下町: 457 Terms and Phrases
- 下町
- low-lying part of a city (usu. containing shops, factories, etc.)
- Shitamachi (low-lying area of eastern Tokyo near Tokyo Bay, inc. Asakusa, Shitaya, Kanda, Fukugawa, Honjo, Nihonbashi, Kyobashi and surrounds)
- Genomachi
- Shimochou
- Shimomachi
- downtown
- Shitamachi (neighborhoods of merchants and artisans)
- The Shitamachi bus stop
- 田下町
- Tagemachi
- Tajimomachi
- 大下町
- Ooshitamachi
- Ooshimochou
- Oojimomachi
- 池下町
- Ikeshitachou
- Ikeshitamachi
- 中下町
- Nakashimochou
- Nakashimomachi
- 木下町
- Kinoshitachou
- Konoshitachou
- 宮下町
- Miyashitachou
- Miyashitachiyou
- Miyashitamachi
- Miyashimochou
- 城下町
- castle town
- town around castle
- Shiroshitachou
- Shiroshitachiyou
- Shiroshitamachi
- Joushitamachi
- Jokamachi
- Jokamachi (town below the castle)
- 下町屋
- Shitamachiya
- Shimomachiya
- 森下町
- Morishitachou
- Morishitamachi
- 川下町
- Kawashimochou
- Kawashimomachi
- 坂下町
- Sakashitachou
- Sakashitamachi
- Sakanoshimomachi
- 山下町
- Yamashitachou
- Yamashitamachi
- 東間下町
- Higashiaidashimomachi
- 木葉下町
- Abokkechou
- Abotsukechou
- 下町人情
- the milk of human kindness of the people of the traditional commercial and working-class neighborhoods
- 下町情緒
- the friendly atmosphere of the traditional commercial and working-class neighborhoods
- 坂下町駅
- Sakashitamachi Station (st)
- 松ケ下町
- Matsugashitachou
- Matsugashitamachi
- 下町言葉
- working-class accent or dialect
- 梅津堤下町
- Umedzutsutsumishitachou
- 茂尻宮下町
- Mojirimiyashitachou
- 九日市下町
- Kokonokaichishimochou
- Kokonokaichishimonochou
- 鍬ケ崎下町
- Kuwagasakishimomachi
- 葛川坂下町
- Katsuragawasakashitachou
- 桂芝ノ下町
- Katsurashibanoshitachou
- 桂木ノ下町
- Katsurakinoshitachou
- 会津坂下町
- Aidubangemachi
- Aizubange, Fukushima
- 井堀橋下町
- Iborihashishimochou
- 下津下町東
- Oridzushimomachihigashi
- 下津下町西
- Oridzushimomachinishi
- 常盤山下町
- Tokiwayamashitachou
- 西河内下町
- Nishigoutoshimochou
- 川元山下町
- Kawamotoyamashitamachi
- 上桂森下町
- Kamikatsuramorishitachou
- 三ツ沢下町
- Mitsuzawashimomachi
- 日奈久山下町
- Hinaguyamashitamachi
- 東九条柳下町
- Higashikujouyanaginoshitachou
- 幡生宮の下町
- Hatabumiyanoshitachou
- 醍醐宮ノ下町
- Daigomiyanoshitachou
- 太秦木ノ下町
- Uzumasakinoshitachou
- 嵐山中尾下町
- Arashiyamanakaoshitachou
- 嵐山薬師下町
- Arashiyamayakushishitachou
- 嵐山山ノ下町
- Arashiyamayamanoshitachou
- 木野公園下町
- Kinokouenshitamachi
- 聚楽廻松下町
- Jurakumawarimatsushitachou
- 恵那郡坂下町
- Enagunsakashitachou
- 花園薮ノ下町
- Hanazonoyabunoshitachou
- 御陵北山下町
- Goryoukitayamashitachou
- 結城郡石下町
- Yuukigun'ishigemachi
- 粟田口山下町
- Awataguchiyamashitachou
- 可部町下町屋
- Kabechoushimomachiya
- 神田東松下町
- Kandahigashimatsushitachou
- Higashimatsushitachō, Tokyo
- 西京極堤下町
- Nishikyougokutsutsumishitachou
- 西野岸ノ下町
- Nishinokishinoshitachou
- 三ツ沢下町駅
- Mitsuzawashimochou Station (st)
- Mitsuzawa-shimochō Station
- 梅ケ畑畑ノ下町
- Umegahatahatanoshitachou
- 梅ケ畑薮ノ下町
- Umegahatayabunoshitachou
- 醍醐御霊ケ下町
- Daigogoryougashitachou
- 大聖寺天神下町
- Daishoujitenjinshitamachi
- 龍安寺衣笠下町
- Ryouanjikinugasashitachou
- 龍安寺池ノ下町
- Ryouanjiikenoshitachou
- 龍安寺塔ノ下町
- Ryouanjitounoshitachou
- 嵯峨広沢池下町
- Sagahirosawaikeshitachou
- 西賀茂鹿ノ下町
- Nishigamokanoshitachou
- 上高野木ノ下町
- Kamitakanokinoshitachou
- 西京極芝ノ下町
- Nishikyougokushibanoshitachou
- 西京極薮ノ下町
- Nishikyougokuyabunoshitachou
- 山ノ内山ノ下町
- Yamanouchiyamanoshitachou
- 修学院鹿ノ下町
- Shuugakuinkanoshitachou
- 出雲路松ノ下町
- Izumojimatsunoshitachou
- 川越藩の城下町。
- Kawagoe clan castle town.
