す奉公によって成立している。
- The lower-ranking vassal system originated from the Shugo and Jito system based on shoen koryo sei (system of public lands and private estates) which was the land system after the Heian period, and it consisted of honryo-ando (acknowledgment for inherited estate) where gokenin were appointed to Jito of the territory inherited from the ancestor and military service imposed by Kamakura-dono or the service of Kyoto obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto) and Kamakura Banyaku (guards of Kamakura), instead of giving a favor by shinon-kyuyo (granting new domains) where Jito was newly given a territory for their deed of valor.
- このように、庶家は主家の中で非常に強い影響力を有したが、主家が戦国大名化するにつれ、領土経営に寄与する有能な人材が登用され、主君に忠実な家臣団、直臣団が編成されると、主家とは血縁関係もない、主従関係を結んでから日の浅い者も登用されるようになり、庶家の影響力が低下する例も少なくなかった。
- Although shoke had a very strong influence in the employer's household, when efficient human resources were employed, contributing to the management of the territory and vassal groups who were loyal to the master were organized as the employer became a sengoku daimyo, those who had no blood relations with the employer or who had a short history as master and vassal, were also employed there were many examples seen where the influence of shoke was weakened.
- 主人の軍事行動に当たり家来が手勢を引き連れ参陣し、又は戦場において軍功を挙げた場合(奉公)、主人はこれに対し、その「参陣」「軍功」が単なる私闘・私戦ではなく正当性のある「公戦」におけるものだと認定し、御恩と奉公御恩したり、新領地を恩賞として与えたり(御恩と奉公御恩)すべきものとされていた。
- When vassals participated in military action initiated by their lord with their own soldiers or showed their military exploits on the battlefield (contributing service), the lords were in return required to recognize 'participation' and 'military exploits' of the vassals not for their own private battle or war but for a legitimate 'official battle' in order that they be granted favor and compensated for their service, or receive new territory as a reward (the granting of favor and compensation for service).
- 福岡は後年「この時平民までも此議会に与らしめる御つもりであったか」と問われ、「それは後から考えればそうも解釈されるが、御恥ずかしい話ですが当時私はまだその考えはなかったです」「広くとは人々の意見を広く集めて会議するというのではなく府藩県にわたりて広く何処にも会議を興すという義です」と答えた。
- Fukuoka was asked in later years 'Were you also going to get common people engaged in this assemblies at that time?' and he answered 'It can be interpreted so in retrospect, but I'm ashamed to say, I was not thinking about that at that time' 'Widely didn't mean holding assemblies by gathering people's opinions widely, but holding assemblies widely through all prefectures.'
- 信濃国の大名がこぞって東軍に与するなか、あえて昌幸と信繁が西軍に与した理由は諸説あるが、昌幸の五女が石田三成の妻の実家である宇田氏に嫁いでおり、しかも昌幸二男信繁も三成と親交があり西軍に与した大谷吉継の娘を妻にしているという姻戚関係が、昌幸・信繁父子の選択に重要な影響を及ぼしたと言われている。
- There are several theories why Masayuki and Nobushige dared to side with the Western Camp while the daimyo in Shinano Province all sided with the Eastern Camp, and it is said that the matrimonial relation Masayuki and his son Nobushige had (Masayuki's fifth daughter married into the Uda clan, which is the family home of the wife of Mitsunari ISHIDA, Masayuki's second son Nobushige, being associated with Mitsunari, married with a daughter of Yoshitsugu OTANI who sided with the Western Camp) had a significant influence on their choices.
- そこで佐々木宗雄は、基経の本心は「阿衡」という言葉よりも光孝天皇の時に基経に与えられていた政務の全面委任(王権代行の権限)の授与を示す言葉が2度の詔には明記されなかったために、天皇が自己の政治権限の削除を図っているとの反感を抱いて、光孝天皇の時と同等の権限を求めたのではないかという説を立てている。
- Muneo SASAKI pays attention to the fact that the Japanese word indicating the full delegation of state affairs (authority to act as the Emperor's deputy), to which Mototsune was entitled during the Era of Emperor Koko, was not explicitly used in these two shochokus, and asserts that Mototsune felt antipathy toward the Emperor because he suspected the Emperor might be trying to reduce his political authority, rather than because the term 'Ako' had been used, leading Mototsune to request that he be given the same level of authority as he had held during the era of Emperor Koko.
