不: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- to不定詞
- to-infitinitive
- full infinitive
- 編者不詳。
- It is not known who compiled the text.
- The compiler is unknown.
- 排出枠不遵守
- Non-compliance with emission allowances
- 以後、不明。
- Thereafter, his whereabouts are unknown.
- 狭心症性不快感
- anginal discomfort
- 報告義務不遵守
- Non-compliance with reporting requirements
- 不輸の権 (日本)
- Fuyu no ken (Japan)
- 不入の権 (日本)
- Funyu no ken (Japan)
- 目黒不動(瀧泉寺)
- Meguro Fudo (Ryusen-ji Temple)
- 源義家 - 不動丸
- MINAMOTO no Yoshiie - Fudomaru
- 一、私ノ闘争ヲ不許
- One shall not be allowed to engage in a private battle.
- 称名寺(今泉不動)
- Shomyo-ji Temple (Imaizumi Fudo)
- 作者不明で全三巻。
- The chronicle is composed of three volumes, and its author is unknown.
- 著者不明で全3巻。
- The author is unknown and there are three volumes in total.
- 「不忠臣」のその後
- After the 'Unfaithful Retainer'
- 一、局ヲ脱スルヲ不許
- One shall not be allowed to escape from the group.
- 一、勝手ニ金策致不可
- One shall not raise money at one's own discretion.
- 大椋神社(所在不明)
- Okura-jinja Shrine (location unknown)
- 臨時雑事(巻数不明)
- Rinji zatsuji (miscellaneous matters about extra events) (the number is unknown)
- 国郡雑事(巻数不明)
- Kokugun zatsuji (miscellaneous matters about administrative divisions) (the number is unknown)
- 氏清は不安になった。
- Ujikiyo became uneasy.
- 紫竹山稚児ヶ滝不動明王
- Shichikuzan Chigogataki Fudomyoo
- 一、勝手ニ訴訟取扱不可
- One shall not handle cases at one's own direction.
- 製作も悪く不評であった。
- It was unpopular because of its poor quality.
- 不退寺 在原業平所縁の寺
- Futai-ji Temple: A temple associated with ARIWARA no Narihira
- 其時更一言子細不可申候。
- I will fulfill my obligation without making any further complaint.
- のぶながさまとハ不存候。
- のぶながさまとハ不存候。
- 正確な編纂の開始時期は不明。
- It is unclear exactly when Gokeshidai began to be compiled.
- 平家政権下での更なる不安定さ
- Additional insecurity under the rule of Heike (Taira clan)
- Increased instability under the Heike government
- この場合、死因は不明である。
- Here, however, the cause of death is not clear.
- 開城恭順派で義盟には不参加。
- He was an advocate for the surrender and forced allegiance of the castle, so did not take part.
- しかし、その詳細は不明である。
- However, their details are unknown.
- 長く続いた政局不安は終わった。
- This ended the long standing unstable political situation.
- 両軍の損害は不明とされている。
- The amount of damage sustained by each of the opposing forces is said to be unknown.
- - 近畿三十六不動尊第25番。
- It is the 25th temple of the 36 Fudoson in Kinki.
- 「学生の不祥事」キャンペーン。
- A campaign against 'misconduct by students.'
- 守護不入(しゅごふにゅう)とも。
- Shugoshi funyu is also referred to as shugo funyu.
- 戦死2人 負傷5人 行方不明1人
- Two of their number are killed in battle, while five are wounded and one vanishes without a trace.
- 瞽史児女子の書は不明の書である。
- The Koshi Jijoshi document is an unknown document.
- 別当 設置時期不詳 正親司の総裁
- Betto, the time of establishment unknown, the presidency of Okimi no tsukasa.
- ただし、慢性的な人材不足が続いた。
- However, talented doctors were greatly lacking.
- 同年9月まで戦闘経緯は不明である。
- After that, details of progress of the war are not known until October.
- 翌々年再度交渉するが不調に終わる。
- Two years later after that, they had another negotiation, but it did not go well.
- 不足する人材は庶人などから採用した。
- If there was vacancy, the court adopted students from the ordinary people.
- 国府は数ヶ所が推定されているが不明。
- The provincial capital is unknown although several places are regarded as its possible sites.
- さらに、地域的にも不均等に出現する。
- In addition, kofun can be seen unequally in many places.
- ほんのふ寺といふところもしり不申候。
- ほんのふ寺といふところもしり不申候。
- 不破数右衛門 ふわかずえもんまさたね
- Kazuemon Masatane FUWA
- 農民からの請負代官への不信が高まった。
- The farmers grew to distrust ukeoi daikan.
- 右三十六卦及九用次第、家々之説各不同。
- 右三十六卦及九用次第,家々之説各不同.
- 領内統治の不行届(御家騒動、百姓一揆)
- Failure to properly control territories (family troubles or peasant revolts)
- 後世に不忠臣の代表として悪名を受けた。
- In later generations, he was given a bad reputation and regarded as a example of disloyalty.
- 当時、脚気歴史は、原因不明の病であった。
- In those days, beriberi was a disease of unknown etiology.
- 康慶 : 不空羂索観音像(興福寺南円堂)
- Kokei: The statue of Fukukenjaku Kannon enshrined in Nanen-do Hall of Kofuku-ji Temple
- 大納言伴善男は左大臣源信と不仲であった。
- TOMO no Yoshio, the Dainagon (chief councilor of state), was on bad terms with MINAMOTO no Makoto, the Sadaijin (minister of the left).
- 築城は不明だが、概ね室町時代とされている。
- Although the actual year of completion is not known, the castle is generally believed to have been built in the Muromachi Period.
- しかし、歳入としては極めて不安定であった。
- However, as the resource for the annual revenue, this system was quite uncertain.
- 農作物に砂が積もることによる不作を起こす。
- Kosa covers farm products with sand, causing bad harvests.
- 足半や沓を穿くなどは不可であり、征矢を負う。
- Wearing half length trousers or footwear was inappropriate and used arrows from the battlefield were carried.
- 不孝(ふきょう)殺人以外の尊属に対する犯罪。
- Fukyo is a crime against ancestors except murder.
- 木工寮に併合されたとするが時期は不詳である。
- It was incorporated into Mokuryo, but the time is unknown.
- そのためか、この合戦における動静は不明である。
- Their involvement in the battle is uncertain.
- 乱の原因を後鳥羽上皇の不徳であると記している。
- It asserts that the cause of the rebellion was the retired Emperor Gotoba's lack of virtue.
- 其物ハ、一人おくのまより出、おびもいたし不申、
- 其物ハ、一人おくのまより出、おびもいたし不申、
- 母の不破内親王と川継の姉妹は淡路国へ流された。
- His mother, Imperial Princess Fuwa, and his sisters were exiled to Awaji Province.
- 不道(ふどう)大量殺人・呪術など一般的な重罪。
- Fudo means serious crimes in general such as mass murder and occultism.
- 討ち入り後、親族に不参加を責められて切腹した。
- After the raid, he was criticized by his family for not getting involved, and committed suicide by disembowelment.
- 作者不詳で天喜3年(1055年)の成立とされる。
- The author is unknown, and it is believed to have been completed in 1055.
- - 毘沙門堂(延暦寺末寺)の子院・常不動院あり。
- The branch temple of Bishamon-do Temple (member of Enryaku-ji Temple), Jofudo-in Temple is located here.
- 中世においては成文法と慣習法の不一致が見られた。
- In the medieval times, there was a discrepancy between written code and common law.
- 平城京遷都には藤原不比等が重要な役割を果たした。
- FUJIWARA no Fuhito played an important role in the transfer of the capital to Heijokyo
- 不動産取引自体に直接「坪」という単位は使えない。
- However, the unit 'tsubo' is prohibited from using directly in real estate transaction.
- また古代には三関のひとつである不破関が置かれた。
- In ancient days, fuwanoseki, one of three seki (a checkpoint), was placed.
- 尼子軍は降伏したが、それに不満を持った男がいた。
- One man was discontented with the fact that the Amago army surrendered.
- 被告人17名が連座して出廷不能となり公判が分離。
- Since as many as 17 defenders were implicated in the case and impossible to appear in the court, the public trial was separated.
- 望楼式6重7階で、初重平面は不整形な六角形である。
- The castle tower adopted the Boro style with six-storied and seven floors structure, whose lowest floor had an asymmetrical hexagonal ground plan.
- これも下請企業と考えればそう不自然なことではない。
- It was not unusual when comparing it with a subcontracting firm.
- 尾形俊太郎……1868年の会津戦争の際に行方不明。
- Syuntaro OGATA: Missing during the Aizu War in 1868
- 慶応3年6月15日 (旧暦) 不動堂村へ屯所を移す
- June 15 1867, military post was moved to Fudo-do Village.
- しかし、私撰「交替式」には内容の不備も多数あった。
- However, privately compiled 'Kotaishiki' included many unsatisfactory items.
- この不満が高じて承平・天慶の乱の発生要因となった。
- Their discontent, which increased over time, in part led to the Johei and Tengyo War.
- これに対して、山名氏清とその婿の満幸が不満を示す。
- Ujikiyo YAMANA and his son-in-law, Mitsuyuki, showed disapproval regarding this.
- 急な日程は前後の諸天皇と著しく異なり、不審がある。
- The sudden enthronement was questionable because it was much different from those of the preceding and succeeding emperors.
- また47士の1人不破数右衛門も藩から追放している。
- He also exiled one of 47 roshi Kazuemon FUWA from the domain.
- この合戦以降、戦局は北条に著しく不利になっていった。
- After this battle, the fighting became remarkably disadvantageous for Hojo.
- むしろ認識と実践(あるいは体験)とは不可分と考える。
- Instead, it is considered that recognition and practice (or experience) are inseparable.
- 近世を通じて、庄屋・名主の行動を不安定なものとした。
- Thus, through early-modern times it resulted in a negative influence upon the Shoya and Nanushi and destabilized the intent of their actions.
- 「又平氏放逸、毎事不便なり」(『玉葉』9月21日条)。
- Heishi is arbitrary and everything is inconvenient ('Gyokuyo,' entry of October 16).
- 原因として、凶作、伝染病、過疎、将軍の不信任など様々。
- Among the various causes behind a Tokusei ikki include poor harvests, infectious diseases, a declining population and a lack of trust in the shogun.
- 当時はアメリカと不平等条約改正を交渉中の最中であった。
- This incident occurred while negotiations to redress an unequal treaty between Japan and the USA were underway.
- だが、京都の情勢は不安定で義栄の入京は先送りとなった。
- However, the situation in Kyoto was unstable, and Yoshihide had to postpone his entrance into the capital.
- このため、不均一のため「われ」(破損銭)も生じやすい。
- Therefore, they were likely to 'become broken' (become broken coins).
- 不義(ふぎ)主君・師匠・夫など上位者に対する殺人など。
- Fugi means murders of superiors such as lord, master and husband.
- 職田・公廨田ともに租庸調が免除された不輸租田であった。
- Both shikiden and kugaiden were fuyusoden (tax free rice fields) and were exempt from soyocho (taxes in kind or service).
- 11月4日、源義経の軍が布和の関(不破関)にまで達した。
- On December 26, MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune's army reached Fuwa no seki (Fuwa-no-seki checking station).
- 一年余りの戦いの末に罪一切不問とすることでこれを収めた。
- At the end of fighting a war that lasted just over a year, the situation was brought under control with an offer for an amnesty for all crimes.
- 「稚児ヶ滝不動尊」や「稚児の滝」と略称されることもある。
- It is sometimes called by its abbreviated name 'Chigogataki Fudoson' or 'Chigo no taki.'
- 江戸時代初期における朝幕関係上、最大の不和確執とされる。
- It is considered the most serious discord or feud between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court in the early Edo period.
- 八木尾からの道は国道によって消されており、不明確である。
- The road from Yagio is unclear because there constructed a national highway over it.
- 藩財政に対する不安から藩札流通にも多大な影響が見られた。
- Concerns regarding the economy of the domain strongly affected the circulation of han bills.
- なお、禅僧中巌円月・不聞契聞らが同船し、元に遊学している。
- Chugan Engetsu, Fumon Kaimon, and other Zen priests went on board to study in Yuan.
- 望楼式5重7階地下1階で、初重平面は不整形な六角形である。
- The castle tower adopted the Boro style with a structure of five-storied and seven floors above ground and one floor below, whose first story above ground had an asymmetrical hexagonal ground plan.
- 望楼式5重6階地下一階で、初重平面は不整形な六角形である。
- The castle tower adopted the Boro style with a structure of five-storied and six floors above ground and one floor below, whose first story above ground had an asymmetrical hexagonal ground plan.
- その不安定さは平家のクーデター以降いよいよピークに達する。
- The insecurity reached its peak after a coup d'état by Taira clan.
- 承和 (日本)2(835)年以前に九州(国名不明)に開設。
- This Fuseya was established in Kyushu (province unknown) in 835.
- 「たとへ一子なりといふども、不器量の者には伝ふべからず。」
- It must not be transmitted, even to a child, who is not eligible for it.'
- 交易とは違うが、天候不順により海外へ難破した者も数名いた。
- Although not associated with the trade issue mentioned above, there were some people who ended up staying overseas after being shipwrecked due to bad weather.
- また、寺社領内では政府の徴税権も及ばなかった(諸役不入)。
- In addition, in the areas of temples and shrines, the right to collect taxes by government was also not admitted (shoeki funyu [refusal of many obligations]).
- また、関門海峡も平知盛によって封鎖されて兵糧不足に陥った。
- The Kanmon Straits were closed off by TAIRA no Tomomori and the troops lacked food and supplies.
- 聖観音像と不動明王像の台石には施主・建立者名の刻銘がある。
- On the pedestals of the statues of Hijiri Kannon and Fudo-myoo engraved the names of donators and builders.
- 初期の政治は、まだ南朝が存在したこともあり不安定であった。
- Government during the initial period was unstable, partly because Nancho still existed.
- 深見隧道は両側で完全に封鎖されており、通行は不可能である。
- Fukami-suido Tunnel is closed entirely on the both sides and impassable.
- 討幕の流説が流れ、朝廷と幕府の対決は不可避の情勢となった。
- Rumors of a plot to overthrow the shogunate began to circulate, until things reached the point that a confrontation between the Court and the shogunate was unavoidable.
- だが、不正や財政への流用などによって南宋以後には衰退した。
- However, this system weakened due to corruptions and appropriations for public finance after the Southern Sung Dynasty.
- 成立時期は11世紀後半から12世紀頃とされるが不明である。
- Nihongi Ryaku is said to have been created between the latter half of the 11th century and the 12th century but the exact time is unknown.
- (よって、ともに創作の域を出ず根拠としては不適切である)。
- (Therefore, both works are inadequate to sustain the theory relating to the etymology of 'Ise-kojiki,' because they are no more than fiction.)
- だが楠木正成は、長期間の抗戦は不可能であると理解していた。
- Masashige KUSUNOKI, however, knew he couldn't afford a prolonged resistance.
- 鄭舜功(ていしゅんこう、生没年不詳)は、中国明後期の冒険家。
- Cheng Shun-kung (鄭舜功, Tei Shunko; dates unknown) was an adventurer during the latter half of the Ming period in China.
- 蜻蛉日記:藤原道綱母が夫藤原兼家との生活の不満を綴った日記。
- Kagero Diary (The Gossamer Years): A diary in which the mother of FUJIWARA no Michitsuna detailed her complaints about the life with her husband FUJIWARA no Kaneie.
- 清麻呂は不審を抱き、改めて与曽女に宣命を訊くことを願い出る。
- Kiyomaro felt strange and asked Yosome that she ask the god to listen to the Imperial edict.
- 謀大逆(ぼうたいぎゃく)皇居や陵墓を損壊するなどの不敬行為。
- Botaigyaku is the insulting and disrespectful acts such as destroying Imperial Palace and imperial mausoleums.
- 政府関係者はその検討の際に非即位論が不敬だとは考えなかった。
- Government officials did not consider the non-enthronement theory irreverent during discussion.
- その結果、水野家からも毛利家からも不満の声は上がらなかった。
- As a result, there were no complaints from either the Mizuno family or the Mori family.
- 著者は不明であるが、その内容から仏教関係者であると推定される。
- Though the author is unknown, it is presumed, judging from its content, that the book was written by a member of the Buddhist order.
- 彼は博多商人の至本(国籍は不明)を綱司(船長)として推挙した。
- He recommended Hakata merchant Shihon (his citizenship is unknown) as captain.
- 源内の刃傷事件との関係を指摘する説もあるが、詳細は不明である。
- There is an additional theory indicating an incident of bloodshed involving Gennai but the details are unknown.
- 様々な陰謀説が議論されており実情は不明である(豊臣秀次参照)。
- The truth of the fact, however, is not known as there were various conspiracy theories (refer to the section on Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI).
- 彼だけでなく、鎮撫使側の人間は不幸な末路をたどったものが多い。
- Not only he, but also many of the chinbushi members died a miserable death.
- まず母の死により、皇子のいない高倉天皇の立場が不安定となった。
- First, the status of Emperor Takakura, who had no sons, became unstable due to the death of his mother.
- 旧道であるダート路は峠付近で途絶えており、通行は不可能である。
- The former dirt road is impassable since it is closed halfway around the pass.
- しかし、後醍醐は自らの立場に強い不満をいだき、激しく反発した。
- However, Godaigo was very dissatisfied with his position and became rebellious.
- 不利を悟った義経は敵船の水手・梶取(漕ぎ手)を射るよう命じた。
- Recognizing his perilous disadvantage, Yoshitsune ordered his men to shoot the navigators and oarsmen of the enemy vessels.
- 堺荘では「北庄経堂」(『蔗軒日録』)とあるが場所は不明である。
- In the Sakaisho region it was called 'Hokusho Kyodo' (according to the 'Shaken nichiroku'), but the location is unknown.
- その他、不作により年貢の減免を荘園領主へ要求する一揆もあった。
- Additionally, an uprising requesting that the lord of the manor reduce or decree an exemption from the nengu due to a bad harvest took place.
- すなわち、神田は不輸租田(租税が免除された田地)とされていた。
- That is, in the laws Shinden was defined as Fuyusoden (tax-exempted rice field).
- 大正期から続いた不景気に世界恐慌が直撃し、社会不安が増大した。
- The recession having continued from the Taisho period was hit by the world depression directly, significantly destabilizing society.
- 形勢不利となった政虎は、兵を引き犀川を渡河して善光寺に退いた。
- Because the battle state became disadvantageous to his forces, Masatora made his forces retreat to Zenko-ji, crossing the Sai-gawa River.
- 桂は不信任案を避けるため、苦し紛れに5日間の議会停止を命じた。
- To avoid confronting the vote of non-confidence, KATSURA resorted to a desperate measure of suspending the Diet for five days.
- だが、これらは公的な記録がなく建造経緯などは不明なものが多い。
- However, there is no official record of those Kogo-ishi castles, therefore, much of the construction process of these castles remains obscure.
- 不況下においては兵役もまた生活の糧を得る手段として考えられた。
- Military service was considered as a measure to earn a living under depression.
- しかし兵糧不足に陥った日本軍は漢城を撤退し、釜山方面に集結した。
- However, the Japanese army withdrew from Hansong due to their provisions running short, and concentrated their troops in Busan and the surrounding areas.
- 一、日本ハ神国たる処きりしたん国より邪法を授候儀 太以不可然候事
- 1. Japan is the land of gods, and thereby it is not possible to accept the evil belief from the Christian countries.
- 1月頃 豪雪のため飛行訓練不能、福岡海軍航空隊に疎開し訓練続行。
- Around January, extraordinarily heavy snow made the flight training impossible, so the men were moved to the Fukuoka Naval Air Base for training.
- また、近世以前の古道跡が不明になっている箇所もしばしば見られた。
- And many sections of the older road which had been used before the early-modern period had collapsed and were not found.
- 作成年については、1177年説があるも定説にならず、不明である。
- The year of creation is not certain and although the year 1177 is sometimes conjectured, it has never become definitive.
- これを不満とした元兵士などを中心として、抗日目的の反乱が起きた。
- Former soldiers and others who were dissatisfied with this raised an anti-Japanese rebellion.
- が、守旧派の軍隊は開化派の軍隊との待遇が違うことに不満があった。
- However, the Conservative Party's troops were dissatisfied at being treated differently than the Progressive Party's military unit.
- 大島城(下伊那郡松川町)での抗戦は不可能とし、大島城から逃亡する。
- They determined that a resistance at Oshima-jo Castle (Matsukawa-machi, Shimoina-gun), was impossible, and escaped from Oshima-jo Castle.
- またその後、時期・経路が不明ながら大内氏も第四牙符を入手している。
- Later, even if the period and route were unknown, the Ouchi clan also obtained Gafu numbered four.
- 占領各地では義兵の決起が生じ、このため武器・兵糧不足に悩まされた。
- In various occupied areas, volunteer soldiers arose and they suffered from insufficient weapons and provisions.
- 養老の名例律が、不孝を、不義などの罪とならべて、八虐の一つとした。
- Meirei-ritsu in Yoro included undutifulness in its hachigyaku along with crimes such as perfidiousness.
- また、崇徳上皇も讃岐国に流され、京に帰れぬまま不遇の最期を遂げた。
- Additionally, retired Emperor Sutoku was banished to Sanuki-no-kuni; he died a miserable death without being able to return to the capital.
- それに秋田城司による年来の苛政が重なり、夷俘の不満は頂点に達した。
- In addition to this disaster, years of misrule by the lord of Akita-jo Castle had brought the Ifu's frustration to the boiling point.
- 寧波には先に大内方の遣明船が入港しており、細川方には不利であった。
- The Ouchi's kenmeisen ship had already docked in Ningbo, which was unfavorable for the Hosokawa faction.
- 主人が不都合をしでかした家来を斬る場合も無礼討(上意討ち)という。
- When a lord killed his servant(s) who did something disadvantageous with a blade, it was called Bureiuchi (Joiuchi (killing of an offender)).
- 神田を不輸租田とする観念は、平安時代の荘園の増加につながっていく。
- The concept to regard Shinden as Fuyusoden led to the increase of Shoen (privately owned manors) in the Heian period.
- このためには水が必要となるが、もともと水不足であるため限界がある。
- However, water becomes necessary to take measures necessary for the prevention, but there exist limitations in taking such measures because lots of water is unavailable.
- そして、準備金が不正に流用される事の無い様に厳しい管理下に置いた。
- Their reserve fund was also strictly managed so as not to be used fraudulently.
- そして邸外から瑤泉院の方へ向けて土下座して不敬を詫びたというもの。
- He also knelt down on the ground facing toward Yozenin to apologize for showing disrespect from outside of the residence.
- ただし、国免荘で不輸の権が保障されるのは国司の任期中に限られていた。
- However, Fuyu no ken was guaranteed for Kokumen sho only during the kokushi's term.
- 中には他者の戸籍に入って口分田や蔭位を不正に獲得する者まで出現した。
- A number of people even had their names entered in another family's registry to illegally obtain kubunden (farm land given under the Ritsuryo system) or onni (a system of passing court ranks onto a new generation through ancestors under the Ritsuryo system).
- 不輸租田(ふゆそでん)とは日本の律令制において、租税を免除された田。
- Fuyusoden was a rice field exempted from tax according to the Japanese ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 日本国憲法では、これらの権利を永久不可侵の「基本的人権」と構成する。
- According to the Constitution of Japan, these rights were defined as 'basic human rights' which could never be violated.
- この鬼道(卑弥呼)や惑の意味には諸説あるが正確な内容については不明。
- There are various opinions about this purported 'magic,' but no specific details are known.
- 718年(養老2年)藤原不比等らに命じて、養老律令を新たに選定した。
- In 718, FUJIWARA no Fuhito and others were ordered to draft a new Yoro Ritsuryo (Yoro Code).
- また一説には、唐の李淳風の作であるともいうが、これも真偽不詳である。
- And one theory says that it was made by Ri junho during the Tang dynasty, but it is also uncertain.
- 行長はすぐに名護屋城に使いを走らせたが家臣一同の不安はとけなかった。
- Yukinaga immediately sent a messenger to the Nagoya-jo Castle, but all the vassals were still anxious.
- しかし、信長の傀儡でしかなかった義昭は、やがてその立場に不満を持つ。
- However, Yoshiaki soon became dissatisfied with his position as Nobunaga's puppet.
- 納税者に税を理解してもらい不満を和らげてもらうには必要な形式である。
- This form is essential for taxpayers to understand the taxation and to alleviate their discontent about the tax.
- そのため、給与された恩賞に対する不満は常に潜在していたと言ってよい。
- It can be said therefore that there was constantly latent dissatisfaction at granted rewards.
- 災害時用の備蓄米(不動穀)を差し引いた残りが国衙の主要財源とされた。
- After earmarking some rice for stockpile (Fudokoku staple) for an emergency, the remainder was regarded as main financial resources of kokuga (provincial government offices).
- 農業や治水面での不作為が原因で、現地の住民や政府・行政に責任がある。
- It has been caused because no appropriate actions have been taken for farming and controlling water, and the responsibility resides in the residents, governments and administrations concerned.
- 原因は不明だが、受領と在地領主である忠常との対立が高じたものらしい。
- Its cause is not clear, but it seems that this was because of the deepened confrontation between Zuryo (provincial governor) and Tadatsune, the resident land holder.
- その実態は不明であるが、園池司はこのような園地の管理も行ったらしい。
- The situation is not clear, but Enchishi controlled such a enchi, too.
- 原本の著者は不明であり、原本に後世の加筆がなされる形で成立していった。
- Despite the original author being unknown, it had been established through subsequent corrections to the original.
- 判者は藤原忠房が任じられていたが、当日不参のため法皇が直接判を下した。
- FUJIWARA no Tadafusa was appointed a hanja, but he was absent that day, so Cloistered Emperor Uda himself judged which tanka was better than the other.
- 六章…詳細は不明であるが、『九章算術』を応用発展させたと言われている。
- Rokusho: Details are unknown, but it is said to have applied and expanded the 'Kyushosanjutsu.'
- この殿中御掟21か条は、結果的に信長と義昭の不和を決定的なものとした。
- The twenty-one Articles of denchu on okite made the antagonism between Nobunaga and Yoshiaki conclusive.
- その前後から負担に苦しむ農民の浮浪や逃亡がふえ、社会不安が表面化した。
- Around that time, however, vagrancy and defection of heavily-burdened farmers increased and social unease came to the surface.
- 蒙古襲来絵詞(もうこしゅうらいえことば)は、筆者不明の全2巻の絵巻物。
- 'Moko Shurai Ekotoba' is a pair of picture scrolls by an unknown author.
- 篭城側の島津軍はその戦力差のため長期戦になれば不利になる恐れがあった。
- Shimazu army with a castle would have faced the defeat with a long war due to the difference in their military strengths.
- その後も素行は修まらず、仲間の公卿を誘って女官と不義密通を重ねていた。
- He never improved in conduct, and invited noble colleagues to repeated adultery with court ladies.
- 940年前後に発生した承平天慶の乱は、このような不満の実体化であった。
- The Johei and Tengyo War that occurred around 940 was the embodiment of their discontent.
- 明徳元年(1390年)義満は時義が生前将軍に対して不遜であったとした。
- In 1390, Yoshimitsu complained that Tokiyoshi was disrespectful to the shogun when he was alive.
- 夫如是ニシテ天下ノ治安ナラン事ヲ欲ス、三尺ノ童子モ猶其不可ナルヲ知ル。
- As such, we all want everything is secured under the sun, but even a little boy can expect that won't be easy.
- なお、宗成は藤原仲成・薬子兄妹に唆されたともいわれているが、詳細は不明。
- Although it is also said that Munenari was instigated by the siblings of Fujiwara no Nakanari and Kusuko, the details are not clear.
- 律令制においては荒廃田・不堪佃田(ふかんでんでん)などとも呼ばれている。
- Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), they were also called Kohaiden or Fukandenden.
- そうした不安定な状態を確実なものにしようと、開発領主は荘園の寄進を行う。
- The kaihatsu-ryoshu donated manors in order to stabilized that unstable condition.
- 織田政権や徳川幕府より邪宗とされた日蓮宗不受不施派は徹底的に弾圧された。
- The fuju-fuse (no receiving and no giving) group of the Nichiren sect, which was determined to be a heresy by the Oda government and Tokugawa shogunate, was cracked down on completely.
- 常門吉次の来歴は不明だが、金春流の素人、ないし半玄人であったと見られる。
- Little is known of Yoshitsugu TSUNEKADO's career but it appears that he was an amateur or semi-professional writer of the Konparu-ryu school.
- このため家中の不満は忠棟に集中し、家中を乱す「佞人」であるとも呼ばれた。
- Consequently, discontent within the Shimazu family was concentrated on Tadamune and he was called the 'flatterer, crafty person' who was disturbing the Shimazu family.
- 兼通によって長年不遇であった兼家は一条天皇の外祖父として摂政に就任した。
- Kaneie, who had lived in obscurity due to Kanemichi for a long time, took the post of regent as the maternal grandfather of Emperor Ichijo.
- 密告の内容がどのようなもので、源高明がどう関わっていたのかは不明である。
- The content of the tip-off and how MINAMOTO no Takaakira was involved remains unknown.
- これら軍事的措置をすませたうえで、朝廷の不動穀を賑給して懐柔にあたった。
- After preparing military measures, he supplied the Imperial Court's fudokoku (crops stored for emergency) to the poor Ifu in the regions as a means to appease them.
- 義満死後の4代将軍足利義持や前管領の斯波義将らは朝貢形式に不満を持った。
- The fourth Shogun, Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, who assumed the post of Shogun after Yoshimitsu's death, and a former Kanryo (shogunal deputy) Yoshimasa SHIBA and others were dissatisfied with the system that Japan had to pay tributes to the court of Ming unilaterally.
- そして、後を継いだ山名時熙とその弟の山名氏幸も不遜な態度が目立つとした。
- He further complained that Tokihiro YAMANA, who had succeeded him, and the younger brother Ujiyuki YAMANA had also shown noticeably disrespectful behavior.
- 反乱を起こした兵士の不満矛先は別技軍を支援してきた日本人にも向けられた。
- The soldiers who started rioting also turned their discontent against the Japanese who had supported the Byeolgigun.
- そのため、荘園側は不入の宣旨を得て国衙からの介入の排除を図るようになった。
- Therefore, the shoen side obtained a decree of funyu no ken and tried to eliminate any intervention from the Kokuga.
- 要するに内部での調整は不可能、クジ引で決めるしかなかったということである。
- In other words, adjustment within was impossible and had to be decided by lottery.
- なお、明法生設置から程なく(時期は不明)、律学博士は明法博士と改称された。
- Soon after the Myoho students were taken (it is unclear when), the doctor of Ritsugaku was renamed the doctor of Myoho.
- 現代日本語では一般に「ひみこ」と呼称されているが、当時の正確な発音は不明。
- Today in Japan, Himiko is generally called 'Himiko,' but the precise pronunciation of those days is unknown.
- 更に景虎と不和になった大熊朝秀を調略し、反乱を起こさせて越後侵攻を図った。
- Furthermore, maneuvering Tomohide OKUMA who had caused friction with Kagetora, he made Okuma rebel Kagetora, to invade Echigo.
- そのため、彼らが日本に伝えた銃がマラッカ式であることは特に不思議ではない。
- It is therefore not strange that the guns imported into Japan were Malacca-style.
- 言語や習慣の異なる者に対して、古代人は畏敬の念と共に、不可触の念を抱いた。
- The ancient people felt they conveyed a sense of awe, as if they were untouchable by those who had different languages and customs.
- また、後醍醐は朝廷内部で孤立しており、手足となって働く人材が不足していた。
- Additionally, Godaigo was isolated within the Imperial Court and there were insufficient human resources to work as his hands and feet.
- 藩主不在となっていた白河小峰城は要地であり、先んじて同盟軍が占拠していた。
- The allied forces had earlier occupied a strategic point at Shirakawa-Komine Castle where the lord had been absent.
- 9世紀~10世紀に律令制が崩壊した後も、寺田には不輸の権が認められていた。
- Even after the collapse of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in the ninth century to tenth century, Fuyu no ken continued being applied to jiden fields.
- そのような不安定な権利関係にあって、所領をめぐる紛争は頻繁に発生していた。
- Given there were so many weak claims, naturally many territorial disputes arose.
- 建武の新政期において、その性格が不明な役所である「窪所」が設置されている。
- 'Kubodokoro', a government body whose precise function is unknown, was established during the Kenmu Restoration Period.
- それを皮切りに李氏朝鮮は列強諸国と不平等条約を結ばされて開国を強いられる。
- With this as a start, the Yi Dynasty Korea was forced to enter into unequal treaties with these powerful countries and to open up their country.
- 勤皇党のうち、明治政府への強い不満を抱く構成員により、敬神党が結成された。
- Members of the Kinno-to party who were deeply dissatisfied with the Meiji Government formed the Keishin-to party.
- しかし、実際に唐船が高徳院(鎌倉大仏)に造営費を納めたかどうかは不明である。
- However, it is unknown whether the Tosen in effect offered the cost for the construction expenses of Kotoku-in Temple (Kamakura Great Buddha).
- この遠征は後の孝謙天皇と押勝との不和や渤海側の事情の変化等により中止された。
- This expedition was cancelled, however, due to discord between Emperor Koken and Oshikatsu as well as changes in the status of Bokkai.
- 『三貨図彙』によると流通用の銅銭も鋳造されたと言われるが、詳細は不明である。
- According to the 'Sankazui,' bronze coins were cast for use as a currency but details are not known.
- 京北町側では現国道からの分岐直後にゲートで封鎖されており通過は不可能である。
- On the Keihoku Town side the road is closed with a gate immediately after it branches off from the current national route so it is not possible to drive through.
- 上に記載した2つの話が花山トンネルでの有名な話であるが、事実かどうかは不明。
- The above-mentioned two stories are famous stories about the haunted Kazan Tunnel while they may or may not be true.
- また「東の覗き」「不動岩」「西の覗き」「愛染窟」など、行場らしい地名も残る。
- Place names related to ascetic practice still remain: 'Higashi no Nozoki' (peek to the east), 'Fudoiwa rock' (literally, unmovable rock), 'Nishi no Nozoki' (peek to the west), 'Aizenkutsu cave' (literally, cave of Aizen Myoo [one of the important deities in Japanese mountaineering asceticism]) and so on.
- 更に日本による大量の銭の買い付けは発行を上回ったために現地で銭不足を生じた。
- In addition, Japan bought lots of money that exceeded the amount of money issued, generating a situation whereby the amount of money available locally became insufficient.
- そうした不満を背景として1180年に後白河の皇子以仁王が反平氏の兵を挙げた。
- With such complaints in the background, Prince Mochihito, a son of the retired Emperor Goshirakawa, rose in arms to subjugate the Taira clan in 1180.
- しかしながら、観測装置が故障することがあるためこれが正確な値かは不明である。
- However, it is not clear whether the value was correct, because the observation unit may sometimes malfunction.
- 12世紀以降、荘園整理に基づく荘公区分の明確化に伴い、半不輸は縮小していった。
- After the twelfth century, with the clarification of official manor boundaries due to Shoen improvement, Han-fuyu (a system where Kokuga and Kyunushi shared Kanmotsu and Zoeki) gradually decreased.
- しかしこれらは不穏民衆を一揆と認識して討伐した慶長の役が始まった後の話である。
- However, this was conducted only after the Keicho war began when disruptive people were recognized as members of the insurgency.
- 『戦国合戦大事典』によると「謀反の原因については不明な点が多い」と記している。
- According to 'Sengoku Kassen Daijiten' (literally, 'Encyclopedia of battles in the Sengoku period'), it is recorded as 'There are many unclear points about the cause of the rebellion.'
- 彼女が眠るように命じ浦島子が目覚めると、不意の間に海中の大きな島に至っていた。
- She told Urashima no ko to sleep, and when he woke up, before he knew, they had arrived at a big island under the sea.
- 其の縁り有る此の地に不幸賊名に斃れたる誇り有る人々に対し今慰霊碑の建つるを見る
- So we build this memorial monument on this site for the proud people who unfortunately passed away with the stigma of being enemies of the Imperial Court.
- 前述のように将軍が突如殺害されて、室町幕府の最高権力者が不在となってしまった。
- As stated above, the Shogun was suddenly killed, and the supreme position in the Muromachi Bakufu was left vacant.
- また、初期の自由民権運動は不平士族が中心になっていた(士族民権ともいわれる)。
- In addition, the Freedom and People's Rights Movement (also called Shizokuminken) was initiated mostly by fuhei shizoku (dissatisfied former samurai).
- そのほか、住居に砂が侵入したり、視界不良による事故などで死者が出ることもある。
- In addition, the sand intrudes into dwellings, and the low visibility due to the sand sometimes even causes persons to be killed by ensuing traffic accidents.
- 尾崎行雄らに対して詔勅を盾にして不信任案を撤回するように圧力を加えたのである。
- Using an imperial edict as an excuse, he pressured Yukio OZAKI and his allies to withdraw the vote of non-confidence.
- 逆に非即位説の論者は、臣下の身で勝手に天皇の称号を与える不遜を咎めて応酬した。
- The advocates of the non-enthronement theory, on the other hand, blamed opponents by saying that it was insolent that commoners gave titles of emperors.
- 安兵衛は「もはや大石は不要」として内蔵助を斬り捨てるつもりだったとも言われる。
- Some suggest that Yasubei was ready to get rid of Kuranosuke, as 'Oishi was no longer needed.'
- 「請不廃失鴻臚館懐遠人励文士事」(外交の再建と文芸の振興の観点からの鴻臚館復活)
- 請不廃失鴻臚館懐遠人励文士事' (restoration of Korokan from the viewpoint of the restoration of diplomacy and the promotion of literature)
- 当時の農業生産は不安定であり、こうした年ごとの清算業務は欠かせないものであった。
- Since the farm production was unstable in those days, such annual adjustments were needed.
- 兼実が「一宗を磨滅して何の益があるのか」と反論したため、隆季は不快の色を見せた。
- Kanezane objected, 'What benefit is there in laying waste to an entire sect?' which provoked Takasue into showing his displeasure on his face.
- しかし、従前のような有期的な請負関係は田堵負名らにとっては非常に不安定であった。
- However, the conventional contracting relationship for a limited period of time was highly unstable for the contractors like tato fumyo.
- このような状況の下、公出挙と不可分の存在となった私出挙も半強制的に行われていた。
- Under this situation, Shi-Suiko, which had been inseparably linked to Ku-Suiko, were implemented half-forcibly.
- 検挙された学生のうち38名が治安維持法および出版法違反・不敬罪により起訴された。
- 38 of the students who had been arrested were prosecuted for violation of the Maintenance of Public Order Law and publishing law, as well as lese majesty.
- 天災による飢饉や疫病などが各地に広がり、盗賊や海賊が出没し、社会不安が広がった。
- The prevalent robbery and piracy that emerged as famine and disease caused by natural disasters spread throughout the country caused increased social unrest.
- 資料が残っておらず結果は不明ながら、1508年にも再度同様の交渉が行われている。
- In 1508, they again had a similar negotiation, although its result is unknown because any related documents are not left.
- これに対して政務に関与できない他家、特に若い公家達の間で不満が高まりつつあった。
- The other families that were not allowed to participate in the affairs of state, particularly young court nobles, were becoming more and more dissatisfied.
- だが、この法案では平民の最末尾に元の穢多非人が置かれるなど不十分なものであった。
- But this proposal was unsatisfactory mainly because it left old Eta and Hinin at the final end of the status of Heimin.
- ペリーは浦賀来航の際に幕府に旗を二本贈っているが、旗の種類及び贈った目的は不明。
- Perry gave the Shogunate two flags when he arrived at Uraga, although both the types of the flag and their purpose are unknown.
- これは藤原不比等が、父親である藤原鎌足の功績を高く評価させたためとも考えられる。
- This may be because FUJIWARA no Fuhito let people esteem the achievements of his father, FUJIWARA no Kamatari.
- 不輸の権(ふゆのけん)とは、荘園が国家への租税の一部またはすべてが免除される権利。
- Fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption) was the right of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) to be exempted from all or part of the land tax to be paid to the government.
- 代わりに本来は不動穀として備蓄する筈であった租の中から捻出しようとしたものである。
- Instead, they tried to find funds from So that was originally supposed to be stored as Fudokoku.
- 不比等死後に政権を担当したのは、高市皇子の子で天武天皇の孫にあたる長屋王であった。
- After Fuhito died, Nagayao, son of Takechi no Miko (Prince Takechi) and grandson of the Emperor Tenmu, grasped the reins of government.
- また律令制度の施行に伴って生じた不備などを調整する目的から、慶雲の改革が行われた。
- Consequently, the Keiun Reform was conducted in order to adjust for problems which had occurred with the enforcement of the ritsu and ryou codes.
- しかしこれを不満とする幕臣たちは脱走し北関東、北越、南東北など各地で抵抗を続けた。
- However, not all members of the bakufu were happy with the peace settlement, and some of them continued to resist in many places, particularly in the regions of northern Kanto, Hokuetsu, and southern Tohoku.
- 戦いに圧勝した家康は日本国内で不動の地位を得、1603年に征夷大将軍に任ぜられた。
- Having achieved overwhelming victory, Ieyasu secured an impregnable position in Japan and he was appointed in 1603 to seii taishogun.
- 乾漆不空羂索観音立像、塑造日光・月光菩薩立像ほか東大寺法華堂(三月堂)・戒壇院諸仏
- The Todai-ji Temple's statues enshrined in its Hokke-do Hall (also called Sangatsu-do Hall) and Kaidan-in Hall: the dry lacquer standing statue of Fukukenjaku Kannon (literally, Never-Empty Lasso Kannon), the standing statue of Nikko Bosatsu (Sunlight Bodhisattva), the standing statue of Gakko Bosatsu (Moonlight Bodhisattva), and so on
- これは貴族色が強まった義満晩年の政策に反感を抱く武士達の不満に応えたものであった。
- These measures were in response to the discontent felt by many warriors toward the policies, which heavily favored the nobility, enacted by Yoshimitsu in his final years.
- また、当時町衆における法華宗受容も社会不安からくる信仰心の高まりと関連づけられる。
- On the other hand, townsmen's acceptance of the Hokke Sect of Buddhism then could be associated with a rise in religious faith among them, who were worried by the social unrest.
- この時点では男爵であり、押収された旧制中学時代の日記帳の一節により不敬罪とされた。
- He was a Baron at this time and sentenced to lese majesty because of a part of his impounded diary he had written when he was in junior high school under the old system of education.
- これにより地方行政における国司の役割が強くなり、国司が不輸権を認める荘園も現れた。
- By this transfer, the role of kokushi became stronger in local administration and the shoen, for which the kokushi approved the tax exemption, also appeared.
- 荘園領主の中には、中央政府と関係を築き、田租の免除(不輸)を認めさせる者も現れた。
- Among lords of shoen, some established a relation with the central government and made them approve the tax exemption of denso (rice field tax).
- それによると、軍事的には『討伐』には失敗したが、「対馬は土地が不毛で生活が苦しい。
- According to this volume, militarily 'the expedition' was a failure, but did win them the following document of capitulation: 'Tsushima's land is barren, making it difficult to eke out a living there.
- その後の長期にわたる不況は失われた10年と呼ばれ、経済面での構造改革が進められた。
- The sluggish economy having long lasted after that was called the lost decade, and the economical structure was reformed.