- 龍安寺御陵ノ下町
- Ryouanjigoryounoshitachou
- 河沼郡会津坂下町
- Kawanumagun'aidzubangemachi
- 嵯峨樒原若宮下町
- Sagashikimigaharawakamiyashitachou
- 地方城下町の名主
- Nanushi of local castle towns
- 面影を残す城下町
- Jokamachi that retain their old character
- - 真壁城の城下町。
- Makabe castle town.
- 嵯峨大覚寺門前宮ノ下町
- Sagadaikakujimonzenmiyanoshitachou
- 秋月福岡県朝倉市城下町
- Akizuki, Asakura City, Fukuoka Prefecture, castle town
- 墓は浜松市山下町天林寺。
- His grave is in Tenrin-ji Temple in Yamashita-cho, Hamamatsu City.
- 彼女は下町で生まれ育った。
- She was born and brought up on the backstreets.
- 豊岡市出石2007年城下町
- Izushi Toyooka City, 2007, castle town
- 朝倉市秋月1998年城下町
- Akizuki, Asakura City, 1998, castle town
- 郡山城 (大和国)・城下町
- Koriyama Castle (Yamato Province) and the castle town
- 京都市西京区嵐山中尾下町62
- 62 Nakaoshita-cho, Arashiyama, Nishikyo Ward, Kyoto City
- 滋賀県大津市葛川坂下町鎮座。
- Sakashita, Shikobuchi Damimyojin Shrine is enshrined in Katsuragawasakashita-cho, Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture.
- 京都府京都市東山区林下町457
- 457, Rinkacho, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture
- 多福院（右京区竜安寺衣笠下町）
- Tafuku-in Temple (Ryoanji Kinugasa-shita-cho, Ukyo Ward)
- 仙寿院（右京区竜安寺衣笠下町）
- Senju-in Temple (Ryoanji Kinugasa-shita-cho, Ukyo Ward)
- また、守護大名は城下町を整備。
- Furthermore, shugo daimyo began establishing and building castle towns.
- 西源院（右京区竜安寺御陵ノ下町）
- Seigen-in Temple (Ryoanji Goryo-no-shita-cho, Ukyo Ward)
- 大珠院（右京区竜安寺御陵ノ下町）
- Daiju-in Temple (Ryoanji Goryo-no-shita-cho, Ukyo Ward)
- 龍安寺（右京区竜安寺御陵ノ下町）
- Ryoan-ji Temple (Ryoanji Goryo-no-shita-cho, Ukyo Ward)
- 霊光院（右京区竜安寺御陵ノ下町）
- Reiko-in Temple (Ryoanji Goryo-no-shita-cho, Ukyo Ward)
- 以後、日本橋から下町に移り住む。
- The family subsequently moved from Nihonbashi to the downtown area.
- 2007年出石兵庫県豊岡市城下町
- 2007, Izushi, Toyooka City, Hyogo Prefecture, castle town
- （昭和41年廃止）高田、宮ノ下町
- (Abolished in 1966) Takada, Miyanoshita-cho
- 以後は、宇都宮藩の城下町整備に尽力。
- After that, he devoted himself to develop the castle town of the Utsunomiya Domain.
- 水戸下町住民は飲料水に不自由であった。
- The inhabitants in Shimo-machi, Mito had difficulty in obtaining drinking water.
- 最寄バス停：京都市交通局墨染または下町
- The bus stop nearest to the station: The Sumizome bus stop or the Shitamachi bus stop for buses of the Kyoto Municipal Transportation Bureau
- 掛川では城の修築と城下町づくりを行い、
- In Kakegawa, he restored the castle and constructed the castle-town.
- 繖山の山麓にあり石寺城下町付近になる。
- It is located on the skirt of Mt. Kinugasa, which is close to the castle town of Ishidera-jo Castle.