- なお、敗軍の将である京極高次に対して、家康はあの立花宗茂をよく押さえてくれたということから、関ヶ原後に高次の弟・京極高知を使者として高野山に派遣し、大名としての復帰を許しただけではなく、若狭国一国小浜城9万2000石 (単位)の所領を与えるなど、宗茂を大津城に引き付けたことを大いに賞賛したという。
- On the other hand, Takatsugu KYOGOKU received great praise from Ieyasu for attracting Muneshige TACHIBANA to Otsu-jo Castle and containing him there, so much so that after the Battle of Sekigahara he sent Takatomo KYOGOKU, Takatsugu's younger brother, to Koyasan and not only allowed him to return as a daimyo but also gave him the territories of Obama-jo Castle, comprised of 92,000 koku (unit), in Wakasa Province.
- 同調査会の結論は「作物に被害を与える銅分は、予防工事前の残留分で現業によるものは少ないとして古河鉱業の責任を解除した」(由井正臣『田中正造』)ものだったが、実際、1903年10月には「被害地の稲は豊作」になり、田中正造も「被害地豊作の実況」と題する演説をして歩いた(『田中正造全集・別巻』477頁)。
- The committee concluded 'as for the copper which damages crops, there are the residues flowed before the preventive construction, however in the current operation, the flowing poison is a little, so the government exonerates Furukawa Mining from blame' (Masaomi YUI 'Tanaka Shozo'), and in fact, in October of 1903, 'the damaged area had a good crop of rice' and Shozo TANAKA also gave lectures at many places setting the title of the lecture as 'the real circumstances of the rich harvest in the damaged area' ('the complete works of Shozo TANAKA' page 477 of the 'supplementary volume').
- 三条はこの中で、天皇に数千年も親しく恵みを受けてきた京都・大坂の人々の動揺と、徳川氏に300年恩恵を受けてきた関東の人々に恨みや失望を与えることの利害得失を比べ、関東の人心に京都・大坂の盛衰や国の興廃がかかっているのであり、京都・大坂を失っても地勢に優れる東京を失わなければ天下を失うことはないと述べた。
- Sanjo compared the advantages and disadvantages from the dismay of the people of Kyoto and Osaka who had received the emperor's kind blessings for over a thousand years, and the animosity and despair that the people of Kanto who had received over the 300 years of favors from the Tokugawa clan, and said that the world would not be lost if Kyoto or Osaka was lost due to the geographically superior Tokyo because the destiny of the country and the rise and fall of Kyoto and Osaka fell upon the hearts of those in Kanto.
- より一般的だったのは、完全な所有権の下で土地を保有するシステム(1人の土地所有者の他にその土地の権利を有する者が皆無というシステム。英語でallodialという。)であり、もう一つのシステムは、土地を条件付きで保有する形態である神への贈与(precaria)又は聖職禄(beneficium)の利用であった。
- More generally, one system was the one which had the land under complete ownership (the system where there was no one who had the rights for the land except for the one land owner), and the other system was the tribute to the God (precaria) or the use of beneficium, which were ownership forms with some conditions.
- ところが大日本帝国憲法に先行して天皇から与えられた「勅諭」であることから、陸軍(および海軍の一部)は軍人勅諭を政府や議会に対する自らの独立性を担保するものと位置づけていた(陸軍の一部には「政論に惑わず政治に拘わらず」について「政府や政治家が何を言おうと気にする必要はない、ということだ」という解釈すらあったという)。
- On the side of the Army (and a part of the Navy), however, since the imperial rescript was given by Emperor ahead of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, there was an idea that the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors secures their independence from the government and the parliament (Some members of the Army even interpreted 'Military men are neither perplexed at political opinions nor involved in politics.' as 'Military men need not care about what the government and statesmen say').