- 水田による班田が原則でありながら、水田の不足より陸田が混ぜられて支給されたりした。
- Although paddy fields should have basically been supplied as handen, fields with no water supply available were sometimes supplied because paddy fields available were limited.
- この乱における第4代鎌倉公方足利持氏の敗死によって鎌倉府は長官が一時不在となった。
- As the fourth Kamakura kubo, Mochiuji ASHIKAGA was defeated and killed in this war, and the top of the Kamakurafu became vacant for a while.
- 峠への登り口には「大型車通行困難」の標識があり、大型車の通行は事実上不可能である。
- As a road sign saying 'Hardly Passable by Large Vehicles' is placed at the approach of the pass, large-sized vehicles practically cannot drive the pass.
- 大正2年(1913年)2月5日、議会で政友会と国民党が桂内閣の不信任案を提案する。
- On February 5, 1913, during the session of the Diet, the Seiyukai Party and the Kokumin-to Party jointly moved a vote of non-confidence against the KATSURA cabinet
- それも併せて、京の物資・食料は欠乏の一途をたどり朝廷政治の機能不全が生じ始めていた。
- It also made the shortage of materials and foods in the capital go from bad to worse and led to dysfunction in the Imperial Court government.
- これが農民から見ると賦課の不公平にも見られ、時には農民一揆の原因になることもあった。
- As this was seen to be unfair imposition on the peasants, there are some cases of these estimates resulting in revolts.
- 善戦するも鹿児島市市街の一部が焼失し、薩摩藩もまた攘夷の不可能性を悟ることとなった。
- The Satsuma clan fought well but they lost a part of the city, and found expelling foreigners nearly impossible.
- しかし、西郷の新政府への不満はその富国政策とその指導にあたる大隈ら大蔵官僚にあった。
- Saigo, however, was dissatisfied with the government's policy of national enrichment and the bureaucrats of Okurasho (Ministry of Treasury), including Okuma, who led this policy.
- また、釜山から漢城までの輸送路がゲリラ攻撃されると内陸部では兵糧備蓄の不安が起きた。
- In addition, as the transportation route from Busan to Hansong was attacked using guerrilla tactics, inland bases became concerned about their emergency provisions.
- 当時中国では銀が不足していたため、朱印船の主要な交易相手である中国商人は銀を欲した。
- There was a shortage of silver in China during that period, and Chinese merchants, who were the main trading partners of Shuinsen desired silver.
- しかし、この伊豆多田氏については系譜や事跡に不明な点が多く実像がはっきりしていない。
- It is somewhat unclear what the Izu-Tada clan was really like, since many points are yet to be known about its lineage and historical facts.
- 明治になり京都見廻組にいた今井信郎が龍馬を斬ったと自白するが、誰が斬ったのかは不明。
- After the start of the Meiji period, Nobuo IMAI, who was a member of the Kyoto Mimawarigumi, confessed to killing Ryoma; however, truth of the matter remains uncertain.
- 天皇の父が臣下である摂関家を目上としなければならない事に対しても天皇は不満を抱いた。
- The Emperor Kokaku was disgruntled about the fact that the emperor's father had to show respect the line of regents and advisers who were the subordinates of the emperor.
- 後醍醐天皇による鎌倉幕府打倒は、この武士たちの不満を利用する形で行われることになる。
- This situation allowed Emperor Godaigo, making full use of discontent among the warriors, to successfully overthrow the bakufu.
- 皇太子周辺から法皇近臣は排除され、法皇は平氏に対して不満と警戒を強めることになった。
- The close servants of cloistered emperor were removed from around the crown prince, and the cloistered emperor began to hold a disapproval and was wary of Taira Clan.
- 更に延暦寺はかねてから殿原衆が勝手に上乗を請求している事に対しても不満を抱いていた。
- In addition to that, Enryaku-ji Temple had been disgruntled about the fact that Tonobara-shu gained Uwanori without Enryaku-ji Temple's permission.
- 自分も関東にあったなら義時に味方していた」と楽観論を戒め、後鳥羽上皇の不興を買った。
- Indeed, had I been in Kanto (eastern Japan), I too would have become Yoshitoki's ally,' and with these words fell into disgrace with the retired Emperor Gotoba.
- 藩札発行の目的は、自領内の貨幣の不足を補い、通貨量の調整機能を担わせることであった。
- The purposes of issuing han bills were to supplement coins in times of shortages and to adjust the amount of coins in circulation within territories.
- しかし、金貨の流出と政府不換紙幣の大量発行によって、金貨はほとんど流通しなくなった。
- However, gold coins were scarcely circulated, because they outflowed and the government issued huge sum of irredeemable currency.
- 一方、政情不安は続き、658年に有間皇子が謀反を起こそうとしたとして処刑されている。
- On the other hand, the political uncertainty continued and in 658, Prince Arima was executed for attempting a rebellion.
- 柄糸の結び目を覆うことで接触で解けることを防ぎ、美術的に不恰好な結び目を隠している。
- By covering the knot of tsuka-ito (the cord wrapping on a sword hilt), tsuka-gashira prevents the knot from coming untied and helps to hide the visually not appealing knot.
- 本来は太政官の筆頭大臣である太政大臣が一座に座り、不在の場合は左大臣が座ることになる。
- Normally, the top Daijokan (Grand Council of State) minister, the Dajodaijin (Grand Minister), sat in the Ichiza, and if he was absent, the Sadaijin (minister of the left) sat there.
- 又有卅五卦、六十四卦法、或一卦之下管載数名、或一卦之内挙多説然、而事繁多煩省、而不載。
- 又有卅五卦,六十四卦法,或一卦之下管載数名,或一卦之内挙多説然,而事繁多煩省,而不載.
- 琉球内ではそれを不服とし明治政府に様々な嘆願を行い、また清に救援を求める人々もあった。
- However, some Ryukyuans opposed to this order and submitted petitions to the Meiji government, or others sought Qing for assistance.
- 鉄一文銭は見栄えも悪く不評であったことから川井久敬の建議により真鍮四文銭が制定された。
- Because one-mon iron coin looked poor and was unpopular, a four-mon brass coin was established in accordance with the proposal made by Hisataka KAWAI..
- ヤスケは、この戦いの後捕まったものの殺されずに生き延びたが、その後の消息は不明である。
- Yasuke was captured after this battle and he was not killed, but he was never heard from again.
- しかし政局の混乱が続き、また恩賞の不公平により武士階級の支持を得ることはできなかった。
- But the political situation remained bogged down in chaos, and because of inequalities and unfairness in the giving of rewards, Godaigo was never able to gain control over the warrior class.
- また、鎌倉時代には、時代の転換期であり、また蒙古の襲来など、社会情勢が不安定であった。
- Moreover, in the Kamakura period, Japan was at a turning point, and the attacks of Mongolia, for example, made the society unstable.
- 「自昔祖禰躬環甲冑跋渉山川不遑寧處 東征毛人五十五國西服衆夷六十六國渡平海北九十五國」
- Since early times, Sodei himself has been breaking through Kacchu (armor and helmet) and walking in the mountains and rivers, and never had a comforting place, and accordingly, he has conquered fifty-five countries of '毛人' to the eastern areas, sixty-six countries of '衆夷' to the western areas, and ninety-five countries by crossing the northern sea.
- しかし元康は桶狭間の戦いで今川義元が死去した後に独立したが、数年後に不慮の死を遂げた。
- Motoyasu gained independence after the death of Yoshimoto IMAGAWA in the Battle of Okehazama, but died suddenly several years later.
- 直接打法・・・石のハンマー(打撃具)を石材の一端に直接打ちつけて不要な部分を剥離する。
- Direct striking: striking a stone at an end with a stone hammer (a striking tool) and flaking unnecessary parts.
- 九司…詳細は不明であるが、『五曹算経』と同様の行政官向けの数学書であったと言われている。
- Kyushi: Details are unknown, but it is said to have been a document on mathematics geared for government officials, similar to 'Gososangyo.'
- この征韓論には1871年廃藩置県によって武士としての職を失った士族の不満が背景にあった。
- Behind this Seikanron there was dissatisfaction amongst the Shizoku (family or persons with samurai ancestors) who had lost their jobs as a result of Haihan-chiken in 1871.
- やがて江戸の人口が増えて来るとこれだけでは供給し切れなくなり、水不足が深刻になって来た。
- As a population of Edo grew larger, these two systems could no longer supply enough water to the populace, and the city faced serious water shortages.
- 極印銀および古丁銀の銀品位は各地の銀山により不定であったが、おおむね90%以上であった。
- The purity of the refined silver coins and Kochogin were mostly higher than 90%, although it varied depending on which mines produced the silver.
- しかし、武士の間では平氏からの恩賞給与に対する不満が多かれ少なかれ存在していたとされる。
- However, many samurai were more or less discontent with reward grants given by the Taira clan.
- しかし、守護及びその傘下武士たちは、半済を既得権として、荘園・公領へ不当な介入を続けた。
- However, some provincial constables and their subordinate samurais treated the hanzei law as their established right and continued to intervene in the taxes on manors and lands under the control of the feudal government unreasonably.
- なお、当時、所属していた馬詰信十郎・馬詰柳太郎・池原寛人は、この日に脱走した為に不参加。
- Shinjuro MAZUME, Ryutaro MAZUME, and Hiroto IKEHARA, who were members at the time, fled on that day and did not participate in the battle.
- そのため、梅雨晴れの日は不快指数が高くなり過ごしにくく、熱中症が起こりやすい傾向にある。
- Therefore, on the day of tsuyubare, the discomfort index gets high and it is felt unbearable and it tends to cause heat attack.
- 『六代勝事記』:承久の乱を後鳥羽上皇が不徳の「悪王」であったことに原因があるとしている。
- 'Rokudai shojiki'(Record of the Triumphs of Six Imperial Generations): it claims the Jokyu Rebellion was a result of the fact that the retired Emperor Gotoba was an immoral 'wicked king.'
- このため天長3年当時、多数ある親王家を維持する財源と親王に充てるべき官職が不足していた。
- As a result, the government faced, in 826, a financial problem in supporting many Imperial Prince's families as well as the shortage of posts to be allocated to Imperial Princes.
- 砂漠化や乾燥化の多くは、旱魃などによる軽度の水不足によって植物が枯死することから始まる。
- Desertification and advancing the dry state of land mostly starts when plants are blighted due to a slight shortage of water, for example, caused by dry weather.
- 内蔵助の放蕩三昧については、落合勝信の著作といわれる「江赤見聞記」にあるが、真相は不明。
- Although his dissipated lifestyle was recorded in the book 'Koseki Kenmonki' by Katsunobu OCHIAI, the truth is unknown.
- 瑤泉院はそれに激高し「不忠臣の焼香など殿は望まない。失せよ」と大石をののしって追い払う。
- Yozenin became very angry and sent him away by saying 'I do not want incense to be offered from such an unfaithful retainer. Leave.'
- このうち千馬は直言癖があり、不破は人を斬って、それぞれ内匠頭を激怒させたといわれている。
- It is said both made Takumi no Kami very angry by Chiba speaking his mind plainly and Fuwa killing a person.
- 11月、勝家は前田利家・金森長近・不破勝光を秀吉のもとに派遣し、秀吉との和睦を交渉させた。
- In November, Katsuie dispatched Toshiie MAEDA, Nagachika KANAMORI, and Katsumitsu FUWA to Hideyoshi to negotiate a reconciliation.
- これによってその田畠及び作物は神人以外は手に触れてはならない神聖不可侵な場所・物となった。
- And this process made the paddy, the field, and the products the holy and sacred thing, so nobody - except for the jinin - could enter there or touch the products.
- 藤原時平は延喜2年(902年)に荘園整理令を発するが効果はなく、班田制は機能不全に陥った。
- In 902, FUJIWARA no Tokihira put into effect the Manor Regulation Acts without success, resulting in a dysfunctional handen-sei (Ritsuryo land-allotment system).
- さらに国司は、国司免判を発給して貴族や寺社の荘園に不輸の権 (日本)を認めるようになった。
- Furthermore, Kokushi issued Kokushi concessions which allowed shoen (manor in medieval Japan) owned by aristocrats and temples/shrines to be exempted from tax.
- 折りしも義仲は西走した平氏追討のため、10月初頭から播磨へ出陣しており、京に不在であった。
- Yoshinaka was not in the capital at that moment because he had gone to Harima since the beginning of October to search for and kill Taira clan on the run towards Saigoku.
- 頼朝はこの反乱を鎮圧したものの、北関東の情勢は頼朝にとって非常に不安定な状態に陥っていた。
- Although Yoritomo suppressed this rebellion, the situation in Kita Kanto (Northern Kanto) became extremely unstable for Yoritomo.
- 変の直後、藤原氏は不比等の娘光明子を、臣下で最初の皇后(光明皇后)に立てることに成功した。
- Immediately after the disturbance, the Fujiwara clan succeeded in making a daughter of Fuhito, Komyoshi (Empress Komyo), the first retainer to become Empress.
- 一時は大老井伊直弼の強行弾圧路線(安政の大獄)もあり不満「世論」も沈静化するかに思われた。
- For a short time the oppressive policy of the chief minister (tairo) Naosuke II (the Ansei Purge) seemed to quieten down the public's dissatisfaction.
- 日本軍は海戦の不利を悟って、積極的な出撃戦術から消極的な水陸共同防御戦術へ方針を変更した。
- The Japanese army woke up their disadvantages in naval battles and switched their methods from positive sally tactics to passive joint defense by navy and army.
- 京と鎌倉は足利方に奪還され、北朝は神器と治天が不在であったが後光厳の践祚により再建される。
- Kyoto and Kamakura returned to the Ashikaga side, and although the Sacred Treasures and Chiten (ruling emperor) were absent, the Northern Court was re-established by the ascension of Gokogen.
- 三人衆はこれに不満を抱く順慶と興福寺に対して久秀討伐を持ちかけて秘かに手を結んだのである。
- The three men proposed to Junkei and Kofuku-ji Temple, both displeased with this development, to attack Hisahide and entered into a clandestine alliance with them.
- 性質の違う2つの空気(気団という)がぶつかる所は大気の状態が不安定になり、前線が発生する。
- In any place where two air masses which are different in their natures collide with each other, the state of air becomes unstable and a front is spawned.
- 元慶年間の初頭、干ばつにより全国的に飢饉に襲われ、各地で不動倉が開かれ、賑給が実施された。
- Early in the first year of the Gangyo era, drought caused famine nationwide, and consequently the fudoso (emergency grain storage) in many parts of the country was opened in order for the Imperial Court to provide food to the poor.
- 当時、大宰府管内では不作が続いて税収不足に陥り、さらに疫病により百姓らの困窮が著しかった。
- In those days, in Dazaifu, continuous lean harvest resulted in tax revenue shortfalls and farmers had an even harder time due to diseases.
- 田租に係る権限を有する太政官と民部省が発する符により不輸が承認された荘園を官省符荘という。
- Daijokan (Grand Council of State) and Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs), which had the authority concerning denso, issued fu (tally) and the shoen approved for tax exemption by the tally was called Kanshofu sho (a shoen enjoying immunity from taxation by virtue of having official documents from both the Council of State and the Ministry of Popular Affairs).
- 作曲は『小学唱歌集 初編』には「英国古代の大家ウェブの古歌」と記されているが、詳細は不明。
- With respect to composition, it is written in 'Shogaku Shokashu Shohen' as 'an old song by Webb, who was a virtuoso in ancient Great Britain.
- こうした交易の制限を巡る軋轢が繰返される中、宗氏は不満を募らせ三浦の乱の一因となっていく。
- Dissatisfaction was growing at the So clan due to a number of conflicts over the trade restrictions, and that became one of the triggers for the Sanpo War.
- これは先行する事実をモデルにしないかぎり、名称をつけられず、議論も不可能であるためである。
- This is because unless the prior facts have not been modeled, names can not be given, and discussions can not be held.
- 上記のように、京都が義仲の軍事制圧下にある状況で義仲の功績を全て否定することは不可能だった。
- As stated above, it was impossible then to completely negate Yoshinaka's achievements when Kyoto was under the control of Yoshinaka's force.
- 後白河は園城寺に帰信して庇護者となり露骨な優遇策をとったため、延暦寺では不満が渦巻いていた。
- Because Goshirakawa came to Enjo-ji Temple, became a patron and showed a conspicuous attitude with favorable treatment, the discontents were whirling at Enryaku-ji Temple.
- そのため、国衙による検田権も保障されていたため、国衙による干渉を受け、経営は不安定であった。
- Due to the above, kendenken (the right of cadastral surveys) of kokuga was also maintained as before and the management of shoen was unstable because of the intervention by kokuga.
- 六曜は中国で生まれたとされるが、いつの時代から暦として確立されたかについては全く不詳である。
- Rokuyo is said to have been born in China, but it is totally unknown when it was established as a calendar.
- 坂本城は歴史上重要な役割を果たしていたが、ながらく城の位置や構造については不明となっていた。
- Although Sakamoto-jo Castle had played an important role in history, its location and structure were not known for a long time.
- 比叡山や高野山は寺社の中でも最高級の格を持ち、その中立性と不可侵性は中世を通じて尊重された。
- The temples on Mt. Hiei and Mt. Koya had had the highest status among temples and shrines and their neutrality and inviolability had been respected through the medieval period.
- このため、以後の摂政・関白の任命には上皇(法皇)の意向を無視する事が不可能になってしまった。
- Because of this, after that it became impossible to ignore the wishes of the Retired Emperor (Cloistered Emperor) when appointing someone as regent or chancellor.
- 同書は作者不明で全3巻の軍記物語であり、平治物語を題材に絵巻物の「平治物語絵巻」が描かれた。
- This work is a war chronicle totaling three volumes, whose author or authors remain unknown; an emaki (hand scroll) called 'Heiji monogatari emaki,' which takes the Heiji monogatari itself as its subject, was also created.
- 準備不足のために露見して追討を受け、以仁王と頼政は宇治平等院の戦いで敗死、早期に鎮圧された。
- Due to inadequate preparations, however, their plot was discovered, and the Taira clan received an Imperial decree to track them down and kill them; Prince Mochihito and Yorimasa both died at the Battle of Byodo-in temple in Uji, and the rebellion was suppressed while still at an early stage.
- 無礼討のために刀を抜いたが、相手に逃亡された場合なども武士の不名誉とされ処罰の対象であった。
- When a warrior pulled his sword out for Bureiuchi but the offender ran away, the warrior was punished because his deed was considered a warrior's dishonor.
- また「国家仏教」という表現そのものが古代仏教の実態を反映しておらず不適当とする考え方もある。
- Moreover, some say that the usage of 'National Buddhism' does not reflect the realities of ancient Buddhism; therefore, it is inadequate.
- その結果、かえって流通の混乱を招き、水野失脚後の1851年、冥加金不要の問屋仲間として再興。
- As a result, it caused a distributional disruption and in 1851, after the fall of Mizuno, kabunakama were reestablished as toiyanakama (group of warehouse merchants) in which no render was needed.
- 新政府は不平等条約の改正を目指し、帝国議会の設置や大日本帝国憲法の制定など国制整備に努めた。
- Aiming at revising unequal treaties, the new government made efforts to establish national systems, such as the establishment of the Imperial Diet and the enactment of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- しかしながら、観測点に偏りがあることに加え、気象観測だけでは黄砂現象の解明には不十分である。
- However, the observation points are not placed uniformly nor weather observations alone are enough for understanding kosa phenomena thoroughly.
- そこで、それ以下の禄高の者が就任する際に在職中のみ不足している役料(石高)を補う制度である。
- This system was therefore established to make up for deficient yakuryo (executive allowance) (yield) only during the term of office when a person whose rokudaka was not more than the standard.
- 収穫不可な「損田」と収穫可能な「得田」に分類して在地における見込み租税額などを算定・記載した。
- In it, they divided the fields between 'sonden' (damaged fields) from which harvest could not be expected and 'tokuden' (productive fields) from which harvest could be expected, and calculated and recorded the expected amount of tax to be imposed on the local area.
- 雑役免は、国衙と給主(寺社・貴族)が官物・雑役を分け合う体制で、半不輸(はんふゆ)とも言った。
- Zoekimen was a system where the Kokuga and Kyunushi (temple/shrine, aristocrat) divided Kanmotsu and Zoeki and is also called Hanfuyu.
- 久安4年(1146年)以後に僧侶乗恵によって書かれたとされているが、著者制作年代の詳細は不明。
- It was most likely written after 1146 by Joe (乗恵), a priest, but details regarding the author and the period are unknown.
- また、この頃には、各地で不平士族による反乱が頻発するようになり、日本の治安はきわめて悪化した。
- Around the same time, in various places, rebellions were frequently held by the warrior class who had complaints about the government, and it deteriorated public security in Japan.
- この場合には後継者がいても改易され、捕らえられた場合には「不忠」を理由に処刑される事もあった。
- When this occurred, kaieki was applied even though there was a successor, and when those who had run away were captured, they were sometimes executed because they were 'not loyal.'
- 戦場となった朝鮮半島では日本軍、朝鮮軍、明軍の戦闘や駐留の他、統治不全によって治安が悪化した。
- On Korean Peninsula, which was the battle field, public safety deteriorate because of disorderly governance in addition to battles between troops of Japan, Korea, and Ming as well as their presence there.
- 凶事が起こった際には死者のたたりと考えて寮の役人を不遇であった皇族の陵墓に送ってこれを慰めた。
- When misfortunes took place, they were regarded as a curse of the dead, and officers of Ryo were sent to the mausoleum of the unfortunate imperial family and consoled the spirit.
- 御家人の心は次第に幕府から離れていくようになり、御家人達武士全体の不満がくすぶる結果となった。
- Consequently, the hearts of the gokenin gradually began to drift further and further away from the bakufu; these actions by the Tokuso provoked a smoldering dissatisfaction among the gokenin and among all warriors.
- なお、この登山道は滋賀県道268号伊吹山上野線に指定されているが自動車通行は当然不可能である。
- This climbing trail is designated as Shiga prefectural road 268, Ibukiyama Ueno route, but automotive traffic is of course impossible.
- 精密機械工業や半導体の工場では、黄砂の微小粒子の侵入により不良品ができるなどの被害も発生する。
- In factories for precision machinery or for semiconductors, the intrusion of minute particles included in kosa may cause damage that generates defective products.
- その点は『水鏡』なども同じで、天智が行方不明になったのでその2日後に大友皇子が即位したとする。
- 'Mizu Kagami' also contains erroneous descriptions, saying that Tenchi went missing and two days later Price Otomo was enthroned.
- 執行罰とは、非代替的作為義務又は不作為義務の不履行に対して、一定額の過料を科すことを予告する。
- Shikko-batsu is an advance notice (or warning) to impose the fixed amount of Karyo on default of a duty that only a specific obligated party can be able to delivery (or execute) the performance of the duty or on default of a duty that delivery or execution of a specific performance is forbidden by a law.
- 「内裏に集まって幼主を驚かせ奉るのは不当であり、院御所に来れば要求を聞く」と再三に渡って伝える。
- The message was conveyed and repeated: 'It is unfair to gather at the dairi to frighten a young sovereign; Goshirakawa will listen to the claim if you come to In-no-gosho (the retired Emperor's court).'
- 最終的に山国隊はその活躍とともに、戦死4人(行方不明1人含)、病死3人という多大な犠牲を出した。
- In the end, the Yamagunitai suffered four war dead (including one who was never located afterwards) and three deaths to illness during the course of their activities, a steep sacrifice considering their total numbers.
- 元寇以来の政局不安などにより、諸国では悪党が活動し、幕府は次第に武士層からの支持を失っていった。
- The political situation had been unstable ever since the Mongol invasion, and due to this and other factors, criminals were active in several provinces, while the shogunate gradually found itself losing the support of the warrior class.
- この結果、平家方の船は身動きが取れなくなり、平家方不利と見た諸将は鎌倉方に雪崩を打って寝返った。
- As a result of losing their oarsmen, the Taira ships could no longer control their movement, and seeing the Taira clan at such a disadvantage, many warlords flocked to switch sides and join the Kamakura forces.
- また、彼らの郎党には半士半農の者もおり、農繁期の動員に対して不満をもたれるといった問題もあった。
- Also, as among their retainers, some of them were half warrior half farmer, the local lords had a problem that their retainers would have complaints against mobilization during the busy farming season.
- 農場主が小作人の子弟を郎党として戦時の体制を構成していたため、兵と農は不離あるいは同義語に近い。
- As the farmers took the system in wartime, having younger people of their tenant farmers armed, hei (samurai) and no (farmers) were inseparable or close to a synonym.
- しかし、その土地所有は法的根拠に欠け、国衙に収公される可能性も高く、非常に不安定なものであった。
- However, their status of land possession actually lacked legal foundation and was therefore quite unstable, with a high possibility of confiscation of their lands by kokuga (provincial government offices).
- 官物の不輸は太政官・民部省の許可が必要なため、国免荘は基本的に雑役の免除を認めた雑役免田だった。
- Tax exemption for kanmotsu needed the approval from Daijokan (Grand Council of State) and Minbusho and so kokumen sho was basically zatsueki menden which approved the exemption of odd-job tasks.
- また、町割ごとに柵や木戸を設けて、夜には門を閉めて門番を立たせるなど、不審者の侵入を阻んでいた。
- Fences and wooden doors were made and they were closed and guarded during the night to prevent intruders.
- さらに義治はこの事件に不満を抱く一部家臣団によって、父と共に一時的に観音寺城を追われてしまった。
- Further, Yoshiharu, together with his father, was deported from Kannonji Castle temporarily by elements of the Rokkaku feudatory who felt discontented with the feud.
- それ以後も飢饉や政情不安などによりしばしば発生し、とくに物価が急に上がった幕末にかけて増加した。
- Since then it often broke out due to famines and political uncertainties, and it especially increased to the end of the Edo period when prices rose sharply.
- しかし、江戸では家持層が早くから不在となる場合が多く、17世紀末には町の名主は姿を消してしまう。
- However, most people of the homeowner class were absent from the town at an early stage and finally Nanushi of a town had disappeared at the end of the seventeenth century in Edo.
- しかしながら、製糸業では14時間労働、紡績業では女子深夜営業が認められていたため不徹底であった。
- However the prohibition was imperfect workers were admitted to work for 14 hours in filature industry and women were admitted to work at midnight in the cotton spinning.
- しかし、この段階まで来て不幸にも清仏戦争で清が敗退し、フランス領インドシナが誕生することになる。
- Unfortunately at this stage, however, Qing lost the Sino-French War and Indochina of the French possessions was born.
- 京都・峰定寺 千手観音坐像、不動明王二童子立像、毘沙門天立像(各重要文化財)久寿元年(1154年)
- Seated statue of Senju Kannon, standing statue of Fudo Myoo Nidoji (Fudo Myoo and two children), standing statue of Bishamonten (Vaisravana), Bujo-ji Temple, Kyoto (an important cultural property) (1154)
- しかし、実際には上記のような京極氏・赤松氏らの高経への不満が将軍義詮を決断させたものと考えられる。
- In reality, however, it is considered that the above-mentioned dissatisfaction on the part of Kyogoku and Akamatsu clans was the cause for the decision of shogun Yoshiakira.
- 高質(こうじち)は、中世日本において債権が債務不履行に陥った債権者の財産を私的に差し押さえる行為。
- During the Middle Ages in Japan, a kojichi was the act of privately seizing the assets of a debtor whose credit had fallen into default.
- 検田権は国衙の側にあり、官物徴収のため国検田使の入部も多く、給主の権利は国衙に対して不安定だった。
- Kendenken (right to survey land) belonged to Kokuga and Kokukendenshi (inspector) would often enter the fields to collect Kanmotsu and the rights of the Kyunushi to the Kokuga were often unstable.
- これは、内容の重複や日本への伝来事情などとの関係があると考えられているが、詳細な理由は不明である。
- While the details are unknown, it is assumed that this was related to redundancy in the contents, the circumstances of their introduction to Japan, or other factors.
- これは同じ曹を管理する博士が試験官になった場合に不正が行われる可能性があったためと考えられている。
- The reason was that if the hakase, who supervise the so to which the monjosho belonged, was to be the examiner, wrongdoing might be conducted during the examination.
- 我是を見、扨も不思議奇特 成物かなとおもひ、此鉄炮を一挺買て、関東へ持て下り、屋形氏綱公へ進上す。
- 'I was so surprised and impressed by the 'teppo' that I purchased one, and then took it back to the Kanto region and presented it to our lord, Ujitsuna HOJO.'
- 明治維新後の日本は不平等条約を改正し、欧米列強と対等の関係を築くために近代的憲法を必要としていた。
- After the Meiji Restoration, Japan needed to enact a modern constitution so that they could reform the unequal treaty and build a 50/50 relationship with the allied western powers.
- しかし、人民の精神の自立を伴わない憲法発布や政治参加に、不安も抱いていて、以下のように述べている。
- But, he was also concerned that people were still not psychologically independent even though the promulgation of the constitution and public's participation in politics were realized, and stated as below:
- これらの説は、邪馬台国北九州説や卑弥呼・天照大神説と密接に結びついている(ただし不可分ではない)。
- These theories originate from the Yamatai Kingdom of northern Kyushu and the idea that Himiko was, in fact, Amaterasu Omikai (the Sun Goddess), though the two are not inseparably related.
- 保元元年(1156年)7月2日 (旧暦)、鳥羽法皇が崩御すると、両派の衝突は不可避の情勢となった。
- The clash between the two sides was inevitable when Cloistered Emperor Toba died, on July 20, 1156.
- 皇朝十二銭の廃止以後、しばらくは通貨不足のために布貨、すなわち調布や米などの代替貨幣が用いられた。
- For some time after Kocho-Junisen (copper coins of twelve different types minted in Japan) was abolished, fuka, or bleached clothes and rice, were used in place of coins.
- だが、明治政府成立後にその多くが政府に接収されて不足する国家財政の穴埋めに使われたといわれている。
- It was believed that after the establishment of the Meiji Government, many of giso warehouses were seized by the government and used to make up a shortfall in state finances.
- なお、正成は和睦を進言した事で朝廷の不信を買い、この追討軍からは外され、国許での謹慎を命じられた。
- Masashige earned the distrust of the Imperial Court as a result of his advice to make peace and was removed from the force and placed under house arrest in his hometown.
- しかしその反面、それらの大名家に仕えていた武士たちは浪人となる他なく、社会不安も増すことになった。
- On the other hand, the samurais who served the extinct daimyo families became ronin(the masterless samurai), which caused a social instability.
- 後に無実であることが明らかとなるが、政情は不安となり、この頃から大きな政治改革の動きが少なくなる。
- Later, it became clear that he was innocent but the political situation became uncertain and from about this time, movement for major political reforms became less.
- 著作年代や著者については不明であるが、親王が没してから時期を経ていない9世紀後期の作品と考えられる。
- Neither the exact age of this book nor the author is known, but it is generally believed that this book was written in the late 9th century not long after the death of the Imperial prince.
- 紫竹山稚児ヶ滝不動明王(しちくざんちごがたきふどうみょうおう)は、京都府舞鶴市真倉にある史跡である。
- Shichikuzan Chigogataki Fudomyoo is a historical site located at Magura, Maizuru City, Kyoto Prefecture.
- 一方で、勝者である大内義興も長期間在京する間に出雲国の尼子氏や武田氏などが不穏な動きを見せはじめる。
- As for Yoshioki OUCHI who won the battle, while he remained in Kyoto for a long time, there were disturbing trends in Izumo Province caused by the Amako clan, the Takeda clan, etc.
- 大規模な戦闘になったのか、京都への再侵攻を試みたのか、阿波国への帰着の突破を計ろうとしたのかは不明。
- Whether it developed into a great battle, whether they attempted to invade Kyoto again, and whether they attempted to force their way back to Awa Province remains unknown.
- 仏教は、幕府の宗教政策の一貫として民衆支配の方策として用いられたために(檀家制度)一概に不振だった。
- Buddhism was not so popular in general because it was used by the shogunate government as a ruling measure of people (the parishioner system) as a part of religious policies.
- 変後の混乱で、新領主への再就職の禁止や検地など新しい統治体制に不満を抱いていた甲斐国人の一揆が頻発。
- In the postwar chaos, there were frequent uprisings of people in Kai Province, who were frustrated at new systems of governance such as the land survey and the ban on re-employment by a new lord.
- であるから、戦うたびに大きな犠牲を払うような不経済なことは極力避けたいというのが彼らの心理であった。
- For this reason, they wanted to avoid something as uneconomical as paying a big sacrifice in every battle.
- これを不服として一時家康と共に秀吉と相対するが、結局講和して秀吉の下に下った(小牧・長久手の戦い)。
- As he was not satisfied with this and opposed to Hideyoshi in cooperation with Ieyasu for a certain time, but, finally made peace and surrendered to Hideyoshi (the Battle of Komaki-Nagakute).
- また薬園は典薬寮の薬園師が管理している他、不足分は各地から年料雑薬として納められたと考えられている。
- The medicinal-herb garden was managed by Yakuenshi (an official in charge of managing the medicinal-herb garden) of Tenyakuryo, also it is considered that the shortfall was compensated by nenryozoyaku (medicinal herb contributed to the central government) collected from every corner of the country.
- この挙兵はすぐに鎮圧されたが、平家支配に潜在的な不満を抱いていた各地の武士・豪族層が次々に挙兵した。
- Although it was soon crushed, many warriors and powerful regionals who had been discontent with the Taira government rose in arms one after another.
- しかしながら、大戦が終わるとその反動による深刻な不景気に苦しみ、そこに関東大震災が追い討ちをかけた。
- However, when the great war ended, Japan was troubled because the economy was seriously depressed due to reaction to the previous demand, followed by the Great Kanto Earthquake as well.
- 本願寺は当時、加賀国に大きい勢力を持っていたが、加賀は信者の往来には不便であり、京都からも遠かった。
- In those days, it had a large power in Kaga Province but it was far from Kyoto and inconvenient for believers.
- ただし、水野の腹心・鳥居燿蔵は蘭学を嫌い、蛮社の獄を起こした人物でもあり、政権内で不協和音となった。
- But Yozo TORII, the vassal trusted most by Mizuno, hated Western learning and carried out 'Bansha no Goku' (Imprisonment of scholars of Western learning), which caused discord within the administration.
- 『類聚名物考』には、官司に「寄り合う人」を寄人と呼んだのが語源であると言われているが真偽は不明である。
- 'Ruiju meibutsu ko' (an encyclopedia compiled by Matsuake YAMAOKA during the middle of the Edo period) suggests that the origin of the word came from calling people who 'came to gather' at governmental offices yoriudo, but the actual origin is unknown.
- 明応の政変以来の義稙の支持者である河内畠山氏(尾州家)の畠山尚順も当然義稙方であったと思われるが不明。
- The Kawachi Hatakeyama clan (the Bishu family) who had supported Yoshitane since the Coup of Meio was also thought to be with Yoshitane; however, the fact is unknown.
- 一方、不平等条約の失敗を鑑とした政府は、アジア諸国に対しては、平等以上の立場を確保することを旨とした。
- On the other hand, the new government, who reflected on the failing of this treaty, tried to stand on more than equal footing with Asian countries.
- しかし、改易によって大量の浪人が生じて社会不安につながり、浪人による反乱未遂事件(慶安の変)が起きた。
- Meanwhile, however, there were many ronin because of kaieki, and this caused social unrest to grow and finally resulted in a rebellion (Keian Incident).
- 天皇・上皇の脱出を知った後白河院政派は激しく動揺し、義朝は信頼を「日本第一の不覚人」と罵倒したという。
- Members of the Goshirakawa Insei faction were greatly stunned to learn of the escape of the Emperor and Retired Emperor, and Yoshitomo is said to have lambasted Nobuyori as 'the biggest fool in all Japan.'
- 兵を撤退させる事になったのは、余りの長い戦争に耐え切れなくなった領国で不穏な動きが相次いだからである。
- The daimyo did not in fact withdraw their soldiers until successive uprisings and unrest broke out in their home territories due to war weariness from the cost of having to support a war for so long.
- 但し、1815年に皆川允が拝借して亡父の遺稿集(『淇園文集』)などを出版した折に、不足の活字を補った。
- However, in 1815 Mitsuru MINAGAWA borrowed the type to print his father's last work ('Kien-bunshu' (Kien writings, Kien is Mitsuru's father)) and added more type to compensate for missing ones.
- 京都を制圧した幕府は、本人不在のまますぐに後醍醐を廃位し、皇太子量仁(19歳、光厳天皇)を践祚させた。
- The bakufu controlled Kyoto and immediately deposed Godaigo in absentia and Crown Prince Kazuhito (aged 19, Emperor Kogon) ascended the throne.
- 太平洋戦争が迫りくるなかで、日本政府と軍部は各種の鉱産物の不足に直面し、国産化を促進する努力を始めた。
- As the Pacific War loomed, the Japanese government and the military faced shortages of various mineral products and launched efforts to boost their domestic production.
- だが、範頼軍は兵糧の不足と優勢な水軍を有する平氏軍の抵抗によって進軍が止まり、九州にも渡れなくなった。
- But Noriyori's army, lacking sufficient provisions and opposed by the Taira's superior naval might, was forced to halt its advance, and could not even cross into Kyushu.
- 中先代の乱を討伐に向かった尊氏がそのまま新政から離反すると、不満を抱えた武士たちの多くが尊氏に従った。
- After putting down the Nakasendai Revolt (a counter-rebellion against Godaigo, literally meaning 'the revolt of the intermediate generation (a brief respite between the control of the HOJO and the ASHIKAGA ruling clans), Takauji remained in Kamakura, becoming alienated from Godaigo's government, and this prompted many disgruntled samurai to flock to his banner.
- 国内武士たちは、動員に応じる場合は自己の名前の直下に「奉」と記載し、応じない場合は「不参」と記載した。
- Each of the samurai in the province wrote under his written name 'Accept' when accepting the request or 'Will not participate' when not accepting.
- この理由としては、中国の歴史上慢性的とも言えた銅の不足の他に、日本の銅には銀が少なからず含有していた。
- The reason for this discrepancy was that China had been chronically suffering from copper shortage since the beginning of its history, as well as the copper imported from Japan contained silver in no small measure.
- だが、それでも不十分であり、砂漠緑化をはじめとした地道な活動が、黄砂対策として必要であるとされている。
- However, the measure alone is not enough, and it is considered that steady activities, including planting trees in desert, are required as measures against kosa.
- しかし、すでにこの頃、北条家は庶流が多く分立しており、経時の継承に対して不満を持つ者も少なくなかった。
- However, there were a number of branch families established in the Hojo clan, and many were dissatisfied at Tsunetoki's succession.
- 藤原為隆は重隆・朝隆・親隆の実兄であり、坊城家にかつてその由来が伝わっていた可能性もあるが、不詳である。
- Since FUJIWARA no Tametaka was a real brother of Shigetaka, Tomotaka and Chikataka, there was a possibility that the history of the book had been handed down in the Bojo family, but the truth remains unclear.
- こうしたことが相まって、政争敗死者を担ぐことにより王権への不満や反撥を正当化する怨霊信仰が盛んとなった。
- Under such circumstances, worshiping vindictive spirits became popular to justify the discontent and repulsion to sovereignty by using the name of deceased, who lost in a political strife.
- しかし、開発領主らの持つ収取権(開発所領)は不安定なものであり、常に国衙から剥奪される危険を伴っていた。
- However the income rights of the development landholders (kaihatsu shoryo) were unstable and always in danger of being taken away by the Kokuga.
- 大石内蔵助はそのことを不憫に思い、討ち入りの後、寺坂吉右衛門を伝達役として生き延びさせたといわれている。
- Kuranosuke OISHI thought this was unfortunate and was said to let Kichiemon TERASAKA be the messenger and survive after the raid.
- この件で、時の内閣は対露関係の悪化をおそれ、不敬罪の適用と、被告人に対する死刑を求め司法に圧力をかけた。
- The cabinet of that time pressured the court to apply a penal code for lese majesty to this case and demanded the death penalty of the accused.
- 建築や不動産関係では土地や床面積の面積として、畳2帖の面積に相当する「坪」が非公式ながら常用されている。
- In the fields of architecture and real estate, 'tsubo' (1 tsubo corresponds to a space of two Japanese tatami mats) is informally but regularly used as a unit for showing the size of land and floor.
- しかし幕末にはこの負担が多くの大名の財政を圧迫し、むしろ幕府への不満を増大させ、討幕運動の遠因となった。
- However, toward the end of the Edo period, this obligation put a strain on the finances of many daimyo, increasing their dissatisfaction with the bakufu and becoming an underlying cause of the anti-shogunate movement.
- 金子城には周辺の城から武将が兵を率いて集結していたがその数わずか2千、戦況不利は誰の目にも明らかである。
- At Kaneko-jo Castle, the busho (Japanese military commanders) were gathered from their castles along with their retainers; however, the total number of soldiers was only 2,000, and the difficult war situation of the Kaneko side was visible to all.
- また、のちに石田三成の挙兵に加担する大谷吉継・増田長盛との関係がこの時点から強調される点も不自然と指摘。
- Moreover, he pointed out that the emphasis placed on the relationship between Yoshitsugu OTANI and Nagamori MASHITA, who was later involved in raising an army for Mitsunari ISHIDA, was not natural.
- 大兵力の連合軍は食糧が不足していたが、食料庫を焼かれたことでさらに窮地に陥り、短期決戦を余儀なくされた。
- The allied forces with a great number of soldiers faced food deficiency and got into a difficult situation further by having their food supply burnt down and had to make the battles short.
- 土地には元々傾斜があるが、傾斜が少な過ぎる土地、および排水しづらい土地は湿地となるため水田不適地となる。
- All land is inherently sloping, but lands where the slope is too gentle or where drainage is not good are not appropriate for rice cropping because they become moist.
- サアドは廃位される不名誉を避けようと、自発的に退位する旨の文書を議会に届けたが、採決に間に合わなかった。
- In an attempt to deflect the dishonor of being dethroned, Saad submitted a document regarding voluntary abdication to the congress, but this was not voted on in time.
- これに対して後白河は近衛天皇急死により突然皇位を継いだこともあり、頼れるのは信西のみで状況は不利だった。
- But Goshirakawa himself had hastily been raised to the throne upon the sudden death of Emperor Konoe, so he was at a distinct disadvantage against the Nijo faction, and the only one he could rely upon was Shinzei.
- それに対して信長は元亀元年(1570年)に全人衆主導の自治に不満を抱く殿原衆を切り崩して支配下に置いた。
- Nobunaga separated Tonobara-shu from Zenjin-shu and put the former under his control: the former had been discontented with Zenjin-shu-led autonomy.
- ただしこれのみでは同名の者が多くなって不便であるために、さらにその人の特性を示す言葉を冠することもある。
- However, a word that indicates her trait might be added in order to distinguish from others who has same name.
- 乱の詳細は不明であるが、その鎮圧には10年余りかかったことが『扶桑略記』や『日本紀略』に記載されている。
- Although its details are not known, it is described in 'Fuso Ryakki' (A brief history of Japan) and 'Nihongi Ryaku' (Summary of Japanese chronologies) that it took around ten years to suppress the war.
- 短陌は銅銭不足であった当時の経済状況に合わせた慣習であり、銅銭の輸送の不便さを軽減する上では歓迎された。
- Tanhaku was a custom fit for the economic situation at that time and hailed as a method to reduce the inconvenience of delivering copper coins.