- 彼は農夫に身をやつして城下町に潜入した。
- Disguising himself as a peasant he crept into the castle town.
- 京都府京都市西京区上桂森下町25番地の1
- 25-1 Kamikatsura-morishita-cho, Nishikyo Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture
- また、築城と同時に城下町の開発も実施した。
- A castle town was built at the same time.
- この時に城下町が形成されたと思われている。
- It is considered that the castle town was formed at around this period.
- 城下町は安土城城下町を移住させて形成した。
- Its castle town was formed by relocating the Azuchi-jo Castle town.
- 日野椀の製造は城下町の成立と共に始められた。
- Manufacturing Hino-wan (a lacquerware bowl) was begun with the formation of the castle town.
- 城下町には、都市防衛の工夫が随所に見られる。
- Jokamachi have various aspects that increased city defenses.
- 宿場町や城下町などの集落や町並みがこれに該当する。
- A post town or a castle town (such as a community, settlement, village or an old row of houses) would fall within this category.
- 三田城に入城させ1万石の城下町として整備していく。
- Murashige ARAKI had Shigekata ARAKI move into Sanda-jo Castle and build a castle town of 10,000 koku (an unit of assessed crop yields of the land [1 koku: about 180 liter], which was also used to express the size of the land).
- 篠山市篠山伝統的建造物群保存地区兵庫県篠山市城下町
- Sasayama, Sasayama City Preservation District for a Group of Historic Buildings, Sasayama City, Hyogo Prefecture, castle town
- 福知山は後にその城下町として発展を遂げた都市である。
- Thereafter, Fukuchiyama developed into a castle town.
- 牧野家35000石の城下町として幕末まで栄え続けた。
- The clan then prospered as the Makino family, a clan worth 35,000 koku, until the end of the Edo Period.
- 良正院〔京都市東山区新橋通大和大路東入三丁目林下町〕
- Ryoshoin [Rinka-cho, Shinbashidori Yamatooji Higashi-iru 3-chome, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City]
- 知恩院〔京都市東山区新橋通大和大路東入三丁目林下町〕
- Chionin Temple [Rinka-cho, Shinbashidori Yamatooji Higashi-iru 3-chome, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City]
- そのため、現在でも城下町には当時の面影や名残がある。
- That is why even to this day the castle town retains the atmosphere and the buildings of those years.
- 隆季は藩政においては、城下町の建設などに尽力している。
- In his administration of the domain, he devoted himself to such things as building the castle town.
- 篠山市篠山市篠山伝統的建造物群保存地区2004年城下町
- Sasayama, Sasayama City Preservation District for a Group of Historic Buildings, Sasayama City, 2004, castle town
- 城下町を、長大な堀や土塁・石垣で防御して曲輪としたもの。
- It is a kuruwa created by surrounding the castle town with a large moat, earthworks, or stone walls.
- 戦国後期になると城下町を伴う平山城、平城が主流となった。
- In the latter Sengoku period, Hirayamajiro (castles built on a hill in a plain) and Hirajiro (castles built on flatland) with their castle towns became the mainstream.
- 三川合流地の中州を干拓し、淀三町と呼ばれる城下町を形成。
- A castle town called 'Yodosancho' was built on a drained island at the confluence of the three rivers.
- 武士は、苗字帯刀を許され、城下町に住まわせることとした。
- Samurai were permitted to adopt a surname and to wear a pair of swords, and was requiered to live in a castle town.
- - 福島県河沼郡会津坂下町にある東日本旅客鉄道只見線の駅
- A station on Tadami Line of East Japan Railway Company (JR East) located at Aizubange-machi, Kawanuma County, Fukushima Prefecture
- 松ヶ島の武士や商人を強制的に移住させて城下町を作り上げた。
- Merchants and samurai warriors around Matsugashima were forced to shift homes and a castle town was built.
- 城下町などの町などに対し、「地方都市」的な位置づけである。
- In contrast to such towns as Jokamachi, Zaigomachi was categorized as something like a 'local city.'
- 天文年間には城下町・石寺も置かれ、楽市楽座が行われていた。
- The castle town, Ishidera, was constructed and there were Rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) from 1532 to 1554.
- 1846年12月 (旧暦)、薩摩国鹿児島郡山下町に生まれる。
- Heinai was born in January 1847 in Yamashita-cho, Kagoshima County, Satsuma Province.
- 福知山市内の市街地のうち、旧城下町の北西にあたる場所にある。
- It is located in the northwest of the old castle town in the urban area of Fukuchiyama City.