- 前久からすれば、元から秀吉との関係は良好でなかった(かつて信長によって秀吉の旧邸が没収されて前久に与えられ、本能寺の変で明智光秀の軍がその屋敷を占拠して二条御所攻撃の拠点にしたと言う風説のために、前久自身が事件に関与したという濡れ衣を着せられた)事に加えて藤原氏以外に関白の地位が移ることは屈辱的であったが、近衛家の立場からすれば、
- For Sakihisa, who had a poor relationship with Hideyoshi due to the false accusation that Sakihisa had been involved in the Honno-ji Incident in which Mitsuhide AKECHI was rumored to occupy the Hideyoshi's former residence confiscated and given to Sakihisa by Nobunaga and, based in the residence, to attack Nijo Gosho (Nijo Imperial Palace), it was humiliating to let anybody outside the Fujiwara clan assume the position of Kanpaku; from the viewpoint of the Konoe family, however,
- このため、安政5年(1858年)の日米修好通商条約締結の際、約8.6グラムの質量を持つ一分銀は偶然にも質量としての一両の約1/4であることから額面通り銀1/4両であり、中国の銀一両の約3/4の質量である1ドル銀貨=一分銀3枚という日本側に不利な交換比率を主張する口実をタウンゼント・ハリスに与えることになり、小判流出の一因となった。
- When the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan was concluded in 1858, the fact that about 8.6-gram ichibu-gin was coincidentally equivalent to around one fourth ryo in weight, which was worth of one fourth ryo of silver at face value, provided Townsend Harris with the excuse of insisting unfavorable exchange rate for Japan that three ichibu-gin coins changed one-dollar silver coin which was about three fourth weight of Chinese one ryo of silver and led koban flow out.
- 近年ではかわぐちかいじの漫画作品『ジパング (かわぐちかいじ)』に「滝川事件に連座して京大理学部を免職になり、日本軍の原子爆弾計画に関与する科学者」という設定の倉田万作(モデルは『世界文化』同人として検挙されたことがあり、戦時期には理化学研究所を中心とする日本の原子爆弾開発に関わっていた物理学者・武谷三男であると思われる)が登場する。
- In recent years, the manga work of Kaiji KAWAGUCHI 'Jipang' set Mansaku KURATA (the model is thought to be the physicist Mitsuo TAKETANI, who was involved in developing a nuclear bomb in Japan during the war period at Rikagaku Kenkyujo who had also been arrested as a member of 'Sekai Bunka') as a 'scientist who was working on the nuclear bomb plan of the Japanese army and was fired from the Faculty of Science at Kyoto University in relation with the Takigawa Incident.'
- 戦国時代になると、大名は主従関係の安定化のため、寄親となった有力武士の権利を保障し、寄子が濫りに寄親を変えることを禁じたり、大名への訴訟は寄親を通じて行うことを命じて、強制力を持たせる一方、寄親が寄子に恩給を与えなかったり、その他寄子に対する不当な扱いを行った場合には寄親を変えさせるなど、寄子を自己の軍事力として確保する政策が取られた。
- In the Sengoku period, in order to stabilize the master-servant relationship, daimyo guaranteed the rights of the dominant samurai who had become Yorioya, prohibited Yoriko from changing Yorioya, and gave Yorioya a legal force by ordering that lawsuits against daimyo should be filed through Yorioya; on the other hand, they adopted a policy to secure Yoriko as their military force by allowing Yoriko change Yorioya if Yorioya didn't give Onkyu (rewards from master to a vassal) or if Yorioya mistreated Yoriko.
- 室町幕府においては、守護(守護大名)に対して、既存の大犯三箇条に加えて、苅田狼藉検断、使節遵行権、段銭徴収権などの広範な権利が付与されていたが、幕府御家人は、足利将軍家の威光を背景に守護使不入の特権を得て、守護からの段銭徴収を拒絶し、幕府からの段銭要求に対しても幕府への直接納付(京納)が認められて守護からの加重徴収の危険を免れる事を可能とした。
- In the Muromachi bakufu, extensive rights were given to shugo (or shugo daimyo, shugo that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords), such as Karita Rozeki Kendan (the shugo's right to suppress provincial warriors who entered shoen unlawfully to harvest rice, and to prosecute and convict them), Shisetsu Jungyo Ken (a right empowered to shugo to implement shisetsu jungyo, in which shugo who received orders from the bakufu sent jungyo-shi, emissaries, to a region and have them execute the orders) and Tansen Choshu Ken (a right to collect surtax), in addition to the existing Taibon Sankajo, but bakufu gokenin (an immediate vasal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) who had been granted the shugoshi-funyu privilege backed by the authority of the Ashikaga family positioned to accede to the shogunate, refused collection of tansen (surtax) from shugo, and responded to one from the bakufu as direct payment to the bakufu (known as kyono) was approved, which enabled them to escape from a danger of being surcharged by the shugo.