- アジア・アフリカはいまだ(当時)古代社会であり、欧米のような近代社会に発展することは不可能とされていた。
- Asia and Africa were still in the ancient societies (in those days) and were not able to develop into modern societies like Europe and America.
- 家臣などが当主を暗殺して、自分の都合の良い当主に挿げ替えるなどの不法が行われる事態を危惧したものである。
- It was feared that retainers might assassinate the family head and replace him with someone convenient to their needs.
- そして、同年10月の義満を招いての宇治市の紅葉を直前になって病を理由に中止してしまい、義満の不興を買う。
- He had invited Yoshimitsu to a fall foliage viewing in the city of Uji in November of the same year, but he fell into disgrace with Yoshimitsu when he canceled it at the last minute, using illness as an excuse.
- 『日本書紀』などにはそれを窺わせる記述(ヤマトタケル説話など)が残されているが、詳細な過程は不詳である。
- There were transcribed statements referencing examples of conflicts with others over the power of Yamato sovereignty [tale of the Yamato Takeru (no mikoto)] in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), but no details of this process were available to us.
- 滋賀県大津市の石山寺に伝承する『不動明王二童子像』(紙本白描)は12世紀の作で重要文化財に指定されている。
- 'Image of Fudo Myoo Nidoji' (paper book Hakubyo plain sketch) that has been handed down to Ishiyama-dera Temple in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture was a creation of the 12th century, and is designated as an important cultural property.
- また、11~12世紀の寄進型荘園のように、田地の不輸や寄作者の雑役免といった国家的諸権限の割譲もなかった。
- Furthermore, from the eleventh to twelfth century, cessation of state power, such as fuyu (tax exemptions) and zoyakumen (exception from all levies except regular land taxes) for contributors was not conducted on donated shoen (manors based on donation).
- (ただし、その航海食はビタミン不足であり、後年、艦船の行動範囲拡大などにより、脚気患者が大幅に増加した。)
- (Nevertheless the diet during a voyage was short of vitamins, and the number of patients having beriberi significantly grew.)
- 農民以外が農地を取得するのは、農地法上問題であるため、「オーナー」とは名ばかりであり、不動産取引でもない。
- It is against the Agricultural Land Act that persons other than farmers should acquire any agricultural lands, so being an 'owner' is merely nominal and does not involve real-estate transactions.
- 黒田孝高の投獄場所は快適な場所とはいえず、肌はカサカサになり、膝は曲がったまま終生不具者となってしまった。
- The place where Yoshitaka KURODA was imprisoned was not a pleasant place and his skin lost all moisture and he got handicapped for his lifetime with his knee bent.
- 非人は、心中の生き残り、近親相姦者、税金不納者、権力に収容された浮浪者(病人を含む)がこの身分に置かれた。
- Those who survived from joint suicide, persons of inbreeding, tax delinquents and street people accommodated by the authorities (including the sick) were placed in this rank of Hinin.
- しかし、諸大名の中で義弘のみは「武士は弓矢をもって奉公するものである」とこれに従わず、義満の不興を買った。
- But among all the daimyo, Yoshihiro alone objected, saying 'Warriors should serve with their bows and arrows,' and refused to comply, incurring Yoshimitsu's displeasure.
- しかし、田地の不足、班田手続きの煩雑さ、偽籍の増加等により、平安時代初期には班田収授が実施されなくなった。
- However, due to the deficiency of rice fields, the complexity of the procedure for Handen Shuju, the increase of false registers and so on, Handen Shuju was abandoned in the early Heian period.
- しかし、交易の発展にともない豆毛浦倭館は手狭になり、交通も不便であったので、朝鮮側に再三移転要求を行った。
- However, since its space became insufficient as the commerce had been thriving, combined with its poor transportation conditions, the Japanese-side repeatedly asked the Korean government for its relocation.
- 佐平治は無腰の町人を手打ちにするのを不本意と考え、自らの脇差を相手に渡して果たし合いの形式をとろうとした。
- Saheiji was unwilling to kill the townsman without any arms, tried to fight like by dueling and giving him his short sword.
- 宮方の敗因は義貞の器量不足というよりも後醍醐の失政に失望した有力武士が尊氏に大挙して付いたことに起因する。
- The cause of defeat of the court's side was the selling out of dominant samurai who were disappointed by misgovernment of Emperor Godaigo to Takauji's side rather than Yoshisada's poor leadership.
- したがって荘園としては未完成であり、完全な不輸権を得た12世紀の領域型荘園の前の過渡的性格のものと言える。
- Thus, the shoen manors exempted from the miscellaneous labor tax were imperfect as the shoen and had a transitional character before the territorial shoen manor of the twelfth century which got the complete right of tax exemption.
- 特に志摩国では水田が極度に不足していることから伊勢国・尾張国の水田を口分田とする例外規定が認められていた。
- In the Shima Province in particular, deals with paddy fields in the Ise and Owari Provinces as the kubunden of the Shima Province were approved, because available paddy fields there were extremely small.
- 郎党は内大臣藤原教通(忠常の「私君」にあたる人物)宛ての書状を持っており、追討令の不当を訴える内容だった。
- The roto had a letter addressed to FUJIWARA no Norimichi (the private master of Tadatsune), minister of the center, reporting the injustice of the order to track down and kill Tadatsune.
- 江戸時代、尊皇家は天皇への尊崇と支持を高めるため、天皇家の大変な古さと不変性という「万世一系」を強調した。
- In the Edo period, the sonnoka (people with reverence for emperors) emphasized the 'unbroken line of emperors' which implied the incredibly long history and continuity of the imperial family, to heighten respect and support for emperors.
- しかしながら、従来の氏族制度を一度に変える事は不可能な為、日本流にかなり変更されている部分が見受けられる。
- However, because it was impossible to change the traditional shizoku (clan) system at once, there are seen portions which were significantly modified in a Japanese way.
- 冠位の数が年々増加していったのは、官僚制への切り替えにより下級官僚に与える冠位が不足したからと推測できる。
- The reason why the number of the cap ranks increased every year is thought to be because the transition to bureaucracy brought deficiency of the cap ranks, which were to be given to the low-level bureaucrats.
- しかし同年10月22日明治天皇より不信任の意向が伝えられたことにより、10月24日に辞任を余儀なくされた。
- As the Emperor expressed no-confidence on him on October 22 of that year, he was forced to resign on October 24.
- 将門の手許には1000人足らずしか残っていなかったが、時を移しては不利になると考えて、2月1日に出陣する。
- Masakado, realizing that his position would become weaker over time, departed for battle on February 1 with less than 1,000 soldiers.
- こうしたことから、政府の対応は患者不在の対策であると指摘され、縦割り行政の弊害が現れていると評する人もいる。
- These factors have led to criticism that government measures disregard patients, and there are also those who claim that actions of the divided government are resulting in adverse effects.
- しかし、六壬神課についての知識がないと、読み下すことはできたとしても、内容を理解することはほぼ不可能に近い。
- However, the contents are difficult to understand for persons who don't have knowledge about Rikujinshinka even though they can read it.
- もう一つは、それに不服の者については頼朝へ連絡し「沙汰」させる、というものである。(詳細は上記内容を参照)。
- The other was to notify Yoritomo and have him execute 'sata' on anyone who objected to the first subject (for details, please refer to the above contents).
- その不安定さは、平治の乱以降、いよいよ高まったというのが、その後の平家側佐竹義宗の相馬御厨寄進として現れる。
- The donation of Soma-mikuriya by Yoshimune SATAKE, who was on the side of the Taira family, thereafter indicates the increasing instability since the Heiji War.
- これを不輸の権 (日本)・不入の権 (日本)を獲得した荘園に対しても適用を拡大しようとしたのが国免荘である。
- Kokushi managed to extend his influence even to shoen that had already been granted Fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption, Japan) and Funyu no ken (the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property, Japan), which had resulted in Kokumen no sho.
- 万延元年(1860年)から鋳造が始まった寛永通宝鉄当四文銭が不評であり、かつ鋳造コストがかさむものであった。
- Iron made Kanei-tsuho shimonsen coin cast from 1860 was unpopular and the casting cost was high.
- 形状は小粒の銀塊で、重量は不定だが1匁(約3.75グラム)から10匁(37.5グラム)程度の秤量銀貨である。
- Shaped like small silver slugs with a weight of between about 1 monme (approx. 3.75 g) to 10 monme (approx. 37.5 g), Mameitagin are silver coins that were valued by weight.
- 例えば不動産を取得している場合にかかる固定資産税は基本的に学校や宗教施設の場合は課税しないというものがある。
- For example, schools and religious institutions are not subject to Fixed Property Tax which is imposed on the acquisition of real estate.
- 3人の皇子をあえて並び立たせ、将来複雑な皇位継承争いを引き起こしかねない措置をとった桓武の真意は不明である。
- What the true wishes of Kanmu were by taking such measures that might lead to a complex competition for the Imperial succession by intentionally lining the three princes is unknown.
- 後者の場合、余りにも指揮する兵員数が多くなると全般指揮においてでも一人の将が完全に統率する事は不可能である。
- In the case of the latter, if there were too many troop members to be commanded then it would become impossible for one single commander to fully take even the overall command.
- しかし、朝廷の彼らに対する処遇は必ずしも彼らが期待したほどではなく、彼らの間には次第に不満が蓄積していった。
- However, the Imperial Court did not treat these individuals as well as they expected; therefore, their discontent grew.
- 彼ら同士の対立や受領に対する不平が叛乱へ発展したのが、忠平執政期の940年前後に発生した承平天慶の乱である。
- However, conflicts among warriors and disaffectedness toward zuryo turned into a rebellion, the Johei-Tengyo War, during Tadahira's administration around 940.
- ただし、黄砂や黄砂被害の変化と、その原因とされる自然環境の変化や人為的な要因については、まだ不明な点もある。
- However, the following still remains unclear: Kosa and changes in damage due to kosa, and changes in the natural environments and artificial factors that are considered constituting the cause.
- 一方で、乾いたときにワイパーやタオルで強く拭くと小さな傷を付けやすいため、修復不可能な傷を付ける原因となる。
- On the other hand, if the kosa that has become dry is wiped with wipers or a towel, the wiped surfaces are likely to be damaged, sometimes causing irreparable damage to be generated.
- ときは元禄太平の世で風紀が乱れ、庶民が酒に酔いしれるのは不届きである、といった為政者からの引き締めであった。
- It was in the Genroku era when the world was peaceful and public morals were corrupted, and statesmen regarded the common people's intoxication with sake as illicit and intended to crack down on such behavior.
- 合戦の詳細は不明だが消極派の成道と積極派の直方は仲たがいしたため討伐軍は苦戦し、乱は一向に鎮圧できなかった。
- The details of the battle are unknown, but the relationship between passive Narimichi and active Naokata worsened, the punitive force made a poor fight and could not suppress the rebellion at all.
- 更に浮浪・逃亡により持ち主不在になった土地は寺社や有力貴族の荘園、公領と化し、中央財源減少に拍車をかけていた。
- In addition, lands of absentee owners due to vagrancy and getaway transformed into shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and koryo (an Imperial demesne) that belonged to temples, shrines and the influential nobility, and thus accelerated the decrease of the central government's financial resources.
- 政元は、義材に不満を抱き始めた富子や赤松政則を抱き込み、清晃を還俗させて11代将軍に擁立してクーデターを決行。
- Masamoto gained the cooperation of Tomiko and Masanori AKAMATSU, who had begun to feel dissatisfied with Yoshiki, and then pulled off a coup d'etat by making Seiko return to secular life and helping him become the eleventh shogun.
- 兼家自身は天皇不在の内裏に深夜参入し、大急ぎで譲位の手続きを進めて翌朝には皇太子懐仁(一条天皇)を践祚させた。
- Kaneie himself arrived in the middle of the night at the Imperial Palace without its emperor to quickly do the administrative work necessary for abdication and the next morning, he had the Crown Prince Yasuhito (Emperor Ichijo) ascend to the throne.
- 原文は『吾妻鏡』や『平家物語』に納められているが、令旨としての形式に不備があり、史料によって文言に異同がある。
- The text of his proclamation is recorded in the 'Azuma kagami' (Mirror of the East) and the 'Heike monogatari,' but as a princely command it has formal and structural defects, and the exact wording varies with the source.
- 1510年、交易上のトラブルもあり朝鮮側に不満を募らせた日本人は、対馬からの援軍も加えて大規模な反乱を起こす。
- In 1510, the Japanese became discontented with the Korean side, partly due to troubles in trade, which caused a big-scale insurgence, with reinforcements from Tsushima.
- また、逆に社会の不安定さを反映して土倉を持つ商人に貴重な財産や文書などを預けて災害などに備える風潮も発生した。
- On the other hand, due to the instability of society, there was a trend of merchants who owned storehouses being asked to store precious assets or documents in order to keep them safe from accidents and disasters.
- この問題は、皇帝直轄地である王領(fisc)のうち、未耕作で不毛な地帯を西ゴート族へ割り当てることで解決した。
- This problem was solved by allotting the uncultivated and barren areas in the land of the direct rule of the emperor (fisc) to the west Goths.
- 廃刀令以降、1877年の薩摩士族の反乱である西南戦争まで、各地で新政府の政策に不平を唱える士族反乱が起こった。
- Shizoku no hanran (a revolt by families or persons with samurai ancestors) was instigated by families or persons who were the ancestors of samurai and complained about the new government's policies in various parts of the country after the issue of a decree banning the wearing of swords, until 1877 when Seinan War, a revolt by families or persons with samurai ancestors in Satsuma, occurred.
- こうした状況に不満を募らせた任用の中には、現地の有力者である富豪層(田堵層)と結んで受領を襲撃する者も現れた。
- Some of the ninyo who had been aggravating a grievance, attacked the zuryo by collaborating with the locally influential wealthy class of tato.
- これは、大大名であった佐竹氏を秋田に転封する見返りに、政情が不安定だった地区の持ち城を許したとも言われている。
- Also, some say that in return for the grand feudal lord Satake clan's change of the territory to Akita, they were allowed to own castles in the districts that had been politically unstable.
- 義仲の指揮下にあった京中守護軍は瓦解状態であり、義仲と行家の不和も公然のものだった(『玉葉』閏10月27日条)。
- The army protecting Kyoto, which was under the direction of Yoshinaka, fell apart and the discord between Yoshinaka and Yukiie was overt ('Gyokuyo,' entry of December 20).
- 後白河は平時忠ら堂上平氏の官職は解かずに天皇・神器の返還を求めたが、交渉は不調に終わる(『玉葉』8月12日条)。
- Although Goshirakawa requested the return of the emperor and the sacred treasures without removing the Tosho family of the Taira clan including TAIRA no Tokitada from government posts, the negotiation was unsuccessful ('Gyokuyo,' entry of September 7).
- 相次ぐ遷都による造営工事もあって人心はさらに動揺し、そのうえ疫病や天災もつづいたので社会不安はいっそう高まった。
- Partly because of construction works for repeated transfers of the capital, people's emotions got further confused, and, as epidemics and natural disasters continued, social anxiety was further increased.
- 原典の所属先は不明だが、昭和3年(1928年)に北田紫水文庫から刊行された復刻版によって内容を知ることができる。
- Although the ownership of the original work is unknown, there is a reprinted edition published by Kitada Shisui Collection in 1928 that shows its contents.
- 本丸は三方を堀で囲まれ、南側は空堀を隔てて二の丸に面しており、さすがの織田信長軍も本丸への侵入は不可能であった。
- Honmaru was surrounded with moats on three sides and the southern side faced to ninomaru across karabori (dry moat) and even troops of Nobunaga ODA could not make their way into honmaru.
- 『平家物語』では、不遇の身を嘆く和歌を詠み、それを知った清盛が、「頼政を忘れていた」と推挙したことになっている。
- According to the 'Heike monogatari,' it was because he recited a waka (a 31-syllable classical Japanese poem) lamenting his obscure status that, when Kiyomori learned of it, made him realize 'I forgot about Yorimas' and therefore, he recommended him for promotion.
- 道康親王を皇太子に擁立する動きがあることに不安を感じた恒貞親王と父親の淳和上皇は、しばしば皇太子辞退を奏請した。
- With anxiety over the movement to support the Imperial Prince Michiyasu in attaining the position of the crown prince, the Imperial Prince Tsunesada and his father, the Retired Emperor Junna repeatedly petitioned the Retired Emperor Saga for resignation from the position of the crown prince.
- また重商主義政策の放棄により、田沼時代に健全化した財政は再び悪化に転じ、もはや倹約令ごときでは回復不能であった。
- And his abandonment of mercantilistic policy turned bakufu finance, which had been healthy in the Tanuma period, for the worse once again, and the finance was degraded to the level that was not reversible merely by a sumptuary decree or the like.
- さらに柴田側の不破勝光・金森長近の軍勢も退却したため、佐久間盛政の軍を撃破した秀吉の軍勢は柴田勝家本隊に殺到した。
- After the armies of Katsumitsu FUWA and Nagachika KANAMORI on the Shibata side began to retreat as well, Hideyoshi's forces, which had earlier destroyed the army of Morimasa SAKUMA, rushed at the main force of Katsuie SHIBATA.
- 明和年間までは、西日本で銀貨、東日本で金貨が一般的に用いられ、しかも両者の為替レートは変動相場制で、不安定だった。
- Until the end of Meiwa period, not only were used silver coins in western Japan and gold coins in eastern Japan commonly, but also the exchange rate between those coins were flexible and unstable.
- 上田は東信濃の小県郡にあり、この付近は上田城築城以前から武田氏・上杉氏・後北条氏の国境として不安定な地域であった。
- Ueda is located in Chiisagata-gun in eastern Shinano, and this area had been unstable before Ueda-jo Castle was built because it was the border of the Takeda clan, Uesugi clan, and the Gohojo clan.
- 兄戦死の報を受けた勝正もまた単身本陣へ突入し、不意をついて本庄繁長に斬りかかったが逆に繁長と側近達に討ち取られた。
- When Katsumasa was informed of his brother's death, he also charged the opponent's headquarters alone and made a surprise attack on Shigenaga HONJO with his sword; but he was killed by Shigenaga and his close retainers.
- この還幸にあたり、東京市民に不安を与えないよう再び東京に行幸することと、旧本丸跡に宮殿を造営することが発表された。
- So as not worry the citizens of Tokyo, it was announced that the emperor would return to Tokyo and the imperial palace would be built on the remains of the old castle keep.
- 義時は弟の北条に1000騎を与えて上洛させ、武力による恫喝を背景に交渉を試みるが、朝廷の態度は強硬で不調に終わる。
- Yoshitoki provided his younger brother, Tokifusa HOJO, with 1000 mounted samurai warriors and sent him up to the capital at Kyoto, intending to negotiate with the court with this intimidating show of force as a backdrop, but the Court held firm in its position and the negotiations broke down.
- この仕置きを不満とした者の数は非常に多く、後に旧秋田藩領では反政府運動が、旧三春藩領では自由民権運動が活発化した。
- There were many people discontented with such treatment, and an anti-government movement in the former Akita Domain and a Movement for Freedom and People's Rights (jiyu-minken-undo) in the former Miharu Domain were gaining ground.
- 一方、畿内や九州以外の荘園の様子を見ると、数町以上の広い名田、面積が不均等な名田から構成されていることが多かった。
- On the other hand, many manors out of the Kinai and Kyushu regions consisted of extensive myoden larger than several cho and/or unequal-sized myoden.
- 但し家来に対する管理能力に問題があるとみなされ「家中不取締」として御役御免や閉門といった処分をうけることもあった。
- However, when a lord was considered to have some problems in his ability to manage his vassals, he was sometimes regarded as 'unable to control his house' and given such punishment as retirement or house confinement.
- しかし、康光を始めとする今川家を裏切った戸田一族は今川家に滅ぼされており、否定したという戸田家の人物は不明である。
- However, it is not known who denied the accusation as the IMAGAWA family executed the entire TODA family, including Yasumitsu TODA who was believed to have been the betrayer.
- また永楽通宝の使用を禁ずる法令を出したものの、慶長通寳の鋳造量が絶対的に不足し永楽通宝に代えるには不十分であった。
- Although the use of the Eiraku Tsuho coin was banned, the amount of mintage of the Keicho Tsuho was definitely not sufficient to substitute for the Eiraku Tsuho.
- 深夜、足立大尉が一人でいたことが不運であったが、事件の背景に乗車していた二軸客車の構造的欠陥があったと指摘された。
- It was unfortunate of Senior Lieutenant Adachi that he was alone in the middle of the night, but at the same time, it was pointed out that a structural flaw of the 2-axle passenger car was a contributing factor to the background of the crime.
- ただし、官物の免除は太政官・民部省の許可が必要だったため、国司の認めることができた不輸は原則として雑役の免除だった。
- However, the exemption of Kanmotsu required the consent of Daijokan (Grand Council of State), Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs), the exemption that Kokushi could give were in principle only for Zoeki.
- 日本側の損害は戦死40名、戦傷241名、行方不明7名に対して、清国は4500名の戦死、捕虜600名を出して敗退する。
- The casualties on the Japanese side were fourty deaths, 241 injuries, and seven missing persons, while 4,500 died and 600 were held as prisoner on the Qing side.
- 一、自今以後仏法のさまたけを不成輩ハ 商人之儀は不及申、いつれにてもきりしたん国より往還くるしからす候条 可成其意事
- 1. For those who do not try to prevent Buddhist law, such foreign merchants shall be allowed to come to or leave Japan any time after this.
- 天平時代は華やかな時代というイメージがあるが、一方で天災、凶作、権力者同士の抗争などが相次ぐ不安定な時代でもあった。
- Therefore, the Tenpyo period has the image of a flourishing period, but it was also the period of uncertainty, when many troubles, such as natural calamities, crop failures, and conflicts between influential court nobles, happened one after another.
- ところが、このために朝廷は太政大臣である秀吉以外には関白も大臣も不在という異常事態となり、宮中行事も滞る事になった。
- As a result of these incidents, the Imperial Court was in the unusual situation of retaining no Kanpaku or ministers except Dajodaijin Hideyoshi, causing the court to fall behind in court events.
- 京都駅西側の地区には昭和41年(1966年)の町名変更で新設された町名が4つある(北・南不動堂町、東・西油小路町)。
- There are four towns that were newly established during change of town names in 1966 in the area west of Kyoto Station (Kita Fudodo-cho, Minami Fudodo-cho, Higashi Aburanokoji-cho, and Nishi Aburanokoji-cho).
- 国内の公田を名田へ再編成していく過程で、従来の班田図は不必要とされ、新たに国内の公田台帳となる基準国図が作成された。
- In the process of reorganizing Koden into Myoden, former handen maps (map of allotted farmland) were abolished and instead, Kijunkokuzu (standardized map of provinces), a register of Koden, was made.
- 安政4年(1857年)、飛地陣屋である桜井谷陣屋の役人の不正が発端となり、抜本的な財政改革を要求する騒動が発生した。
- In 1857, fraud committed by an officer of Sakuraidani jinya (a regional government office of a detached land) caused a commotion and demands for drastic financial reform.
- 公卿補任の作者は未詳であり成立年代も不明であるが、「歴運記」を基に弘仁以後の分を書き足されていったものと考えられる。
- The authorship and the time when Kugyo-bunin came into existence has not yet been ascertained, but it is believed to be based on 'Rekiunki' and names had been added from the time of Konin.
- これはすなわち幕政の腐敗であり、御家人の不満が高まるとともに諸国で悪党が活動を活発化させ、倒幕へと結びついていった。
- This showed a sign of a corruption of the shogunate government, which led Gokenin to grow dissatisfaction with the Hojo family, and led Akuto (a villain in the medieval times) to act out of control under the government in various districts, ending up with overthrowing the bakufu.
- また、作者不詳の『続浦島伝』のように史実よりも創作性を重視した作品も現われるようになり、後の物語文学にも影響を与えた。
- Also, more creativity-conscious books than historical facts, such as 'Zoku Urashima Den' (Sequel of the folklore, Taro Urashima [Rip van Winkle]) of unknown authorship, appeared, which influenced the subsequent narrative literature.
- 主要幹線が多数の私設鉄道によって分割保有されていることが、諸外国との競争上、非常な不利であると認識されるようになった。
- And Zaibatsu came to recognize that the fact of main railways being divided and held separately by private railways was so disadvantageous in terms of the competition with foreign countries.
- 形状は、ナマコ形と呼ばれるやや不揃いな棒状の銀塊で、量目(質量)は不定だがおおよそ43匁(約161.25グラム)前後。
- Chogin were various seacucumber-shaped silver ingots; although their rime (weighed value or mass) were not the same, they were approximately 161.25g.
- ヤマト王権の時代になれば、刑法を中心とした法が、中国古代法の影響をうけながら不文法の形で発展していたことが推測される。
- During the royal Yamato era, it is believed that laws centered around criminal law developed as the form of common law while being influenced by ancient Chinese law.
- 流通貨幣は不足しており私鋳銭など悪貨が流通しており、幕府は度々撰銭令で悪銭を指定し、流通貨幣との交換比率も定めていた。
- But the coins in circulation were insufficient, leading to the circulation of both privately minted and bad currency (which contained less than the full amount of copper), which prompted the bakufu to issue a series of laws singling out low-quality coins and banning them from use; the bakufu also set an exchange rate between the different currencies in circulation.
- また、圧倒的に不利な状況であっても終始積極的な戦法を取り、一度南朝方に付いた者の寝返りを誘った尊氏の戦略も見逃せない。
- Additionally, Takauji's constant, proactive tactics even in a devastating situation played a major role in bringing about the betrayal of those who once sided with the Southern Court side.
- また、一宮の生母である中納言典侍が皇子誕生以来体調を崩して実家に戻ったままになっていることも天皇の不満を抱かせていた。
- The Emperor was also dissatisfied with the absence of Chunagon Naishi, Ichinomiya's real mother, who had returned to her native home after the birth of the prince and remained there.
- 旧道は近世ないし明治以降に作られたと言われているもので、古道は2003年(平成15年)に復旧されるまで通行不能だった。
- Kyudo' is said to have been built in the early-modern period or in the Meiji era, and 'kodo' could not be even walked until the re-opening in 2003.
- 直系相続による皇位継承は理想的である反面、皇位継承男子が必ずしも確保できる訳ではなく、常に皇統断絶の不安がつきまとう。
- Although imperial succession by direct descendants was ideal, a male successor to the throne was not always assured, and at all times there was the risk that the line of succession could be severed.
- こうして開発した荘園について、寺院は寺田であると主張し、政府から不輸の権 (日本)(租税免除の権利)を獲得していった。
- Temples insisted that the manors developed in this way constituted jiden fields, acquiring Fuyu no ken (in Japan) (the right of tax exemption).
- こうした中で蓄積された日本人の不満は、1510年に三浦の乱という形で爆発するが朝鮮王朝に鎮圧される(乱の展開節参照)。
- Under those circumstances, the dissatisfaction had gradually accumulated among the Japanese residents, and eventually the Sanpo War occurred in 1510 as a result of the outburst of their dissatisfaction, but this was suppressed by the Korean Dynasty (see the section of Evolution of the war).
- また、一国平均役の導入や荘園整理令の対象地の確定を巡って不輸と認定された田地においても国衙の介入が行われるようになった。
- In addition, in odder to introduce Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen and provincial land in a province) as well as to decide on target lands for Manor Regulation Acts, the kokuga began to intervene into rice fields that were recognized to have fuyu no ken.
- 不入の権(ふにゅうのけん)とは、荘園などが国衙からの使者(検田使・収納使・四度使など)の立入を拒否することが出来る権利。
- Funyu no ken is the right of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) to decline the entry of messengers (Kendenshi, Shunoshi, Shidoshi, etc.) from the Kokuga (provincial government offices)
- 村山1981では正応6年の誤記ではないかとの説を展開しながらも、尊経閣文庫蔵本が執筆された年は最終的には不明としている。
- Murakami 1981, which asserted on one hand that the author mistook 貞応6年 for 正応6年 (the sixth year of Shoo era (1293)), eventually concluded that the year in which the transcript possessed by Sonkeikaku-bunko was written is unknown.
- なお、後年において不動穀の一部を中央に貢進させる年料租舂米の制が布かれた際には主として年料舂米負担国が対象とされている。
- When the Nenryososhomai system required part of the Fudokoku (emergency grain) to be tithed to the central government, the target of the system was mainly the Nenryoshomai provinces.
- 石田三成は無実であった秀次家臣団を哀れみ、また、浪人増加による社会不安を防ぐため、多くの秀次家臣団を石田氏に受け入れた。
- Mitsunari ISHIDA, who felt the need to prevent the social instability that may result from the increasing number of ronin, took pity on the former vassals of Hidetsugu and accepted them into the Ishida clan.
- これでも戦死者を過少報告している可能性もあるが、日本側の死者3万余との記録とも大きく食い違うため実体は今なお不明である。
- It is likely that a smaller number of casualties were reported, but in reality this remains uncertain due to the great difference in numbers for which the Japanese army proclaimed over thirty thousand casualties.
- 城主不在にもかかわらず城兵は健闘し敵を寄せ付けなかったが、やがて城内で一部の兵が裏切り敵を手引きしたため奮戦空しく落城。
- Despite the fact that the lord of the castle was absent, the garrison fought very spiritedly and prevented the enemy from drawing close, but soon after one portion of the garrison betrayed their comrades, switched sides and guided the attackers into the castle, rendering vain all the hard fighting and making surrender inevitable.
- 道長はその後、伊周の起こした不祥事に乗じて伊周を大宰権帥に左遷し、娘上東門院を一条の皇后として、権力を磐石のものとした。
- Michinaga later sent Korechika away as Dazai gon no sochi seizing the opportunity of Korechika's misconduct and had his daughter Jotomonin (Shoshi) become Ichijo's Empress, consolidating his power.
- 京都を奪還した足利義詮は北朝再建を試みるものの上皇の不在により治天を定めることができず、三種の神器も南朝方に渡っていた。
- Although Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA tried to re-establish the Northern Court when he recaptured Kyoto, the Chiten could not be chosen because the retired Emperors were absent and the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family were taken by the Southern Court.
- ここからの古道は国道425号に飲み込まれたと見え、大津越え近辺の区間などのわずかな部分を除けば古道の道筋は不明確である。
- From this point, the old road seems to have been incorporated in National Highway 425, therefore the old road is unclear except for few sections such as the section around Otsu-goe.
- 薩摩藩は、薩英戦争の経験から攘夷は不可能であると判断し、開国に論を変え、藩力の充実と先進技術の取得に努めることになった。
- The Satsuma clan concluded, from the Anglo-Satsuma War, that the expulsion of foreigners was impossible; thus it changed its opinion to one in favor of opening the country, and endeavored to strengthen the clan and acquire advanced technology.
- 当時、国司交替に当たって手続きの不備や前任・後任の間の紛争が多発しており、国司交替の手続きを明確化する必要が生じていた。
- At that time, many problems concerned with the replacement of kokushi, such as 'the procedures that were used were inadequate' and disputes between a predecessor and the successor, were caused, making it necessary to clarify the procedures for replacing a kokushi.
- 令文には、寺田を6年1班の班田収授の対象から除外する、すなわち不輸租田(租税を免除した田地)とすることが規定されていた。
- In these regulations, it was stipulated that jiden fields were excluded from farmland for which allocation was made every six years, or were specified for Fuyusoden (the farmland for which tax was exempted).
- しかしながら、武士層の不満が増すと、足利尊氏はそれを背景に新政から離反し、持明院統を擁立して大覚寺統を南の吉野に追った。
- However, with the increasing frustration of samurai, Takauji ASHIKAGA left the new government, supported the Jimyoin-to group, and chased the Daikakuji-to group to Yoshino in the south.
- 黄砂が降り注ぎ積もることにより、建物の窓、洗濯物が汚れたり、農作物の生育不良を起こしたりといった、物理的被害が最も多い。
- The kosa that falls and accumulates causes various kinds of physical damage, such as making building windows and washed clothes dirty and hindering the growth of agricultural products.
- こうした中、恒居倭に対し厳重な取り締まりを行っていた辺将により(次のような)といった事件が起こり日本人の不満は爆発する。
- Under this situation, several incidents occurred as a result of strict control of the hensho over kokyowa, and the dissatisfaction of kokyowa finally exploded.
- 打ちこわし(うちこわし)とは、江戸時代の民衆運動の形態のうち、不正を働いたとみなされた者の家屋などを破壊する行為のこと。
- Uchikowashi refers to an action to destroy residences of the people who were considered to act wrong, and it was one of the patterns of grass-roots movements in the Edo period.
- 翌年、対外政策の紛糾により、再度老中に任命されたものの、相変わらず幕閣・大名の不信は強く、1年にして辞任に追い込まれた。
- In the next year, the complication of foreign policy pushed him up to 'roju' once again, but the distrust toward him from the cabinet officials of the shogunate and from 'daimyo' was so strong that he was forced to resign in a year.
- 右衛門七は、母妹達をつれて母の実家がある陸奥国白河藩へ向かったが、荒井関所を女人手形不携行のため、通してもらえなかった。
- Emoshichi took his mother and young sister to make their way to his mother's hometown in Shirakawa Domain, Mutsu Province; however, since they did not carry the pass which was required for women to pass a barrier, they were unable to go through Arai checkpoint.
- 「その外適々不慮の前途を遂ぐる所の庄上の運上物、多少を論ぜず、貴賤を嫌わず、皆以て奪ひ取り了んぬ」(『玉葉』9月3日条)。
- People from every social standing were robbed of whatever amount of Unjomono (goods and money that are delivered to the capital) that had luckily reached Kyoto ('Gyokuyo,' entry of September 28).
- このようなことに加え、朝廷は宦官によって牛耳られており、綱紀頽廃も甚だしく、社会全体に急速に不穏な空気が醸成されていった。
- In addition, the imperial court was controlled by eunuchs, moral corruption was rampant and signs of disturbance were soon found everywhere in society.
- これは百姓=農民=田舎者=ダサい奴という図式での、格好を重視する不良やヤクザの間でのあまり深い意味のない単なる悪口である。
- This is mere vilification without any serious meaning among juvenile delinquents and mafia who valued appearance, in the picture that hyakusho = peasants = country fellows = unfashionable people.
- 憲法学の学説の一つに、憲法の基本原則(国体)を変更する憲法改正は、法的に不可能であるとするものがある(憲法改正有限界説)。
- One theory of studies of the constitution insisted that constitutional amendments which aim to modify the basic principles (national polity) of the constitution was legally impossible (the theory of limitation of constitutional amendment).
- 鉄道が民営であることの軍事的に不利な理由は、私鉄の場合、株式会社であるから、経営状態を詳しく株主に報告しなければならない。
- The disadvantaged point of railway management by private sector was that in the case of the private railways, being the joint-stock companies, they must report their managing status in detail to the shareholders.
- 民衆は無秩序に食料を求めて朝鮮・明軍・日本軍を襲い、食料調達が不足した日本軍・明軍・朝鮮軍は朝鮮民衆から現地徴発を行った。
- Common people attacked the troops of Korea, Ming and Japan disorderly looking for food and the latter, which suffered short supply of food, conducted local procurement from common people of Korea.
- 忠棟は朝鮮に出陣しておらず、忠恒らは補給不足の原因が忠棟にあると考えていたことなどもあり島津氏家臣からも深く恨まれていた。
- Tadamune didn't go to Korea, so he was blamed for the insufficient supplies for Tadatsune and was borne a grudge against by the other vassals of the Shimazu clan.
- また、キリスト教のように霊魂の不滅を信じたり、日本の神道のように祖霊を信ずる異教徒に対する差別が現在でも根深く存している。
- Furthermore, discrimination still deeply exists--even nowadays--toward the heretics who believe in the immortality of the spirit, such as in Christianity, and who believe in the spirits of ancestors, such as in Japanese Shinto.
- だが、徳川家康はその挙動に不信感を抱き本領の近江朽木は安堵したものの、その総石高は9550石に留まり、大名の資格を失った。
- However, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA remained suspicious of him, so that while Ieyasu acknowledged Kutsuki's main domain of Omi Kutsuki, he left the clan's total crop yield 9550 goku, being taken away their status as daimyo (Japanese feudal lord).
- この事件が事実がどうかはともかく、平氏一門の専横と源氏への日頃の軽侮に対する長年の不満が爆発は、理由として挙げられている。
- Regardless of whether this particular incident in fact occurred, the despotism of the Taira clan coupled with long years of simmering resentment among the Minamoto clan for the contempt they were forced to endure eventually led to an eruption of anger, which became the motive to raise troops in revolt.
- この処分案に対し、後陽成帝は非常に不満であったが、諸公卿・新上東門院など朝廷の主立った面々は賛成しており、処刑が確定した。
- Although Emperor Goyozei was very much dissatisfied with this proposal, court nobles and other influential members of the Imperial Court including Shinjotomon-in approved of it, and the penal sentence was finalized.
- 例えば、竹下登が政権退陣した後の宇野宗佑政権・海部俊樹政権が「竹下院政」と称されたことがある(事実がそうであるかは不明)。
- For example, the Sosuke UNO government and Toshiki KAIFU government, which were established after the resignation of Noboru TAKESHITA, were once referred to as 'Takeshita insei' (although it is not clear whether this is a fact).
- 1930年(1930年)1月古典籍の収集家林若樹氏により不明者から購入、雑誌「日本及日本人」に発表されその存在が知られる。
- In January, 1930, Wakaki HAYASHI, a collector of historical books, purchased the Honjo Soemon Oboegaki from an unknown person and published it in the magazine 'Nihon oyobi Nihonjin' (Japan and the Japanese); it's existence finally becomes known.
- 特に泰時の次弟・北条朝時を祖とする名越家は北条氏嫡流(のち得宗と呼ばれる)に対抗心が強く、名越光時らは不満を募らせていた。
- Particularly, the NAGOE family which was the descendent of Tomotoki HOJO, was in strong rivalry with the main branch of the Hojo clan (later called Tokuso), and Mitsutoki NAGOE and others aggravated discontent.
- 義昌もその一人であるが、勝頼の側も秋山支援に動かなかったため義昌に不信感を抱いており、両者の関係は急速に冷却化しつつあった。
- Yoshimasa was one of his followers who were disappointed in Katsuyori; Katsuyori also distrusted Yoshimasa, who took no action to defend Akiyama, and the relationship between Yoshimasa and Katsuyori deteriorated quickly.
- しかし、これを契機に得宗専制に不満を持つ楠木正成、赤松円心など各地の悪党と呼ばれる武士が各地で反幕府の兵を挙げるようになる。
- However, samurai known as akuto in various areas, including Masashige KUSUNOKI and Enshin AKAMATSU, were dissatisfied with the Tokusho autocracy and raise forces opposed to the bakufu throughout the country.
- 『古事記』・『日本書紀』によれば、王仁が『論語』・『千字文』を伝えて応神天皇の皇子に教えたとされているが、真偽は不明である。
- According to the history books, 'Kojiki' (Record of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihonshoki' (The Chronicles of Japan), Wani is believed to be a teacher to the Prince of Emperor Ojin using the books 'Rongo' (The Analects of Confucius) and 'Senjimon' (The Thousand Character Classic); however, this remains unconfirmed.
- ただし、これらの改革は急激に行われたため矛盾も少なくなく、士族や農民の不満を招いたため、後の征韓論につながったとも言われる。
- However, these rapid reforms had many contradictions and many warrior-class people and farmers were unsatisfied, and it is said that these reforms led to 'Seikanron' (the policy of conquering Korea by military force).
- 新政府にとって、最大の目標は欧米列強に追いつくことであり、そのためにも旧幕府時代に締結された不平等条約の改正が急務とされた。
- The biggest goal for the new government was to catch up with powerful western countries, and for this reason, they had to solve the problem of the unequal treaty signed in the Shogunate era as soon as possible.
- 元寇では過重な軍役に比して所領の加増が少なかったことが鎌倉得宗への不満として蓄積し、鎌倉幕府滅亡の遠因になったと考えられる。
- Since the territory was not increased as much as excessive military services imposed during the Mongolian Expeditions against Japan, dissatisfaction built up among the samurai retainers with the the head of the Hojo clan regent of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which supposedly formed a remote cause of the fall of the Kamakura bakufu.
- また、田沼意次と一旦は手を組みながら後にこれを失脚させた一橋治済の政治的野心(大御所政治)への不安があったとも言われている。
- It was also said that there was the angst regarding the political ambitions (Ogosho politics) of Harusada HITOTSUBASHI who joined forces with Okitsugu TANUMA once, and later brought down Harusada.
- また、荘園整理、荘官・百姓の取り締まり、神人・悪僧の統制、戦乱で荒廃した京都の治安維持のためにも、平氏の武力は不可欠だった。
- Moreover, the Taira's military strength was indispensable in supervising the shoen reforms as well as shoen officials and commoners, and controlling members of the clergy and evil monks alike, not to mention for keeping the peace in Kyoto, in ruins from the recent wars.
- 地頭請は、収穫量の出来・不出来に関わらず毎年一定量の年貢を納入することとされていたため、地頭側の負担も決して少なくなかった。
- Jitokuke laid it down that a certain amount of nengu must be paid in spite of the success or failure of the crop yields and so the burden of the jito side was not small.
- 浪人が徒党を組んで幕府転覆を図ったこの事件は、幕府の大名統制策が新たな不安定要因を生み出していたことをはっきりと示していた。
- The incident involved ronins who banded together in an attempt to overthrow the bakufu, and was a sign of the growing political unrest as a result of strict controls which the shogunate enforced on daimyos.
- 一方、外国商人側も文禄・慶長の役の失敗や関ヶ原の戦いの影響によって生じた日本の国内経済の混乱による販売不振に悩まされていた。
- Meanwhile, the foreign merchants' side also had suffered from sales slumps owing to the economic chaos in Japan which resulted from Japan's failure in the Bunroku-Keicho War and the effects of the Battle of Sekigahara.
- また、山科焼失の前年に大小一揆と呼ばれる本願寺一門内の内戦を大坂で起こしており、現地の門徒の間には本願寺への不信感があった。
- Meanwhile, in Osaka, a battle inside Hongan-ji Temple called the Daisho Ikki had occurred in the previous year of the battle in Yamashina and so there had been distrust of Hongan-ji Temple among believers there.
- 能力や素質があるが家柄が低いために要職に就けないといった旧来の不都合を解消し、良質の人材を登用することをその目的としている。
- The system aimed to eliminate conventional inconvenience that a talented and able person could not assume an important post because of his family lineage, and to use personnel of good quality.
- 「女論」の詳細は『将門記』に欠落があって不明だが、前常陸国大掾源護の娘、もしくは良兼の娘を巡る争いであったと考えられている。
- The details of the dispute are not clear due to a missing part in the 'Shomonki' (The Chronicle of Masakado), but the subject of the dispute is believed to be either the daughter of MINAMOTO no Mamoru, the former Daijo (an official of the Third Rank) of Hitachi Province or the daughter of Yoshikane.
- 一般的に不入の権を持っている荘園は、不輸の権 (日本)も合わせて持っている場合が多く、両者がセットとして考えられがちではある。
- In general, shoen with funyu no ken in many cases also had fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption) (Japan) and these two rights are often considered as a set.
- また、診療・治療のガイドラインの周知徹底を図ると言ってはいるが、相変わらず不適切な治療が多く行われている事実は放置されている。
- It is claimed that attempts are being made to publicize care and treatment guidelines as much as possible but the fact remains that many inappropriate treatments continue to be carried out.