- 2人は、1年前、結婚する前は下町の紙箱工場で働く友達同士だった。
- She and Mrs. Cassidy had been chums in the downtown paper-box factory before they had married, one year before.
- 周囲には、家来の屋敷や農町民の町並み（原始的な城下町）ができた。
- The houses of vassals, farmers and townspeople (a primitive castle town) were built around such castles.
- 関西の城下町では早くから町屋が建てられてこれが広く普及していた。
- In castle towns in the Kansai District, merchant houses had been built since early times and had become common.
- しかしながら、旧城下町の活性化を含め依然として難題を抱えている。
- However, difficulties including vitalizing the old castle town still exist.
- 下記の鉄火から派生した言葉の由来となる場所は、江戸の下町である。
- Shitamachi in Edo is the birthplace of words shown below that are derived from the word tekka.
- また、隆季は城下町の建設や検地などを行なって藩政の基礎を固めた。
- Takasue also created a castle town and implemented a land survey to strengthen the administrative base of the domain.
- 尚政は城下町の拡大や水上交通の整備、地子免除などを行なっている。
- Naomasa expanded the castle town, improved the water transport, and brought in a land tax exemption.
- 城下町は小谷城下（滋賀県東浅井郡湖北町伊部）からそのまま移した。
- The castle town was moved in its complete form from Odani (Kohokucho Ibe, Higashi Azai County, Shiga Prefecture).
- 三都：江戸・大坂・京都、城下町、宿場町、門前町（長野市、伊勢市等）
- Three cities, namely Edo, Osaka and Kyoto; castle towns, post towns, temple towns (Nagano City, Ise City and so on)
- 龍安寺本堂（りょうあんじほんどう）〔京都市右京区竜安寺御陵ノ下町〕
- Hondo of Ryoan-ji Temple [Ryoanji Goryonoshita-cho, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City]
- 石寺楽市は日本国内での文献上の初見で城下町に築かれたとされている。
- Ishidera Rakuichi was the first Rakuichi held in a castle town to be recorded in literature.
- 室町時代から戦国時代 (日本)にかけて、今川氏の城下町として栄えた。
- From the Muromachi Period to the Sengoku Period (period of warring states) (Japan), it was flourished as the castle town of the Imagawa clan.
- - 寺院が多く集まってできた町で、江戸時代の城下町やその周辺に多かった
- town formed with many temples, many of teramachi were in Jokamachi or in the vicinity of Jokamachi during the Edo period
- 入国後は、和歌山城の改築、城下町の整備など、紀州藩の繁栄の基礎を築いた。
- After entering Ki Province he laid the foundation for the subsequent prosperity of Kishu Domain by renovating Wakayama Castle, establishing castle towns etc.
- 慶長6年（1601年）には仙台城、仙台城下町の建設をはじめ、居城を移す。
- In 1601, Masamune started the construction of the Sendai-jo Castle and its castle town; later he moved to the Sendai-jo Castle.
- 城下町・陣屋町において、武士が居住する武家屋敷・侍屋敷が集まってできた町
- town inside the Jokamachi and Jinyamachi, formed with those samurai houses like bukeyashiki (samurai mansion) and samurai yashiki (samurai resident) gathered
- 資料によっては城下町にも放火したとの記述が見られるが、これは誤りである。
- Some documents describe that the natives set fire not only to the castle but also to the castle town, but they are wrong.
- 城下町（じょうかまち）とは、日本において、領主の城を中心に成立した都市。
- Jokamachi (castle towns) were cities that were established with the lord's castle in the center.
- 武勇だけではなく、築城や城下町の建設などにも力量を発揮した政治家でもある。
- He was not only brave, but was also a capable politician as shown by his construction of the castle and surrounding town.
- 豊臣秀吉の命を受け長浜城下町作りに貢献した、長浜三年寄吉川三左衛門の子孫。
- He was a descendant of Sanzaemon YOSHIKAWA who was one of Nagahama San-doshiyori (three influential families in Nagahama) and had played important roles in building Nagahama castle town by the order of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 藩政においては、城郭や城下町の整備・拡大を行なって藩政の確立に務めている。
- In fulfilling his duties, he served to establish a domain administration by renovating and expanding the castle and castle town.
- その後、城下町の整備も進め、現在のたつの市（旧龍野市）の原型を作り上げた。
- He proceeded the maintenance of the castle town and built the fundamental patterns of present Tatsuno City.
- 一方で、笠取垰、小諸城及び城下町を現在のようにしたのは秀久の功績でもある。
- However Hidehisa did achieve establishing Kasatori-toge Mountain pass, Komoro-jo Castle and its castle towns.