- 3代将軍足利義満の時代には幕府組織の再編が進み一時御前沙汰は行われなくなるが、出家していた元管領細川頼之を幕府に呼び戻す際に、幕府役職になかった頼之を幕府の政策決定に関与させるために正式な評定ではなく、出席者の人選に決まりが無く主宰者である将軍の意向が反映しやすい非公式な評定である御前沙汰の形式で評定を行って幕府の政策に関する重要決定を行った。
- In the tenure of the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the bakufu was substantially reorganized and gozen-sata ceased once, but the shogun began holding consultations in the informal style of gozen-sata for making bakufu's important policy decisions for the purpose of having the former shogunal deputy Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, who had entered the priesthood and had been out of bakufu office, participate in the bakufu's policy-making when the shogun sought to bring him back to bakufu -- because gozen-sata was not a formal consultation, the members of which were selected mostly at the discretion of shogun, the head of the consultation.
- また、後に講日本紀(『日本書紀』の講義)に文章博士や紀伝学生(文章生)も関わっている(特に元慶講日本紀を受講して後に「日本書紀私記」をまとめたとされる矢田部名実(擬文章生、後に大内記)などは良く知られている)ことや国史編纂に関与した撰国史所の職員に紀伝学生が加わっていることから、『日本書紀』以下の「六国史」に関する講義も行われていたと考えられている。
- Also, the fact that monjo hakase and kiden students (monjosho) played roles in lectures on the chronicles of Japan (lectures on 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan)) (in particular, YATABE no Nazane (gimonjosho (student passed Ryoshi) later, Dainaiki (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs)) who attended the lecture on the chronicles of Japan in the Gangyo era and later compiled 'Nihonshoki Shiki' (The Private Record of Chronicles of Japan) is well known) and that kiden students joined the staff of the Senkokushisho (History Compilation Bureau), which involved compiling the national history, shows that they probably had lectures on 'Rikkokushi' (the Six National Histories), which includes 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and others.
- これは当時日本で一国ほどの価値があるとされた茶器や陶器を作り出す陶工を大名が藩の庇護の下、士分を与えるなど手厚い待遇をしていたのに比べ、李氏朝鮮では儒教思想による身分制において陶工は最下層の賤民に位置づけられ、奴隷的な労働を強いられるとともに、失策を犯した場合には体罰を課せられるという過酷な状況にあり、職人に対する根源的な差別があったことが原因である。
- The reason is considered as follows: In Japan at that time, potters who produced chaki (tea utensils) and earthenware, considered having a value equal to that of a province, were treated favorably, for example, given the samurai status, but in Yi Dynasty Korea, potters were designated as humble or lowly people with the lowest social status in the social status system based on the Confucian thought: They were forced to work like slaves and were placed in such harsh conditions that they were punished physically when committing an error, or in other words, there existed fundamental discrimination against craftsmen.
- 治承・建久の2度の新制の制定に大臣・摂関として関わった九条兼実(道長の6代目の子孫)は「長保以後代々制符」が制符(新制)策定の基本であるべきであると度々主張(『玉葉』治承2年4月23日・6月5日条)しており、長保から200年経た後世においても長保元年令が新制の出発点になるとする考え方が公家社会に広く存在し、中世公家法に対して強い影響を与えたことが分かる。
- Kanezane KUJO (the sixth generation descendant of Michinaga), who was involved in the establishment of shinsei in Jisho and Kenkyu eras as a minister and Sekkan (regents and advisers), often insisted that it was fundamental for the establishment of seifu (an official code of new laws issued by Daijokan, Great Council of State) or shinsei to 'follow the example of Choho' (articles dated April 23 and June 5, 1178 of 'Gyokuyo') and it follows that even two hundred years after the Choho era it was widely believed in the court noble society that Chohogannenrei should be a starting point for shinsei and that kugeho (laws issued by the imperial court) in the medieval period was greatly influenced by such a belief.
- また朱子学(旧来の思想に対抗して生れたように考えられた)、特に陽明学(後に説明されるように、これは明朝が正式に認めた学問であった朱子学に対抗して生まれ出たように見えた)は、敗戦後の日本に於ける近代思惟・反権力・人間解放などの概念と容易に結びつき、朱子学及び陽明学の中、比較的それらの概念に近似する部分を抜き取り、そこに思想的価値を与えるという試みが盛んに行われた。
- Shushigaku (considered to have arisen in opposition to traditional thinking), and especially Yomei-gaku (as described later, considered to have arisen in opposition to Shushigaku, which was officially authorized by the Ming Court), were easily linked in a defeated Japan to concepts such as modern thinking, antiauthoritarianism and human emancipation; as a result, most scholars have frequently attempted to extract from Shushigaku and Yomei-gaku the elements that are relatively close to these concepts and attempt to attach an ideological value to them.