- その土地を賃租し、地子(賃租の利益)を今まで持ち主不在であった土地の租税分に充てることで、中央財源の不足を補うべきと主張した。
- He insisted that the government should make up for the deficit by leasing such lands and applying the jishi (profit from the land rent) to the land tax of absentee owner land.
- その第二条は「両国好みを通ぜし上は---若し他国より不公及び軽藐する事有る時、其の知らせを為さば、何れも互いに相助け」とある。
- Article 2 of the treaty says, 'If other countries impose an unequal demand upon or despise either country, both countries will mutually assist each other when informed of such an event on the basis of their friendly relations.'
- またロシアに勝利したことは、列強諸国の日本に対する評価を高め、明治維新以来の課題であった不平等条約改正の達成に大きく寄与した。
- Japan's victory over Russia raised the repute of Japan among the great powers and greatly contributed to Japan's objective to revise the unequal treaties which had been a priority issue for the Japanese government since the Meiji Restoration.
- 以後、両替商で用いられる分銅は後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、これ以外のものの製作および使用は不正を防止するため厳禁とされた。
- And thereafter, Shirobei GOTO family was only allowed to produce fundo (counterweight) used at an exchange house, and the production and use of other kinds of fundo was prohibited strictly for the prevention of illegal exchange.
- これに不満を持った織田信雄(信長の次男)が、天正12年(1584年)に信長の盟友であった徳川家康と結んで、反秀吉の兵を挙げる。
- Nobukatsu ODA, Nobunaga's second son, who was discontent with this, raised an anti-Hideyoshi army in 1584 with Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who had been an ally of Nobunaga's.
- 「詩書画三絶」という言葉が示すように、水墨画などでは1つの作品に詩、書、絵画が表わされ、これらは不可分のものとして鑑賞された。
- Calligraphy forms a harmonious whole with poetry and painting in, for example, 'suibokuga' (a monochrome painting in India ink), so these three have been appreciated as an inseparable art, and this is symbolized by the existence of the phrase 'The Three Perfections: Calligraphy, Poetry and Painting.'
- そこで、地頭の年貢の滞納や領民の不法使用など、地頭職を越えた越権行為が行われるようになり、荘園領主や国司との間に紛争が生じた。
- Jito's acts beyond their authorities, including arrears in taxes and illegal use of the people in the province, gave rise to disputes with the Shoen-ryoshu and the Kokushi.
- しかし朝廷はこの時、彼らの間の不満が乱の原因になったとの認識のもと、彼らを五位・六位といった受領級の中・下流貴族に昇進させた。
- The Imperial Court, based on their understanding that their discontent led to the outbreak of the war, promoted these individuals to low to middle class, fifth or sixth rank aristocratic zuryo.
- 逆にこのような年号を持ちながら、邪馬台国=九州説論者の主張のようにこの鏡が邪馬台国と無関係とするならば、それこそ不自然である。
- On the contrary, the theory that this mirror was not related to the Yamatai-Koku kingdom despite the name of the era as maintained by researchers who advocate Yamatai-Koku kingdom in Kyushu region is rather inconsistent.
- 正式名称は不明だが当時の法令を収集した政府刊行の法令全書の目録には、「穢多非人ノ称ヲ廃シ身分職業共平民同様トス」と書かれいる。
- In the catalogue of a complete works book of laws published by the Government whose formal title is not known, it is stated that 'names of Eta and Hinin are to be abolished and their status and trades are to be the same as Heimin (commoner)'.
- 義仲は「故三条宮の至孝を思し食さざる条、太だ以て遺恨」(『玉葉』8月20日条)と不満を表明するが、20日、後鳥羽天皇が践祚する。
- Yoshinaka said, 'Being dutiful to the late Sanjo no miya, I find it extremely regrettable,' expressing his displeasure ('Gyokuyo,' entry of September 15), but Emperor Gotoba ascended to the throne on September 15.
- 心理面においては明・朝鮮軍が連合軍であるために指揮統制が難しく、一度不測の事態によって混乱すると収拾が難しかったと思われること。
- Looking from the morale perspective, it was difficult to give out commands since the Ming and Korean army was the allied force and was difficult to rally once the confusion occurred due to any unpredicted events.
- つまり、西軍は本来なら関ヶ原にあったはずの1万5000人の兵力を欠いたまま東軍と戦うという不利な状況に追い込まれていたのである。
- Which means that the West squad was forced to fight with the disadvantage of fighting against the East squad without the 15,000 warriors that should have been deployed to Sekigahara.
- 賎民にはこれらの義務がなく、また良民だからと言って権利があるわけでもなく、不自由な良民よりも、自由な賎民を選択する者が続出した。
- Senmin had none of the above obligations, but the Ryomin had no rights, and consequently those who chose to be free Senmin instead of inconvenient Ryomin appeared one after another.
- しかし、大河内氏の初期段階の動向・系図には不明な点が多く、顕綱も信頼性のある資料に見えていないことから仮冒であるとする説もある。
- However, the clan's activity and family tree aren't clearly defined, and the name 'Akitsuna' doesn't appear in any reliable source, so to some the stated origin is only an assumption.
- 石仏は左から順に千手観音立像(舟形光背石造半肉彫)、聖観音坐像(石造丸彫)、不動明王坐像(火焔光背石造厚肉彫)だが摩滅が著しい。
- The left statue is a standing statue of Thousand Armed Kannon (boat-shaped halo, stone, hanniku-bori); the middle statue is a seated figure of Hijiri Kannon (stone, maru-bori [three dimensional sculpture]); the right statue is a seated figure of Fudo-myoo (Acala, one of the Five Wisdom Kings) (flame-shaped halo, stone, atsuniku-bori); and they have worn away.
- 後深草の不満を受けて幕府が介入し、建治元年(1275年)に煕仁(11歳)を皇太子に指名、将来、後深草が治天となることを保証した。
- Due to Gofukakusa's dissatisfaction, the bakufu intervened and in 1275, named Hirohito (aged 11) as Crown Prince and guaranteed Gofukakusa would be Chiten in the future.
- 当初鎌倉幕府はこうした業者を禁止していたが、京都の朝廷では財源不足を補うために酒屋を認めてその代わりに酒造役(壷銭)を徴収した。
- Although the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) initially prohibited such operation of business, the Imperial Court in Kyoto permitted the sakaya business but collected sake-related tax called shuzo-yaku (or tsubo-sen) instead, to compensate for its financial shortage.
- 元弘3年/正慶2年(1333年)鎌倉幕府を打倒して成立した建武政権であったが、現実から乖離した政策の数々に武士は不満を募らせた。
- The Kenmu government was established after toppling the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1333, but samurai aggravated a grievance against many of its unrealistic policies.
- ただし、幹線道路は、地形上の有利不利を問わず、権力者の威光を示すために、城の裏に当たる搦手側は通さず、表に当たる大手側を通した。
- However, regardless of disadvantages/advantages geographically, main route roads did not go through the back of the castle but passed through the Ote side or front side of the castle to indicate the glory of the ruler.
- 社会の変動に対応する政治的イニシアチブを摂関家と天皇のいずれもがとりえないという摂関政治の欠陥が露呈し、機能不全に陥っていった。
- After that time, defect in the regency that neither Sekkan-ke nor emperors could take the political initiative for social changes was exposed, leading to a lack of function.
- 背景には、執権職を独占する北条氏内部の主導権争いと、北条氏の専横に反感を抱き将軍権力の浮揚を図る御家人たちの不満が要因にあった。
- There were a conflict for the leadership inside the Hojo clan who exclusively possessed shikken no shiki (title of the regent) as the backdrop, and the dissatisfaction of gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) who felt antipathy to the Hojo clan's tyranny, and tried to increase the power of the shogun as one of the factors.
- 民撰議院設立建白書は、天賦人権論に立脚しているものの、当時、困窮を極めた不平士族の不満が形を変えて噴出したものであったと言える。
- Although the 'Minsen Giin Setsuritsu Kenpaku Sho' had the standpoint of the Tenpu-jinken-ron (theory of natural human rights), it's possible to say that this was a form of expression of the Fuhei Shizoku, the samurai class, who were not satisfied with the social change during this period of time, and most of whom were actually in dire poverty at the time.
- 成親が召還され、事件処理に当たった時忠・信範が「奏事不実(奏上に事実でない点があった)」(『百錬抄』)の罪により解官・配流される。
- Narichika was recalled and, TAIRA no Tokitada and TAIRA no Nobunori, who were in charge of the case, were dismissed and exiled for 'reporting untrue to the Emperor' ('Hyakuren sho - History book from the Kamakura period).
- これは正規の年官であった目 (国司)や史生などへの応募者が減少したことにより、そこから上がる任料収入の不足に対応したものであった。
- This was because, since the applicants for sakan (kokushi) and shisho (a person doing miscellaneous duties concerning documents) of the regular nenkan decreased, rinjikyu was devised to cope with the shortage of ninryo (fee for getting an official rank) income.
- ロシア帝国は、不凍港を求めて南下政策を採用し、露土戦争 (1877年)などの勝利によってバルカン半島における大きな地歩を獲得した。
- In its pursuit of warm-water ports, the Russian Empire preceded with its southward expansion and acquried a significant foothold in the Balkan peninsula through its victory against the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish Wars (1877).
- 以後1873年徴兵令公布、1876年廃刀令、秩禄処分に至る過程で士族反乱が相次ぎ明治政府はこうした不満を海外に向ける必要もあった。
- Revolts by Shizoku occurred one after another during a process that ended in the promulgation of a Conscription Ordinance in 1873 and a decree banning the wearing of swords in 1867, and Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend), and the Meiji government needed to turned their attention to the outside of Japan.
- また、地方の政情不安に対処するため、1878年(明治11年)には府県会規則を公布して、各府県に民選の府県会(地方議会)を設置した。
- To address political instability in local areas, rules of prefectures were issued in 1878, and a prefectural (local) assembly by popular election was established in each prefecture.
- また、灌漑をする場合はある程度の傾斜が必要であり、傾斜が少ない河川下流域の沖積平野は、江戸時代以前は稲作をするのに不適当であった。
- In addition, lands have to be sloping to some extent in order to be irrigable, so alluvial plains in the lower reach of rivers, where the slope is gentle, were not appropriate for rice cropping before the Edo period.
- この事件に関しては不可解なことが多く、上の今井信郎説のほかにも、薩摩藩士説や、浅田次郎の『壬生義士伝』のような解釈も行われている。
- There are many unanswered questions to this incident, with theories other than Imai assassinating Ryoma, including a theory holding that the assassination was by feudal retainers or warriors of Satsuma and another interpretation by Jiro ASADA in his 'Mibu Gishin Den'
- ところが高倉上皇が平安京を放棄しない意向を示すなど、この遷都計画は貴族らに極めて不評であり、朝廷内部に清盛への反感が募っていった。
- However, the retired Emperor Takakura indicated his desire to not leave Heian-kyo (the ancient capital) and this move was also very unpopular with the aristocracy, leading to more animosity among the Imperial Court members against Kiyomori.
- 一方、兄でありながら治天の地位を逃した後深草は不満を募らせ、後宇多が即位すると抗議のため太上天皇の待遇を辞退して出家しようとした。
- On the other hand, Gofukakusa, who lost the position of Chiten, even though he was the older brother, became frustrated and when Gouda became Emperor, he declined the position of Daijo Tenno (the retired emperor) and tried to become a priest as a sign of protest.
- 当時、動産・不動産の所有権は、売買などが行われたとしても、本来は元の所有者が保持しているのがあるべき姿だとする観念が存在していた。
- In that period, there was an idea that the right of ownership of movable or immovable property should belong to the original owner of that property even if the property had been sold.
- 『書紀』と『懐風藻』に「大友帝」とは書かれていないから、何らかの論証を経た結論と思われるが、本文が失われているので内容不明である。
- Since 'Emperor Otomo' was not found in 'Chronicles of Japan' and 'Kaifuso,' it was considered that the conclusion was made based on some proofs, but details were unknown because the text was lost.
- 結局、改革も人心収攬に失敗し、また尊号一件などにより家斉の不興を買ったことで、定信は改革わずか6年目にして失脚して老中を辞任する。
- In the end, his reforms failed to win the hearts of the people, and also earned Ienari's displeasure in 'Songo ikken' (Songo Incident) and others, so he resigned 'roju' after only six years from the start of his reforms.
- 8月6日、後白河は平氏一門・党類200余人を解官すると(『百錬抄』同日条、『玉葉』8月9日条)、天皇不在の中で院殿上除目を強行した。
- On September 1, removing some 200 Taira clan and cabal from the office ('Hyakuren sho' [History book for the Kamakura period], entry of September 1, 'Gyokuyo' [Diary of FUJIWARA no Kanezane], entry of September 4), Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa forcibly conducted Jimon at In dono without an emperor being present.
- 主に、神社用の田である神田、寺院用の田である寺田、官職に応じられて与えられた田である官田をはじめ勅旨田・公廨田などが不輸租田である。
- Fuyusoden mainly included shinden (also referred to as kamita, kanda) which was a paddy field affiliated with a shrine, jiden (also referred to as terada) which was a paddy field affiliated with a temple, kanden (imperial estates) which was a paddy field allotted according to government rank, chokushiden (imperial proprietorships and land), and kugaiden (estates belonging to government officers.)
- 中世後半になると、社会が不安定となり、境相論などを訴訟によらず実力によって解決(自力救済)しようとする故戦防戦が頻発するようになる。
- In the late medieval period, as the nation became unsettled, kosen bosen (offensive and defensive war) broke out frequently to resolve disputes over the boundaries of territories or the like by force (self-help) instead of by bringing them into court.
- これを不満とした宇合の長男藤原広嗣は、740年(天平12年)、真備らを除くことを名目に、九州で挙兵したが、敗死した(藤原広嗣の乱)。
- FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu, the oldest son of Umakai, was unhappy with such a situation, and raised an army in Kyushu in 740 with the pretext of removing Makibi et al, but was defeated and died (Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu).
- 第一条で「朝鮮は自主の邦にして、日本国と平等の権利を保有せり」とうたいながらも第十条で片務的領事裁判権を規定する不平等条約であった。
- Although the treaty stated that 'Korea is independent and has rights equal to Japan' in Article 1, but in effect was unequal according to Article 10 providing a one-sided consular jurisdiction in Article 10.
- 永祚 (日本)2年(989年)に兼家が、翌正暦2年(990年)に円融が相次いで死去し、円融即位直後の“親権者不在”の状況が再現した。
- Kaneie in 989, Enyu in 990 died consecutively and there was a situation of 'no guardian' similar to that immediately after Enyu's ascension to the throne.
- 13世紀中ごろから畿内などでの活動が活発であった悪党や、奥州での安東氏と蝦夷の対立など、政情不安に乗じてのものだとも考えられている。
- It is thought that the movement tried to take advantage of political unrest such as the akuto (people who rebelled against shoen owners and the government) that were active in the Kinki area, and the conflict between the Ando family and Ezo in Oshu around the middle of the 13th century.
- 上記の紅葉パラダイス、旅亭 紅葉のかつての運営主体の丸玉観光株式会社(京都市)はホテル改装と遊園地の不振などによる負債を抱えていた。
- Marutama Kanko in Kyoto City, the former operating company of the above-mentioned Koyo Paradise and Ryotei Koyo, was in debt due to the renovation of the hotel, the business depression of the amusement park, etc.
- しかし片側1車線が整備された区間と1.0車線の離合不可能な狭路の区間が断続的に繰り返し、急勾配や急カーブが連続する峠道となっている。
- Although, it is a slap with series of steep hills and sharp curves that well maintained sections with double lane and narrow sections at 1.0-lane wide, where a vehicle cannot pass an oncoming car, continue intermittently.
- 義満は度々義弘へ上洛を催促するが、「和泉、紀伊の守護職が剥奪される」「上洛したところを誅殺される」との噂が流れ、義弘を不安にさせた。
- Yoshimitsu repeatedly summoned Yoshihiro to the capital, but rumors had spread that 'You'll be deprived of your governorship (shugo) over Iwami and Kii' or even 'You'll be assassinated on the road to Kyoto,' and hearing these, Yoshihiro felt uneasy.
- 久保田藩(秋田藩)は同盟に参加したものの、なおも藩内の意見が不確定だったため、新政府側の鎮撫使総督と同盟側の使者の両者が訪れていた。
- Emissaries from both the allied forces and the governor general of the chinbushi in the new government were sent to the Kubota Domain (also called Akita Domain) because opinions within the domain were not monolithic even though it had joined the alliance.
- 毛利氏に攻められ、難攻不落と讃えられていた今の島根県安来市にあった月山富田城に篭城するが兵糧攻めにあい開城した(月山富田城の戦い)。
- Attacked by the Mori clan, the Amako clan holed up in Gassan Toda-jo Castle, which was praised as impregnable, in the current Yasuki City, Shimane Prefecture, but surrendered after starvation tactics by the Mori clan (Gassan Toda-jo no Tatakai (Battle of Gassan Toda-jo Castle)).
- 黒風暴は、寒冷前線の通過時などで大気が不安定になったときに、ダウンバーストやガストフロントなどの局地現象な突風をきっかけに発生する。
- When the atmosphere becomes unstable, for example, due to a passage of a cold front, a Kara Bran is generated triggered by a local gust, such as a downburst or a gust front.
- 天明3年(1783年)に浅間山が大噴火し、噴煙が長らく諸国の空を覆い、くわえて天候不順から東日本を中心として凶作が続くようになった。
- Fumes from the major eruption of Mt. Asama in 1783 hung over various districts for a prolonged period, which, being combined with unsettled weather, caused a long-lasting famine mainly in eastern Japan.
- 前首相の松方正義が自らの閣僚にも見放されて内閣を放り出すという事態は、8月2日に大命を受けた伊藤にも今後の政権運営に不安を抱かせた。
- The situation that the previous prime minister Masayoshi MATSUKATA gave up the Cabinet because he lost the support of the members of his own Cabinet also made ITO who received the imperial command on August 2, feel concern about future government management.
- 将門のこれまでの戦いは、あくまで一族との「私闘」であったが、この事件により不本意ながらも朝廷に対して反旗を翻すかたちになってしまう。
- The conflicts that Masakado had in the past were 'internal family conflicts', but now he was becoming a threat to the Imperial Court against his will.
- この頃、武蔵権守となった興世王は正式に受領として赴任してきた武蔵守百済貞連と不和になり、興世王は任地を離れて将門を頼るようになった。
- At that time, Prince Okiyo, who had become Musashi gon no kami (Provisional Governor of Musashi Province), was on bad terms with the Zuryo (Provincial Governor), KUDARA no Sadatsura; and so he left the place of his assignment and became a follower of Masakado.
- 元は租庸調として各国より特産品が実物の形で貢納されて中央で消費されていたが、その不足分を補うために行われた制度であると考えられている。
- Originally, specialty goods from each province were sent as Soyocho tithes to the central government and consumed there but it is considered that this system was established to make up a shortfall.
- 特に武士間の主従関係においては利害が如実であり、不利な戦況にある武門の棟梁の下から去り、敵対勢力への鞍替えをしたり、背く場合もあった。
- As the relationship between master and vassal among samurai was highly dependent on interests, at times vassals would abandon a Bumon no toryo, if and when they came under an unfavorable situation due to a war and changed loyalty to the opponent.
- 一方、ほとんどのアジア諸国で挫折ないし不可能だった近代化革命が、なぜ日本においてのみ成功したのかについても近年研究が盛んとなっている。
- In a recent historic study of Japan, the scholars try to identify the reason why only Japan's revolution to modernize the country succeeded, whereas most Asian countries failed to modernize, or found it impossible to modernize.
- 嵯峨にはすでに高津との間に生まれた皇子業良親王がいたが、業良は先天的に心身に重篤な障碍を負っており、皇位継承は不可能とみなされていた。
- Saga already had a son with Takatsu called Imperial Prince Nariyoshi, but Nariyoshi had a severe physical and mental congenital disability and was considered to have no possibility of attaining the throne.
- しかし、明治になってから永倉新八が残した回想録には、法度「禁令」という物があり ここには「私ノ闘争ヲ不許」を欠く4ヵ条が示されている。
- However, in the memoirs left by Shinpachi NAGAKURA in the Meiji era there is mention of a Hatto 'Prohibition,' consisting of 4 Articles, excluding 'One shall not be allowed to engage in a private battle.'
- 期待していた親類の細川幽斎、与力の筒井順慶ら近畿の有力大名の支持を得られなかったことが戦力不足につながり、敗因の一つであったと言える。
- It can be said that one of causes of his defeat was that he did not have sufficient military strength caused by his failure to acquire support from powerful warlord in the Kinki area such as Yusai HOSOKAWA, who was his relative, and Junkei TSUTSUI, who was a yoriki (warlord attached to another) to Mitsuhide.
- このような開発田地の所有者を開発領主というが、その土地所有は法的根拠に欠け、国衙に収公される可能性も高く、非常に不安定なものであった。
- Owners of these developed rice fields were called kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land) but their land ownership lacked legal basis and was so unstable that there was high possibility of the shuko by the kokuga.
- そうした私鋳銭ばかりでなく南宋の戦時貨や明銭自体も不良銭が混じるなど品質劣悪なものが普通だったため、これらを総称して「悪銭」といった。
- Not only Shichusen, but wartime coins of the Chinese Southern Sung Dynasty and Minsen (bronze coins produced during Ming Dynasty) mingled with poor quality coins and were usually of poor quality, therefore they were collectively called akusen.
- 既存の独占販売権、非課税権、不入権などの特権を持つ商工業者(市座、問屋など)を排除して自由取引市場をつくり、座を解散させるものである。
- Rakuichi-rakuza was the creation of free trade markets and the dissolution of guilds with the exclusion of preexisting merchants and tradesmen (market and trade guild system, wholesalers etc.) with special rights such as exclusive sales rights, non-taxation rights and the right to keep tax agents from entering one's property.
- 大石内蔵助が十二月十九日に寺井玄渓(浅野内匠頭の藩医だった人物)に送った書状によると、一番の働きをしたのは不破数右衛門であったという。
- It is said in the letter sent from Kuranosuke OISHI to Genkei TERAI (who used to be a domain doctor for Asano Takumi no Kami) on December 19 (old lunar calendar) that Kazuemon FUWA did the most impressive work.
- 国免荘における不輸の権は、国司辞任後の生活にそなえたものであり、多くは任期の末期に生じたが、次期の国司によって収公されることが多かった。
- As Fuyu no ken was for kokushi to prepare for life after retirement, the right was exercised more towards the end of his term, but in many cases what he had gained was confiscated by the incoming kokushi.
- ただし、負所の荘園領主は不作の年でも一定の得分を確保する特権を有する代わりに得分そのものが反別一斗程度と低く、下地支配権を持たなかった。
- However, while the lords of such Shoen had the privilege to gain a pre-fixed profit even in the year of poor harvest, such pre-fixed profit was low, itto (about 18L) per tan (an area), and they didn't have shitaji-shihaiken (the right to rule the land).
- 雑役免田の集積による雑役免型荘園(ぞうえきめんがたしょうえん)は、荘園としては未完成であり完全な不輸となる前の過渡的性格のものと言える。
- The collection of Zoeki Menden led to Zoekimengata Shoen and was a transient state of Shoen before complete exemption from tax.
- 政府が承認した不輸租田及び荘園は官省符荘のみであったから、荘園整理令の際には公験が揃っていない荘園(特に国免荘田)が整理の対象となった。
- Since the Kanshofu sho was the only fuyusoden and shoen with government approval, shoen without kugen submitted (especially, kokumen shoen) was eliminated for consolidation purposes when Manor Regulation Acts were issued.
- その後、長く不明になっていたが、江戸幕府の医家多紀元簡が紅葉山文庫より上下2巻全18編の古写本を発見して再び世に伝えられるようになった。
- Although it had been lost for a long time since then, an old manuscript of the two-volume dictionary composed of 18 chapters was dug up from the Momijiyama Library by Genkan TAKI, who served as a doctor in the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and it came to be handed down again to posterity.
- 貸し手の商人達から見れば大名貸は一種の不良債権であり返って来る見込みは薄くても名目上は資産として認められ、また社会的な地位ともなりえた。
- From the standpoint of merchants who lent money, daimyo-gashi was the nominal assets and the basis of their social status in spite of the fact that they were a kind of bad loan and their collectability was low.
- この遅陣は島津氏に対する豊臣政権の不信を招き、島津領内では豊臣政権の遣わした浅野長政や細川幽斎らによる徹底した検地が行われることになる。
- This delay in dispatching of troops increased the mistrust of the Toyotomi administration, and the thorough land survey in the territory of the Shimazu clan was carried out by Nagamasa ASANO and Yusai HOSOKAWA, who were sent by the administration.
- 1946年6月9日未明、パトロール中の七条警察署の巡査が、不審人物5人を発見し職務質問をしようとしたところ、中の1人から突然発砲された。
- A constable from the Shichijo Police station, who was making his rounds in the early hours of June 9, 1946, saw five suspicious people, and when he tried to question them, was shot by one of them.
- 事件後、その動機を追究された眉輪王は「臣元不求天位、唯報父仇而已」(私は皇位を狙ったのではない、ただ父の仇に報いただけだ)と答えている。
- When Prince Mayowa was pressed for his motive after the affair, he replied: 'I wasn't seeking the Imperial Throne, I was only avenging my father.'
- 作者は不明ながら、人物の表情や躍動感を軽妙な筆致で描いた絵巻の一大傑作であり、『鳥獣人物戯画』とともに、日本の漫画文化のルーツとされる。
- Although the authorship is unclear, this is a masterpiece of emaki, depicting people's faces and dynamic movements in a light and easy style, and along with 'Choju Jinbutsu Giga,' it is considered to be an origin of Japanese manga culture.
- 若シ期限内ニ履行セサルトキ若ハ之ヲ履行スルモ不充分ナルトキハ五百円以内ニ於テ指定シタル過料ニ処スルコトヲ予告シテ其ノ履行ヲ命スルコトヲ得
- Also, an administrative agency shall order to fulfill the duty by issuing an advance notice to the obligated party, who shall be imposed punishment of Karyo which is a specific amount of less than five hundred yen if the obligated party would not comply with the duty; the obligated party fail to execute the performance of duty by the designated time period; or obligated party's performance would not be sufficient enough to full fill the duty.'
- 荘園に対する収税についても守護使不入を勝ち得た荘園には介入の余地がなく、非合法で横領する他はこれらを支配下に組み入れることは困難であった。
- In terms of tax collection as well, taxes could not be collected from Shoen after they obtained the right of Shugoshi funyu (a right to reject the entrance of a Shugo) and they had no way to collect money without embezzling illegally.
- 明法道の試験は難関であったために弘仁4年(813年)には、6問以上正解者には不合格であっても国博士に任命される資格を得ることが認められた。
- Because the examination of Myohodo was difficult, in 813 unsuccessful applicants were still allowed to have the qualification to be appointed as Kunihakase (a teacher of local institute).
- ロシアでは、相次ぐ敗北と、それを含めた帝政に対する民衆の不満が増大し、1905年1月9日には血の日曜日事件 (1905年)が発生していた。
- In Russia, the successive defeats exacerbated popular dissatisfaction towards the Czarist regime, leading to the Bloody Sunday Incident on January 9th, 1905.
- 戦争遂行には膨大な物資の輸入が不可欠であり、日本銀行副総裁高橋是清は日本の勝算を低く見積もる当時の国際世論の下で戦費調達に非常に苦心した。
- It was critical to import a vast amount of resources to carry out war, and Korekiyo TAKAHASHI, the Deputy Governor of the Bank of Japan had difficulty in raising such funds because international opinion underestimated the prospects of a Japanese victory.
- そのため、四文銭を銅銭に復帰することとしたが、産出量の絶対的不足から生じた銅地金の高騰などから量目を減じた銅四文銭を発行することになった。
- Thus, shimonsen was changed to the original bronze coin, however, the price of copper rose due to a lack of production, so shisenmon coin was made with less copper.
- 憲法発布の勅語に「不磨ノ大典」とあったためか、1947年(昭和22年)の日本国憲法施行まで半世紀以上の間、一度も改正されることはなかった。
- Since the expression 'the constitution never worn thin' was used in the Imperial speech about the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the Constitution had not been modified for more than 50 years until it was replaced by the Constitution of Japan in 1947.
- 以後戦線は膠着し、日本軍は兵糧不足に陥り、明軍は数万匹の馬が餓死するなど、双方が兵站に苦しむこととなると、講和交渉が開始され休戦に入った。
- Afterward, the battle drew to a stalemate as both sides suffered from logistical problems; the Japanese forces ran out of provisions while the Ming lost hundreds of thousands of horses due to starvation, which led to the discussion of a peace treaty and then to a truce agreement.
- 1987年3月24日、京都地方検察庁は市長が古都税の和解について交渉した過程において利益誘導にあたる事実はないとして不起訴の決定を下した。
- March 24, 1987: The Kyoto District Public Prosecutors Office decided not to prosecute the mayor because of no evidence of handing out benefits to his electoral district during his negotiation for the settlement of the Old Capital Tax.
- この報告を聞いた織田信長は、「このよし聞食及ばれ、不便に思食され候といへども、侫人懲のため、人質御成敗の様子、山崎にて条々仰さる」とした。
- Hearing this report, Nobunaga ODA said, 'Having heard this, I feel a pity for them, but in order to punish sycophants, we should kill hostages in Yamazaki.'
- 毛利方は清水宗治に対して救援の不可能なことと、秀吉に降伏するべきという旨を伝えたが、宗治は自分の命を城とともにしたいとしてこれを拒否する。
- Mori told Muneharu SHIMIZU that they were unable to rescue him and that he should surrender to Hideyoshi, but Muneharu refused to accept it, saying he would share his fate with the castle.
- また、熊野詣それ自体の盛衰もあって、正確なルートが不明になっている区間があること、歴史的な変遷から生じた派生ルートの扱いなどの問題もある。
- In addition, with rise and decline in popularity of pilgrimages to Kumano Sanzan, adequate routes are left unclear in some districts, and how to treat the routes derived from historical changes is not fixed.
- この時点ですでに幕府は摂関家が分裂したのと同様に王家をも分裂させる意図を持っていたとも言われる(本郷和人)が、史料がなく真相は不明である。
- At this point, the regent family had already split within the bakufu, and it is said that there were intentions to split the Imperial family in the same way (Kazuto HONGO), but there are no historical documents to prove this and the truth is unknown.
- 11世紀中頃以後、不入の権 (日本)の拡大とともに一円支配が確立され、荘園内に居住するものは全て荘民として荘園領主に帰属されることになった。
- After the middle of the 11th century, together with the expansion of Funyu rights (Japan), Ichien shihai (reigning of whole regions) became established and all those who lived within a shoen were under the rule of the shoen landowner as shomin.
- 『孝経』は、焚書坑儒の煽りを受けて一時所在が不明となり、前漢に入って2種類の系統の本が再発見され、その字体から「古文」・「今文」と呼ばれた。
- 'Kokyo' had once disappeared as a result of the 'Burning of books and burying of scholars' in Ancient China; however, two editions were rediscovered during the Former Han period, and were called 'Kobun' and 'Kinbun,' respectively, due to their font style.
- 永正15年(1518年)8月、出雲国の尼子氏や安芸の武田氏などが不穏な動きを見せ、麾下の国人の離反も相次いだため、大内義興が周防に帰国する。
- In September of 1518, when threatening movements began showing in the Amago clan of Izumo Province and the Takeda clan of Aki Province, Yoshioki OUCHI returned home to Suo Province (modern day Yamaguchi Prefecture) due to the local lords under his command defecting one after another.
- 産業の未発達な発展途上国と比較して、人口一人当たりの温室効果排出量を議論するのはナンセンスであり、明らかに日本にとって不利な規定となっている
- It is nonsense to discuss the per capita emission amount of greenhouse gases of Japan by comparison with that of a developing country whose industry is immature, accordingly, the present regulations are unfair to Japan.
- そのため、欧化政策など日本が西洋と対等たらんとする様々な政策が行われたが、条約改正自体は半世紀におよぶ不断の努力を必要とした(→条約改正)。
- Because of this, although the government proceeded with various policies such as the Westernization policy in order to be equal to western countries, it took a half century to revise the unequal treaty.
- 同8年(1580年)閏3月に荒木村重の残党五名が山内に逃げ込み、これを察知した信長は7月に前田利家・不破光治を使者として高野山へ差し向けた。
- In April 1580, the five remnants of Murashige ARAKI escaped into Sannai (precincts of the temple) and Nobunaga who knew it sent Toshiie MAEDA and Mitsuharu FUWA to Koyasan as messengers in August.
- また、終戦直後より朝鮮人と対立していた的屋・博徒は、「不良在日外国人、七条署に押しかける」の報に接し、急遽500人が警察の応援に駆けつけた。
- Street vendors and gamblers who had been clashing with the Koreans since immediately after the end of the war learned that 'unlawful foreigners had forced their way into the Shichijo police station' and 500 of them rushed to the station to support the police.
- しかし叛乱に興福寺や園城寺などの有力寺院が与したことから、清盛は平氏にとって地勢的に不利な京都からの遷都を目指して福原京福原行幸を決行した。
- However, major temples such as the Kofuku-ji Temple and the Onjo-ji Temple had participated in the rebellion, so Kiyomori decided to have the Emperor visit Fukuhara with the aim of moving the capital from Kyoto, which would place the Taira clan at a geographic disadvantage.
- 最終的な政治裁可を下しうる治天・天皇の不在がこのまま続けば、京都の諸勢力(公家・幕府・守護)らの政治執行がすべて遅滞することになってしまう。
- Since the Chiten and Emperor, who would make the final political decision, were absent, the political administration of the various forces in Kyoto (kuge, bakufu, shugo) was delayed.
- 特に寺子屋の教師の中に自前の往来物を著す者が多かった事からその総数を把握する事が不可能に近いが、現存するものは約7,000種と言われている。
- It is almost impossible to have a grasp of the total number of oraimono as, in particular, many terakoya teachers tried to write their own oraimono, but existing ones are said to number about 7,000 kinds.
- 使節遵行(しせつじゅんぎょう)とは、中世日本において、不動産をめぐる訴訟(所領相論)に対し幕府が発した裁定を執行するための現地手続きをいう。
- Shisetsu jungyo was a on-site procedure to carry out a judgment which was handed down by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) on shoryo soron (litigation over real estate) in the medieval Japan.
- 孝徳天皇と中大兄皇子は不和となり、白雉4年(653年)に中大兄皇子が難波宮を引き払って飛鳥へ戻り、群臣もこれに従い、孝徳天皇は全く孤立した。
- The relationship between Emperor Kotoku and Naka no Oe no Oji became inharmonious. An incident happened where Naka no Oe no Oji left Naniwanomiya Palace and returned to Asuka, with a large number of the retainers following him and Emperor Kotoku being left in complete isolation.
- また、外記で天文密奏の資格も有した中原氏には諸道勘文を採録した「諸道勘文」200巻と「続諸道勘文」(巻数不明)が伝えられていたと言われている。
- It was said that 200 volumes of 'Shodo kanmon' (written reports by various scholars from Daigaku-ryo and Onmyo-ryo) and 'Zoku shodo kanmon' (its number of volumes is unclear) were inherited by the Nakahara clan, which had the qualification of Tenmon misso at Geki.
- この地位は河内源氏宗家断絶後も歴代征夷大将軍に継承され、承久の乱などの内乱や御家人の不祥事などで没収された所領や所職を接収して拡大していった。
- Even after the whole family line of the Kawachi Genji was destroyed, the position was taken over by the successive seii taishogun (barbarian-subduing generalissimo), which expanded its power by taking over the shoryo and various shiki (the right to use land and to share in the products of the land) which were confiscated in disturbances such as the Jokyu no ran (Jokyu disturbance; 1221) and in times of crisis and rebellion of gokenin.
- その一方で農業生産性の低い土地では、連作が不可能なために人為的に耕作と休耕を繰り返す土地利用も現れたこうした土地を片荒(かたあらし)と呼んだ。
- On the other hand, property with low agricultural productivity could not sustain continuous cropping and property that was deliberately cultivated on alternate years was called Kataarashi.
- 前者とすると院らの収入が少なすぎる上に任命された受領にとってのメリットも無くなるために後者であろうと考える説が有力であるが、詳細は不明である。
- According the to first theory, income to the recipients would have been too small and zuryo would not benefit from the system, so the second theory is more plausible, however the details are unknown.
- 自主規制が盛んになる前ではヤクザものや不良抗争ものの漫画・映画などでのフィクションでもケンカ相手に対して '百姓' と呼ぶシーンが散見された。
- Before self-restraints became popular, there were many scenes in fiction such as cartoons and films about mafia and conflicts between juvenile delinquents where the term 'hyakusho' is used to refer to someone whom he or she is fighting with.
- しかし大津城はもともと琵琶湖の水運を利用して美濃国、越前国方面から運ばれてくる物資を安全に保管するための城郭であり、攻防戦には不向きであった。
- However Otsu-jo Castle was not suitable for battles, because the castle was originally used for safely preserving materials transported from Mino Province or Echizen Province by the waters of Lake Biwa.
- また、建長年間(貞応と正嘉の間の時期)に押小路烏丸殿の施設が存在したかも不明であり、少なくても二条良実が押小路烏丸殿の主であった可能性は低い。
- Furthermore, there is a question as to whether the buildings of Oshikoji Karasumadono residence actually existed during the Kencho era (the period between the Joo era and Shoka era), and as such, the possibility that Yoshizane NIJO was the lord of Oshikoji Karasumadono is small.
- そのため戦場での功績は少なかったものの、五奉行の一人で文吏として政権中枢で権力を振るっていた石田三成らに対し、不満を持つようになったのである。
- Because of this, they had complaints about people like Mitsunari ISHIDA who did not make many contributions in the battle fields but became one of the Gobugyo (five major magistrates) and seized power as a civil servant.
- ここに秀長の本隊が救援にきたが、状況を見た軍監の尾藤知宣は救援は不可能、島津の軍に当たるべからずと秀長に進言し、秀長は救援の中止を受け入れた。
- Then the main force of Hidenaga arrived to relieve the allies, but seeing the situation, Tomonobu BITO, who was a gungen (assistant deputy general), figured that relief was difficult and advised Hidenaga not to become engaged with the Shimazu army, to which Hidenaga followed.
- 特に、家康がその武勇を恐れていた立花宗茂が関ヶ原の本戦に参加できなかったということは、家康にとっては幸運であり、西軍にとっては不運でもあった。
- The lack of participation by Muneshige TACHIBANA at Sekigahara was especially lucky for Ieyasu and unlucky for the West squad because Ieyasu feared Muneshige's gallantry in action.
- また、事務引継ぎが不調に終わった場合、解由状の代わりに不与解由状(ふよげゆじょう)を発給することとし、勘解由使の勘判に委ねることが定められた。
- Regulations also covered when it was impossible to accept a description of matters necessary for continuing the office duties, in such case, the successor should issue a fuyogeyujo (literally, not giving a geyujo) instead of a geyujo, and the kageyushi should judge the situation.
- 養老5年(721年)に「節を制し度を謹しみ、奢侈を禁防するは、政を為すに先とする所にして百王不易の道なり」と唱えて位階に応じて蓄馬を規制した。
- In 721, raising horses was regulated according to rank by stating that 'exercising abstention and moderation and prohibiting luxury are the first things for governance and the way how a king keeps his strong authority.'
- 8世紀後期頃から始まった古代の戸籍制度の崩壊は、平安時代に入っても止まらず、平安時代中期には、国家による直接の人民支配はもはや不可能になった。
- The collapse of the ancient family registration that had begun in the end 8th century did not stop in the early Heian period and the direct control of people by the central government became impossible in the mid Heian period.
- 更に当時の政情不安から信仰に救いを求めた人々からの金銭などの寄進が相次いだこと、同様の理由で防備が頑丈な寺院の倉庫に財物を預ける人々も多かった。
- In addition, due to political instability, a flurry of donations came in from people turning to religion and entrusting their properties to secure, well-built temple warehouses.
- 雑役免田は定免田化されると給主の権利が強まり、官物の不輸や国使入部を拒否する不入権を獲得することで、給主の一円支配を認めた荘園に転化していった。
- The Jyomenden of Zoeki Menden strengthened the rights of the Kyunushi and led to the Funyuken (right to refusal of entry of Kokushi), or exemption of tax, changing into the overall control of the Kyunushu of Shoen.
- この間の1年間に弟の後亀山天皇への譲位が行われたと推定する事が出来、事跡に不明な点が多いとされる同天皇の活動について知る貴重な史料となっている。
- It is presumed that Emperor Chokei abdicated the throne to his younger brother Emperor Gokameyama during the same year, making this knowledge valuable historical material showing the activities of the Emperor with many unclear records.
- この時代の初め、藤原鎌足の息子藤原不比等があらわれて政権をにぎり、律令制度の確立に力を尽くすとともに、皇室に接近して藤原氏発展の基礎をかためた。
- At the beginning of this era, FUJIWARA no Fuhito, son of FUJIWARA no Kamatari, grasped the reins of government and devoted himself to establishing the ritsuryo system and strengthening the foundation of Fujiwara clan expansion through links to the Imperial Family.
- しかし京都市警察はこれを「不法デモ」とみなし午後4時45分頃デモ隊の渡橋を阻止したため、学生ともみ合いになり橋の南側欄干(当時は木製)が倒れた。
- At about 4:45, on the bridge, the march was stopped by the Kyoto City Police which regarded the march as an illegal demonstration, then a clash occurred, it turned into a tussle, and the south rail of the bridge (wooden rails at that time) broke and fell down.
- 山口茶屋の屋敷跡の二次林には海岸性のタブノキやカクレミノが見られるが、これが鳥によって運ばれたものなのか住人が持ち込んだものなのかは不明である。
- In secondary forest at the remains of Yamaguchi-jaya Teahouse, there grow tabunoki (machilus thunbergii) and kakuremino (dendropanax trifidus) which usually grow on a seashore, and it is unknown whether they were brought by birds or residents.
- こうした変化に対応できた守護もしくは守護を放伐した守護代・国人らは、守護不入権などを否認して強力かつ一元的に領国を支配する戦国大名へと成長した。
- Denying various disadvantageous terms such as the right of shugo-funyu, shugo that had successfully coped with these changes, as well as shugo-dai and kokujin that had ousted shugo, grew into Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period [period of warring states]) controlling their territories strongly and uniformly.
- さらに国衙と給主(寺社・貴族)は官物・雑役を分け合う体制(半不輸)だったため、国衙に検田権があり給主の立場は不安定だった(当然、不入権もない)。
- Furthermore, kokugas and landlords (temples, shrines, and aristocrats) shared kanmotsu and zatsueki as a system (half tax exemption) and kokuga had the right of cadastral surveys and so the status of the landlords was unstable (naturally, they did not have funyu no ken (the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property)).
- 婆娑羅など幾つかの漢字表記があり、梵語(サンスクリット語)で「vajra 金剛石(ダイアモンド)」を意味するが、意味の転化は不明であるとされる。
- Although the word is rendered in Chinese characters in several versions, such as '婆娑羅', and 'vajra' in Sanskrit refers to diamond, it is not known as to how the meaning of the word was transformed as it was used in medieval Japan.