- 秀吉が最初に築いた居城であり、秀吉の城下町経営の基礎を醸成した所でもある。
- This is the first castle that Hidoyoshi built to live in and where he culminated his thinking on the management of a castle city.
- 重政は五条藩では城下町である新町の振興に努めてその後の繁栄の基礎を作った。
- Shigemasa made efforts to promote Shinmachi, a castle town in Gojo Domain and created the base of the prosperity thereafter.
- 藩庁を中心に栄えた町を陣屋町といい、陣屋が城であった場合は城下町と呼ばれた。
- The towns that developed around hancho were called jinyamachi, and those that developed around a castle jokamachi (castle towns).
- 内政面にも優れ、定頼の信任を受けて城下町の形成や商業対策などを行なっている。
- He had a good sense of domestic administration, and in Sadayori's confidence, he formed a castle town, and took measures for commerce.
- 一介の地方の城下町から巨大都市への大改造を実現した人物は、徳川家康であった。
- It was Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who transformed a regional castle town into a huge metropolis.
- ディッケンズの考えが、ロンドンの下町の生き生きした描写と共に読者には伝わる。
- Dickens' thoughts come across along with the vivid depiction of old London.
- 勝宗の藩政においては、新田開発や水路の建設、城下町の建設などに尽力している。
- In the domain duties of Katsumune, he made efforts to develop new rice paddies, build water routes, construct a castle town, and other things.
- 小田原に城下町を整備して相模国西部の支配を確立し、また曹洞宗を手厚く保護した。
- He confirmed his rule over western Sagami Province by fixing up the castle town of Odawara, and put a lot of effort into the protection of the Soto sect of Zen Buddhism.
- 江戸は「の」の字形に設計されたことが一般の城下町と比べて特異であるといわれる。
- It is said that Edo was structured in the form of 'の' (a letter of Kana syllable, pronounced 'no'), a quite unique design, compared to other castle towns.
- 室町時代に荘園公領制が消滅すると城下町としての性格を強め三田藩が成立していく。
- After shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) disappeared in the Muromachi period, Sanda Domain was formed as a castle town.
- 市街地は旧城下町を中心とし、由良川沿いに長田野工業団地周辺の住宅地まで伸びる。
- The urban area extends around the old castle town, and to a residential land on the outside of Osadano Industrial Park along the Yura-gawa River.
- 江戸時代は城下町（淀城）であり、また宿場町（淀宿）でもある交通の要衝であった。
- During the Edo period, it was a castle town (of Yodo-jo Castle) and was an important traffic point as a post station.
- 旧城下町の内、重要伝統的建造物群保存地区に選定されているものを以下に例示する。
- Examples of old jokamachi that have been designated as Important Traditional Architecture Preservation Areas are listed below.
- 城下町を貫通する形で京街道が設定され、淀城大手門はこの京街道に面して設置された。
- The main gate of this castle was built facing Kyo Kaido Road which was built crossing this castle town.
- 二代目安政と共に55年間に渡って飯田の城下町を整備し、飯田城の掘割を完成させた。
- For 55 years he maintained the castle town of Iida with Yasumasa, the second, and completed canals around Iida-jo Castle.
- 下町に三代続く和菓子の老舗『大福本舗』で毎日作られている大福餅の「だいふくさん」。
- Daifuku-san is Daifuku-mochi which is made everyday at 'Daifuku-honpo', a long-standing third-generation downtown Japanese confectionary store.
- 有馬豊氏は検地を行い、今でもその名残を残す近代的な町割りを行い城下町を築き上げた。
- Toyouji ARIMA established a castle town by carrying out a land survey, and dividing the area into towns through modern urban development; the divided towns remain to this day.
- 伏見区の中心部は、豊臣秀吉が築いた伏見城の城下町であり、近世から町地化されていた。
- The central part of Fushimi Ward was the castle town of Fushimi-jo Castle constructed by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and has been urbanized since the early-modern times.
- 初代藩主・吉親は園部城築城や検地、城下町の建設や治水事業に励んで藩政の基礎を固めた。
- Yoshichika, the first lord of the domain, strengthened the foundations of the administration through construction of Sonobe-jo Castle, implementing a land survey, building the castle town, and implementing flood control measures.
- 兵農分離による家臣の城下への集住は、楽市楽座とともに、城下町発展の大きな要因となる。
- Having their vassals move and live around the castles became a big factor for the castles to develop besides rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds).
- 水口城は東海道水口宿の西にあり、水口の街は東に宿場町西に城下町の二面性を持っていた。
- The Minakuchi-jo Castle was located in the west of the Tokai-do Minakuchi-juku Station, and the city of Minakuchi was divided into shukuba-machi on its east side and castle town on its west side.