- この黒板説については、近年になって反論が出され、海事史の金指正三博士は1990年に潮流のコンピュータ解析を行い、合戦の行われた日は小潮流の時期で、8ノットという早い潮流は無く、また大正時代に潮流を調査した場所は最も狭い早鞆瀬戸であり(ここで千艘以上の兵船で戦うことは不可能)、広い干珠島、満珠島辺りの海域では潮流は1ノット以下であり合戦に影響を与えるものではないとした。
- Concerning KUROITA's theory, in recent years objections to it have surfaced; in 1990 the maritime historian Dr. Shozo KANASASHI ran a computer analysis of the tides on the day of the battle, and concluded that there was a neap tide that day, and thus that there could not have been a strong, swift current of eight knots, and moreover pointed out that the tidal study done in the Taisho period had been conducted at the narrowest point of the Kanmon straits (where it would have been impossible for more than 1000 ships to fight), concluding that in the spacious area of sea near Kanju and Manju islands, the tide was under one knot in speed and would have had no influence over the course of the battle.
- 泰盛与党として罹災したのは泰盛一族の他、小笠原氏、足利氏、伴野氏、伊東氏、武藤氏(少弐氏)、その他は藤原相範、吉良満氏、殖田又太郎(大江泰広)、小早川三郎左衛門、三科蔵人、天野景村、伊賀景家、二階堂行景、(大井)美作三郎左衛門、綱島二郎入道、池上藤内左衛門の尉、行方少二郎、南部孫二郎(政連?)、有坂三郎、鎌田弥藤二左衛門尉、秋山人々など、幕府創設以来の有力御家人層の多くが見られる。
- Victims of this battle among the members of Yasumori's party other than the Yasumori family were the Ogasawara clan, the Ashikaga clan, the Tomono clan, the Ito clan, and the Muto clan (Shoni clan) and many powerful gokenin since the foundation of Kamakura bakufu also suffered, such as Ainori FUJIWARA (藤原相範), Mitsuruuji KIRA, Matataro UETA (Yasuhiro Oe), Saburozaemon KOBAYAKAWA, Kurodo SANKA, Kagemura AMANO, Kageie IGA, Yukiie NIKAIDO, Mimasakasaburozaemon (OI) (美作三郎左衛門), Jironyudo TSUNASHIMA (綱島二郎入道), a lord of Tonaizaemon IKEGAMI (池上藤内左衛門), Shojiro YUKIKATA (行方少二郎), Magojiro (Masatsura?) NANBU, Saburo ARISAKA, Yatonisaemoni KAMATA (鎌田弥藤二左衛門尉), and Hitobito AKIYAMA (秋山人々).
- 倒幕の功に応じて十分な恩賞を与えられた武士は、足利尊氏、新田義貞、楠木正成ら一部に過ぎず、最初から倒幕運動に加わって六波羅攻略に功を立てた赤松則村(円心)が播磨国の守護職を没収されたり、1つの土地に何人もの領主が現れて混乱するなど倒幕の功に対する恩賞が不公平で、新政の初期から武士の不満は強かったと推測され、後醍醐の近臣である吉田定房や千種忠顕が詰め腹を切らされる形で出家させられている。
- Those who were amply rewarded for their meritorious contribution to the shogunate's defeat--Takauji ASHIKAGA, Yoshisada NITTA, Masashige KUSUNOKI, etc.--were only a tiny fraction of those who fought, and Norimura (Enshin) AKAMATSU, who had joined the struggle to overthrow the shogunate from the very beginning, was forced to forfeit his Protectorship of Harima Province, and the chaos caused by situations, like when a single plot of land found itself with multiple owners, showed the unfairness of the system to reward distinguished service against the shogunate, making it likely that discontent against the new government was strong right from the beginning; but Emperor Godaigo's vassals Sadafusa YOSHIDA and Tadaaki CHIGUSA were made to take the blame for this situation and were driven out of office and forced to take the tonsure.