- 景気の悪化など大きな不安要素はあったものの、5月に行われた第10回衆議院議員総選挙で、与党政友会が歴史的大勝を果たした矢先の退陣は憶測を呼んだ。
- Although there were certain disturbing elements such as economic downturn in those days, the resignation prompted a flurry of speculation because the cabinet was dissolved shortly after the ruling Seiyu Party won the tenth general election of the House of Representative in May with a historic landslide victory.
- 1876年、不換紙幣の発行も認められるようになると急増し、1879年までに153の国立銀行が開設された(これ以降は設立許可は認められなかった)。
- When the issue of inconvertible paper currency was permitted in 1876, the National Banks increased sharply, and 153 National Banks were established until 1879 (no charter was approved after that).
- ここでの常陸、上総の介は慣習上の長官という意味か、新皇直轄という意味か、将門記の記載のとおり朝廷には二心がなかったという意味なのかは不明である。
- It is not clear as to whether the Hitachi no suke, and the Kazusa no suke were under the customary control of the director general of these provinces, whether they were under the direct control of the New Emperor, or whether Masakado did not go aganst the system of the Imperial Court as described in the 'Shomonki (The Chronicle of Masakado).
- 本書の執筆年代は不明であるが、動機の1つとして安和の変の際にともに大宰府に送られた息子源俊賢に有職故実を伝授するために執筆されたとする見方もある。
- It is not known when the book was written, but some people say that one of the motivations to write it was to initiate Yusoku kojitsu to his son MINAMOTO no Toshikata who had been sent to Dazai-fu with him during the Anwa Incident.
- 契約が満了すれば、契約書なども不要となって廃棄されるため遺存している物が少ないが、契約期間は10年もしくは20年が多く、30年・50年の例もある。
- Since the actual documents of such contrasts became useless after their expiration, most of them were destroyed and consequently the surviving examples are very few, but it seems 10- or 20-year contracts were the most common, with a few examples of 30- or even 50-year contracts.
- それでも不足したために院宮分国制の導入や年爵で推挙できる位階の引き上げ(院政期には公卿である従三位まで推挙可能となる)なども行われるようになった。
- Still, due to the insufficient revenue, Ingu bunkoku sei (provincial allotment system) was introduced and ikai (Court rank) was raised (up to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) for Court nobles during insei period (period of the government by the retired Emperor)).
- しかし、この中には現在でも地域間対立や地理的要件の不一致などの問題を孕んでおり名目上は一つの県でありながら、実質上は別の県という地域が少なくない。
- However, some of the newly created prefectures still have problems in regional confrontation and geographic inconsistencies to this day, and there are cases where a prefecture is actually divided into two regions.
- 丹後国加佐郡寺社町在旧起においては「蛇島城主光孝天皇二十九代末孫下志万七郎右衛門助景丹波国何鹿郡志万庄より当国に来る時代不知。」という記述もある。
- In the record of 'Zaikyu-ki of Jisha-machi, Kasa County, Tango Province,' there was a description that Shichiroemon Sukekage SHIMOJIMA, the 29th descendant of the Emperor Koko, the lord of the Hebishima Castle came to this province from Shima no sho, Ikaruga County, Tanba Province, but when he came remained unknown.
- 当時、武士身分の領地所有は不安定であって頼朝軍への急速な武士の集結の背景には、武士による権利確立への強い希求があったのではないかと考えられている。
- In those times, the ownership of land by members of the warrior class was uncertain and it is suggested that the reason for the rapid gathering of bushi under Yoritomo's troops was because there was a strong wish for a government controlled by bushi.
- また新道の江文バイパスは原動機付自転車および軽車両は通行不可なので、こちらの旧道へ迂回する必要があり、その点でも旧道としては交通量の多い峠である。
- Since the new Ebumi Bypass is banned for motorbikes and light vehicles, and those vehicles take detour to the old road, the pass has a lot of traffic for an old road.
- 室町幕府の2代将軍足利義詮の頃には守護同士が対立し、執事の細川清氏などは失脚した後に吉野朝廷に属して京都を奪還するなど幕政は不安定な状態にあった。
- During the reign of the Muromachi Shogunate's second Shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, a conflict had arisen among the group of shugo (Protectors), and after such men as the steward Kiyouji HOSOKAWA were driven out of power, they defected to the Southern Court at Yoshino, who managed to recapture Kyoto, which left the shogunate in a very unstable position.
- また、高取城は江戸時代を通じてもめずらしい山城であったため、交通に不便で寛永末期から藩主・家臣団の移転が始まり、城には城番が置かれるだけであった。
- Also, as the Takatori-jo Castle was a Yamajiro (a castle built on a mountain to take advantage of the mountain's topography) which was uncommon during the Edo period and inconvenient to access, the domain lords and vassals began to relocate in the end of Kanei era (1624 - 1643) and only Joban was placed in the castle.
- 大坂の征討大将軍仁和寺宮の陣に合流を目指したが上手くいかず、更に「親兵組」と称し御親兵として御所警衛にあたることに拘ったが最後まで不調のまま終った。
- The Eastern Company aimed to join forces with the army of Prince Ninnajinomiya, the Seito Taishogun (the supreme commander temporarily appointed to destroy the shogunate), at Osaka, but their attempts to do so did not succeed; moreover, they acquired the nickname the 'Shinpeigumi' (Company of Imperial Soldiers) and tried to attain the role of guarding the palace as imperial guardsmen, but the fighting ended before they ever organized themselves into an effective unit.
- その結果36人余の集団となった壬生浪士組は、京都守護職・松平容保より、主に尊攘激派(勤王倒幕)浪士達による不逞行為の取り締まりと市中警護を任された。
- As a result, Mibu Roshi-gumi became a group of about 36 men, and was assigned by Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Kyoto Shugoshoku, to control lawless acts by Sonno-joi extremists (loyalists aiming for overthrow of the shogunate), and guard in the city of Kyoto.
- ただ、現実には百姓層の階層分化が著しく進んでおり律令制的な人別支配はもはや不可能な段階に至っていたため、延喜の治は必ずしも成功したとは言えなかった。
- However, in reality, Engi no chi was not necessarily successful as the rank differentiation of the farmer class was significantly accelerated so, the rule over people based on the Ritsuryo system had reached the stage no longer being possible.
- 唐律令の「十悪」を元にしているが、「不睦」(家庭不和)「内乱」(一族を乱す犯罪、特に不倫、近親相姦など。現在の内乱と意味は異なる)2つを除いている。
- It is based on 'Juaku' (ten evils) in the Tang Ritsuryo Code, but 'Fuboku' (family trouble) and 'Nairan' (crimes that disturb the family, particularly adultery, incest etc.; the meaning is different from that of today) were excluded.
- 陀羅尼を版(木製か金属製かは不明)に凸状に彫り、その上に幅4.5cm、長さ15cm~50cmの虫食い防止のために黄檗で染められた紙を載せて印刷した。
- By convexly carving the Dharanis on a plate (whether the plate was of wood or metal is unclear), they were printed by casting a paper dyed from a Phellodendron amurense tree on top with a width of 4.5 cm and a length extending from 15 - 50 cm to prevent vermiculation.
- 検田の語も早い時期から行われていたと考えられているが、現存最古の記録は天平9年(737年)作成の豊後国正税帳にある「壱度検田不熟」の文言とされている。
- Although the word kenden was believed to have been used from an early period, the oldest extant record is considered to be that in 'ichido kenden fujuku' (壱度検田不熟, Kenden weren't doing well at first) described in the shozeicho (local financial records) of Bungo Province made in 737.
- 中でも石見銀山産出の銀で作られた、石州銀(ソーマ銀)(佐摩)は良質で量的にも潤沢であったが、銀産地による品位のバラつきは取引上甚だ不便なものであった。
- Among them, Sekishu silver coin (Soma Silver) (from Sama), which was made of silver produced in Iwami silver mine, was in high quality and abundant; however, the quality in general was inconsistent according to mines, causing quite inconvenience in trade.
- 「及川・笈川」(おひかは)に似た姓としては、追川氏・生川氏があり、これらは当て字の違いにすぎず同系なのか、あるいはまったく別の姓なのか詳細不明である。
- As the names that are similar to '及川 and 笈川' (OHIKAWA), there are 追川氏 and 生川氏, but it is not well known whether they are just phonetic equivalents, related or totally different names.
- これには朝廷内部でも不満を持つものが多く、嘉応2年(1170年)には摂政・松殿基房と平重盛との間で暴力沙汰に発展した紛争が起きている(殿下乗合事件)。
- This state of affairs had aroused resentment among many within the imperial court, until in 1170, the conflict between the Regent Motofusa MATSUDONO and TAIRA no Shigemori escalated into violence (the 'Riding together in His Highness's Carriage' incident).
- そうなると、人民一人ひとりを収取(課税・徴税)単位としていた人別支配はもはや不可能となり、政府や支配層にとって別の支配体制を構築する必要が生じていた。
- Under such circumstances, controlling each member of the community by imposing and collecting taxes was no longer possible, and the government and the ruling class were becoming aware of the necessity for a new control system.
- 凶作(前年からの天候不順)、流行病(三日病)、将軍の代替わり(足利義持から足利義教へ)などの社会不安が高まる中、近江国坂本や大津の馬借が徳政を求める。
- With growing social unrest, such as poor harvest (unseasonable weather from the previous year), epidemic (mikka-yami (three-day disease)), and replacement of the shogun (from Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA to Yoshinori ASHIKAGA), bashaku (shipping agents who used horses) in Sakamoto of Omi Province and Otsu demanded debt cancellation.
- それには十分な正貨準備が不可欠であったが、実際には、藩札発行で得られる実通貨の納庫を目論み、これによって藩の財政難の解消を試みる場合がしばしばあった。
- Such issuance was supposed to be based on a sufficient amount of standard coins retained by the domain, but actually, in most cases, domains tried to collect as many circulating coins as possible in exchange for issued han bills for the purpose of improving their financial situation.
- 喜田はこの論文で『日本書紀』改刪説を批判して、不必要な天武天皇2年の太歳を削り忘れ、必要な太歳壬申を誤って削るという二重の不手際はありえないと論じた。
- Kida criticized the 'Chronicles of Japan' falsifying theory in this thesis and argued that double mistakes could not be made at the same time: the unnecessary tai sui in the second year of Emperor Tenmu was not deleted and the necessary tai sui Jinshin was deleted erroneously.
- 当初の受刑者には、西南戦争などで捕縛された不平士族、後年には加波山事件や秩父事件などに参画して逮捕された者など、思想犯的な傾向を持つ収容者も多かった。
- Many of the first inmates at the Shujikan tended to have been imprisoned for ideological offenses; these inmates included fuhei shizoku (discontented former samurai) who had been captured during the Seinan War, and in later years, those who had been arrested due to their participation in the Kabasan Incident, the Chichibu Incident, and so on.
- これに対して田租を納め無い田を不輸租田と呼ぶ(ただし、いずれにも属しない輸地子田(乗田・無主田・収公田など田租の替わりに地子を納める田地)も存在する)。
- On the other hand, rice fields which were exempted from denso were called fuyusoden (provided that rice fields which didn't belong either of the above two categories called yujishiden (such as joden, mushuden and shukoden on which jishi (land tax) was imposed instead of denso) also existed).
- 秀次は将来に不安を抱き、京都などで辻斬り(一般人を殺傷する事件、盲目の人間を故なく殺害したとされる)などを起こし「殺生関白」という悪名を広めたとされる。
- Hidetsugu, who was frightened for his own future, caused incidents of tsujikiri (killing ordinary people in the street to test a new sword; it is said that he killed a blind person without a reason) in Kyoto and other places, and the incidents labeled him as 'Sessho Kanpaku' (Killer-Kanpaku).
- 多くの有力寺社は京都など政治の中枢から遠くない場所にありながら、政治的中立、軍事的不可侵に守られて商工業や金融の拠点として強い経済力を持つようになった。
- Many influential temples and shrines came to have a strong economic power as the base of merchants, traders and finance, because they were guarded by political neutrality and nonaggression although they were located in not so far places from the center of politics such as Kyoto.
- もっとも町人から侮辱を受けたまま何もせずにいたところを朋輩に見られた場合、今度は「臆病者」との謗りを受け、これまた「士道不覚悟」で罰せられることになる。
- When a warrior was seen insulted by a townsman without doing anything about it by his colleague(s), the warrior was denounced as 'a coward' and was punished as 'not having the samurai spirit.'
- いずれも租税免除を目的とした動きであり、不輸権だけでなく、不入権(田地調査のため中央から派遣される検田使の立ち入りを認めない権利)を得る荘園も出現した。
- The moves were for the purpose of tax exemption and the shoens which had not only the right of tax exemption but also funyu no ken (the right to keep kendenshi (investigator of a rice field), who were sent from the central government for the survey of rice field, from entering the property) also appeared.
- 経済状況の変化にともなって荘園経済は相当な発展を見せたが、それでも中世後期に至るまで、荘園が全く存在しないか、不完全でしか存在しない地域が残存し続けた。
- With the change of economical situations, the shoen's economy dramatically developed, but until the late medieval period, some regions had continued to remain where shoens had not existed at all or only partially.
- しかいながら、偽使(守護大名や国人が将軍の名前を詐称して勝手に交渉すること)の横行や日朝貿易の不振により、必要性が減殺したためだと説明されることもある。
- However, it was also explained that the envoys were not dispatched, because gishi actions (the actions in which shugo daimyo or kokujin negotiated with the Korean side using the name of shogun without getting permission) were rampant and because such a mission became unnecessary since trade between the two nations had became sluggish.
- しかしこうして10世紀後期以降、受領と田堵負名層との間に紛争がしばしば見られるようになり、受領の施策に不満の田堵負名層が中央政府へ訴え出ることもあった。
- However, from the late 10th century and onwards, there were frequent conflicts between the zuryo and the tato fumyo, and in some cases, the tato fumyo appealed to the central government about measures taken by the zuryo.
- 内蔵助がお家再興を第一とし、討ち入りを引き伸ばして家臣に不評を買った点から、「初め内蔵助には討ち入りを行う意図は無かったのではないか」という推測もある。
- Some speculate that since Kura no Suke's primary focus was the restoration of the Asano family and received criticism from other retainers about extending the raid, 'To make the raid was not a part of Oishi's intention at first.'
- 後醍醐と不和になっていた邦良は、正中の変以後、後醍醐を早期に譲位させるようたびたび幕府に請願していたが、正中4年(1326年)に急死してしまう(27歳)。
- Kuniyoshi was not on friendly terms with Godaigo and since the Seichu Incident, he had appealed to the bakufu to have Godaigo abdicate as soon as possible, but he died suddenly in 1326 (at age 27).
- そのため、中国北部や西部では、砂漠化しやすい土地でありながら、農耕や牧畜を従来の移動型から土地への負荷(水不足のリスク)が大きい定着型へと変えてしまった。
- Therefore, in the northern part and western part of China, the way of farming and livestock-farming has been changed from the moving type to the stationary type, though use of the stationary type is likely to change areas in these parts into desert.
- また、振り手形(現在の小切手に相当)の形式で、発行藩及び取引先両替商の信用の元で不特定多数に流通できるよう藩札用の小型で厚手の和紙で作製したものもあった。
- Moreover, some han bills were used as a form of furi-tegata (equivalent to a modern cheque), which were made from small thick Japanese paper to be circulated among the general public under the credibility of issuers (domains) or money-exchangers.
- 年次不明(元徳元年(1329年)説が有力)の前執権北条貞顕の息子北条貞将(六波羅探題)宛て書状に、翌春に高徳院造営料唐船が渡宋する予定であると書かれている。
- A letter sent to Sadayuki HOJO (Rokuhara Tandai [an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto]), a son of the regent, Sadaaki HOJO at an unknown date (1329 is the widely-accepted theory) says that Kotoku-in zoeiryotosen (a group of traveling vessels that were dispatched to the Yuan dynasty in order to make profits to cover the costs of repair and construction of Kotoku-in Temple) was scheduled to travel to Sung in the following year.
- しかし、泰時が確立した集団指導体制・明確な法令による司法体制は、個人的な資質などの不安定な要素に左右されることはなく、安定した政治結果を生み出すものだった。
- However, the judicial system by collective leadership system and clear codes established by Yasutoki was not determined by unstable factors such as a personal character, and gave rise to stable political results.
- そして、1297年(永仁5)、大彗星が現れると世相に不安が拡がり、当時の徳政観念に従って、貞時は、財物を元の持ち主へ無償で帰属させる永仁の徳政令を発布した。
- When a large comet appeared in 1297, anxiety spread across society, and, according to the Tokusei concept of the time, Sadatoki issued the Einin no Tokuseirei (a debt cancellation order) by which properties had to be returned to the original owner without compensation.
- しかし、荘園が成立して不輸の権 (日本)・不入の権 (日本)が確立されると、官司の役人及び法的権限が荘園から排除されて代わりに本所が司法・行政権を獲得した。
- However, as Fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption) and Funyu no ken (the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property) were established upon the formation of Shoen, the government officials and their legal authorities were excluded from the Shoen and the honjo acquired the judicial and administrative rights instead.
- 複数の個人や法人等が講等の組織に加盟して、一定又は変動した金品を定期又は不定期に講等に対して払い込み、利息の額で競合う競りや抽選によって金品の給付を受ける。
- More than one person, corporation, and others join an organization called Ko and others and pay for certain or fluctuated money and goods regularly or irregularly to Ko and others, and thereby they will be provided money and goods by auction competing with the sum of interest.
- 「侫人」(ねいじん)とは荒木村重や約束を守らない荒木久左衛門らを指しており、不便と思いながらも「荒木一族は武道人にあらず」と人質全員を処刑するように命じた。
- Sycophants' means Murashige ARAKI, Kyuzaemon ARAKI who did not keep his word, and so on, and although he felt pity, he ordered to execute all hostages telling 'Araki family are not samurai.'
- 詳細については不明な点が多く、租庸調と並び基本的な税目とであったとする説と基本的な労役は租庸調とは別系統である差科(職役などが代表例)であるとする説がある。
- Many details remain to be clarified, and there are two theories about the zatsuyo (zoyo): one is that the zatsuyo as well as the soyocho (a tax system under the kinden system, or the equal-field system) was a basic tax; the other maintains that the labor to the government was basically provided in the form of the saka (labor allocated by rank, 差科), a major example of which was the shokueki (職役), or the transport of goods), being a different tax system from the soyocho.
- ちなみに長清以来の歴代藩主が陣屋の移転にこだわったのは、戒重が年貢収納に不便な土地だったのに対し、芝村(岩田村)が藩領の中心地で何かと便利だったためである。
- The reason why successive lords of the domain since Nagakiyo were particular about a move of the jinya is that Shiba Village (Iwata Village) was located in the center of the territory and convenient for doing anything; whereas Kaiju is an inconvenient place to collect land tax.
- 鎌倉公方足利持氏と関東管領上杉憲実の不和から始まり、持氏の遺児である春王・安王の処刑に至るまでの永享の乱・結城合戦の顛末を真字(漢文)体で実録的に記している。
- It records the events of the Eikyo Rebellion and Yuki Battle in Mana (Chinese characters) starting with the dispute between Kamakura kubo Mochiuji ASHIKAGA and Kanto kanrei (shogunal deputy for the Kanto region) Akimitsu UESUGI, and ends with the execution of Mochiuji's remaining children, Shuno and Ano,
- しかし、幕府の有力者たちは、若年の頼家に政務を任せることに不安を抱き、有力御家人が頼家に代わって裁判と政務を執行する十三人の合議制と呼ばれる政治体制を築いた。
- However, the powerful individuals within the bakufu were anxious about entrusting government practices to Yoriie at such a young age and therefore senior vassals established a governing system called the 13-person parliamentary system which was in charge of court and government affairs instead of Yoriie.
- 更に土一揆によって徳政令が出された場合には、幕府は土倉役の徴収を停止しなければならず、幕府に欠く事の出来ない財政収入でありながら不安定さとも隣り合わせていた。
- When Tokuseirei (ordering return of land sold and dissolution of debts) was issued due to a peasant uprising, the bakufu had to suspend the collection of dosoyaku, making it an unstable form of revenue even though it was an indispensable form of income.
- その後、千葉常胤と源義朝の間でどういう決着を見たのかは不明であるが、保元の乱では千葉常胤は源義朝の率いる関東の兵の中に、上総介常澄の子広常とともに名が見える。
- It is unknown how Tsunetane CHIBA and MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo were settled thereafter, but Tsunetane CHIBA's name appears, together with Kazusa no suke Tsunezumi's son Hirotsune, in the Kanto forces led by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo in the Hogen War.
- なおこの頃、政情不安や物価の高騰による生活苦などから「世直し一揆」や打ちこわしが頻発し、また社会現象として「ええじゃないか」なる奇妙な流行が広範囲で見られた。
- Due to the political instability and the inflated prices of goods in the market, many radical actions, such as 'reform riots' and destructive urban riots, occurred, and 'Eejanaika', an unusual movement consisting of religious celebrations and communal activities, was seen in many parts of the country.
- 中には義政側近でありながら武田信賢との確執から西軍に奔った一色義直や六角高頼・土岐成頼のように成り行き的に参加したものも多く、その統率には不安が残されていた。
- Many of the latter's associates including Yoshinao ISSHIKI had taken part in it on account of discord with Nobukata TAKEDA in spite of their being aides to Yoshimasa or out of not-so-relevant circumstances, such as Takayori ROKKAKU and Shigeyori TOKI, leaving uncertainty about their obedience to leadership.
- また、田堵の側にとっても、権利関係が不安定なままで田地経営を行うよりも、国司の公認を得て、安定した権利関係の上で田地を経営することには大きなメリットがあった。
- The system, which gave tato farmers the official right to cultivate land with the acknowledgement of territorial governors, also brought considerable advantages to these farmers, who had had to maintain their land in unstable social relationships.
- これに対して幕府は米1,500俵を京都市民への放出を決定、法度違反に関しては事態の深刻さから天皇や関白が行動を起こしたのももっともな事であるとして不問とした。
- In response to that, the bakufu decided to release 1,500 hyo (bales) of rice to the Kyoto citizen and to overlook the violation of the regulations as the act by the Emperor and the Kanpaku could be considered justifiable due to the serious situation.
- だが、こうした姿勢に貴族院の他会派からは「権力志向」と看做され、研究会の膨張に不満を抱く茶話会・同成会・公正会が連携してこれに対抗する姿勢を見せた(幸三派)。
- However, such an attitude was seen as 'power oriented' by other groups, and Sawakai, Doseikai and Koseikai, which were dissatisfied with the expansion of Kenkyukai, cooperated to counter it.
- 内容は公方管領の不和から春王・安王の処刑後に乳人らが出家するところまでで、永享の乱の部分は『鎌倉持氏記』、結城合戦の部分は『結城戦場記』がもとになったとされる。
- The contents cover the time from discord of the kubo and kanrei to the point when the wet nurses of Shuno and Ano become nuns after the brothers' execution and it is suggested that the Eikyo Rebellion part was based on 'Kamakura Mochiuji ki' and the Yuki Battle part was based on 'Yukisenjo ki.'
- また国内で、脚気患者の大量発生と軍医不足という悲惨な状況が知られはじめると、陸軍衛生部さらに大本営の大本営組織、小池正直(陸軍省医務局)に対する批判が高まった。
- The Medical Department of the Army, Imperial Headquarters Executive Command, and Masanao KOIKE (Medical Affairs Bureau of Ministry of Army) came under increasing criticism when tragic news of the beriberi epidemic and the shortage of army surgeons became known in Japan.
- それまで都城を領していた北郷氏は北郷忠能が幼少であったことと、朝鮮出兵で軍役の不足があったこともあり、祁答院へ移され石高も6万9千石から3万7千石へ減らされた。
- The Hokugo clan originally held Miyakonojo, but since Tadayoshi HOKUGO was underage and there weren't enough soldiers for the invasion of Korea, the clan was transferred to Kedoin and the size of its territory was reduced to 37,000 from 69,000 koku.
- 補給路を断つためか、烽火城を潰すためかは不明だが、『信長公記』によると、「御断わりも申し上げず曲事」と織田信長は激怒し兵を六甲山中や神呪寺城、鷲林寺城に向けた。
- It is not known whether it was for blocking the supply route or destroying castles for signal fire, but, according to 'Shinchoko-ki,' Nobunaga ODA got angry and said 'It is an outrageous thing to do the act without permission' and sent troops to Rokko mountains, Kannoji-jo Castle and Jurinji-jo Castle.
- 江戸時代末期になり、諸外国が幕府に開国を求めると、尊皇攘夷などの運動が盛んとなり、政情不安の中で、十五代将軍の徳川慶喜は大政奉還を行い、武家政権は終焉を迎えた。
- At the end of the Edo period, as many foreign countries requested the bakufu to open the nation to the world, movements such as Sonno Joi (slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners), and yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, the 15th Shogun, implemented Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) under the unstable political situation, resulting in the end of the military government.
- なお、親王任国においては、太守の俸禄は太守の収入に、その他の料物については無品親王(官職に就けない内親王含む)に与えられたと考えられているが、詳細は不明である。
- Although it is believed that Taishu of Shinno-ningoku received their salary but gave other revenues to Muhon-Shinno (Imperial prince without court rank) (inclusive of Imperial Princesses without official position), the details are not clear.
- また、上意討ち・無礼打ちに理不尽を感じた者は、両者にどのような身分差があれど(たとえ上司であっても)、脇差でならたとえ殺すことになっても刃向かうことも許された。
- Any person who felt Joiuchi (kill of offender) or Bureiuchi (kill of dishonor) outrageousness was allowed to fight against or even kill his enemy using a short sword however overcoming their status distinctions were (even the enemy was his superior).
- 倭寇の中心的活動の一つで拠点であった前期倭寇当時の朝鮮半島は李氏朝鮮が成立直後であった事もあり、自立的な治安維持能力が不足し倭寇活動を抑制する事が困難であった。
- During the days of the early Wako, the Korean peninsula was not only one of the Wako's principal targets, but also their base of operations, and because the Joseon dynasty had only just been established in Korea, the new government lacked the independent ability to preserve peace, making it extremely difficult for them to suppress Wako pirate activity.
- (事件とは、)朝鮮人か恒居倭か正体不明な海賊を恒居倭だと決め付け、見せしめに倭館の前に首を晒す、あるいは無実の日本人が海賊と間違われて斬られる、(などである。)
- The incidents which triggered this outburst of anger were, for example, the incident that the hensho insisted that some pirates who might or might not be kokyowa were definitely kokyowa and displayed their heads in front of the wakan as a warning, and the incident that ordinary Japanese people were killed on a false charge of pirates.
- しかし、北海道では開拓事業や九州の炭鉱労働(三池集治監の三井三池炭鉱)の現場では労働力不足を穴埋めするように一般労働者を監禁して酷使するタコ部屋労働が発展した。
- However, in land reclamation projects in Hokkaido and at the labor site of coal mines in Kyushu (the Mitsui Miike coal mine in relation with Miike Shujikan), Takobeya (labor camp) Rodo, a form of labor under which general workers were placed in confinement and exploited to make up for the shortage of workforce, developed.
- だが、応仁・文明の乱により散逸した物や諸大名に下賜されたり、幕府財政難のために土倉に売却されるなどして、地方に移ったものやそのまま行方不明になった物も少なくない。
- However, quite a few works were moved to various provinces or gone missing, because they were scattered and ultimately lost during the Onin-Bunmei Wars, given away to territorial lords, or sold to doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) due to the economic difficulties of the bakufu.
- 特に11月13日付で「天皇への無礼と京大の責任」なる論説を掲載した京都新聞を初めとして新聞は学生側を強く非難し、常軌を逸した「不敬罪」であるかのように書き立てた。
- Especially, newspapers strongly condemned students as if they committed 'lese majesty,' including Kyoto Shimbun which posted the article 'Disrespect for the Emperor and Kyoto University's responsibility' on November 13.
- 境内最奥に、高さ50cm程の不動明王像を両脇に従えた長さ8m程度の段瀑が掛かっており、その手前には樹齢300年を越えた「ツキの木(欅)」が神木として祀られている。
- A fall about eight-meter-long accompanied by fifty-centimeter-tall Fudomyoo on its both sides is situated at the penetraria of the precincts and in front of it, an over 300 year-old 'tsuki no ki' (Japanese zelcova) is enshrined as shinboku (divine tree).
- 後にこうした土地は雑役免としての実績を背景に寄進地系荘園として不輸の権 (日本)・不入の権 (日本)を獲得したり、荘園状態となった国衙領の構成単位となっていった。
- Against the background of the established fact of Zoyakumen, these lands later obtained fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption)/funyu no ken (the right to keep tax agents from entering the property) as kishinchi kei shorn (shoen originated from donated lands) or became the unit of kokugaryo, which was then consisted of many shoen.
- 一方、丁銀から南鐐二朱銀への改鋳が進行するにつれ、市中における秤量銀貨の不足により銀相場の高騰を招き、天明6年(1786年)には金1両=銀50匁をつけるに至った。
- On the other hand, as Chogin was reformed to Nanryo Nishu Gin, the shortage of silver coins by weight standard in market caused a steep rise in the price of silver, 50 monme of silver per 1 ryo of gold in 1786.
- 不採算路線の廃止、1986年(昭和61年)に叡山電鉄の分社化、2003年(平成15年)に福井県における鉄道事業の廃止(一部路線はえちぜん鉄道が継承)をおこなった。
- The non-profitable lines were abandoned, Eizan Electric Railway was split-up in 1986, and the railway business in Fukui Prefecture was discontinued in 2003 (except for part of the lines inherited by Echizen Railway).
- 事件後、彼の母親は京都府警の事情聴取のため京都に呼び出されたが、捜査官から事件の顛末を聞かされて衝撃を受け、不穏なものを感じた係官は実弟を呼び寄せて付き添わせた。
- Later, his mother was called to Kyoto by Kyoto Prefectural Police for questioning by a police, and as she heard how the case occurred, she suffered tremendous shock, which disquieted the detective, so he brought her younger brother to Kyoto to have him stay with her.
- 切れ者とはいえ当時中納言で太政官での序列が第6位でしかなかった良房ひとりが中心となってこのような事件を起こす(しかも上位者2人の排斥を含む)ことは不可能であった。
- Furthermore, considering Yoshifusa's post as Chunagon at the time; the sixth highest rank in the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), it is impossible for him to cause such an incident alone (notably, Yoshifusa expulsed two senior people) by taking a leading role, even if he was famous as an able person.
- また、院政開始後最初の評定始は特に文殿始(ふどのはじめ)とも呼ばれ、両統迭立によって院政の継続が不安定な時代になると、院政開始を印象付ける行事として重んじられた。
- The first hyojohajime after the start of the new government of a retired emperor was called 'Fudonohajime' (文殿始) in particular, which is of special note because it marked the start of Insei in the era of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families) when it was not easy to keep Insei.
- 「大逆不道罪」で、官吏である鄭顕徳・趙妥夏・許焜・張順吉、儒学者の白楽寛、金長孫・鄭義吉・姜命俊・洪千石・柳朴葛・許民同・尹尚龍・鄭双吉は凌遅刑により処刑された。
- Officers such as Jeong Hyeon-deok, Jo Ta-ha, Heo Kon, and Jang Sun-gil, and Confucian scholars such as Pak Nak-kwan, Gim Jang-son, Jeong Eui-gil, Gang Myeong-jun, Hong Cheon-seok, Yu Bok-kal, Heo Min-dong, Yun Sang-yong and Jeong Ssang-gil were executed by slow slicing for having committed the crimes of 'high treason and lèse-majesté'.
- 更に検非違使が徴税に関する業務を行うことがあったことから、検非違使の不入を求める動きも現れ、結果的には検非違使本来の業務である警察権の排除にも発展するようになった。
- In addition, because kebiishi sometimes worked to collect taxes, a movement to keep kebiishi from entering shoen also arose and this led to the elimination of their policing rights, which was the actual task of kebiishi.
- だが、婦敵討が行われた場合、本夫が姦夫の不正の証拠を出そうにも肝心の相手を討ち取ってしまったために自白させることが不可能であり、殺人罪として処罰されることがあった。
- But when megataki uchi was practiced, sometimes the husband was punished for the crime of murder because it was impossible for the husband to produce evidence by having the adulterer confess because he had killed the adulterer.
- 元文4年(1738年)には銭相場の高値是正および材料の銅の供給不足などから、江戸深川十万坪、仙台石巻、江戸本所 (墨田区)押上などの銭座で鉄一文銭の鋳造が始まった。
- In 1739, the minting of one-mon iron coin started at zeniza located in Jumantsubo of Fukagawa in Edo, Ishinomaki of Sendai, Oshiage of Honjo (Sumida Ward) in Edo, and so on, due to correction of high market price of currency and short supply of materials.
- また後で真相を知った織田信長も黒田長政を殺害したことに対して「不明であった」と大変悔やんだが、竹中重治の気転によって生きている事が解ると大いに喜んだと言われている。
- Nobunaga ODA, who knew the truth later, regretted very much that he killed Nagamasa KURODA telling that 'he lacked insight,' and he was very glad to know that Nagamasa KURODA was alive thanks to ready wit of Shigeharu TAKENAKA.
- ただし第二次世界大戦以後の造語であり、その定義や内容も曖昧であることなどから歴史用語としての「大正デモクラシー」を不適当であると否定する説も少数ではあるが存在する。
- However, the term was created after World WarⅡ, prompting the argument that the term is inappropriate as a history term due to the ambiguity of its definition and content, though supporters of this argument are in the minority.
- またこの地区は「茨木」姓が多く、茨木姓の家では節分に豆をまかない習わしがあり、また家の屋根に破風を作るとその家では不良が出るので作らないという言い伝えがあるという。
- Moreover, there were many people in this region whose family name was 'Ibaraki,' and tradition among Ibaraki families of the area holds that they not throw soy beans at Setsubun (a demon-exorcising holiday elsewhere known throughout Japan for the custom of throwing beans), and that gables not be built on houses, since the building of gables on houses was thought to bring misfortune on the family.
- しかし近年、道真主導による王朝国家体制への転換準備期であったが、時平により道真の政治の記録が抹殺されたため詳細が不明となっていたにすぎないとする意見が出されている。
- Recently, however, there is an opinion that it was a preliminary period to convert it into the system of the dynasty state lead by Michizane, and that details were not known because Tokihira destroyed the political records by Michizane.
- また、紀州の雑賀衆にすぎない土橋重治ですら、光秀に対して信長討伐の協力を申し出ていることから、毛利氏が本能寺の変を知っていたとしても不思議ではないとする考えもある。
- Also, some considers that, even Shigeharu TSUCHIHASHI, who was a mere dogo in Saiga, Kishu, offered Mitsuhide cooperation to overthrow Nobunaga, it is not strange that the Mori clan knew above Honnoji Incident.
- この時の設置が実は征夷大将軍足利義政正室である日野富子の収入となっていたことが明らかになると、民衆の不満が爆発し、同年から2年にわたる山城土一揆のきっかけとなった。
- This setup turned out to fund the income for Tomiko HINO, the lawful wife of Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdued the barbarians') Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, and as a result, people vented their frustrations in the form of an uprising in Yamashiro Province which lasted for two years from that very year.
- 氷上川継は塩焼王(氷上塩焼)と不破内親王(聖武天皇の皇女)の子で天武天皇の曾孫になるが、塩焼王が藤原仲麻呂の乱に与して処刑されたこともあり、皇嗣からは外されていた。
- HIKAMI no Kawatsugu was the child of Shioyaki no okimi (Prince Shioyaki or HIKAMI no Shioyaki) and Imperial Princess Fuwa (the Imperial princess of Emperor Shomu) and was also the great-grandchild of Emperor Tenmu, however, Hikami was dethroned due to the execution of Shioyaki no okimi from his involvement in FUJIWARA no Nakamaro's War.
- 元赤穂藩士たち、およびその子孫は町人からさえ「義挙に加わらなんだ不忠者」と蔑まれ、味噌、醤油さえ売ってもらえず、出自を隠して変名を名乗るほかなかったとも伝えられる。
- The former Ako retainers and their descendants were labeled as 'unfaithful retainers who did not participate in the heroic deed' and were looked down upon even from commoners, and they had to hide their place of birth and change their names because they were unable to buy even miso or soy sauce.
- それが何年分の未進というのかは不明だが、おそらくは、過去に遡ってのものであったろうといわれる(ただし、領地の囲い込みについては単純に善玉・悪玉とは出来ない面もある)。
- It is unknown for how many years the unpaid tributes were, but it is said to be probably retrospective (it should be noted, however, that there is an aspect that the enclosure of the estate cannot be simply judged as good or bad).
- その対策として発行された万延小判の品位の低さなどにより諸物価が高騰、開国策・不平等条約への批判が噴出し、外国人排斥の攘夷思想が次第に隆盛し、各地で異人斬りが横行する。
- In responce to the situation the government issued Manen oval gold coins, but the low quality of the coins led to steep inflation, triggering severe criticism of the unequal treaty and opening of the country and a growing anti-foreigner movement, provoking the rampant killing of Westerners in many places in the country.
- この際、「左京区鹿ケ谷」として存続していた区域は「鹿ケ谷」を冠称する8町(大黒谷町、菖蒲谷町、栗木谷町、不動山町、若王子山町、善気山町、徳善谷町、多頂山町)となった。
- Simultaneously, the area which survived as 'Shishigatani, Sakyo Ward' was divided into eight towns prefixed by 'Shishigatani' (Shishigatani Daikokudani-cho, Shishigatani Shobudani-cho, Shishigatani Kurikidani-cho, Shishigatani Fudoyama-cho, Shishigatani Nyakuojiyama-cho, Shishigatani Zenkisan-cho, Shishigatani Tokuzendani-cho, Shishigatani Tachosan-cho).
- 天平宝字8年(764年)、孝謙上皇と対立した最高実力者・藤原仲麻呂が反乱を起こす(藤原仲麻呂の乱)と上皇は仲麻呂の専制に不満を持つ貴族たちを結集して仲麻呂を滅ばした。
- FUJIWARA no Nakamaro, who was the most influential figure in the world of politics, came into collision with the Retired Empress Koken and in 764 he raised a rebellion (Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro); thereupon the Retired Empress gathered the court nobles who had discontent in the autocracy of Nakamaro and destroyed him.
- また、『書紀』の内容が信頼できないことからは、真偽不明という結論は導けても、そこから直ちに『書紀』の記述の反対が真実だとか、論者の想像が真実だとかいう結論は導けない。
- A fact that the contents of 'Chronicles of Japan' were unreliable may support the conclusion that its authenticity was unknown, but it cannot lead to such conclusions that the contrary to the descriptions of 'Chronicles of Japan' was true or imaginations of advocates were true.
- 任官についてもっとも纏まった史料ではあるが、平安時代前期における記事の不正確さや政治的な事情から書き直し(遡った期日での任官など)が行われた部分もあるといわれている。
- This is the most coherent historical material on appointment, but some of its part is said to have been rewritten (appointment by retroactive date and so on) due to inaccuracy of the article from the early Heian period and for political reasons.
- 幕府財政は一部で健全化し、1744年には江戸時代を通じて最高の税収となったが、税率変更や倹約の徹底により百姓・町民からの不満を招き百姓一揆・打ちこわしなどが頻発した。
- Thanks to the reforms, the financial condition of the Edo bakufu turned for the better, and in 1744, the income of bakufu reached its peak throughout the Edo period, but Yoshimune's change of tax rate and thorough frugality policy caused frequent uprisings and destructive riots of discontented peasants and merchants.
- なお、天平3年(731年)以後は基本書(『九章算術』・『六章』・『綴術』)3問に加えて、『周髀算経』1問の計4問のうちから不正解を出すと及第は認められないこととなった。
- After 731, students could not pass the examination if they gave wrong answers to any one of four questions: one from the 'Shuhisankei,' or any of the three from the basic documents ('Kyushosanjutsu,' 'Rokusho' and 'Tenjutsu').
- 弘文院設立の時期は『日本後紀』の散逸などにより不明であるが、広世に関する他の記事から延暦年間末期から大同 (日本)年間初頭(大同元年は806年)の設立と推定されている。
- It was impossible to know when the Kobunin was founded mainly because 'Nihon Koki' was scattered and ultimately lost; but from the other records of Hiroyo, it was estimated that the Kobunin was founded from the end of the Enryaku era (782 - 806) to the beginning of the Daido era (the first year of Daido was 806).
- 大覚寺統は邦良の早世と後醍醐の謀反とで壊滅状態にあり、持明院統が皇位を独占することも不可能ではなかったが、後伏見は幕府の意向もあって両統迭立の原則にあくまで忠実だった。
- Although it was not impossible for the Jimyoin line to monopolize the throne since the Daikakuji line was in a devastated state with Kuniyoshi's early death and Godaigo's rebellion, Gofushimi was true to the principle of Ryoto tetsuritsu in accord with the bakufu's wishes.
- 6月2日早朝(4時ごろとする説あり)、明智軍(光秀はこの時、京都にも入っておらず、本能寺到着は9時。指揮した者が不明の謎の軍団とする説もある)は本能寺を完全に包囲した。
- Early in the morning (reportedly around four o'clock) on June 2, the troops of the Akechi clan (Mitsuhide had not yet entered Kyoto and he arrived at Honno-ji Temple at nine o'clock; some regard these troops as mysterious as their commander is unknown) completely surrounded Honno-ji Temple.
- 『承久記』など旧来の説では、これは「官打ち」(身分不相応な位にのぼると不幸になるという考え)などの呪詛調伏の効果であり、後鳥羽上皇は実朝の死を聞いて喜悦したとしている。
- According to the explanation given in the 'Jokyu ki' (Chronicle of the Jokyu Era) and other ancient sources, this resulted from the curse of 'getting too big for one's breeches' (the idea that if someone rose to an official post beyond what was appropriate for them, disaster would occur); when the retired Emperor Gotoba heard of Sanetomo's death, he was inordinately pleased.
- 近代国家体制の確立していなかった朝鮮では、土地の所有制度が不明瞭であり両班の暴力による土地収奪などは日常茶飯事であり、農民の間でも土地の所有をめぐる抗争が絶えなかった。
- In Korea where no modern state system was established, the ownership system for land was not clear, and thus yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) often grabbed land with violence and peasants kept fighting over the land.
- 将門が両者の調停仲介に乗り出し、興世王と武蔵武芝を会見させて和解させたが、どういう経緯か不明だが、武芝の兵がにわかに経基の陣営を包囲し、驚いた経基は逃げ出してしまった。
- Masakado began mediation efforts and succeeded in reconcilation between Prince Okiyo and MUSASHI no Takeshiba, but Takeshiba and his army unexpectedly laid siege on Tsunemoto's camp, catching Tsunemoto by surprise and causing him to flee.
- 同年4月9日、摂津国の主だった国衆達は細川高国方につき、また大内義興軍が接近しつつある情勢を不利と読んだ細川澄元や三好之長は、自らの屋敷に火を放ち再び近江国に落ち延びた。
- On May 18, 1508, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and Yukinaga MIYOSHI realized the disadvantage of having a band of kunishu (local samurai) who ruled Settsu Province take the side of Takakuni HOSOKAWA and also of the army of Yoshioki OUCHI close at hand, set fire to their residence and fled to Omi Province again.