- 戦国時代末期に明智光秀が亀山城 (丹波国)と城下町を築いたことが近代亀岡の礎となった。
- The construction of Kameyama-jo Castle by Mitsuhide AKECHI at the end of the Sengoku period (period of Warring States) laid the foundation for Kameoka of modern times.
- さらに、寺町は、城下町の外郭に配されて広い寺院が建ち並び、都市防衛強化の一翼を担った。
- The Teramachi was located at the outer rim of the jokamachi and spacious temples formed part of the city defenses.
- 特に、城のほか城下町一帯も含めて外周を堀や城壁、土塁で囲い込んだ、日本の城郭構造をいう。
- In addition to the castle itself, the term refers to the entire Japanese castle structure surrounding the castle town with the outer wall, moat or Dorui (earthwork).
- かつて（昭和30年代ころまで）関西の下町では、町内に一軒位の割合でお好み焼き屋があった。
- Formerly (until around 1960) in residential districts of the Kansai region, there was at least one okonomiyaki shop in every town.
- 江戸城下町建設のために、千石夫（役高1000石につき1人の人足）を徴発したことに始まる。
- It started with the requisition of Sengokufu (one laborer per yakudaka (salary paid in accordance with the rank of one's post) of 1000 koku (approximately 278 cubic meters of crop yields)) for the construction of the castle town of Edo-jo Castle.
- 重政は城下町づくりや諸役免除など、藩政の確立に尽力して商業町としての五條藩を作りだした。
- Shigemasa made efforts in the establishment of the domain rule by developing its castle town and granting exemptions from various duties, and helped Gojo Domain become a commercial town.
- 〒605-0062 京都市東山区新橋通り大和大路東入ル3丁目林下町（りんかちょう）400
- 400 Rinka-cho, 3 Cho-me Yamato-oji Higashi-iru, Shinbashi-dori, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City, Zip code 605-0062
- 江尻城に城下町を形成し、輸送ルートを整備して商業政策を進めるなど、内政手腕に優れていた。
- He excelled at domestic affairs, building a town under Ejiri-jo Castle and developing a transportation route in order to promote a commercial policy.
- しかしその治世は京都、江戸における藩邸、城下町300軒が火事で焼失するなど多難を極めた。
- However the reign was full of difficulties, as hantei (residence maintained by a daimyo) in Edo and Kyoto, and 300 houses at castle town were destructed by fire.
- 初代藩主となった有馬豊氏は福知山城や城下町の整備を行ない、検地を行なって藩政を確立した。
- The first lord, Toyouji ARIMA, sured up the domain administration by improving the Fukuchiyama-jo Castle and the castle town, and implementing a land survey.
- 宿場町であると同時に伏見城の城下町でもあり、さらに淀川の水運の中継地（伏見港）でもあった。
- It was an inn town as well as castle town of Fushimi-jo Castle, and furthermore an entrepot (Fushimi Port) for water transport on the Yodo-gawa River.
- 甲府の躑躅ヶ崎館を本拠とした城下町が整備され戦国大名としての地位が確立された時期にあたる。
- During the period of his father, Nobutora, a castle town based on Tsutsujigasaki-yakata (Tsutsujigasaki Mansion) of Kofu district was developed, and the status of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku period was established.
- 又、城下町として栄えた西舞鶴と違い、1901年に舞鶴鎮守府が設置され、軍港として発展した。
- Unlike Nishi-Maizuru, which thrived as a castle town, Higashi-Maizuru developed with a naval and army base since the establishment of Maizuru Chinju-fu, Maizuru army and navy bases in 1901.
- 一方、西舞鶴はかつての城下町で、国や京都府の行政機関や工業団地が集中する商工業地区である。
- Meanwhile, Nishi-Maizuru, a former castle town, comprises the commercial and industrial areas where the National and Kyoto Prefecture government administration offices as well as industrial complexes are centered.
- さらに、家臣たちを集住させ、領国の経済拠点として商工人も集住させ、近世的な城下町が成立する。
- In addition, the modern castle towns were built as vassals, merchants and craftsmen inhabited castle towns due to their being a center of economy.
- 戦国大名は、国人・被官層を家臣として組織化し、自らの本拠地周辺に集住させて城下町を形成した。
- A daimyo in the sengoku period organized persons in the kokujin (local samurai) or hikan (low-level bureaucrats) class as his vassals and made them live around his base place to form a castle town.
- 西港は田辺城 (丹後国)の城下町として発展してきたため、江戸時代より商港として発展してきた。
- The West Port, located in and developed as a castle town of the Tanabe-jo Castle (Tango Province), and has been developed as a commercial port since the Edo period.