- しかし、日本では新たに植林をする場所がほとんどない上、むしろ森林所有者の管理放棄(特に人工林)や、相続税支払いのために売却・宅地転用 を余儀なくされる山林や農地の増加、さらに生産緑地地区農地課税の扱いが異なる自治体を施行したり、保安林維持予算の縮減・林野庁職員の大幅減員を行うなど政府与党の政策はむしろ逆行しているため、このままでは当初見込まれた吸収量を達する可能性が薄いと考えられており、達成できるかどうかは微妙な情勢である。
- However in Japan, there is little land for newly tree planting, and the mountain forests and farmlands increase, in which management has been abandoned by the forest owners (especially artificial forests) and/or disposition or diversion to building lots has been inevitably done in order to complete the inheritance tax payment; furthermore, the policies of the ruling party put a clock back, such as the enforcement of autonomous bodies where the taxations on productive green area farmlands are differently dealt with, the reduction of budget for keeping conservation forests, the large reduction of the staff in Forestry Agency and so on; therefore, it is considered to be difficult to achieve the absorption target initially expected.
- 日本は日露戦争中である1904年の第一次日韓協約締結により韓国の財政・外交に対し関与する立場となっていたが、日露戦争の講和条約であるポーツマス条約(1905年9月5日)により韓国に対する優越権をロシアから承認され、また高宗 (朝鮮王)が他の国に第一次日韓協約への不満を表す密使を送っていたことが問題となったこともあり、日本からの信頼を無くしていた大韓帝国に対し、より信頼できる行動をとることを求めるため、この協約を結ぶこととなった。
- Although Japan was in the position to take part in Korean finance and diplomacy due to the conclusion of the First Japan-Korea Treaty in 1904 during the Russo-Japanese War, she decided to conclude this treaty in order to required the Korean Empire, who had lost trust from Japan, to take more reliable actions, because Japan had been approved of the priority rights over Korea by Russia due to the Treaty of Portsmouth (September 5, 1905), the peace treaty of the Russo-Japanese War, and also because it became a problem that Gao Zong (King of Korea) had sent a secret agent to other countries to show his discontent with the First Japan-Korea Treaty.
- 従って、後白河法皇が自己の政権維持のために平氏を利用して、高い官職を与え知行国を増やさせてきたという経緯や当時の社会問題に対する貴族社会の対応能力の無さという点には触れず、清盛と平氏一門がいかに専横を振るい、「驕れる者」であったかを強調している(だが、実際には少なくても治承3年以前における平氏の権力は後白河との強い関係の下で行使されたものが大半であり、その段階において清盛及び平氏一門が独裁的権力を有していたという具体的な事実は存在していない)。
- Therefore, they do not mention that the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa used the Taira clan to maintain his government by giving them high positions and increasing the number of provinces that they were custodians of, and the inability of the aristocracy at that time to deal with the social problems that they faced, but instead emphasize the arrogant behavior of Kiyomori and the Taira clan members (whereas in reality, at least up to 1179, the authority of the Taira clan was mostly due to the strong relationship with Goshirakawa and there is no specific evidence that Kiyomori or the Taira clan members had any dictatorial powers).
- また、上奏する資格も平安時代中期以後には天文博士を世襲した阿倍氏と局務の中原氏の両家のみに限定されるようになっていく(なお、中原氏の天文密奏は醍醐天皇の時代の中原以忠(後に天禄2年(972年)に宗家の中原有象とともに中原のカバネを与えられて同氏の祖となる)に遡り、同氏本来の外記の職務とは別に同氏が家学としていた明経道の出典である漢籍には天文現象の解釈に関する記述が含まれていることが多く、天文道に通じた人物を輩出することが多かった事によるとされている)。
- After the mid Heian period, such direct access to the emperor was only allowed to the Abe clan whose hereditary occupation was tenmon hakase and the Nakahara clan which was kyokumu (the chief secretary of the Daijokan, or Grand Council of State); incidentally, the Nakahara clan had assumed the role of tenmon misso from Mochitada NAKAHARA in the tenure of Emperor Daigo (afterwards in 972, he was granted the family name of NAKAHARA along with Uzo NAKAHARA [中原有象] of the head family and originated the clan), allegedly because, besides the clan's hereditary occupation of Geki [Secretary of the Grand Council of State], it inherited the family learning of Myogo-do [the study of Confucian classics] and used many Chinese classics as source books, many of which contained elucidation of astronomical phenomena so that the clan produced many persons well versed in tenmondo.