- 除目の儀をひそかに覗う、五節舞で五節の帳台の戸を開いて舞姫を見るなどの失態、諸朝議に遅参し、または不参し、あるいはまた文書の奏達に失錯を演じたものにたいしておこなわれた。
- Peeping during the Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials), opening the Gosechi chodai and looking at the Gosechi princesses at the Gosechi no mai Dance (dance performance as part of a harvest festival), being late or absent from various chogi (ceremony at Imperial Court), or making mistakes when officially relaying documents were all activities that led to Meshikome.
- 領事裁判権を認め、関税自主権を喪失し、かつ片務的最恵国待遇を課した拙速な不平等条約であり、同様な条約がイギリス・フランス・オランダ・ロシアとも結ばれた(安政五ヶ国条約)。
- The treaty was unequal, granting consular jurisdiction and tariff autonomy to the US, and imposing on Japan a necessity to provide most favored nation status to the US; moreover, similar treaties were concluded with Britain, France, the Netherland, and Russia; eventually those treaties were called the Ansei treaties with five nations.
- 寛文5年(1665年)に度量衡の「衡」が統一され、両替商で用いられる分銅は後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、これ以外のものの製作および使用は不正を防止するため厳禁とされた。
- In 1665, the Japanese weight units were standardized, and thereafter, Shirobei GOTO and his descendants monopolized the right to produce counterweights used at an exchange house, and the production and use of other kinds of counterweights were prohibited strictly for the prevention of illegal exchange.
- 真言律宗に属する寺院は、大本山宝山寺(奈良県生駒市)のほか、京都・浄瑠璃寺、奈良・海龍王寺、奈良・不退寺、鎌倉・極楽寺 (鎌倉市)、横浜市・称名寺 (横浜市)などがある。
- In addition to Hozan-ji Temple (Ikoma City, Nara Prefecture), the grand head temple of the sect, Joruri-ji Temple in Kyoto, Kairyuo-ji Temple in Nara, Futai-ji Temple in Nara, Gokuraku-ji Temple in Kamakura City, Shomyo-ji Temple in Yokohama City and so on belong to Shingon Risshu sect.
- 酒株は、同一国内であれば譲渡や貸借も許されたので、酒屋が経営不振になったり、相続人がいない場合、近くの有力酒屋がその酒株を買い集めて、経営規模を拡大することがよくあった。
- Sakekabu was allowed to be transferred and leased within the same province, so when a sake brewery faced financial trouble or did not have an heir, the dominant sake brewery in the neighborhood often bought sakekabu of those troubled breweries to expand its operations.
- しかしながら、その解釈は鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)のもので、同時代の『実躬卿記』の同年5月8日条にも「凡珍事々々」とある通り、北条一門の暗闘の真相は不明である。
- However, the interpretation was made in the era from towards the end of the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), and as described 'a very strange incident' in the article on May 8, the same year, in 'Sanemikyoki' (Kugyo (top court official) Sanemi's diary), the truth of secret feuds in the Hojo clan is unclear.
- またこの縁起「信長公阿弥陀寺由緒之記録」は古い記録が焼けたため享保16年に記憶を頼りに作り直したと称するもので、仏教への不信の信長が帰依していたとすることも含め信じがたい。
- In addition, as it is also told with respect to this history book, 'Nobunagako Amidaji Yuishono Kiroku,' that because the old records were burnt, it was reconstructed in 1731 based on memory, this book is unbelievable including the story that Nobunaga, who did not believe Buddhism, was the believer of this temple.
- そのため、墾田や買収などで付近の田地を集積していた田堵(有力農民)=開発領主は、自分の経営する田地を有力寺院(または有力神社)へ寄進することで、不輸の権を獲得しようとした。
- Therefore, Tato (powerful farmers), or the owners of newly developed arable land, who acquired large tracts arable land through development or buying land, donated their farmland to dominant temples (or dominant shrines) to obtain Fuyu no ken.
- むしろ討たれる者が士分の場合、何も抵抗せずにただ無礼打ちされた場合は、国家鎮護守・外敵制征圧(軍事警察力)を担う兵(つわもの)である武家としての「不心得者である」とされた。
- When the attacked was a warrior and was attacked in Bureiuchi without resisting the attacker, he was punished severely as an 'imprudent person' since he was expected to be a soldier who worked for the protection of the nation and to conquer outside enemies (military and police power).
- 当時、在地豪族(地方軍事貴族)はたびたび国衙に反抗的な行動をとっていたが、中央の有力貴族との私的な関係を通じて不問になることが多く、実際に追討宣旨が下されることは稀だった。
- At that time, local powerful clans (local military aristocracies) often behaved disaffectedly to the kokuga (provincial government office), but it was overlooked due to the private relationship with central dominant nobilities, so an imperial decree to hunt down and kill Tadatsune was rarely issued.
- 享和2年(1802年)ふたたび水害などに起因する米価の高騰により、幕府は酒造米の十分の一を供出させ、不作や飢饉のときのための備蓄米として取っておこうという政策を打ち出した。
- Following the sharp increase in rice prices due to floods and other reasons, the bakufu set up a policy that required people to contribute one-tenth of rice for sake brewing to be stockpiled in case of a poor harvest and famine in 1802.
- もし暴政により被害が深刻化した場合、あるいは藩主の不行跡が幕府に発覚した場合は、領地を治める能力が無いとして転封や減封、最悪の場合は改易という処分を受けかねないためである。
- If the tyranny-caused damage become serious, or misconducts by a lord are discovered by the shogunate government, the family is seen as incompetent to rule the territory and is likely to receive a punishment such as transference from one fief to another, curtailment of its fief, and in the worst case, removal of samurai status and expropriation of territories.
- 銅鏡は宝器として珍重され、後期になって副葬され始めるようになった後漢鏡は、不老長寿への祈りを込めた文が刻まれ、その鏡を持った人は長寿や子孫の繁栄が約されるというものだった。
- While it was a highly appreciated treasure equipment, mirrors of the Later Han, which came to be buried together with others in the late Yayoi period, had the engraved prayer for perpetual youth and longevity, meaning those who had got the mirror were guaranteed for longevity and fertility.
- その後、軍国主義が激しさを増すと、天皇家を多く題材とした能には厳しい目が注がれるようになり、1939年(昭和14年)、警視庁保安課は不敬を理由に「大原御幸」を上演禁止とした。
- With militarism gaining momentum, Noh came under scrutiny since many of its stories featured the Imperial family and the Safety Division of the Metropolitan Police Department banned in 1939 the performance of 'Ohara Goko' on the grounds of irreverence for the Emperor.
- 従って確実に存在したと言えるのは「貞観儀式」のみであるが、その題名について単に「“儀式”」であるとする異説もあり、実際に「貞観儀式」という名称が用いられていたかは不明である。
- Accordingly, only 'Jogan Gishiki' was confirmed to have existed, but there was still another view that it was simply titled 'Gishiki;' therefore, it is unknown whether the title 'Jogan Gishiki' was virtually used or not.
- 朝廷から追討令が出ると、数日のうちに幕府軍や協力を拒んだ山徒により鎮圧され、一味のうち金蔵主や日野有光らは討たれ、一部は逮捕されて処刑・流罪、また行方不明となったものもいた。
- A few days after an order to attack the group was issued by the Imperial Court, the group was suppressed by bakufu forces, and Kinzosu and Arimitsu HINO ended up being killed and some monks being arrested and executed or exiled, and others disappeared.
- 『里程大和著聞記』の記述には「道幅一尺」「難所」「牛馬常通不申」といった表現が繰り返し見られ、険しい峰道か峠道、あるいは獣道程度の道でしかなく、困難な道であったことが分かる。
- In the article about Kohechi in 'Ritei Yamato Chomonki', expressions like 'the road 1 shaku (about 30.3 centimeters) in width', 'dangerous spot', 'horses and cattle cannot go through the road' appear frequently, therefore it is known that at that time Kohechi was just a steep slope on a mountain or some animal trail that was very difficult for people to travel.
- もし任務の履行不十分(例:田租徴収の未収納など)により、後任から解由状が発給されない場合は、任務を完全に遂行(例:未納田租の徴収)すれば、解由状が発給されることとなっていた。
- The new officer can not issue a geyujo when the predecessor had not yet completed his duty (for example, land tax had not been collected), and in such a case, a geyujo was issued only after the duty was completed (for example, the necessary land tax had been collected).
- しかし、年によって収入が大きく変動するリスクを負っていたことから、江戸中期ごろになると、豊作・不作にかかわらず一定の年貢率による定免法(じょうめん-)がとられるようになった。
- However, due to the risk whereby the revenue can vary greatly year by year, jomen-ho, which employed a fixed nengu rate regardless of the amount of the harvest, was employed during the mid-Edo period.
- 子の田沼意知暗殺や印旛沼干拓事業の失敗、浅間山の噴火・天明の大飢饉発生および後ろ盾であった将軍家治の死などの不運が重なったことにより、田沼が失脚したことで田沼政治は終局する。
- And Okitsugu repeatedly met with misfortunes, such as the assassination of his son Okitomo TANUMA, failure of the reclamation work of Inba-numa Lake, eruption of Mt. Asama, the Tenmei Famine, and the death of the Shogun Ieharu who supported Okitsugu, so he lost his position and his politics came to an end.
- この反乱は、秩禄処分や廃刀令により、明治政府への不満を暴発させた一部士族による反乱の嚆矢となる事件で、この事件に呼応して秋月の乱、萩の乱が発生し、翌年の西南戦争へとつながる。
- This rebellion was an incident to start revolts by some members of the warrior class who burst their dissatisfaction against the Meiji Government because of the abolition measure of hereditary stipend and the law banning the wearing of swords, and in response to this incident, the Akizuki-no-ran War and the Hagi-no-ran War occurred, resulting in the Nansei War of the following year.
- 更に寺院の財物である祠堂銭は本来は仏の所有物であり、返済を怠れば死後の成仏もままならないのではという利用者の信仰心に由来する不安感が祠堂銭の返済に対する心理的圧力として働いた。
- On account of Shidosen being the property of a temple, people were afraid of being unable to rest in peace after death if they failed to repay their debts, which worked as psychological pressure to repay Shidosen.
- 図書寮で紙製造を扱っていた紙屋院は、原料貢進不足から新しい紙を漉くことが困難となり、宿紙を専門とするようになり図書寮が陰陽寮に暦に堪えうる料紙を支給することが困難になってきた。
- Kamiyain, who had been making paper in Toshoryo, had difficulty making paper because of the shortage of material, and therefore, began to make recycled paper called shukushi, and this made it difficult for Toshoryo to supply good quality paper for calendar to Onmyoryo.
- 豊臣政権末期の政情不安定期に公権力を漠然と公儀と呼ぶ慣習が生まれ、江戸時代に入ると統一政権で諸領主権力間の唯一の利害調整機関となった江戸幕府を指して公儀と呼ばれるようになった。
- Kogi became the general term for official authority in the period of governmental instability in towards the end of the Toyotomi administration, and in the Edo Period, Kogi started to indicate the Edo bakufu which was the only unified authority that mediated the power struggles among the feudal lords.
- 朝鮮側における密貿易の担い手は三浦周辺住民・地元商人・漢城大商であったが、中でも三浦周辺住民と恒居倭の癒着ぶりは「相親相愛, 不啻如兄弟, 言語飮食, 利害緩急, 無不共之。」
- The major Korean participants in the illegal trading were residents around Sanpo, local merchants, and major merchants in Hansung, and the relationship between the residents around Sanpo and kokyowa was specially described as follows:
- 黄砂の発生地である砂漠の一部では、砂嵐などによって砂丘が移動し、住居が砂に埋まったり、道路が通行不能になるなどして、住むことができなくなった村もあり、被害ははるかに深刻である。
- In some parts of the desert where kosa occurs, the extent of damage due to kosa is by far more serious, because accompanying sandstorms may move sand dunes, may bury dwelling places, may make roads unusable, and may resultantly make a whole village inhabitable.
- 律令制において租庸調として中央に貢進されていた米が平安時代に滞るようになると、官司の大粮に宛がうために本来は不動穀に充てられる筈であった田租を中央に貢進したのが最初とされている。
- It began when the rice tithed to the central government as Soyocho under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) went into arrears in the Heian period, and Denso that was kept as Fudokoku (emergency grain) was tithed to the central government for use in food supplies for government officials.
- 出典のうち『江戸会雑誌』や勝海舟の『吹塵録』、『江戸旧事考』、『統計学雑誌』などは明治時代中ごろにまとめられた二次的史料であり、元となる江戸時代の史料が現在では不明となっている。
- Sources such as 'Edo-kai zasshi', 'Suijinroku' of Kaishu KATSU, 'Edo Kyujiko' and 'Tokeigaku zasshi' are secondary materials materials compiled in the mid-Meiji Period, and the primary documents on which these secondary sources are are based have not been accounted for.
- その為、不平両班や被差別階級、困窮した農民、盗賊による反乱、蜂起、及び朝鮮軍によるその鎮圧、また朝鮮王朝内部の政争による粛正や処刑などが行われ、混乱は戦災を更に悲惨なものとした。
- Therefore, revolts and uprising of discontented yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea), discriminated classes, impoverished farmers, and thieves occurred and got suppression by the Korean army during their cleanup and executions occurred out of struggles for power in the Korean court were conducted and the such turmoil created further misery in the midst of the war damage.
- 最初に新山城を陥落させ、出雲国の旧領をほぼ制圧し、破竹の勢いで月山富田城に向かったが、守兵300であるにも関わらず天野隆重が守る難攻不落の険城をなかなか落とすことができなかった。
- First they took control of most of their former territories in Izumo Province by destroying Shinyama-jo Castle and advanced unresisted to attack Gassantoda-jo Castle, but the castle was so tightly guarded by Takashige AMANO, making it inaccessible and impregnable, that they had problems destroying the castle, despite the castle only being guarded by three hundred warriors.
- しかし、先の北条氏他氏排斥に伴い、諸国の守護職などは大半が北条氏に占められるようになり、さらに北条氏の家臣である御内人が厚遇され、御家人や地方の武士たちの不満を招くことになった。
- But in addition to purging from true power all other warrior clans, the Hojo also saw to it that the majority of shugo (governor) positions in the various provinces were held by Hojo clan members, and moreover, that their private vassals the Miuchibito were treated very well, which invited malcontent among the gokenin and provincial warriors.
- ところが、先に信長によって京都より追放されて摂津国に逃れていた三好三人衆が京都への復権を目指して、信長不在で正月で義昭周辺の気の緩んでいるところを突いて本圀寺を攻撃したのである。
- However, Miyoshi sanninshu, who were in exile in Settsu Province expelled by Nobunaga from Kyoto earlier, with the aim of gaining power in Kyoto again, attacked Honkoku-ji Temple while Nobunaga was absent from Kyoto, and when the guards of Yoshiaki let their guard down during the New Year.
- 離婚説、「浅野が腹を切ったのだから貴方も切ったらどうです」といったせいで不仲になった説、討ち入りを案じて吉良が帰した説、新しい屋敷がせまくて女中を連れていけなかった説などがある。
- Some theories include a divorce, the conflict created by her statement 'Why don't you commit seppuku since Asano did,' Kira worrying about her safety as he might get attacked, and the new residence being too small to have her servants around.
- 反面、優れた曲で作者不明のものについてはほとんど全てを世阿弥の作とする一方、観阿弥・元雅といった重要な作者が掲載されていないなど、同時代以外の曲については不正確な記述も少なくない。
- On the other hand, although outstanding songs whose playwrights are unknown are almost all attributed to Zeami, the major writers Kanami and Motomasa are not included; as such, there are many incorrect descriptions relating to the songs other than those from the same period.
- 1925年12月1日:この日早朝、京都府警特高課が京大・同大などの寄宿舎、両大学の社会科学研究会員の自宅・下宿を急襲、家宅捜索のうえ「不穏文書」多数を押収したほか学生33名を検束。
- December 1, 1925: Early in the morning, the Special Higher Police Division of Kyoto Prefectural Police Department attacked and conducted domiciliary searches on dormitories of Kyoto Imperial University, Doshisha University, and so forth as well as the houses and lodgings of members of the Shakai Kagaku Kenkyu-kai to seize a lot of seditious documents and arrest 33 students.
- しかし、妻子を石山に届けられる兵糧で養っていた雑賀や淡路の門徒は、この地を離れるとたちまち窮乏してしまうと不安を募らせ、信長に抵抗を続けるべきと教如に具申し、教如もこれに同調した。
- However, believers in Saika and Awaji, who fed their family with food supplied to Ishiyama, advised Kyonyo to continue to resist Nobunaga because they were worried that retreating from Ishiyama would force them into poverty which Kyonyo accepted.
- 1883年、旧藩士の錦織剛清(にしごりたけきよ)が主君の病状に疑いを持ち、家族による不当監禁であるとして家令・志賀直道(志賀直哉の祖父)ら関係者を告発したことから事件が表面化した。
- This was revealed to the public in 1883 when Takekiyo NISHIGORI, a former member of the Soma Domain, started to doubt the condition of his former master and accused the persons concerned, including Naomichi SHIGA, the steward to the family (grandfather of Naoya SHIGA, a famous novelist), of inappropriate custody.
- 小山田庄左衛門の父小山田一閃は、息子が同志片岡源五右衛門から金を奪って逃げだしたことを恥じて自害しており、また岡林直之も兄の旗本松平忠郷から義挙への不参加を責められ切腹させられた。
- Shozaemon OYAMADA's father, Issen OYAMADA, committed suicide as he was ashamed of his son who ran away after stealing money from his comrade Gengoemon KATAOKA, and Naoyuki OKABAYASHI was ordered to commit seppuku by his older brother, hatamoto Tadasato MATSUDAIRA, due to nonparticipation in the heroic deed.
- 不輸の権は官省符荘をもって成立したが、のちに地方における国司の権限が強大となると、しばしば自分自身や、縁故のある貴族・寺社に対し、国司による認可(国司免判)が認められるようになった。
- Although Fuyu no ken was established in the form of Kanshofu sho, as kokushi (provincial governors) came to have more authority later on, they were often allowed to grant authorization (remission of tax by kokushi) to themselves, as well as connected aristocrats, shrines and temples.
- 具体的には COP7 および COP/moP1 で決定され、疑義が唱えられた際の審議・判断を行う遵守委員会が設けられるとともに、不遵守時には次のような措置が取られることとなっている。
- Specifically, they were decided in COP7 and COP/moP1, and the compliance committee, which deliberates and judges questions arising, was established; in addition, the following measures are expected to be taken when incompliance takes place.
- そればかりでなく、素性の不明ないわゆる「不知銭(ふちせん)」とされる天保通寳も多種存在し、現在のところ判明していない他の藩によるもの、あるいは小規模な民鋳によるものなどが考えられる。
- There are also many kinds of the Tenpo-tsuho coins whose origins were not clear called 'Fuchisen;' they are thought to have been produced by unknown clans or small private casting organizations.
- しかし、これ以上の戦争の継続は不可能である日本が譲歩し、この調停を成功させたい米国がロシアを説得するという形で事態を収拾し、戦争賠償金には一切応じないという最低条件で交渉は締結した。
- However, the process finally saw progress when Japan, which could not carry on with the war any more, made a concession and the U.S.A., which was keen to conclude the negotiation successfully, persuaded Russia into settlement by the minimum requirements of not answering a war reparation at all.
- この時期は対馬の有力者が明などに渡航し不在であることを知り、また同時に朝鮮国内の在留商人らを一斉に抑留するなど、防備の弱体に乗じ一般民衆を標的にした周到な計画であったことが知られる。
- At this point in time, it was known by Korean military planners that the most powerful inhabitants of Tsushima were away on voyages to Ming China and elsewhere, and moreover as the invasion was launched they ordered the simultaneous internment of all Japanese merchants living and operating within Korea, revealing how carefully they had planned this assault to take advantage of the weakness of Tsushima's defensive preparations and target the general population (not only the Wako).
- 守護使不入(しゅごしふにゅう)とは、鎌倉時代・室町時代において幕府が守護やその役人に対して犯罪者追跡や徴税のために、幕府によって設定された特定の公領や荘園などに立ち入る事を禁じたこと。
- Shugoshi funyu means that in the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period, the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) forbade shugo (provincial constables) and their officials from entering some specific koryo (public lands), shoen (manors), and so on, which were specified by the bakufu, when pursuing criminals and collecting taxes.
- 加えて経済発展により銭不足も目立ち始めたため、勘定奉行の荻原重秀は銅一文銭についても量目を減ずることとし、量目がこれまでの一匁(3.7グラム)程度から八分(3.0グラム)程度となった。
- In addition, since a shortage of coins became remarkable due to economic development, Shigehide OGIWARA, kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance), decided to also decrease ryome (a weighed value) of one-mon copper coin, and the ryome decreased from about one monme (equivalent to 3.7 grams) in the past to about eight bu (equivalent to 3.0 grams).
- これは長年の倭寇対策で船体破壊のための遠戦指向の朝鮮水軍に対して、船員制圧のための近戦指向の日本水軍では装備や戦術の差もあって、正面衝突の海戦をすると日本水軍が不利であったことによる。
- This was because direct naval battles were unfavorable to the Japanese navy because of the differences in equipment and tactics between the Korean navy that was oriented to distant combat (battles with missiles) to break the vessel's body because of their experiences over a long period in coping with wako (Japanese pirates) and the Japanese navy that was oriented to close combat to suppress sailors.
- この戦いで、京都見廻組の長であった佐々木只三郎が重傷(のち死亡)、新撰組諸士調役兼監察山崎烝が重傷(後紀州湾沖にて死亡)、同吉村貫一郎が行方不明(後に大坂の南部藩藩邸で自害)となった。
- During the battle Tadasaburo SASAKI, the head of the Kyoto-Mimawarigumi (a special police force), was badly wounded (and later died); Susumu YAMAZAKI, an internal affairs officer and secret agent of the Shinsengumi, was badly wounded (and later died off the coast of Kishu Bay); and Kanichiro YOSHIMURA, who had the same position as Yamazaki, went missing (and later killed himself in the Nanbu domain residence in Osaka).
- 地中海沿岸からヨーロッパ各地に諸聖人の遺骨(聖遺物または不朽体)またはキリストの磔刑、ノアの箱舟の跡などの遺物を祭ったとされる教会、聖堂などが多数あり、そのような地への巡礼が行われた。
- Pilgrims traveled to numerous churches and cathedrals throughout the Mediterranean region and Europe that venerate the remains of saints (sacred relics or immortal body) or relics of the crucifixion of Christ or remains of Noah's Ark.
- 特に、玉置らは猛吹雪に見舞われ、峠での40センチメートルの積雪や和歌山県側の積雪で道が不明確であったことなどに阻まれて、充分な調査ができなかったと述べている[玉置 1979: 28]。
- It explains particulars about snow on the route as Tamaki and others encountered heavy snow and could not know even which was the right course since 40 centimeters of snow lay at one of the passes and there also lay the thick snow at the other side of the pass (Wakayama Prefecture), therefore they could not make sufficient investigation (refer to 28 of 'Tamaki 1979').
- 後醍醐天皇は天皇親政によって朝廷の政治を復権しようとしたが、武士層を中心とする不満を招き、1336年(建武3年)に河内源氏の有力者であった足利尊氏が離反したことにより、政権は崩壊した。
- Emperor Godaigo attempted to rehabilitate the political power and influence of the Court through the return to direct Imperial rule, but his attempts left many in the samurai class in particular disgruntled, until in 1336 the most powerful member of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), Takauji ASHIKAGA, became estranged from Emperor Godaigo, leading to the collapse of the Imperial government.
- また国衙の側も経営の不安定な小規模経営の多数の百姓から収取するより、多くの動産資本と隷属民を蓄積し、安定した経営が見込める大規模経営者たる少数の田堵から収取することに効率性を見出した。
- In addition, the kokuga side found it more efficient to collect the tax through a small number of tato farmers, who owned a great amount of movable assets as well as many subordinate people and managed a large-sized farm which was expected to bring stable management, than to collect the tax from many peasants who only had small-sized unstable farm management.
- 京都地裁による1927年5月の第1審判決では出版法違反および不敬罪については特赦となったが、治安維持法違反については是枝恭二(東大文学部)ら4名の禁固1年を筆頭に37名が有罪となった。
- At the first trial in May 1927, the Kyoto District Court sentenced amnesty for the violation of publishing law and lese majesty, while as for the violation of the Maintenance of Public Order Law, Kyoji KOREEDA who was in the Faculty of Letters at the University of Tokyo and three other people were sentenced to imprisonment for one year and 37 people were judged guilty.
- 功田は令の規定上、口分田などと同じく田租が賦課される輸租田(ゆそでん)とされたが、時代が下り平安時代以降になると、田租が免除される不輸租田(ふゆそでん)とされることが多くなっていった。
- As stipulated in the law, originally Koden was treated as Yusoden (rice fields subject to taxation) like Kubunden (rice fields given to each farmer under the Ritsuryo system), but later, after the Heian period, Koden tended to be treated as Fuyusoden (tax free rice fields).
- ただし、幕府としても本来の趣旨は軍役奉仕であったため、藩財政が破綻して軍役が不可能となることは、参勤交代の趣旨を根底的に否定する事になるため、大名行列の制限を行うなどの措置を採っている。
- But because the bakufu introduced the system for military service, clans' failure to do military service owing to their financial difficulty was detrimental to the foundation of the system, which led the bakufu to take measures such as restricting daimyo-gyoretsu (daimyo's procession).
- また、天皇親政が行われた治世と評価されたが、摂関不設置は阿衡事件に懲りた宇多天皇が皇族を母とする藤原氏腹でない天皇であったことと、藤原氏藤氏長者時平がまだ若かったことが原因とされている。
- This era was highly regarded due to the direct rule by the emperor, and sekkan were not appointed because Emperor Uda was disgusted with the Ako Incident and was not born from a mother from the Fujiwara family having an imperial mother, and because Tokihira, the head of the Fujiwara family, was still young.
- 後嵯峨は、膨大な王家領荘園群のうち、全国100ヶ所以上の荘園から構成される大荘園群長講堂領を後深草が相続できるようとりはからっていたが、それだけでは後深草の不満は収まらなかったのである。
- Amongst the extensive Imperial private estates, Gosaga had planned so that Gofukakusa could inherit the large Chokodo group of private estates consisting of over 100 estates around the country, but Gofukakusa was not satisfied.
- その起源は不明な点が多く、「まつろわぬ民」であった日本東部の民・蝦夷(えみし、えびす、えぞ)がヤマト王権・朝廷により東北地方へと追いやられながらも守り続けた伝承とする説が唱えられている。
- Many aspects of its origin are unknown and there is a theory that says it was a tradition that the people of eastern Japan, the Emishi (Ebisu, Ezo), who were considered 'Matsurowanu tami' (people who do not obey) preserved while they were being driven into the Tohoku region by the Yamato government/Imperial Court.
- これに替わって平安時代中期以後に不輸の権 (日本)などを獲得した寄進地系荘園を経営基盤として現地に預所を派遣するとともに、現地の有力者や農民を荘官・名主に任命して国衙からの支配に対抗した。
- Replacing the systems, after the mid Heian period, the government dispatched azukari dokoro (estate custodian) to the local estates based on shoen that consisted of donated lands that had been granted Fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption) or the like as a business foundation, and also appointed the local magnate or influential farmer to shokan (estate officer) or myoshu (local landowner and cultivator) to oppose the rule of kokuga (provincial government office).
- 事件当日は三条会所に原田左之助ら12名が、町屋に大石鍬次郎ら10名が、そして酒屋に新井忠雄ら12名が配置された上に、さらに斥候として浅野薫ら2名が配置されて不逞浪士の出現を待ち構えていた。
- On the day of the incident, 12 members including Sanosuke HARADA waited in Sanjo kaisho (a meeting place in Sanjo), 10 members including Kuwajiro OISHI waited in a merchant house, 12 members including Tadao ARAI waited in a liquor store, and two more members including Kaoru ASANO were arranged as patrols, waiting for the appearance of masterless samurai.
- しかし、翌6月11日 (旧暦)に麻田が「士道不覚悟」として藩により切腹させられたことにより、若い土佐藩士たちが「片手落ち」だと激昂し、会津・土佐の関係に亀裂が入りかねない事態へと発展した。
- On June 11 (old calendar), however, ASADA was forced to commit seppuku by the Tosa clan for Shido-fukakugo (disobeying Bushido (the code of the samurai)), which infuriated young retainers of Tosa clan who clamored that the punishment was 'unfair,' their dissent was serious enough to harm the relationship between the Aizu clan and the Tosa clan.
- また、株仲間には代金不払いなどの不正を行った仲買の情報を共有し、仲間内の商取引を一切停止するといった懲罰を加えることにより、幕府などの公権力の代わりに債権と契約履行を保証する役割があった。
- Also, kabunakama had a role to guarantee the recovery of debts and performance of contracts by sharing the information of brokers who committed an injustice like default in payment and imposing disciplinary actions such as suspension of trading among the group.
- 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけて、巨大な官僚組織と精緻な法令システムを前提とする律令制の維持がもはや不可能となり、一定の行政司法権を地方官や中央官庁へ請け負わせる王朝国家が新たに成立した。
- From the end of the ninth to the beginning of the tenth century, it was no longer possible to keep the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code), based on the huge bureaucratic organization and the sophisticated statutory system, and a dynastic nation-state was newly established, in which certain administrative and legislative authorities were undertaken by the local officials and central bureaucrats.
- 幕府はこの騒動を鎮圧したが、寛政6年(1794年)に預かり地における芝村藩の役人による不正が発覚し、幕命により藩主・長教をはじめとする要人が処罰され、預かり地も全て召し上げられるに至った。
- The bakufu suppressed these disturbances, however, since injustice by the government officials of Shibamura Domain in the land in custody was exposed in 1794, key figures including the lord of the domain, Naganori are punished by the command of the bakufu, and all the lands in custody are taken away also.
- 荘園内での開発が進展するにともない、不輸の範囲や対象をめぐる開発領主と国司の対立がはげしくなると、荘園領主の権威を利用して国司の使者の立ち入りを認めない不入の権 (日本)を得る荘園が増えた。
- With the progress of developments in shoen, conflict between kaihatsu-ryoshu (local nobles who actually developed the land) and kokushi intensified over the scope and the target of Fuyu (tax exemption), and more and more shoen acquired Funyu no ken (the right to keep the tax agents from entering their property) so they could take advantage of refusing the entry by kokushi's envoy.
- 逆賊となった長州藩に長州征討が発令され、総大将に徳川慶勝(尾張藩主)、参謀に西郷隆盛(薩摩藩士)が任命されるが、幕臣・勝海舟との会談で長州藩への実力行使の不利を悟った西郷は、開戦回避を模索。
- An order to conquer the rebellious Choshu forces was issued, and Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA (the lord of Owari) was appointed as commander-in-chief, and Takamori SAIGO (a feudal retainer of Satsuma), as military staff, but Saigo tried to avoid the military conflict, understanding the disadvantages of the conflict after discussions with Kaishu KATSU, who served for the bakufu.
- 荘園の増大は摂関家などの有力貴族や彼らに保護された寺社などに莫大な収入をもたらす一方、国司等による税の徴収が不可能(すなわち公領の減少)となってしまうために国家財政に深刻な打撃を与えていた。
- An increase in the number of manors brought enormous income to powerful nobles such as sekkan-ke (regent family), as well as temples and shrines under their protection, but on the other hand, tax collection by kokushi (provincial governors) became impossible (in other words, imperial demesne decreased), causing serious harm to national finance.
- すなわち、その年から翌年にかけて、藤原不比等(ふひと)をはじめとする編纂者たちは、 明法博士(みようぼうはかせ)または令官(りようかん)として、分担して律令条文を講説し、また解釈を治定した。
- From that year and on to the following year, FUJIWARA no Fuhito and other compilers took part in lecturing, explaining, and deciding the interpretation of the ritsuryo text as myoho-hakase (illuminators of the law) and ryokan.
- 更に秀吉は実子の不在を理由に新天皇の弟八条宮智仁親王を猶子とし、将来的には正式な豊臣氏の養子として関白を譲る意向である事を天正16年(1588年)の聚楽第行幸の際に後陽成天皇に奏上している。
- Hideyoshi further adopted the new Emperor's younger brother, Imperial Prince Toshihito HACHIJONOMIYA, since he had no biological child, and he reported to the Emperor during the Imperial visit to Jurakudai (Hideyoshi's palace and office in Kyoto) in 1588 that he would officially adopt the prince as a son of the Toyotomi clan and hand over the position of Kanpaku to him in the future.
- 公判自体は滝川自身の監禁に対する証言の曖昧さもあって、1959年大阪高等裁判所での控訴判決により確定し、被告2名のうち1名の暴行罪のみを認定した(両名の不退去罪および傷害罪は無罪となった)。
- Because there were unclear points in Takigawa's testimony of his capture during the hearing, the sentence was decided after an appeal to the Osaka Higher Court in 1959, with one of the two defendants being accused of assault (both were acquitted of forcible detainment and inflicting bodily injury).
- 元来、職制律(在官応直不直条)においては昼の警備を「宿」、夜の警備を「直」と書いて「とのい」と読ませていたが、後世においては、夜の警備を「宿直」もしくは「殿居」と書いて「とのい」と読ませた。
- Originally under the Shikisei-ritsu (Office Penal Laws) (Zaikan Ochoku Fuchoku no jo (在官応直不直条, the article of guarding activities)) the guarding activity during the day was expressed as '宿' and the night activity as '直' and the combination of '宿直' was read as 'Tonoi,' but later it only came to mean the guarding activity during the night, which was described '宿直' or '殿居' and both were read as 'Tonoi.'
- 然ルニ最早大使御帰朝以来既ニ数月ヲ閲シ候得共、何等ノ御施設モ拝承不仕、昨今民心洶々上下相疑、動スレバ土崩瓦解ノ兆無之トモ難申勢ニ立至候義、畢竟天下輿論公議ノ壅塞スル故卜実以残念ノ至ニ奉存候。
- However, although it has been a few months since the group returned home, we have not yet seen anything done about setting up such a place, and people and government are having doubts about each other these days; if anything happens, society shall collapse like mud, it means that the people's opinions are neglected and we feel much sorrow over this.
- 当時、武士の台頭や僧兵の横暴、公家勢力の後退などによる社会不安、天変地異・疫病・火災などの自然災害を経験した人びとは、はっきりと末法を意識するようになり、無常観や厭世観がかき立てられていった。
- The people who experienced public fear owing to the appearance of samurai, despotic acts by armed priest, a down fallen court noble force, and natural disasters such as extraordinary natural phenomenon, epidemics, fire became clearly aware of Mappo, and the concept of the impermanence or a pessimistic view of life among the population was intensified.
- 文政7年(1824年)5月から鋳造が始まり、同年7月2日より初めて発行されたが、金純度も低く偽金貨のような色を呈し割れやすいもので、その上、小さくて扱いづらく紛失しやすい事もあり不評であった。
- The minting started in May 1824, and the first coin was issued on July 27 of the same year, but Isshukin was not popular because of low purity of gold, its color looking like a false gold coin and fragility, and also because it was lost easily due to a small size and difficulty in handling.
- 天正10年(1582年)2月1日、新府城築城のため更に賦役が増大していたことに不満を募らせた義昌はついに勝頼を裏切り、織田信忠(信長の長男)に弟の上松義豊を人質として差し出し、織田氏に寝返った。
- On February 1, 1582, Yoshimasa, who was displeased with Katsuyori's policy to effectuate another increase in forced labor for the construction of Shinpu-jo Castle, finally betrayed Katsuyori and defected to the Oda clan by sending his younger brother, Yoshitoyo UEMATSU, to Nobutada ODA (Nobunaga's eldest son) as a hostage.
- 例えば、草の根の人権憲法として名高い千葉卓三郎らの憲法草案(いわゆる五日市憲法)でも、天皇による立法行政司法の総轄や軍の統帥権、天皇の神聖不可侵を定めている点などは、大日本帝国憲法と同様である。
- For example, a constitution draft which was renownedas a grass-roots constitution written by Takusaburo CHIBA and others (so-called Itsukaichi constitution) shared the same points with the Constitution of the Empire of Japan as defining that the emperor should have the executive powers, legislature, and judiciary, and supreme command of the armies, and this was sacred and inviolable.
- 彦根城の建築物には、大津城からの天守を始め、佐和山城から佐和口多門櫓(非現存)と太鼓櫓門、小谷城から西ノ丸三重櫓、観音寺城からや、どこのものかは不明とされているが太鼓門、等の移築伝承が多くある。
- There are many structures transferred from other castles in Hikone-jo Castle such as tenshu from Otsu-jo Castle, Sawaguchi Tamon-yagura (corridor-style gate acted as a stonehouse and defense post at the entrance to the second enclosure) (not existent) and Taiko-yagura Mon (Drum Tower Gate) from Sawayama-jo Castle, nishi no maru sanju yagura (three-storied tower located at the northwest corner of nishi no maru) from Odani-jo Castle and Taiko-mon Gate (Drum Gate) from Kannonji-jo Castle or not known from where.
- 1284年に弘安の徳政、さらに1297年に永仁の徳政令を実施して没落する御家人の救済を図ったが、恩賞不足や商人が御家人への金銭貸し出しを渋るなど、かえって御家人の不満と混乱を招く結果に終わった。
- The bakufu did try to save such financially ruined gokenin by ordering two rounds of debt forgiveness, the 1284 Koan Tokusei ('benevolent rule,' a euphemism for the mass forgiving of debts) and then the 1297 Einin Tokusei, but as they could not provide sufficient rewards and yet were reluctant to allow merchants to loan money to gokenin, the bakufu's efforts only ended up exacerbating disgruntlement among the gokenin, inviting further chaos and disorder.
- 執権北条時宗の代に2度に渡る元寇があり、鎌倉幕府はこれを撃退したが、他国との戦役であり新たに領土を得たわけではなかったため、十分な恩賞を与えることができず、これもまた武士たちの不満を強めさせた。
- During the time of the regent Tokimune HOJO, Japan was twice invaded by the Mongols, and although the Kamakura bakufu managed to repel both invasions, it was an international conflict and thus there was no enemy land to confiscate and award to their soldiers, leaving them unable to provide suitable rewards, something that only strengthened malcontent among the warrior class.
- 同年末、義弘は少弐氏討伐を命じられ、筑前国で戦い弟の大内満弘が討死するがその子への恩賞の沙汰が無く不満を募らせ、更に義満が裏で少弐氏と菊地氏に義弘を討つように命じていたとの噂があり憤慨していた。
- At the end of that same year (1397) Yoshihiro was ordered to strike down the Shoni clan, and began fighting with them in Chikuzen Province only to lose his younger brother Mitsuhiro OUCHI in battle, and worse still, no order was given to reward the fallen Mitsuhiro's son for his father's sacrifice, only increasing Yoshihiro's discontent; but what provoked his indignation still more was the rumor that Yoshimitsu had secretly commanded the Shoni and Kikuchi clans to strike down Yoshihiro.
- 何ぞ不可ならん」と啖呵を切ったと言われている(『続本朝通鑑』)が、当時、即位に当たって神器の存在は必ずしも要件とはされておらず、治天による伝国詔宣により即位が可能であるとする観念が存在していた。
- Nothing is the matter' ('Zoku Honchotsugan' (history book edited by the Edo bakufu) he is said to have openly said, but the existence of the Sacred Treasures was not mandatory for ascension and the Denkoku Shosen by the Chiten was thought to have been sufficient in those times.
- こうした守護の動きに対し、荘園領主らも幕府から守護使不入権の承認を得るなどの対応を取ったが、荘園領主らの大部分は京都に在住しており、遠方にある荘園へ強い支配力を及ぼすことはほとんど困難であった。
- Trying to deal with these trends, the lords of manors obtained the right of non-entry of Shugo, but it was almost impossible for them to exert strong influence on the distant shoen because most of them lived in Kyoto.
- 庭内の見張りは大石良金(槍)、潮田高教、中村正辰(槍)、奥田行高(太刀)、間瀬正辰(槍)、千馬光忠(半弓)、茅野常成(弓)、間光風(弓)、木村貞行(槍)、不破正種(槍)、前原宗房(槍)の11士。
- Eleven members who were chosen for guarding the yard were Yoshikane OISHI (spear), Takanori USHIODA, Masatoki NAKAMURA (spear), Yukitaka OKUDA (sword), Masatoki MASE (spear), Mitsutada CHIBA (small-sized bow), Tsunenari KAYANO (bow), Mitsukaze HAZAMA (bow), Sadayuki KIMURA (spear), Masatane FUWA (spear) and Munefusa MAEHARA (spear).
- しかし彼らは、自らの勲功がより高位の受領クラスの下級貴族に横取りされたり、それどころか受領として地方に赴任する彼らの搾取の対象となったりしたことで、任国の受領支配に不満を募らせていったのである。
- However, they were becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the fact that control of the provinces was being given to lower-ranking aristocrats who belonged to the higher Zuryo class, so that not only were their deeds not recognized, but they were also exploited by lower-ranking aristocrats who were appointed as Zuryo in local provinces.
- 幕府財政は一部で健全化し、には江戸時代を通じて最高の税収となったが、年貢税率の固定化やゆきすぎた倹約により百姓・町民からの不満を招き、折からの享保の大飢饉もあって、百姓一揆や打ちこわしが頻発した。
- The government finance got balanced partially, and in 1744 the tax revenues were the highest of the Edo period, but the fixation of rice tax rate and the forced frugality of everyday life negatively affected peasants and citizens, resulting in frequent peasant revolts and destructive urban riots, which were also results of the Great Famine of Kyoho.
- このような関白不在が許されない状況下において、長年上卿として太政官において政務にあたってきた高明が臨時に関白に就任する可能性も否定できず、長年の藤原氏による摂関独占の原則が崩壊する可能性があった。
- Under such circumstances where the absence of the grand minister of state would be unacceptable, the possibility of Takaakira, who had been conducting governmental affairs for years as chief of daijokan, temporarily being appointed to Grand Minister of State could not be denied, and this would disrupt the years of dominance in sekkan (regents and advisers) by the Fujiwara clan.
- これは、估価と和市価格の乖離に加え、国衙の国司や在庁官人が不当に安い価格を估価として地元住民に押し付けた上、必要以上に買い入れてその余剰をもって私服を肥やすという不正が後を絶たなかったからである。
- The reason for this was not only that there were differences between koka and washi prices but also that there was no end to the corrupt practices by kokushi (provincial governors) at kokuga and Zaichokanjin (the local officers in Heian and Kamakura periods), who imposed unreasonably low prices as koka on local residents, buying more goods than necessary so that they could use the surplus to feather their nests.
- 唐や宋の荘園には不輸不入の権限は存在しなかったものの、皇帝からの恩賜地は租税を減免され、官僚所有の荘園には免役特権が存在したため、農民が重い税負担から逃れるために荘園を官僚に寄進する例も見られた。
- The shoens during the Tang and Sung dynasty did not have the right of tax exemption and the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property, but the lands from the Emperor were exempt from taxation and the shoens owned by bureaucrats had the right of tax exemptions and so some farmers donated their shoens to the bureaucrats so as to escape from heavy tax burden.
- 翌日、時頼の私邸に北条政村・北条実時・安達義景が集まり、頼経派御家人たちへの対応を協議したが、去就を曖昧にしていた大豪族三浦泰村の動きがまだ不明であったため、速やかな処断を行うことはできなかった。
- On the following day, Masamura HOJO, Sanetoki HOJO, and Yoshikage ADACHI came to Tokiyori's private residence, and discussed how to deal with the gokenin of Yoritsune's group, but they could not take prompt actions, because the movement of Yasumura MIURA, Daigozoku (a big local ruling family) who had not clarified his attitude was unknown.