- 愛宕山を望む田辺城 (丹後国)（舞鶴城）の城下町と、加佐地区を合わせた舞鶴市の西半分を指す。
- Nishi-Maizuru refers to the western half of Maizuru City that constitutes the castle town of Tanabe-jo Castle (Tango Province) (Maizuru-jo Castle) having a fine view of Mt. Atago as well as Kasa area.
- 堀は、八幡城の防衛と湖上交通による物流の役割を兼ね備え、城下町の発展・繁栄に大きく寄与した。
- The canal served both as defense for Hachiman Castle and also as a route for transportation in Lake Biwa, contributing hugely to the growth and prosperity of the town.
- 現在、城下町と呼ばれているところの多くが慶長年間に成立しているのも、この流れによるものである。
- Most of the current castle towns were built in the Keicho era in keeping with this trend.
- 町屋は宿場町にもあったが、特に城下町でこれが形成されることが多く、武家屋敷と対比をなしていた。
- There were merchant houses in post-station towns, but they were often built in castle towns forming a contrast with samurai residences.
- 長屋という言葉で一般にイメージされるのは、下町の狭い路地に面して建てられた木造の住宅であろう。
- The term nagaya normally calls into mind a wooden residential building built along a narrow street of a shitamachi (the traditional shopping, entertainment and residential district).
- 木戸番や火の見櫓を併設していることが多く江戸や大坂、京都などの大都市、地方の城下町で見られた。
- Banya often had lodges and a fire watchtowers, and were seen in major cities such as Edo, Osaka and Kyoto, and in castle towns in the countryside.
- 内容は、天文図、世界図、日本地図、日本六十八州地図、城下町図、神社仏閣図、名勝図となっている。
- The book included an astronomical chart, a world map, a map of Japan, maps of the 68 provinces of Japan, a map of castle towns, a map of shrines and temples, and a map of places of scenic beauty.
- なお、江戸時代における城下町の多くは、藩庁が置かれていたため、広義では陣屋町の一種ともいえる。
- Since many of Jokamachi (towns below the castle) in the Edo period had hancho (feudal lord's office) therein, those Jokamachi can be categorized as a kind of Jinyamachi in a wide sense.
- 尚政は家臣団の編成や城下町の開発、洪水対策に備えての木津川工事などに尽力し、藩政の基盤を固めた。
- Naomasa strengthened the foundations of the domain's administration by improving the organization of its vassalage, developing the castle town, and carrying out protection work of the Kizu-gawa River for flood prevention.
- まず領主による都市、特に城下町・宿場町などでの商工業振興のための町人誘致の目的が指摘されている。
- Firstly, it is pointed out that the feudal lord planned to attract merchants to the town - especially, to the castle town and to the post station town - for the promotion of commerce and industry.
- この地域は下御用屋敷、犬の馬場、馬場道、講口といった、城下町をうかがわせる地名が伝えられている。
- The palace-names, connected to the air of the castle town from that time, such as Shimogoyoyashiki, Inunobaba and Babamichi still remain in this area.
- 自由商業都市を目指し安土城下などの商人・職人を呼び寄せ、碁盤上に区切った城下町に居住区を設けた。
- In the drive to create a free commercial town, he encouraged merchants and artisans living close to Azuchi-jo Castle to relocate and created a residential area that was divided into squares.
- 江戸時代後期から大正時代にかけて建碑が流行し、東京の下町には江戸文人たちの碑がたくさん残っている。
- During the era from the latter half of the Edo period to the Taisho period, building monuments was popular, and many monuments for men of literature in Edo remain in the Shitamachi area of Tokyo.
- 特に1977年に発表した自伝的随筆『私の浅草』は下町の風情を生き生きと綴りあげた名著と評価が高い。
- In particular, her autobiographical essay 'My Asakusa' published in 1977 was highly praised as a masterpiece that vividly portrays the flavor of downtown Tokyo.
- 下町っ子らしい気っぷの良さで誰からも好かれた反面、一滴の酒も飲まないほどの真面目人間だったという。
- While he was loved by everybody thanks to his downtown boy like generous character, he is said to have been a serious-minded person who never drunk alcohol.
- 中心市街地と呼ばれる区域には、これら旧城下町の西に広がる福知山駅を中心とする新市街地エリアがある。
- In the district called central city, there is a new urban area around Fukuchiyama Station which lies on the west of the old castle town.
- 関西における蕎麦処の筆頭は兵庫県豊岡市出石町（出石城下町）で、皿そば「出石そば」は広く知られている。
- The leading area for soba in the Kansai district is Izushi-cho, Toyooka City, Hyogo Prefecture (Izushi-jo Castle town) and its 'Izushi soba' served on a plate is well-known.