- 「儀式」のモデルになったのは、唐における礼制の集大成である礼書であったと考えられているが、日本の「儀式」は律令格式と重複する部分を削り、法令で定めるのには不適切な純粋な礼儀作法の記述に特化している。
- It was considered that 'Gishiki' modeled after the Book of Etiquette and Decorum, a compilation of decorum in Tang -- Japanese 'Gishiki' was specialized exclusively in rules and customs inappropriate to be specified in law by omitting the parts that overlapped with ritsuryo kyakushiki (Laws and regulations).
- この条文は、もともとの由利の意図では庶民の社会生活の充足をうたったものであったが、福岡が政治の意味を込めて「官武一途」の語を挿入したため、条文の主旨が不明瞭になったことが指摘されている(稲田正次)。
- This provision declared fulfilling social life of the common people originally based on the intention of Yuri, however, because Fukuoka added 'No less than the civil and military officials' meaning politics, it is pointed out that the point of the provision became unclear (Masatsugu INADA).
- もともと近年クウェート政界ではサリーム系王族よりもジャービル系王族の方が優位に立ちつつあったが、サアドの即位にあたって、ジャービル系王族を中心に、執務不可能を理由にサアドに退位を求める声があがった。
- In recent years, in the Kuwait political field, Jabir line royal family members had superiority over Salim line members, and upon Saad's ascension, there was a voice mainly from the Jabir line royal family members for Saad to abdicate because of his not being able to execute his duties.
- また、廃絶期間が長いためにルートが不明になっている箇所や、時代によって異なるルートが使用された区間の調査、さらにそうした箇所・区間の世界遺産への追加登録など、今後のさらなる調査・研究が待たれている。
- In some sections, the old roads are not found yet because people have not used it for a long time or people used another routes in some periods; and for those sections, further investigations, studies and additional application for World Heritage site are required.
- そのため、20世紀末にかけての3月は、「菜の花の上にお日様無し」、「行楽受難・鬼門の月」、「花見には 傘など雨具が 必需品」、「卒業式、終業式はいつも雨」などと不名誉なレッテルが貼られたこともあった。
- Therefore, March in certain years around the end of the twentieth century were labeled unpleasantly as 'no sun above field mustard,' 'month unfavorable for outdoor amusement,' 'rain apparel such as umbrellas indispensable for cherry blossom viewing party,' 'commencement day ceremony and closing exercises on rainy day' and so on.
- 亀山が倒幕を考えている、という噂が立つなどの政情不安のなか、結局、弘安10年(1287年)になって幕府は治天・天皇の交替を要求し、皇太子煕仁(23歳、伏見天皇)が践祚して後深草による院政が開始された。
- In the midst of political unrest, when Kameyama was rumored to be thinking of overthrowing the Shogunate, the bakufu ordered a change in Chiten and Emperor in 1287, with the Crown Prince Hirohito (aged 23, Emperor Fushimi) ascending the throne and Gofukakusa starting a cloistered government.
- 信長からは丹波国を平定させた明智光秀の軍を送るとの返事を得たものの、1日も早く備中高松城を落城させよという厳しい命が下り、秀吉が不安と焦りに駆られていたころ、軍師・黒田官兵衛孝高が水攻めの策を進言した。
- While Nobunaga replied that he would send the troops of Mitsuhide AKECHI, who had subjugated Tanba Province, but gave strict orders to conquer Bitchu Takamatsu-jo Castle as soon as possible, Hideyoshi, alarmed and frustrated, heard his strategist Kanbei Yoshitaka KURODA offer an idea of using inundation tactics.
- 鳥羽_(洛外)では総指揮官の竹中重固の不在や滝川具挙の逃亡などで混乱し、伏見では奉行所付近で佐久間信久や窪田鎮章ら幕将の率いる幕府歩兵隊、会津藩兵、土方歳三率いる新選組の兵が新政府軍の小銃火力に敗れた。
- In Toba (the suburbs of Kyoto), the absence of the supreme commander Shigekata TAKENAKA and the escape of Tomoaki TAKIGAWA threw the former Shogunate forces into disarray, and near the magistrate's office in Fushimi, the former Shogunate infantry led by the commanding officers, Nobuhisa SAKUMA and Shigeaki KUBOTA, the soldiers of the Aizu domain, and the Shinsengumi led by Toshizo HIJIKATA, were defeated by the firepower of the rifles in the new government's forces.
- ところが、これが大日本帝国憲法下の当時の日本では「不敬の言」であると曲解され、まず宮内省から批判の声が挙がり、初の政党内閣である隈板内閣に批判的な枢密院 (日本)・貴族院 (日本)に非難の声は広がった。
- However, this was criticized by the Imperial Household Ministry first as 'insulting words' under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, and then by the House of Peers and the Privy Council which were critical of the Wai-han Cabinet, the first party cabinet.
- 結果的に、そのレーションの不備と輸送能力・インフラ整備の問題(輸送中に一万石の挽割麦の大半が変敗したという記録がある)等により、陸軍は約25万人の脚気患者を出し、うち約2万7,800人が病死したとされる。
- Approximately 27,800 of 250,000 army beriberi patients are said to have died due to improper rationing, and logistics and infrastructure problems (Records reveal that most of the 10,000 koku [approximately 1.8 million liters of crop yield] of barley groats spoiled in transit).
- 理由は頼茂が将軍に就こうと図ったためとされているが、幕府の問題のために後鳥羽上皇が朝廷の兵力を動かすのは不自然であり、頼茂が後鳥羽上皇による鎌倉調伏の加持祈祷を行っていた動きを知ったためと考えられている。
- The reason given was that Yorishige had been plotting to usurp the position of Shogun himself, but given the poor relations with the shogunate, for the retired Emperor Gotoba to send the court's military forces into action for such a reason would have been unnatural, and so it is thought that Gotoba struck because Yorishige had learned Gotoba had been carrying out incantations and prayers to curse Kamakura.
- しかし、ほどなくして、行政の不徹底を防止・監督するため、官人交替のときに前任者と後任者が事務引継ぎを行い、前任の実績に問題がなければ、後任から前任へ事務引継ぎ完了を証明する文書を発給する制度が導入された。
- However, shortly after that, the following system was introduced to supervise administration more thoroughly: When an officer was replaced with another person, the former officer made a document describing matters necessary for continuing office duties and handed it over to the new officer, and the new officer issued a certificate showing that he or she accepted the proper document.
- 理論通りに行われれば、検見法のほうが負担がより公平になり採用されるはずであったが、これにもまた、幕府側にとっては経費がかかり、農民側では苦労が多かったし、不正が行われ、調査が確実でないなどの問題があった。
- In theory, kemi ho evens the tax burden, but it costs the bakufu a lot of money and peasants had a lot of trouble, also there were frauds such as uncertainty of the inspection.
- この中西説に対して、細井浩志は『続日本紀』が道鏡政権を批判する際には、後日に'不正の暴露'などの形で対になる事実を提示しており、神託事件についてのみ創作を加えたとは考えにくいとして、中西説を否定している。
- Against this theory by NAKANISHI, Hiroshi HOSOI denies it, by stating that when 'Shoku Nihongi' criticizes the Dokyo administration, it presents a fact that forms a pair such as 'disclosure of injustice' in later dates, and it is hard to believe that the author added fiction to the part which deals with the oracle only.
- 阿部死後、老中首座となった堀田正睦は、ハリスの圧力や第二次アヘン戦争における清の敗北などの情勢から通商条約締結は不可避と考え、孝明天皇の勅許を求めるべく、京都において関白九条尚忠を通じて工作をおこなわせた。
- After the death of Abe, Masayoshi HOTTA, who assumed the position of the head of roju, thought the conclusion of the treaty would be inevitable due to pressure from Harris and the surrounding situation in which the Qing dynasty was defeated in the second Opium war, and started work in Kyoto, through Naohisa KUJO, Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), to get imperial permission from the Emperor Komei.
- このため、穀倉院領となった旧勧学田を大学寮に返還することは、財政政策上採るところではなかった朝廷はその代償として、穀倉院から一部学生への学問料支給を行うことで大学寮側からの不満の緩和に努めたと考えられている。
- Under such circumstances, the Imperial court couldn't return the former kangakuden, which was then the territory of Kokuso-in, to Daigaku-ryo and intended to ease the dissatisfaction of Daigaku-ryo by getting Kokuso-in to grant Gakumonryo to selected students in return.
- また、貨幣吹替および飢饉の影響などによる変動はあったものの、米1石(当時の人一人の一年分の米消費量にほぼ相当する)の価格は1両前後であり、元禄年間から幕末の世情不安に至る前まで、ほぼこの前後の水準で推移した。
- Although some fluctuations were seen under the influence of reminting, famine, and others, the price of 1 koku rice (nearly equal to the amount consumed by a person per year) was around 1 ryo from the Genroku era (1688 to 1704) until just before the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate when the Japanese society became unstable.
- だが中国の銅の生産能力は決して高いとは言えない上に、経済の急速な発展から銅銭の需要が銅銭発行量を上回るペースで高まったために、結果的には市中に流通する銅銭が慢性的に不足すると言う銭荒現象が生じるようになった。
- However, since Chinese copper production capacity was not high enough and a demand for copper coins increased at a pace surpassing the amount of copper coins issued due to rapid economic development, a phenomenon called senko that the quantity of circulating copper coins was chronically short occurred.
- これが成功を収め不動産や金融業に乗り出し、現在の元町 (神戸市)、三宮といった神戸港周辺の都市開発や神戸女学院の前身である女子寄宿学校・神戸ホームの創立に関わるなど、神戸の街づくりに多大な影響を及ぼしている。
- After this success, he expanded his business into real estate, financial business and at the same time was involved in urban development around Kobe Port such as Moto-machi (Kobe City) and Sannomiya, and foundation of Kobe Home, the boarding school for female students which was a predecessor of Kobe College (Kobe Jogakuin), exercising a major influence on Kobe's development.
- 逆賊となり表向き武器の購入が不可能となっていた長州藩に変わって薩摩が武器を購入するなどの経済的な連携を経た後、慶応2年(1866年)正月、京都薩摩藩邸内で木戸孝允・西郷らが立ち会い、薩長同盟の密約が締結された。
- After some cooperative work, such as when Satsuma purchased weapons for the Choshu clan, who were officially regarded as a rebels and could not purchase them, both signed the secretive agreement to form an alliance at the Satsuma clan's residence in the presence of Takayoshi KIDO and Saigo in Kyoto in January 1866.
- 多紀元簡により発見された古写本の現時点の所在は不明であるが、多紀が寛政8年(1796年)に校訂を行って刊行し、6年後に民間にも出された版本が存在する他、古写本を影写した森立之の蔵本が台湾の故宮博物院に現存する。
- The present whereabouts of the old manuscript discovered by Genkan TAKI is unknown, but there still remains the version revised and issued by Taki in 1796, which was also published for the general public six years later, and the National Palace Museum in Taiwan has another version traced from the old manuscript and once possessed by Tatsuyuki MORI.
- また、町衆主導によって行われたと評価されてきた明応9年(1500年)の祇園祭の再興も本来祇園祭が疫病平癒の祭りであったことを考えると、逆に当時の社会不安の反映が祇園祭再興を促したという側面も考えられるのである。
- Also, the resumption in 1500 of the Gion Festival, which had been acclaimed for the townsmen's initiative behind it, may be considered to have been motivated in part by the social unrest prevailing then, given the history that the Gion Festival had originally been an event of prayer for recovery from epidemics.
- しかし、こうした守護の動向は、荘園領主の利害と真正面から対立したため、荘園領主の中には朝廷や幕府へ働きかけて守護不入権(守護またはその使節が荘園内に立ち入ることを禁ずる権利)を獲得し、守護と対抗する者も現れた。
- However, as these pushes made by shugo caused severe friction with the interests of the landholders of shoen, some landholders attained the right of shugo-funyu (privilege of forbidding shugo or its agent from entering the shoen) by appealing to the Imperial Court and bakufu, confronting the shugo.
- 後醍醐天皇が建武の新政の開始すると、この問題を解消するために家門管領の権限を持つ家督の移動の際に、本来は関連性のない家領を家門の経営上必要不可欠なものと位置づけて、家領全体の安堵も合わせて行う方針を打ち出した。
- When Emperor Godaigo started the Kemmu Restoration, in order to solve such problems he made the following policy to stabilize the family estate as well: in transferring the family reign, which had the authority to control the family, the family estate was included as an inevitable factor for keeping the family, although originally the estate wasn't associated with the reign.
- 賢豊は前述したように重臣の筆頭格であり人望も厚かったから、この事件(義治が賢豊を討ち取った名目は無礼討ちとされていた)は、佐々木六角氏の家督問題と関係して六角家臣団の義治に対する不信を持たせることにつながった。
- Since Katatoyo was regarded as the top of senior vassals and well respected as described above, this feud (the pretext why Yoshiharu killed Katatoyo being feigned to be bureiuchi (death penalty by sword slash for rudeness)) led up to distrust of Yoshiharu among the feudatory of Rokkaku clan in connection with the trouble of reigns of the both families of Rokkaku clan and Sasaki clan, the latter being Rokkaku clan's root.
- 当初、後白河上皇以下、貴族から庶民まで義仲の入京を歓迎したが、前年の養和の大飢饉の影響により義仲軍を養う食糧が不足して義仲軍は市中で略奪や狼藉を始めたために義仲の評判は落ちて、源頼朝の上洛を願う声が高まっていく。
- Initially, everyone from the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, aristocrats, to the local people welcomed the entry of Yoshinaka into Kyoto but the great famine of Yowa the previous year led to insufficient food for Yoshinaka's troops, who then started stealing and became violent, leading to a drop in Yoshinaka's popularity and eventually MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's entry became a common hope.
- 役職石高などが不明な者では、小笠原忠五郎、村上甚五右衛門、古沢善右衛門、馬場次郎右衛門、石原弥右衛門、富田五左衛門、星八左衛門、若松新右衛門、近藤徳兵衛、山下甚右衛門、榊原五郎右衛門といった名前が挙げられている。
- Those whose positions or the number of koku are unknown included Chugoro OGASAWARA, Jingoemon MURAKAMI, Zenemon FURUSAWA, Jiroemon BABA, Yaemon ISHIHARA, Gozaemon TOMITA, Hachizaemon HOSHI, Shinemon WAKAMATSU, Tokube KONDO, Jinemon YAMASHITA and Goroemon SAKAKIBARA.
- 『平家物語』では、頼政が夜半に不遇の以仁王の邸を訪れ、謀反を持ちかけたことになっているが、当時頼政は77歳という高齢であり、皇位への道を断たれて不満を持っていた以仁王の方から頼政に挙兵を持ちかけたという見方もある。
- The 'Heike monogatari' describes Yorimasa visiting the down-on-his-luck prince Mochihito at his mansion in the dead of night and proposing that they overthrow the government, but at this point Yorimasa was 77 years old, which has prompted some to suspect it was the other way around--that it was prince Mochihito, distressed at the disruption of imperial succession, who approached Yorimasa about raising an army.
- その上で、甲申政変における清軍の市民への乱暴狼藉を暗に挙げ、このままでは西洋人は清・朝鮮両国と日本を同一視してしまうだろう、間接的ではあるが外交に支障が少なからず出ている事は「我日本国の一大不幸」であると危惧する。
- Implying the rampageous behavior to citizens by the Chinese Amy at the Gapsin Coup, he says that the Westerners might see Japan as the same type of country as China and Korea, which might indirectly become an obstacle in foreign diplomacy and that will be 'a great misfortune for my Japan.'
- 古寛永の総鋳造高については詳しい記録が見当たらず不明であるが、鋳銭目標などから推定した数値では325万貫文(32億5千万枚)とされた。この内、鳥越銭が30万貫文(3億枚)、沓谷銭は20万貫文(2億枚)との記録もある。
- Although the total minted amount of Ko-Kanei is unknown because no detailed records remain, the amount was estimated from the target amount of minted coins to be 3.25 million kanmon (1,000 kanmon equaling 10,000 yen) (3.25 billion coins).
- このことに不満を持った薩摩藩の過激派、有馬新七らは同じく薩摩藩の尊王派の志士、真木和泉・田中河内介らと共謀して関白九条尚忠・京都所司代酒井忠義 (若狭国小浜藩主)邸を襲撃することを決定し、伏見の船宿寺田屋に集まった。
- Dissatisfied with him, extremists in the Satsuma domain such as Shinshichi ARIMA conspired with devoted members of the royalist faction such as Izumi MAGI and Kawachinosuke TANAKA to carry out a raid on the residences of the chief adviser to the Emperor, Hisatada KUJO, and the Kyoto-shoshidai (commissioner dealing with police and judicial affairs in Kyoto), Tadaaki SAKAI (also the lord of the Obama domain in Wakasa Province), and they gathered at the Teradaya, an inn for sailors in Fushimi.
- 浦賀は見物人でいっぱいになり、勝手に小船で近くまで繰り出し、上船して接触を試みるものもあったが、幕府から武士や町人に対して、十分に警戒するようにとのお触れが出ると、実弾砲撃の噂と共に、次第に不安が広がるようになった。
- Uraga filled with spectators, some of whom boarded small boats to get closer to the ships, while others even tried to climb aboard and make contact with the sailors, but once the Shogunate had issued an order to the samurai and merchant classes that expressed the need for caution, eventually a sense of fear spread, with the rumors of live artillery.
- しかし、太政官に立法・司法・行政の全機能を集中させ、太政大臣に強力な権限を与えるこの制度は、近代国家の国政運営に適さないと考えられ、また、太政大臣の負担が大きく、かえって国家運営の停滞と責任の所在の不明確さを招いた。
- However, this system, which concentrated all the state's legislative, judiciary and administrative functions in the Daijokan and gave broad authority to the Dajo-daijin (Grand Minister) was thought to be ill-suited for the political management of a modern nation; the High Chancellor's extensive responsibilities caused delays in the political management of the nation and invited confusion over who had responsibility for which tasks.
- ただし、苗木供給体制の整備が進行中(少花粉スギの苗木供給を平成29年までに約1,100万本へ増強する計画)であること、森林所有者がスギ材価の低迷で伐採・植え替えに応じにくい環境にあることから、実行性はなお不透明である。
- However, its effectiveness is unclear as maintenance of the seedling supply system is ongoing (the plan is to increase the supply of low-pollen Japanese cedar seedlings to approximately 11 million by the year 2017) and forest owners find it difficult to consider felling or transplantation due to the low price of cedar wood.
- 年料別納租穀(ねんりょうべつのうそこく)とは、平安時代に令制国の正倉に納められた租を不動穀とは別に稲穀の形態で現地で保管して、中央において財政が不足した折に太政官符に基づいて位禄・季禄・衣服料として京官に支給したもの。
- Nenryo betsuno sokoku was rice kept as seed at the local level, separate from that of So collected in the Shoso (warehouse) of Ritsuryo provinces as Fudokoku (staples for an emergency), and was given to kyokan (an official of the Capital) as Iroku, Kiroku and Ifukuryo based on the Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) when the central government did not have sufficient funds.
- このように、土地資本を基盤とする反面、土地所有者ではない支配者層という独自な立場に立たされた武士の生活の安定と、安定成長政策とは必ずしも上手く融合できずに、金融引き締め的な経済圧迫政策がを打ち出されて不況が慢性化した。
- As noted above, while the economy was founded on land capital, samurai soldiers as the ruling class have no land ownership, and this peculiar situation made it almost impossible to secure a steady livelihood of samurai in harmony with the national stable growth polity, so that the tight monetary policy lying hard on the economy resulted in chronic recession.
- 室町時代は、3代征夷大将軍足利義満の時代の全盛を除いて戦乱と無秩序の時代であったが、鎌倉時代以前には見られない、出自不明の農民・商人層の社会進出を可能とし、日本史上、初めて人間の顔が見える人物を登場させた時代でもある。
- Aside from the golden age of prosperity reached under the third seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the Muromachi period was fraught with wars and disorder, but on the other hand, not since before the Kamakura period had there been such opportunity for common people of obscure origins, farmers and tradesmen, to advance socially, and among all the eras of Japanese history, the Muromachi period was the first to produce notable people whose faces and lives appear in clear focus to later eyes.
- 天皇もこの空気を敏感に察しており、淡路に流された廃帝(淳仁天皇)の謎の死、和気王の突然の処刑、天皇の異母妹である不破内親王の皇籍剥奪など皇族に対する粛清が次々と行われていき、皇位継承問題は事実上のタブーとなっていった。
- The Empress was also keenly aware of this atmosphere, and purges to the Imperial family were done one after another as follows: the dethroned Emperor Junnin's mysterious death, the sudden execution of the Prince Wake, sudden abridgment of register of the Imperial family from Imperial Princess Fuwa who was a younger paternal half-sister of the Empress; accordingly, the subject of the succession to the Imperial Throne became virtually a taboo.
- また、天智天皇紀と天武天皇紀の間で大海人皇子を「皇太子」「皇太弟」「東宮」とばらばらの用語で表現しており、大海人皇子が皇位を辞退して出家した場面が巻をへだてて2度出てくる点も、改定時の整理が不十分だったためだと考える。
- Ban also pointed out other evidences that revision was not organized properly; for example, Prince Oama was variously referred to as 'kotaishi (crown prince),' 'kotaitei (the younger brother of an Emperor who is heir apparent),' or 'togu' in Tenchi Tenno ki and Tenmu Tenno ki, and a story that Prince Oama declined the Imperial Throne and became a priest appeared twice in different volumes.
- これが賄賂好き(後述の様に、現在の賄賂とは意味合いが異なる)な吉良上野介の不興を買い、饗応役に不慣れな浅野内匠頭に対して勅使への音信、増上寺の畳替え、殿中礼服の違いなど事あるごとに苛めたことが原因としているものが多い。
- This Asano's act displeased Kirano Kozuke no Suke who was into bribery (as described later, the term bribe used here has a different meaning than the modern term), and the cause of the incident is thought to be Kira pointing out every single fault to Asano Takumi no Kami, who was not familiar with his position as an attendant such as the ways Asano contacted Inshi, re-covered the tatamis of Zojo-ji Temple and wore different formal dress inside the palace.
- 穀倉院は唐の常平倉をモデルとして大同 (日本)年間に設置されたと言われている社会福祉施設の体裁を採っていたが、実際には早い時期より律令制の弛緩によって不足する内廷費用を捻出するための一種の「裏金」捻出の役割を担っていた。
- Although it is said that Kokumotsu-in was a kind of social welfare institution which was established in the Daido era (Japan) using Joheiso (Johei storehouse) of Tang Dynasty as a model, actually it assumed from the very beginning the role of generating slush money to finance naitei-hiyo (daily living and other expenses for the Imperial Family) which was deficient due to the decline of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 作者として挙げられているのは、世阿弥・観世信光・観世長俊・金春禅竹・金春禅鳳・宮増・近江能・三条西実隆・竹田法印定盛・細川弘源寺・音阿弥・太田垣忠説・金春善徳・内藤藤左衛門・河上神主・「作者不分明能ただし大略金春能か」。
- Zeami, Nobumitsu KANZE, Nagatoshi KANZE, Zenchiku KONPARU, Zenpo KONPARU, Miyamasu, No Omi, Sanetaka SANJONISHI, Sadamori Hoin TAKEDA, Hosokawa Kogenji, Onami, Tadatoki OTAGAKI, Yoshinori KONPARU, Tozaemon NAITO and Kawakami Kannushi are listed as writers, with 'the noh plays the writhers of which are unknown', which might be attributed to the Konparu family.
- 所務とは、元来、務めるところという字義どおり仕事・職務を意味する言葉だったが、平安時代の荘園公領制の展開に伴い、荘園や公領の管理職務に付随する権利・義務を表すようになり、鎌倉時代頃には転じて所領等の不動産管理を意味した。
- Originally, the word 'shomu' meant jobs and duties, as suggested by the characters which mean 'work that is related to the place'; however, with the development of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) during the Heian period, the word came to express the concept for the rights and obligations pertaining to the managerial work in shoen (manors) and koryo (the imperial teritories), and further during the Kamakura period, the word was extended to mean the property management of domains such as shoryo.
- 永正4年(1507年)に前将軍足利義稙を奉じた大内義興の上洛軍に、尼子氏ともども三刀屋氏も従ったが、泥沼の戦いを続ける京の戦乱よりいち早く帰国した尼子経久は義興不在の大内領への侵略を開始、大内氏との全面的な対立が始まった。
- In 1507, together with the Amago clan, the Mitoya clan joined the army for Kyoto headed by Yoshinori OUCHI who served the previous shogun, Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, but Tsunehisa AMAGO returned home earlier than others from the battle in Kyoto which had been drawn into a war, began invading Ouchi's territory where Yoshinori was absent for the war, starting their confrontation with the Ouchi clan.
- 戦後初期の第一線の中世史の研究者が「武士」を問題とするとき、その対象は鎌倉幕府成立の基盤としてとらえられた「武士団」であり、それが中世的な在地支配の形態とセットで、「中世の成立」と不可分なものとして研究されてきた経緯がある。
- The front running historian specialized in medieval history immediately after World War II considered 'bushi' as 'bushidan' when studying 'bushi' since bushidan formed the basis of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and paired it with the form of medieval estate control as something crucial for the 'formation of the medieval era.'
- 当初は田令の規定通り田租の一部が貢進されたが、田租を不動穀として備蓄する制度が始まると、国司による出納が許されていた動用倉正税の中から出挙が行われ、それによって得られた利息の一部を田租に替わって年料舂米にあてるようになった。
- Initially, part of Denso was donated as determined by the Denryo, but after the system for storing Denso as Fudokoku (staples for an emergency) started, Suiko (government loans, often seed rice) was taken from the Doyoso Shozei (movable resource) that was allowed to be taken out by the Kunishi, part of the interest earned from this was used instead of Denso to pay for Nenryoshomai.
- しかし、忠平の後に実際に政務をリードしたのは太政官筆頭である左大臣藤原実頼であり、村上治世を天皇親政の理想の時代とするのは、11世紀以降に摂関政治で不遇をかこった中下流の文人貴族による意識的な喧伝だったのだと考えられている。
- However, the person who led the governance after Tadahira was the head of Daijokan (Department of State) and also Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) FUJIWARA no Saneyori, and it is thought to have been conscious propaganda to admire Murakami's reign as the ideal of imperial governance by the middle- and lower-ranked literary nobility in and after 11th century.
- 幕府による地頭に対する土地支配権の安堵によって、現地支配の場で見受けられた荘園の国司に対する不安定な法的地位が安定したことにより、地頭は、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていった。
- By the fact that the jito's rights to control local land ruling were guaranteed by the bakufu and the unstable legal status of jito to kokushi seen in the scenes of local land ruling were stabilized, the jito tried to dissolve the existing relationship with the stratified land ruling, and came to direct the monistical land ruling.
- 西園寺は古い元老制度を廃止するためあえて元老の追加には同意しなかったが(山本権兵衛などが候補としてあげられた)、五・一五事件による政党内閣の崩壊と軍部の台頭、自身の高齢化によって西園寺単独による後継選定は不可能な状態となった。
- SAIONJI chose not to give his consent to add a new genro, (even though some, such as Gonbe YAMAMOTO, had been nominated) because he was trying to abolish the old genro system; however, it became an impossible task for him to select a successor on his own, because of the party cabinet's collapse and the military emergence resulting from the May 15th Incident as well as his own aging.
- 荘園・公領の運営には、運営実務に当たる荘官や、京都の荘園領主(本所)へ年貢などを運送する梶取などの運輸者、本所へ貢納する手工芸品を作る各種職人などの存在が不可欠であり、これら荘官・職人の職務の代償として与えられたのが給田である。
- The management of shoen and koryo required the existence of shokan, who did the daily management, couriers such as Kajitori who transported the nengu to the shoen landholder (Honjo) in Kyoto and various craftsmen who made handicrafts to be given to the Honjo and payment for the services of shokan and craftsmen were Kyuden.
- 「東叡山不忍池図」(重要文化財)、「唐太宗・花鳥山水図」(重要文化財、秋田県立近代美術館所蔵)、「唐太宗図」(秋田市立千秋美術館所蔵)、「江ノ島図」(大和文華館所蔵)などを描くとともに、司馬江漢にも技法を伝授したといわれている。
- His paintings include 'Toeizan Shinobazu no Ike Zu' (A View of Shinobazuno-ike Pond in Toeizan) (an important cultural property), 'Totaiso Kacho Sansui Zu' (Totaiso [a Chinese emperor] and a View of Flowers, Birds, Hills, and Water) (an important cultural property at the Akita Museum of Modern Art), 'Totaiso Zu' (a painting of Totaiso, a Chinese emperor) (at the Akita Senshu Museum of Art) and 'Enoshima Zu' (A View of Enoshima) (at the Museum of Yamato Bunkakan), and it is also said that Naotake taught his techniques to Kokan SHIBA.
- 朝廷内部では天下人・秀吉を遇するには内大臣では不足であると考えられており、秀吉が右大臣を嫌って左大臣を望む以上、要求通りにするために現在の左大臣である近衛信輔を辞任させて秀吉を左大臣に昇進させる事は避けられないと考えられていた。
- Appointing Hideyoshi to Naidaijin was considered inside the Imperial Court to be unfit for him, the ruler of Japan, and accordingly, the court thought it inevitable to make Nobusuke KONOE resign from Sadaijin and to promote Hideyoshi to Sadaijin to meet his request as long as Hideyoshi hoped to assume the position of Sadaijin, not Udaijin.
- ただ、全ルートの踏破には1000メートル級の峠3つを越えなければならず、一度山道に入ると長時間にわたって集落と行き合うことがないため本格的な登山の準備が必要で、冬季には積雪が見られるため、不用意なアプローチは危険と言われている。
- There are three passes having altitudes of over 1000 meters must be crossed and there are no communities for many hours after starting off, therefore full mountain climber's rig is required to travel the whole route, moreover snow falls in winter, so it is warned that this road is dangerous to carelessly try to travel on foot.
- 治天の君であった光厳上皇、天皇を退位した直後の崇光上皇、皇太子直仁親王が南朝に連れ去られ、南朝の後醍醐天皇が偽器であると主張していた北朝の三種の神器までもが南朝に接収されたため、北朝は治天・天皇・皇太子・神器不在の事態に陥った。
- Since the Chiten no kimi (the Retired Emperor or the Cloistered Emperor who held actual power of government) Retired Emperor Kogon, the Retired Emperor Suko, who had just abdicated the throne, and Crown Prince Naohito, were under custody of the Southern Court and the Three Sacred Treasures of the Northern Court that Emperor Godaigo of the Southern Court claimed were fakes were also held by the Southern Court, the Northern Court was in a state of no Chiten, Emperor, Crown Prince, or the Treasures.
- その上で、「不幸なるは近隣に国あり」として、支那(清)と朝鮮(李氏朝鮮)を挙げ、両者が近代化を拒否して儒教など旧態依然とした体制にのみ汲々とする点を指摘し「今の文明東漸の風潮に際し、迚も其独立を維持するの道ある可らず」と論じる。
- As in 'it is unfortunate for us (Japan) that there are neighboring countries,' that were Shina/China (Qing) and Chosen (Joseon Dynasty Korea), he pointed out that both countries had been rejecting modernization and concentrating on an old business-as-usual system based on Confucianism, etc. to 'remain nationally independent under this violent wind of civilization eastward.'
- 大宝律令では『九章算術』・『六章』・『綴術』の基本の3書のうち1つから3問、それ以外の6書から各1問ずつの計9問を出題して6つ正解すれば及第としたが、3問出題される基本書からの出題を間違えた場合には他の8問が正解でも不合格とされた。
- In the Taiho Code, a total of nine questions were delivered, three from one of the three basic documents ('Kyushosanjutsu,' 'Rokusho' and 'Tenjutsu'), and one from each of the other six documents; students passed if they answered six correctly, but failed if they gave wrong answers to any of the three questions drawn from the basic documents, even if they had answered the other eight correctly.
- 義仲はその皇子を「北陸宮」と名付けて、上洛時にこれを押し立てて平氏とともに西走した安徳天皇に代わって皇位に就けようと画策するが、かつて以仁王が勝手に親王を称して令旨を発行したことを不快に思っていた後白河法皇によって退けられたという。
- Yoshinaka nicknamed this imperial prince 'Prince Hokuriku,' and when he triumphantly marched into the capital a few years later, he planned to put him forward as a potential replacement for Emperor Antoku, who had fled with the Taira to the west, on the imperial throne, but was forced to abandon the idea by Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, who had been displeased by prince Mochihito's usurpation of the title of 'imperial prince' when he issued his command.
- 『日本後紀』に記された弘文院の役割は他の大学別曹の例と同様ではあるが、設立そのものが文章院や他の大学別曹に対して幾分か早くかつ記録がほとんど残されていないために、設立当初から後世の大学別曹と同じ目的を担っていたかについては不明である。
- Although the role of the Kobunin described in 'Nihon Koki' was the same as that of the other daigaku besso; since the Kobunin was founded a little earlier than the other daigaku besso including Monjoin and since few record on the Kobunin was left, it was unknown whether it had the same purpose as that of the other later daigaku besso from the beginning or not.
- また治承5年(1181年)に設置した畿内惣官職や諸道鎮撫使は、これもその職能の詳細は不明な点もあるが、数か国にわたる広い領域を軍事的に直轄支配するものと見られており、特に畿内惣官職は征夷大将軍と同様の性格を見出しうるとする見解もある。
- Although some points about the actual details of their work are unclear, Kinai Sokanshiki (a military position with power over the provinces of the Kinai) and Shodo (various roads) chinbushi (one of the posts that were not originally specified in the Ritsuryo system) which were established in 1181, are considered to have directly ruled a wide area with several provinces regarding military aspects and in particular Kinai Shokanshiki is proposed to have had similar properties to the Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- 冒頭に天慶2年(939年)作の大江朝綱作の『倭注切韻』序文を冒頭に掲げ(ただし、その意図については不詳)、次に漢詩作成上に注意を必要とする10項目を記し、その後「筆大体」「詩本体」「雑体詩」「詩雑例」というそれぞれ独立した4項目が続く。
- The book starts with the preface of '倭注切韻' written by Oe no Asatsuna in 939 (its purpose is not clear), followed by ten matters to be attended in writing kanshi, which is followed by independent four items of '筆大体,' '詩本体,' '雑体詩,' and '詩雑例.'
- 一、伴天連其知恵之法を以 心さし次第に檀那を持候と被思召候へは 如右日域之仏法を相破事曲事候条 伴天連儀日本之地ニハおかされ間敷候間 今日より廿日之間に用意仕可帰国候 其中に下々伴天連に不謂族(儀の誤りか)申懸もの在之ハ 曲事たるへき事
- 1. The missionaries held temples' supporters with their wits as they desired and destroyed the Buddhist law, therefore, they should not be allowed in the land of Japan, and should prepare to leave and return to their country within twenty days from this day, and also those who harm the missionaries during this period shall be punished.
- 特に宮中において天皇に近侍する蔵人・太政官において行政事務を担当する弁官・平安京の司法・警察・民政の実務を行う検非違使佐は仕事量が多く重要な官職であったこのため、それらの職務を同時にこなすことは実務能力に優れた官僚でなければ不可能だった。
- As Kurodo who valeted the Emperor at court, Benkan in charge of administrative jobs at Dajokan and Kebiishi no suke responsible for judiciary/police/civil affairs in Heiankyo (Kyoto) were particularly important official positions with a heavy workload, it was impossible for an official to assume these three positions concurrently unless he had an excellent business ability.
- その結果、大覚寺統傍流出身の後醍醐天皇子孫への皇位継承を認めないという結論に達したとき、これに反発した後醍醐天皇がこれを支持する公家と幕府に不満を抱く武士達の連携の動きが現われるのを見てクーデターを起こし、討幕運動へと発展する事になった。
- As a result, when the policy eventually reached the point of refusing to consider descendants of Emperor Godaigo, himself a scion of the Daikakuji lineage, as candidates for the throne, Emperor Godaigo was able to harness the long-festering resentment among warriors towards those who supported this policy--the nobility and the bakufu--and cooperate with them to launch a coup d'etat, which then developed into a full-scale rebellion against the bakufu.
- その後、その子・今川義元は、天文_(日本)22年(1552年)の分国法「今川仮名目録追加」において現在の今川領国の秩序維持を行っているのは足利将軍家ではなく今川氏そのものであることを理由に、幕府権力による守護使不入地を全面否定したのである。
- Thereafter, his son Yoshimoto IMAGAWA completely denied the shugoshi funyuchi specified by the bakufu authority in his bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) 'Imagawa Kana Mokuroku Tsuika' (expanding on house rules left by Ujichika), published in 1552, on the ground that those who maintain order in the present Imagawa territory are not the Ashikaga shogun family, but the Imagawa clan itself.
- なお、この一連の事件と純友との関係について純友軍の幹部に前山城掾藤原三辰がいる事や先の藤原子高襲撃事件などから、実は純友の勢力は瀬戸内海のみならず平安京周辺から摂津国にかけてのいわゆる「盗賊」と呼ばれている武装した不満分子にも浸透していた。
- Sumitomo was connected with a series of these incidents because 藤原三辰, the former Yamashiro no jo (an official of Yamashiro Province), was the senior commander of Sumitomo's army, and also because, ever since his attack on FUJIWARA no Sanetaka as mentioned above, his influence had become prevalent amongst not only pirates of the Seto Inland Sea, but also armed discontented elements, or 'robbers', based in the area between Heian-Kyo (the ancient capital in present-day Kyoto) and Settsu Province.
- 例えば、後に佐竹義宗が強引に相馬御厨全域を支配したとき、その『源義宗寄進状』には「常澄常胤等何故可成妨哉、是背法令、大非常之上、大謀叛人前下野守義朝朝臣年来郎従等 凡不可在王土者也」と、上総介常澄、千葉介常胤、が共に反抗していることが伺える。
- For example, when Yoshimune SATAKE aggressively dominated the entire region of Soma-mikuriya later, he stated in 'MINAMOTO no Yoshimune's letter of donation' that '常澄常胤等何故可成妨哉,是背法令,大非常之上,大謀叛人前下野守義朝朝臣年来郎従等 凡不可在王土者也,' indicating that Kazusa no suke Tsunezumi and Chiba no suke Tsunetane both rebelled.
- これは、鎌倉殿による地頭に対する土地支配権の承認(安堵)が荘園の持つ不安定な法的地位を改善したために、地頭側が、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、下地進止権の獲得を通じた一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていったためと考えられている。
- The background behind the above is considered to be the fact that jito began to pursue the unified ruling of land by annulling the multi-layered land ruling system and obtaining Shitaji shinshi ken (the right to shitaji) since the legal status of shoen became stable thanks to the Kamakura Bakufu's authorization of jito's right to rule the land (ando).
- 翌年に意次が失脚すると、親田沼派の大名であったということから、田沼派の徹底的な粛清を図る松平定信によって天明8年(1788年)5月6日伏見奉行在職中、不正、服務規程違反などがあったために改易され、相模国小田原藩主大久保家にお預けの身となった。
- When Okitsugu was overthrown the following year, as he was a feudal lord of pro-Tanuma group, he was imposed sanctions for committing fraud and violating service regulations while in Fushimi bugyo on June 9, 1788, and left to the Okubo family, the lord of the Odawara Domain, Sagami Province, by Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA who tied to purge the Tanuma group thoroughly.
- 江戸時代末期・明治時代の開国による外交関係の樹立から大陸情勢への関係が不回避となると、当時の武将達が三韓征伐を想起したように、秀吉の朝鮮出兵もクローズ・アップされるようになり、大陸への進出は豊臣秀吉公の遺志を継ぐ行いだと考えるものも多くなった。
- When involvement in situations in the continent became inevitable as a result of the establishment of diplomatic relationships by opening Japan in the last days of the Edo and the Meiji periods, same as commanders at the time of war were reminded of sankan-seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea), dispatch of troops by Hideyoshi came to be closed up and many came to consider advancing into the continent was conduct following Hideyoshi's wishes.
- 1334年正月に定められた「建武」の年号は、中国の後漢王朝の25年に劉秀(光武帝)が王莽を滅ぼし漢王朝を復興した際に定めた元号であり、先例に反し、辛酉革命説により「武」の一字が不吉であると断固反対した公家衆の反対を押し切って定めたものであった。
- The 'Kenmu' era name, established in the first month of 1334, was the era name chosen in China in the twenty-fifth year of the later Han dynasty, when Liu Xiu (Emperor Guangwu) destroyed Wang Mang and restored the Han dynasty to power; he went against precedent, and despite the fact that it was the fifty-eighth year of the sixty-year cycle and it was taboo to use the character 'mu' (samurai) in that year, he overcame the resolute opposition of the nobility and selected 'Kenmu' as the era name anyway.
- 第二次世界大戦後に研究が進むと、潜在的に不満を抱いていた中下流の文人貴族層による過大な評価であることが明らかとなり、またその時期の実際の政策も宇多天皇期及びその後の宇多上皇による事実上の院政下で行われたものの延長でしかないことが明らかになった。
- As further research was done after World War II, it became apparent that the eras were overrated by people in the literary nobility in the middle and lower classes who were potentially frustrated at the system of rule at the time, and the actual policies of that time were merely an extension of the ones by the Emperor Uda era and under Insei (rule by the retired emperor) of consecutive reign by Retired Emperor Uda.
- この時革命を起こそうと考えた者の武装やヤクザの抗争の影響でより一層武器の取締りが厳しくなり、特に銃器関連を所持するには銃器にもよるが、数ヶ月期間の審査が必要であり、少なくとも暴力行為を前提に銃器を合法的に所持するのは日本では事実上不可能になった。
- Since those who planned revolutions bore arms and gangs (yakuza) started conflicts, the law was reinforced and a several month examination (the period depends on the kind of firearms) was required to possess a firearm-related weapon, making the legal possession of firearms for the purpose of violence virtually impossible in any event in Japan.
- 薩摩藩の島津久光が不満を述べた以外は目立った反撥はなかった(すでに中央軍制が整い、個別の藩が対抗しにくくなっていたこと、藩財政が危機的状況に陥り、知藩事の手に負えなくなったこと、旧藩主が華族として身分・財産が保証されること、などが理由とされる)。
- There was no remarkable objection except that Hisamitsu SHIMAZU in Satsuma Domain complained about the system (the reasons why there were so few objections are that it was difficult for each domain to oppose the already organized central military system; governors were not able to deal with the serious financial problems in their domains; and former governors of feudal domains were assured their position and properties as nobles).
- 当時使われない文法や不自然な敬語の使い方など内容に疑問があるため後世の改ざん・偽作とする見方もあるが、増田長盛・長束正家等が家康に送った書状や『鹿苑日録』の記録から、承兌が受け取った兼続の返書が存在し、それにより家康が激怒したことは確かのようである。
- Though, in later years, it is acknowledged that they were falsified and forged due to the questionable content such as grammar that was not used in those days and unnatural use of honorific expressions, it is possible that Kanetsugu's reply received by Jotai really existed and Ieyasu was outraged by that based on the letter sent from Nagamori MASHITA, Masaie NAGATSUKA, and others to Ieyasu and the record of 'Rokuon-nichiroku Diary'.
- 編纂に当たっては「弘仁格」・貞観格に既出のもの、編纂当時に廃止されていたものは掲載せず、文章が長すぎるものは削り、以前の格で内容が不十分あるいは不明確であったものは書き加え、更に一部が使われていない場合には該当部分を削除するなどの修正が施されている。
- In compiling the new collection, such corrections were made as excluding items already taken up in Koninkyaku or Jogyankyaku and those already abolished at the time of compilation, shortening too long sentences, supplementing insufficient or unclear statements in any earlier Kyaku and, where some rules were partially out of use, clearing the pertinent rules of those unused parts.
- 鎮火後現場検証したところ、普段火の気がない事、そして寝具が何故か付近に置かれている事から、不審火の疑いがあるとして同寺の関係者を取り調べたところ、同寺子弟の見習い僧侶であり大学生の林承賢(京都府舞鶴市出身・当時21歳)がいない事が判明し行方を捜索した。
- In the investigation at the scene, when the police investigated temple staff on suspicions of arson, due to the fact that there were no sources of fire in the temple and that bedclothes were found near the scene of the fire, they found that Shoken HAYASHI, a monk of apprentice of the temple and a college student (from Maizuru City, Kyoto Prefecture, 21 years old at the time), was missing and thus searched for his whereabouts.
- 18世紀以降には、大坂高麗橋付近に住む氏名不詳の商人による元文3年(1738年)の『熊野めぐり』(以下、『めぐり』と略記)、伊丹の酒造家、八尾八佐衛門の家人による延享4年(1747年)の『三熊野参詣道中日記』(以下、『道中日記』と略記)などが見られる。
- As for the diaries about visiting Kumano written after the 18the century, there remain 'Kumano Meguri' (hereinafter quote it as 'Meguri') written in 1738 by a merchant with an unknown name who lived near Korai-bashi Bridge of Osaka and 'San-Kumano Sankei Dochu Nikki' (hereinafter quote it as 'Dochu Nikki') written in 1747 by a retainer of Yazaemon YAO, a brewer of Itami.
- これらの中で三島由紀夫は「自分の吃音や不幸な生い立ちに対して金閣における美の憧れと反感を抱いて放火した」と分析し、水上勉は「寺のあり方、仏教のあり方に対する矛盾により美の象徴である金閣を放火した」と分析したが、実際のところ真相は解き明かされる事はなかった。
- Yukio MISHIMA analyzed the motives behind his conduct and said 'The young man set fire because he had great admiration for beauty of and felt antipathy toward Kinkaku-ji Temple, contrasting his dysphemia and unhappy background,' while Tsutomu MIZUKAMI said, 'He set fire to Kinkaku-ji Temple, which was a symbol of beauty for him, owing to the antilogy of how temples and Buddhism should be.'; however, the truth was in fact never clarified.
- 幕末には攘夷論が台頭するがそれを克服し、戊辰戦争の後明治政府は西洋文明の積極的な受容による近代国家の建設、幕府が結んだ西欧諸国との不平等条約の改正と南下政策を進めるロシア帝国との国境確定および東アジア諸国との外交関係の再構築と版図の確定という課題に取り組んだ。
- Japan conquered principle of excluding foreigners that emerged at the end of Edo period, and the Meiji Government had tackled the following issues since the Bushing War: the construction of a modern state through the introduction of western civilization; the revision of the unequal treaties that the bakufu signed, with western countries; the definition of the border with Russia that had been promoting southward expansion; and the restructing of diplomatic relations and definition of the territory with East Asian countries.
- 秀吉は、1月17日、寺沢志摩守を通じて玄雅に、「今度大明人蔚山取還之由注進付 而為後巻雖押出候敵引退之由 既に自此方も安芸中納言 増田右衛門 因幡但馬大和紀伊九鬼父子等可取立旨雖被仰付候右之分候間不及是非候 云々」の朱印状とともに、小袖一服、道服一服を与えた。
- On February 22, Hideyoshi sent Terasawa Shima-no-Kami to award Harumasa a letter bearing his seal, along with a kimoto with short sleeves and a set of formal clothes; the letter told Harumasa that 今度大明人蔚山取還之由注進付 而為後巻雖押出候敵引退之由 既に自此方も安芸中納言 増田右衛門 因幡但馬大和紀伊九鬼父子等可取立旨雖被仰付候右之分候間不及是非候 云々
- なお、寛平の治は菅原道真の主導による王朝国家体制への転換準備期であり、延喜の治は道真の着想を引き継いだ時平による王朝国家体制への移行を意図したものであったが、時平により道真の政治の記録が抹殺されたため詳細が不明となっていたにすぎないとする平田耿二等の説がある。
- There is a theory by Koji HIRATA and others that Kanpyo no chi was a transition and preparatory period for the dynasty state system led by SUGAWARA no Michizane and Engi no chi was intended to transit to the national system ruled by imperial families by Tokihira who took over the idea of Michizane, but the details were unknown because the political records of Michizane were destroyed by Tokihira.
- さらに、政治学者の丸山眞男は、甲申事変が三日天下に終わったことの挫折感と、日本・清国政府・李氏政権がそれぞれの立場から甲申事変の結果を傍観・利用したことに対する不満から、「「脱亜論」の社説はこうした福沢の挫折感と憤激の爆発として読まれねばならない」と説明する。
- A scholar of political science, Masao MARUYAMA said that, from frustration of the Gapsin Coup being short-lived and disappointment toward Japan, the Chinese government and the Yi government when all of them were just watching the Coup and using the results, 'the editorial of the 'Datsu-A Ron' should be read as an emotional explosion of Fukuzawa's frustration and rage.'
- 『吾妻鏡』によると、鎌倉幕府でも天文道に通じた陰陽師を京都から鎌倉へ招いて征夷大将軍に対して天文密奏を行わせたとされている(こうした場合、朝廷に対する密奏が不可能となるため、密奏宣旨は天文博士などへ昇進するための資格を得る以上の意味はなかったと考えられている)。
- According to 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East; a chronicle of the early history of the Kamakura Bakufu), the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) also invited Onmyoji who was well versed in tenmondo from Kyoto to Kamakura to constitute him the mission as the medium of tenmon misso to seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') (Since the misso could not have been available for the emperor in that situation, it was considered that the imperial decree of the misso meant no more than qualifying a person as tenmon hakase or the like.)
- 幕末になって江戸幕府及び諸藩は、火縄銃装備の「鉄砲組」を廃止し、洋式銃装備の「歩兵隊」や「銃隊」を作る必要に迫られたが、従来の足軽身分のものだけでは不十分なケースが多々見られ、こうした場合、新たに人員を募集し戦国時代の足軽隊に似た歩兵部隊を創設することがあった。
- At the end of the Edo period, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and its domains were forced to eliminate their 'matchlock infantry' armed with matchlocks and to form a 'musket infantry' or 'musket unit' armed with Western style firearms, however, the number of ashigaru (common foot soldiers) was sometimes not enough to form these infantries or units and, in these cases, new members were recruited to create a musket infantry similar to the ashigaru troops in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- しかし勲功への処遇の不満や、国衙側が彼等の新興の武人としての誇りを踏みにじるような徴税収奪に走ったり、彼らが武人としての自負から地域紛争に介入したときの対応を誤ったりしたことをきっかけに起きたのが、藤原純友や平高望の孫の平将門らによる反乱、承平天慶の乱であった。
- However, they were dissatisfied with the treatment for their deeds of valor and were disgraced as emerging warriors by kokugas, who forcibly collected taxes from them; also when they interfered with the regional conflicts out of their self-pride as warriors, the kokugas failed to handle the situation well, all of which triggered the revolts by FUJIWARA no Sumitomo and TAIRA no Masakado who was a grandson of TAIRA no Takamochi, and others, namely, the Johei and Tengyo War.
- 政府は当初、伝統宗教の権威と地盤を以ってキリスト教防御と維新後の新体制を国民に教導する考えであったが、近代国家の樹立の為には政教分離と信教の自由を国家の基本方針として盛り込むことは避けられず、また西洋諸国との外交関係に於いてキリスト教の禁制解除は不可欠となった。
- At first, the Meiji government intended to keep citizens away from the influence of Christianity and to educate them on the new systems made by the new government renewed after the Meiji Restoration with authority and foundations of the Japanese traditional religion; however, the separation of religion and politics and the freedom of religion were essential policies in order to establish a modernized nation, and the cancellation of a ban on Christianity was indispensable to maintain the diplomatic relationships with Western countries.
- 陰陽寮の役人が退いた後に中務省を代表して輔が天皇に奏上を行い、具注暦は天皇に奏進され、頒暦は天皇と太政官の連絡を掌る少納言が受領して大臣の元に届けられ、大臣から弁官を通じて各官司・国府に配布され、不足の場合には上級官司・国府が書写して下級官司・郡司などに送付した。
- When officials of the Onmyoryo leave the court, the suke makes a presentation before the emperor on behalf of the Ministry of Central Affairs, the guchureki is presented to the emperor, the hanreki is distributed to the Shonagon who manages communications between the Emperor and the Daijokan, then it is sent to each minister, then distributed by ministers to each government officials and kokufu via benkan and, if the number of copies are not enough, highly-ranked kanshi or kokufu transcribes it and sends it to low-ranked kanshi or gunji (district official).
- その後も、一部の人々は攘夷運動を進めようとした(草莽)が、明治2年(1869年)に入ると、明治政府は公議所・上局から上げられた「公議輿論」が攘夷は不可能であるという意見であったことを理由に「開国和親」を国是として以後は攘夷を議題としないことを決定(5月28日)した。
- Even after that, some ordinary citizens tried to continue the Joi movement; however, because the kogi-yoron (public deliberation) issued by the Kogisho (the lower house) and the Jokyoku (a law-making body) expressed the judgment that joi (the expelling of the barbarians) was not possible, the Meiji government adopted a national policy of 'opening the country up and establishing friendly relations with other countries' (kaikoku washin) in 1869 and decided not to employ joi as part of their agenda anymore (May 28).
- やがて、宇多法皇が道真の娘婿でもある斉世親王を皇太弟に立てようとしているという風説が流れると、宇多上皇や道真の政治手法に密かに不満を抱いていた醍醐天皇と藤原時平、藤原菅根(折りしも病死した平季長の後任の蔵人頭に就任していた)らが政治の主導権を奪還せんとしたのである。
- Eventually, when rumors began to fly that Cloistered Emperor Uda was going to raise Michizane's son-in-law, the Imperial Prince Tokiyo, to the rank of Kotaitei (one rank below the heir apparent), those who were nursing secret resentment against Uda and Michizane for their political maneuvers, including Emperor Daigo, FUJIWARA no Tokihira, and FUJIWARA no Sugane (the new Majordomo of the palace following TAIRA no Hidenaga's recent death by illness), began to plan how to recover control over the government.
- ところが、大正政変の際に大正天皇より公家出身の立憲政友会総裁西園寺公望に対して第3次桂内閣への内閣不信任案を撤回させて政友会を内閣に協力させるように勅命が出されたものの、政友会の代議士達は自分達は日本国民の代表であるとして西園寺に突き返させた(1913年2月9日)。
- In the Taisho Political Crisis, Emperor Taisho issued an imperial command that Kinmochi SAIONJI, president of Rikkenseiyukai (a political party originally organized by Hirobumi ITO) should withdraw a parliamentary motion of non-confidence against the cabinet related to the 3rd Katsura Cabinet and urge Seiyukai to collaborate with the Katsura Cabinet, but the parliamentarians of the Seiyukai made Saionji return the imperial command for the reason that the parliamentarians were the representatives of the Japanese nation (February 9, 1913.)
- 信輔は「近衛家では前官(前職大臣)の関白の例はない」と主張して左大臣を秀吉に譲る前に現職の大臣として関白に就任したい旨を正親町天皇に奏上し、これに対して昭実は「二条家では初めて任命された関白が1年以内に辞めた例はない」と主張して信輔の理不尽な要求を退けるように訴えた。
- Nobusuke insisted that no one in the Konoe family assumed the position of Kanpaku as former minister, and he presented a petition to Emperor Ogimachi, requesting he be appointed to Kanpaku as an incumbent minister before yielding the position of Sadaijin to Hideyoshi; on the other hand, Akizane maintained that no one in the Nijo family resigned from the position of Kanpaku within a year when he assumed the position for the first time, and he made a request to Emperor Ogimachi for rejecting Nobusuke's unreasonable demands.
- 義弘は将軍家からの御恩の深さを感謝しながらも、今川了俊に従軍しての九州での戦い、明徳の乱、南北朝合一、少弐氏退治での自らの功績を述べ、それにも関わらず将軍家は和泉国と紀伊国を取り上げようとし、また先年の少弐氏との戦いで討ち死にした弟の満弘の子への恩賞がない不満を述べる。
- Yoshihiro said that he remained grateful for the deep favor the shogunal family had bestowed on him, but also listed his own accomplishments in the battles in Kyushu joining forces with Ryoshun IMAGAWA, in the Meitoku rebellion, in unifying the Southern and Northern Courts, and in the annihilation of the Shoni family before pointing out his dissatisfaction that despite these deeds, the Ashikaga family was trying to remove Izumi and Kii Provinces from his governance, and the fact that his nephew, the son of his younger brother Mitsuhiro - who had died in battle during the recent campaign against the Shoni family - had received no reward for his father's service.
- ここに至って近衛基熙や江戸幕府は、霊元天皇による四宮擁立の真意が皇子可愛さだけではなく、院政を開始して摂家や幕府の干渉を排して思いのままの政治を行うための長期計画の一環であり、すぐに成人を迎えてしまう年長の一宮に皇位を譲る事が不都合であったからであった事に気付くのである。
- This development made Motohiro KONOE and the Bakufu in Edo realize that the true motive underlying Emperor Reigen's insistence on succession by Shinomiya had not only been love of his own son but part of his long-cherished scheme to assume the virtual reins of the court as retired emperor and exercising ruling authority without allowing interference by the Sekkanke or the Bakufu, to whom handing over the imperial throne to the older Ichinomiya, who would soon become of age, would have been a disadvantage.
- そこで当時院政を敷いていた後水尾法皇と江戸幕府との間で密かに万が一鷹司房子に男子が生まれないままに天皇が崩御された場合の時には小倉実起の娘(中納言典侍・実名不詳)が生んだ第1皇子である一宮が継承するという合意が出来ており、天皇や摂関家などの有力公家の合意を取り付けていた。
- There had been an agreement between Cloistered Emperor Gomizunoo, then taking the virtual reins of the court, and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a nominally emperor-appointed Shogun) that, if Emperor Reigen died before Fusako TAKATSUKASA delivered a son, the Emperor's oldest son Ichinomiya born to a daughter (an unidentified Chunagon Naishi (a maid of honor to the Vice-Councilor of State)) of Saneoki OGURA would inherit the throne, and this agreement had won consent of the Emperor and influential noble families including Sekkanke (families qualified for appointment as Prince Regent or Chief Advisor to the Emperor).
- ここで信長が怒り狂った饗応の不手際とは、「太閤記」にあるような「魚が腐っていた」といった ような表の理由ではなく、実は、信長が饗応の機会を捉えて家康を暗殺するよう光秀に指示したがこれを光秀が拒んだのが真因だと解釈する等、信長に家康暗殺の意図があったことを推定する説が多い。
- In this regard, many views infer that Nobunaga had an intention to assassinate Ieyasu, for example, assuming that the reason why Nobunaga got angry was not mismanagement of entertaining such as 'rotten fish' in 'Taikoki,' but the real cause was that when Nobunaga ordered Mitsuhide to kill Ieyasu taking opportunity of entertainment but Mitsuhide refused this order.
- この時期、諸国の神社領は、地頭、非御家人のみならず、本所による恣意的な神官任命や別相伝(神社領が細分化され本所である摂関家等の縁故者に占有されること)承認により、神官による神社領管理が不安定となっており、このため財源に事欠くことから神社における諸儀式が滞るようになっていた。
- In this period, the management of shrine estates by Shinto priests was destabilized by arbitrary appointment of priests and approval of betsusoden (fragmentation of shrines' estates to be separately possessed by Sekkanke (families qualified for appointment as Prince Regent or Chief Advisor to the Emperor) or other persons having particular relations, who were honsho (nominal landowners)) by not only jito (estate stewards) and higokenin (lower-ranking samurai not under official control of the Bakufu) but also by honsho, and the consequent lack of funds prevented shrines from duly performing various rituals.
- 三木合戦もそうであったが、毛利氏は援軍の約束しながら、花隈城や尼崎城を通じて兵糧は補給していたが、1年経っても援兵はこず、このままでは城を持ちこたえるのは不可能と判断し、家臣を使者としても効果は無く、城主自ら安芸国に出向き毛利氏と直接交渉しようとしたのではないかと説明している。
- It is explained that the castellan might have judged that, because, same as in the case of Miki-jo Castle, the Mori clan promised to send reinforcement troops and supplied provisions through Hanakuma-jo Castle and Amagasaki-jo Castle, but no reinforcement troops did come even after one year, it was impossible to maintain if the situation remained as it was and, because sending subordinates as emissaries did not bring any result, the castellan decided to visit Aki Province by himself and directly negotiate with the Mori clan.
- 刈田・刈畠行為をめぐる紛争は当初、所務沙汰(不動産に係る民事事件)として扱われていたが、時代が下るにつれ、刈田・刈畠行為が増加していくと、13世紀後期ごろには違法行為のニュアンスを含む「狼藉」、すなわち刈田狼藉と呼ばれるようになり、通常の所務沙汰とは別個の取扱いがなされ始めた。
- Initially, karita or karihata related disputes were handled as shomu-sata (civil trials dealing with land-related issues), but the number of karita and karihata acts increased with the times, and around the late thirteenth century, such karita or karihata related disputes began to be called 'rozeki' with the implication of illegal acts, that is, karita-rozeki, and the handling of such disputes was separated from ordinary shomu-sata.
- …抑モ東京ハ帝国ノ首都ニシテ政治経済ノ枢軸トナリ国民文化ノ源泉トナリテ民衆一般ノ瞻仰スル所ナリ一朝不慮ノ災害ニ罹リテ今ヤ其ノ旧形ヲ留メスト雖依然トシテ我国都タル地位ヲ失ハス是ヲ以テ其ノ善後策ハ独リ旧態ヲ回復スルニ止マラス進ンテ将来ノ発展ヲ図リ以テ巷衢ノ面目ヲ新ニセサルヘカラス…
- 'Tokyo is the capital of the empire and the political and economic center, and the source of Japan's culture. Tokyo suffered an enormous disaster this time and can not cling to its old situation, but still holds status as capital of the empire, therefore, it is necessary not only to restore it to what it used to be but also have it undergo a complete new transformation.'
- 足利義満の死後には天皇が家門安堵の権限を回復するようになるが、その一方で軍事力を持たない公家社会においては室町幕府や守護大名の軍事力に依存しなければ家領の保全が不可能であったために、天皇が家門そのものを安堵し、将軍が家領の実質面での安堵を行うという共同体制が長く続くことになった。
- After his death, the emperors regained the authority to approve families, but since there was no military force in the court nobles' society it was impossible to maintain family estates without depending on the military force of the Muromachi bakufu or the Shugo (Military Governor) Daimyo; thus the cooperative system in which emperors approved of the names of families and shoguns literally approved of family estates continued for a long time.
- しかし、申告がなされなかった土地や、国有地と認定された土地(主に隠田などの所有者不明の土地とされるが、旧朝鮮王朝の土地を含むともいう)は接収され、東洋拓殖株式会社法(1909年法律第63号)によって設立され、朝鮮最大の地主となった東洋拓殖や、その他の日本人農業者に払い下げられた。
- However, the land not declared or land designated as state-owned land (it is said it was mainly the land of unknown owners, such as hidden rice fields, and included the land of the former Korean Dynasties) was taken over, and then sold to the Toyo Takushoku Co. Ltd., which was founded according to the Toyo Takushoku Co. Ltd. Law (1909 law No. 63) and became the largest landlord in Korea, as well as other Japanese farmers.
- これにより旧幕府では薩摩打倒の機運が高まり、「薩摩の不法行為を誅する」とした上奏表(討薩表)を携え、京都を兵力で抑えるべく、旧幕府側の幕府歩兵隊、会津藩兵、桑名藩兵などが大阪から進軍し、薩摩藩・長州藩の軍勢と慶応4年1月3日 (旧暦)(1868年1月27日)、京都南郊外の鳥羽と伏見で衝突した。
- This incident gathered momentum among the former Shogunate to fight against the Satsuma Domain; with the statement to the Emperor declaring that they would avenge Satsuma's wrongs (to-satsu-hyo), the Shogunate infantry of the former Shogunate and warriors of the Aizu and Kuwana Domains advanced from Osaka to pacify Kyoto and they clashed with the forces of the Satsuma and Choshu Domains in Toba and Fushimi on the outskirts of southern Kyoto on January 27, 1868.
- 元禄10年10月6日、江戸では諸大名の江戸屋敷留守居役が、幕府の勘定奉行荻原重秀に呼び出され、「酒の商売人が多く、下々の者がみだりに酒を飲み不届き至極である。よって、すべての造り酒屋に対して運上金を課する。酒の価格にはこの運上金を上乗せし、今までの五割増しの値段で酒類を販売せよ」との覚書を手渡された。
- On November 19, 1697, Shigehide OGIWARA, a kanjo bugyo of the bakufu, summoned and handed rusuiyaku (persons representing the master during his absence) of the Edo residences owned by territorial lords a memorandum saying 'it is completely unforgivable that there are many sake merchants and that commoners drink sake unnecessarily. Therefore, business taxes shall be imposed on all sake breweries. Add the business taxes onto the price of sake and sell alcoholic drinks for 50 percent more than the previous price.'
- 実際に効力を持っていたと考えられている「儀式」としては、弘仁11年(820年)に嵯峨天皇に完成が上奏された「内裏式」とほぼ相前後して編纂された「内裏儀式」(前後関係については不明)があり、続いて貞観 (日本)年間に編纂された「貞観儀式」(「“儀式”」)、村上天皇の頃に作成された「新儀式」が知られている。
- As 'Gishiki' which might have been virtually effective, 'Dairi Gishiki' which was compiled almost simultaneously with 'Dairi shiki,' the completion of which was reported to Emperor Saga in 820 (it was unknown which of them was completed first), then 'Jogan Gishiki' ('Gishiki') which was compiled in the Jogan era, and 'Shingishiki' which was made during the tenure of Emperor Murakami, were known.
- 幕府は両統迭立原則によって大覚寺統・持明院統両皇統間における話し合いによる皇位継承を勧めて深入りを避ける方針を採ったが、結果的に紛糾の長期化による朝廷から幕府に対する新たな介入要請を招き、その幕府の介入結果に不満を抱く反対派による更なる介入要請が出されるという結果的に幕府の方針と相反した悪循環に陥った。
- The bakufu, as concerning the system of the alternate enthronement of the two rival imperial lines, adopted a policy of making recommendations concerning the imperial succession and mediating between the daikakuji and jimyoin lineages without being drawn in too deeply to successional disputes, but in the end, after a long period of confusion over the succession, the imperial court made a new request for the bakufu to intervene, while the faction on the losing end of this dispute, nursing newfound dissatisfaction against the bakufu because of the results of this intervention, ended up making a request of their own, leading to a vicious circle that conflicted ever deeper with the bakufu's hands-off policy.
- 1338年(延元3年/建武 (日本)5年)には北畠顕家が出陣前に新政の失敗を諌める諫奏を行い、北畠親房の『職原抄』や公家の日記などにも新政への批判や不満を述べる文章があるなど、武家や庶民のみならず、後に後醍醐天皇方について北朝と対立した北畠父子のような公家でさえ、新政を支持していなかったことが示唆される。
- Criticism of the new government was not limited to warrior families and commoners, however; in 1338, before Akiie KITABATAKE led his army out, he remonstrated with Emperor Godaigo about the failures of the new government, and his father Chikafusa KITABATAKE's 'Shokugensho' as well as other nobles' diaries record comments critical of and indicating their dissatisfaction with the government, showing that later on, even nobles like the Kitabatake father-son duo, who fought to oppose the Northern dynasty, did not fully support the new government.
- このため、日本の大名、商人らが朝鮮に通交する者が急増したが、彼らの中には交易に不都合があると倭寇に変貌するような者もいたので、朝鮮政府は1407年頃国防上の見地から興利倭船の入港地を慶尚左道都万戸所在地の東莱県富山浦(現在の釜山広域市)と慶尚右道都万戸所在地の金海府乃而浦(現在の慶尚南道鎮海市)に限定した。
- Therefore, the number of Japanese daimyo (feudal lord) and merchants trading with Korea rapidly increased, but because some of them turned into wako (Japanese pirates) once they found unfavorable terms of trade, the Korean government eventually restricted the port of entry for koriwasen (ship for trading with Korea) only to Busanpo, Tongne Prefecture (present Busan Metropolitan City), the location where Local naval officer of Gyeongsang left-sided Prefecture was, and, Naijiho, Jinhae Prefecture (present, Jinhae City, Gyeongsang-namdo Prefecture), the location where Local naval officer of Gyeongsang right-sided Prefecture was, around 1407.
- その背景について、幼少の清和天皇が外祖父藤原良房の政治権力によって、異母兄惟喬親王を推す世論に反して擁立されたことに由来する政治基盤の不安定さを克服するために、幼い天皇の君徳の涵養を図るとともに、天皇への忠誠を官人教育を通じて強く認識させる目的によって、藤原良房と大春日雄継が導入を図ったものと考えられている。
- It is believed that FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa and OKASUGA no Otsugu adopted this edition with the purpose of giving government officials an official education to foster allegiance to the Emperor, as well as to foster 'Kuntoku no Kanyo' in the young Emperor Seiwa, thereby tried to overcome the instability of political foundation, which was caused by the enthroning of the infant Emperor Seiwa, with the help of the political power of his maternal grandfather, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, against public opinion that pushed for his paternal older half-brother, Imperial Prince Koretaka.
- 足助氏はその後も御家人として存続したが、4代目惣領・足助重方とその子・足助親重は官位を有し昇殿をも許されるなど朝廷との繋がりは依然として深く、加えて一族の中には有力御家人安達氏との縁戚がおり、弘安8年(1285年)の霜月騒動で一族の足助重房が連座して滅ぼされたことなどから、次第に鎌倉幕府への不満を強めていくこととなる。
- After that, the Asuke clan survived as a vassal of the shogunate, but its relationship with the Imperial Court was still so close that the fourth head, Shigekata ASUKE, and his son Chikashige ASUKE had been given official rank and allowed to enter the denjo room in the palace; moreover, its dissatisfaction with the Kamakura bakufu increased because of problems such as the Shimotsuki Affair in 1285, in which Shigefusa ASUKE was involved and destroyed because, in the Asuke clan, there were relatives of the powerful gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods), Adachi clan.
- 延宝4年(1676年)6月には神武天皇から後醍醐天皇までの本紀が清書され、天和 (日本)年間には『新撰紀伝』104巻として完成するが、光圀は南北朝合一の後亀山天皇期まで扱う必要性と内容上の不備を感じ、同年には彰孝館に総裁を置いて機構を改革し、新館を新築して史館員も増員させ、国史以外にも詩文集など編纂事業が拡大していった。
- Honki from the Emperor Jinmu to Go-Daigo was written in June, 1676 and the book was completed as 'Shinsenkiden,' the 104 volumes, between 1681 and 1683 but Mitsukuni felt it was necessity to cover the reign of the Emperor Go-Kameyama and he was dissatisfied with its insufficient contents, so he reformed the compiling organization, created a post for president in Shokokan, built a new building, increased the number of staff and expanded its work to compiling collections of poems.
- このため、安政5年(1858年)の日米修好通商条約締結の際、約8.6グラムの質量を持つ一分銀は偶然にも質量としての一両の約1/4であることから額面通り銀1/4両であり、中国の銀一両の約3/4の質量である1ドル銀貨=一分銀3枚という日本側に不利な交換比率を主張する口実をタウンゼント・ハリスに与えることになり、小判流出の一因となった。
- When the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan was concluded in 1858, the fact that about 8.6-gram ichibu-gin was coincidentally equivalent to around one fourth ryo in weight, which was worth of one fourth ryo of silver at face value, provided Townsend Harris with the excuse of insisting unfavorable exchange rate for Japan that three ichibu-gin coins changed one-dollar silver coin which was about three fourth weight of Chinese one ryo of silver and led koban flow out.
- 応仁の乱後の文明11年(1479年)に室町殿や内裏の造営が開始されたものの、都市の荒廃による環境悪化によって疫病や火災、盗賊、一揆などの発生が頻発したこと、加えて在京していた守護大名やその家臣達(都市消費者として一定の役割を果たしていた)が領国の政情不安のために帰国したまま帰ってこなかったこともあり、京都の再建は順調とは言えなかった。
- In 1479, after the Onin War, the reconstruction of Muromachi-dono (the Shogun's residence) and the Imperial Palace was started, but the absence of shugo daimyos and their vassals (who had played a more or less substantial role as urban consumers) who had previously lived in Kyoto, but later returned to their politically unstable territories, on top of the frequent occurrence of epidemics, fires, burglaries and uprisings in the deteriorated environment of the devastated city, prevented the reconstruction of Kyoto from steady progress.
- 戦国時代になると、大名は主従関係の安定化のため、寄親となった有力武士の権利を保障し、寄子が濫りに寄親を変えることを禁じたり、大名への訴訟は寄親を通じて行うことを命じて、強制力を持たせる一方、寄親が寄子に恩給を与えなかったり、その他寄子に対する不当な扱いを行った場合には寄親を変えさせるなど、寄子を自己の軍事力として確保する政策が取られた。
- In the Sengoku period, in order to stabilize the master-servant relationship, daimyo guaranteed the rights of the dominant samurai who had become Yorioya, prohibited Yoriko from changing Yorioya, and gave Yorioya a legal force by ordering that lawsuits against daimyo should be filed through Yorioya; on the other hand, they adopted a policy to secure Yoriko as their military force by allowing Yoriko change Yorioya if Yorioya didn't give Onkyu (rewards from master to a vassal) or if Yorioya mistreated Yoriko.
- ところで、5月4日に宗方が「誅せられ」という、その状況が『実躬卿記』5月8日条にあり、5月4日に、時村殺害は宗方の命令であるという噂に対処するため、貞時が師時亭で評定を行っていたところに宗方が「推入来」したため、北条貞時は佐々木時清を使わせて「暫不可来臨之由(暫く来ないで欲しいと)」 と伝えようとしたが、「打合、共落命」してしまったという。
- By the way, the description of the situation in which Munekata 'was killed due to a crime' on May 4 is included in the article on May 8 of Sanemikyoki as follows: on May 4, Sadatoki was having a meeting for deciding a measure to handle the rumor that Tokimura was killed by an order of Munekata at the Morotoki's residence, and Munekata 'was going to come there;' Therefore, Sadatoki sent Tokikiyo SASAKI to inform Munekata that 'they did not want his participation,' but they became to 'fight with each other, with both losing their lives.'
- だが、銅銭を多く保有して多額の取引を行う大商人には実質上の資産価値の増大に繋がる一方、短陌を外してしまうと銅銭本来の公定価値に戻ってしまう(宋代の公定価値を元にすると、短陌を外した銅銭を全て合わせても77枚分の価値しか有しないために、23枚分の損となる)ために、日常生活において小額の取引がほとんどである庶民にとっては大変不利な制度でもあった。
- However, while it led to the increase in property value of merchant princes who owned a lot of copper coins and carried out trading, it was a very unfavorable system for ordinary people whose trading was mostly with a small amount of money in daily life because if tanhaku wasn't adopted, the value returned to the primary official value of the copper coin (if it was calculated based on the official value in the age of Sung, the total value of coppers without tanhaku would be just the value of 77 coins, thus it resulted in a loss of 23 coins).
- 室町幕府においては、守護(守護大名)に対して、既存の大犯三箇条に加えて、苅田狼藉検断、使節遵行権、段銭徴収権などの広範な権利が付与されていたが、幕府御家人は、足利将軍家の威光を背景に守護使不入の特権を得て、守護からの段銭徴収を拒絶し、幕府からの段銭要求に対しても幕府への直接納付(京納)が認められて守護からの加重徴収の危険を免れる事を可能とした。
- In the Muromachi bakufu, extensive rights were given to shugo (or shugo daimyo, shugo that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords), such as Karita Rozeki Kendan (the shugo's right to suppress provincial warriors who entered shoen unlawfully to harvest rice, and to prosecute and convict them), Shisetsu Jungyo Ken (a right empowered to shugo to implement shisetsu jungyo, in which shugo who received orders from the bakufu sent jungyo-shi, emissaries, to a region and have them execute the orders) and Tansen Choshu Ken (a right to collect surtax), in addition to the existing Taibon Sankajo, but bakufu gokenin (an immediate vasal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) who had been granted the shugoshi-funyu privilege backed by the authority of the Ashikaga family positioned to accede to the shogunate, refused collection of tansen (surtax) from shugo, and responded to one from the bakufu as direct payment to the bakufu (known as kyono) was approved, which enabled them to escape from a danger of being surcharged by the shugo.
- だが、当時はまだこの状態を常に維持するための政治的組織や財政的・軍事的裏付けが不十分であり、平安時代中期には幼く短命な天皇が多く十分な指導力を発揮するための若さと健康を保持した上皇が絶えて久しかったために、父系によるこの仕組みは衰退し、代わりに母系にあたる天皇の外祖父の地位を占めた藤原北家が天皇の職務・権利を代理・代行する摂関政治が隆盛していくことになる。
- However, the political structure and financial/military support at that time were insufficient to maintain such a situation, and because many Emperors were young and short-lived in the middle of the Heian period, there was no Joko with the energy and health needed to exercise sufficient authority; consequently, this structure by which authority was exercised by the Emperor's father gradually declined and was eventually replaced by a system called Sekkan seiji (摂関政治), in which a member of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan exercised rights and performed duties in place of the Emperor, became widespread.
- この黒板説については、近年になって反論が出され、海事史の金指正三博士は1990年に潮流のコンピュータ解析を行い、合戦の行われた日は小潮流の時期で、8ノットという早い潮流は無く、また大正時代に潮流を調査した場所は最も狭い早鞆瀬戸であり(ここで千艘以上の兵船で戦うことは不可能)、広い干珠島、満珠島辺りの海域では潮流は1ノット以下であり合戦に影響を与えるものではないとした。
- Concerning KUROITA's theory, in recent years objections to it have surfaced; in 1990 the maritime historian Dr. Shozo KANASASHI ran a computer analysis of the tides on the day of the battle, and concluded that there was a neap tide that day, and thus that there could not have been a strong, swift current of eight knots, and moreover pointed out that the tidal study done in the Taisho period had been conducted at the narrowest point of the Kanmon straits (where it would have been impossible for more than 1000 ships to fight), concluding that in the spacious area of sea near Kanju and Manju islands, the tide was under one knot in speed and would have had no influence over the course of the battle.
- 「天皇は國民の輿論を荷はない所の内閣を信任し玉ふ道理がない故に國務大臣の責任は法理上天皇に對して之を負ふと云ふも實は議會を通じて國民に對して負ふべき」ものであるとし、「輿論とは沒交渉で議會から不信任を受けても天皇の信任ある間は進退すべきではないと公言するは民の聲を以て神の聲とし、民の心を以て朕の心とすとの玉ふ名君を貶し、萬機公論に決すと宣へる聖旨を裏切る」ものである。
- It said that 'there's no reason for the emperor to give his confidence to the cabinet that is not responsible for the public, thus the ministers of the state should be responsible for the public through the parliament, even though, in theory, it is the emperor for whom they are responsible', and 'if you say that you should not resign as long as you are trusted by the emperor, even though you have lost the confidence of the parliament, and have never consulted with the general public, it means that you injure the great emperor, who takes the voice from the people as the one from the god, identifying himself with the public, and betray the divine tenor that had stated the broad-based assemblies should be held and all critical issues settled by public debate.'
- 将軍在任期間は、それぞれ藤原頼経が18年間(1226年 - 1244年)、藤原頼嗣が8年間(1244年 - 1252年)と比較的長期間ではあったものの、幼いころから成人するまでの期間で政治的な力も全くなく、幕府の実権は、北条氏が完全に掌握していたため将軍とは名ばかりの傀儡将軍だったが、特に藤原頼経は、傀儡であることを嫌ったがため北条氏によって煙たがられた不遇の将軍であった。
- FUJIWARA no Yoritsune assumed the role of shogun for eighteen years (1226-1244) and FUJIWARA no Yoritsugu for eight years (1244-1252), comparatively long periods, but from childhood until attaining manhood without any political power because the Hojo clan fully controlled the bakufu and the shoguns were just puppets, especially FUJIWARA no Yoritsune was an unfortunate shogun since he hated being a puppet and was a threat to the Hojo clan.
- 倒幕の功に応じて十分な恩賞を与えられた武士は、足利尊氏、新田義貞、楠木正成ら一部に過ぎず、最初から倒幕運動に加わって六波羅攻略に功を立てた赤松則村(円心)が播磨国の守護職を没収されたり、1つの土地に何人もの領主が現れて混乱するなど倒幕の功に対する恩賞が不公平で、新政の初期から武士の不満は強かったと推測され、後醍醐の近臣である吉田定房や千種忠顕が詰め腹を切らされる形で出家させられている。
- Those who were amply rewarded for their meritorious contribution to the shogunate's defeat--Takauji ASHIKAGA, Yoshisada NITTA, Masashige KUSUNOKI, etc.--were only a tiny fraction of those who fought, and Norimura (Enshin) AKAMATSU, who had joined the struggle to overthrow the shogunate from the very beginning, was forced to forfeit his Protectorship of Harima Province, and the chaos caused by situations, like when a single plot of land found itself with multiple owners, showed the unfairness of the system to reward distinguished service against the shogunate, making it likely that discontent against the new government was strong right from the beginning; but Emperor Godaigo's vassals Sadafusa YOSHIDA and Tadaaki CHIGUSA were made to take the blame for this situation and were driven out of office and forced to take the tonsure.
- 中には会社組織として営業無尽をするものが多く現れるようになったものの、これらの事業者には脆弱な経営、詐欺的経営や利用者に不利な契約をさせる者も多かったが、当時は、これを規制する法令がなかったため、業界団体無尽集会所などを中心に規制する法律の制定が求められるようになり、1915年に旧・無尽業法が制定され、免許制となり、悪質業者は排除されていった(注:現在の「無尽業法」は1931年に改めて制定)。
- Though many Mujin dealers operated as a company organization and they often had fragile or fraudulent management or concluded contracts unfavorable to users, there was no law to regulate them in those days, therefore, enactment of a regulation law was demanded mainly by industrial groups, Mujin meeting places, and others, and thereby the old Mutual Loan Business Act was enacted in 1915 to make it a licensing system (note: the current 'Mutual Loan Business Act' was newly enacted in 1931).
- いくつかの雑記は江戸在中の武士の人口として2億人を超える荒唐無稽な数値(享保十七年四月(1732年) 2億3698万7950人(『月堂見聞集』)、享保二十年(1735年):2億3608万5950人(『半日閑話』)、寛政三年(1743年)及び文化十二年(1815年):2億3658万0390人(『甲子夜話』))を記載しているが、唯一『土屋筆記』は御屋敷方の人口として70万0973人(年次不明)という比較的現実的な人口を伝えている。
- In a several miscellaneous notes, populations of samurai residing in Edo were irrationally estimated as large as over 0.2 billion (236,987,950 in 1732 ['Getudo Kenmon shu'], 236,085,950 in 1735 ['Hannichi Kanwa'] and 236,580,390 in 1743 and 1815 ['Kasshi yawa']), whereas 'Tsuchiya Hikki' describes a realistic figure of 600,973 (years unknown).
- 国司は中央政府から検田権を委譲されると、治田(ちでん、田堵の開発した小規模の墾田)や公験(くげん、正式に土地所有を認めた文書)のない荘園・私領(郡司・郷司など在地領主の所領)を次々に没収して国衙領に組み入れ、税収を確保しようとした(この権限が強かったことは、若狭国にあった摂関家の荘園が国司に接収された際に関白藤原頼通が国司に公験不備を指摘されると、国司の判断を妥当とした(『小右記』万寿2年9月1日・13日条)ことでも明らかである)。
- When the right of cadastral surveys was transferred to kokushi from the central government, the shoens and private lands (lands of local lords such as gunji (district managers), goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system) and so on) without chiden (small scale land already developed by tato) or kugen (official documents authorized by kokushi or gunji (local magistrates) for transfer of the ownership of private property) were confiscated one after another into kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) in order for them to secure tax revenue (it is clear that this authority was strong because when the shoen of sekkan-ke in Wakasa Province was confiscated by kokushi and it was pointed out that FUJIWARA no Yorimichi, the chief adviser to the emperor, was wrong in kugen, the judgment of kokushi was justified (in the description on September 1 and 13, 1025 in 'Shoyuki' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke)).
- 問題の天正13年の朝廷の人事については『公卿補任』をはじめ当時の朝廷人事に関する史料・記録・文書の日付がバラバラで余りにも錯綜しているため、同年前半の任官記録を矛盾無く並べる事が事実上不可能で歴史学者の間でも頭を悩ませている問題であるが、大まかな流れとして左大臣が一条内基から二条昭実、更に近衛信輔に移り、右大臣は二条昭実から近衛信輔、更に菊亭晴季(前内大臣)に移り、内大臣は菊亭晴季から近衛信輔を経て秀吉の就任に至ったと考えられている。
- As for the matter over the personnel of the Imperial Court in 1985, historical materials, records, documents including the 'kugyo bunin' (list of high court nobles) list different dates for the matter, and thus, it is too distorted to put in order the dates of accessions in the first half of the year coherently, causing historians to puzzle over the matter; roughly speaking, however, it is assumed that the position of Sadaijin was transferred from Uchimoto ICHIJO to Akizane NIJO and then to Nobusuke KONOE, that that of Udaijin from Akizane NIJO to Nobusuke KONOE and then to Harusue KIKUTEI (former Naidaijin), and that that of Naidaijin from Harusue KIKUTEI to Nobusuke KONOE and finally to Hideyoshi.
- 「朕惟うに我国通行の暦たる、太陰の朔望を以て月を立て太陽の躔度に合す。故に2, 3年間必ず閏月をおかざるを得ず、置閏の前後、時に季節の早晩あり、終に推歩の差を生ずるに至る。殊に中下段に掲る所の如きはおおむね亡誕無稽に属し、人智の開発を妨ぐるもの少しとせず」と論告し、同年11月24日、太政官布告を続いて発し「今般太陽暦御頒布に付、来明治6年限り略暦は歳徳・金神・日の善悪を始め、中下段掲載候不稽の説等増補致候儀一切相成らず候」とあり、これらの布告をもって禁止されたとする主張がある。
- It argues that 'Our traditional calendar divides a year into 12 months according to the cycle of new moon and full moon and fits it into the position of the sun in the sky. Thus, we have to put a leap month every two or three years and there happens a climate lag before and after the intercalation, which finally causes errors in calculating the travel of celestial body. Especially, most of the annotations (rekichu) on middle and lower part of calendars are absurd and largely prevent the development of human intelligence,' and, on November 24 in the same year, the Dajokan fukoku was again issued and said, 'Now on issuing the solar calendar, the absurd annotations on middle and lower part of calendars will be totally forbidden including the lucky direction, unlucky direction, and the good or bad of the day, from 1873,' which, some insist, banned rokuyo.