- 美作街道は姫路城の城下町のやや西で西国街道（山陽道）から分岐し、北西に伸びて美作国津山城下に達する。
- The Mimasaka-kaido road was branched from the Saigoku-kaido road (Sanyo-do road) slightly west of the Himeji-jo Castle town towards the northwest direct, reaching the area of Tsuyama-jo Castle town in Mimasaka Province.
- 大名たちは上納金を貢いでくれる城下町が栄えることは、みずからの発展と同義と考え保護政策をおこなった。
- Feudal lords (daimyo) took a protective policy, considering the more the castle town developed, the more money were paied to them, which meant their own prosperity.
- 小津は東京都深川 (江東区)の下町に、豪商湯浅屋の番頭だった父虎之助と母あさゑの次男として生まれた。
- Ozu was born in downtown Fukagawa (Koto Ward), Tokyo as the second son of Toranosuke, a mercantile clerk at the top merchants Yuasa-gumi, and mother, Asae.
- 読み書きを中心とした寺子屋や郷校が城下町のみならず農村部にも建てられたため、日本人の識字率は高かった。
- The literacy rate among the Japanese was high, because private elementary schools (terakoya) and village schools, where reading and writing was mainly taught, were established not only in castle towns but also in agricultural communities.
- 一部の国主の藩を除いて、藩の領地は中心城と城下町周辺と、その他は少し離れた飛び地を持っていた（相給）。
- Except some domains of feudal lords owning more than one fief, the territory of a domain lay around the castle at the center and the castle town with enclaves a little apart (villages under control of several feudal lords).
- 横浜港は、1859年7月4日正式開港し、まず山下町 (横浜市)を中心とする山下居留地が4年で完成した。
- The port of Yokohama was officially opened on July 4, 1859, and the Yamashita settlement, which had Yamashitacho town (Yokohama city) at its center, was completed in four years.
- 一方、長崎市役所周辺ではもやい船の伝統が残る下町が多く、3連、4連の巨大な精霊船を見物することができる。
- Huge shorobune series of three or four boats can be seen in the area of the Nagasaki Municipal Office as many neighborhoods in that area preserve the tradition of moyai-bune.
- 藩政においても、城下町の整備や拡大、治水工事を務めて実高6000石を増加させるなど、藩政の基礎を固めた。
- In his own territory, he worked on the maintenance and expansion of the castle town, increased the actual harvest by 6,000 koku through the flood prevention work and so on, established the basis of domain duties.
- しかし、前述のように、城下町・商業都市として発展し、加佐郡の中心都市と自負する（旧）舞鶴市（西舞鶴）と、
- However, as was mentioned before, the people of (Old) Maizuru City (Nishi-Maizuru) were proud of their history as an old castle town/town of commerce and a center of Kasa-gun.
- 後北条氏の拠点、小田原城の総構えは2里半（約9km）に及ぶ空堀と土塁で城下町全体を囲む長大なものであった。
- The sogamae of Odawara Castle, stronghold of the Late Hojo clan, is extremely large with the castle town surrounded by an approximately 9km long dry moat and an embankment.
- 1600年（慶長5年） - 有馬豊氏により藩が設置される（城下町はこの時代において形成されたと思われる）。
- 1600: A clan was established by Toyouji ARIMA (a castle town seemed to be formed during this period).
- 東舞鶴とは異なり、江戸時代は城下町として舞鶴港や伊佐津川を中心に発展し、また近代は商業都市として発展した。
- Unlike Higashi-Maizuru, Nishi-Maizuru developed as a castle town mainly around the Maizuru Port and the Isatsu-gawa River in the Edo period, and as a commercial city in recent times.
- 1595年（文禄4年）、秀次自害により八幡城は廃城になったが、城下町は存続し、近江商人により繁栄を極めた。
- Although the castle was closed in 1595 with Hidetsugu committing suicide, the town continued to thrive, reaching a peak of prosperity with commercial operations of the Omi merchants.
- 北の納所地区と南の八幡地区とは、淀小橋・淀大橋でつながれ、城下町の周囲は三川の水に囲まれ、河中の城であった。
- Yodo Kobashi Bridge and Yodo Ohashi Bridge connected the Noso area in the north and Yawata Area in the south, and the castle town was surrounded by the three rivers forming 'a castle in a river.'
- 朝日に照らされて影を西側にしたがえながら、ニョーヨーク下町という白い谷間からプロビティ・トラストへと向かう。
- In the early morning the sun threw my shadow westward as I hurried down the white chasms of lower New York to the Probity Trust.
- 城下町において武家地、町人地とならぶ要素は寺社地であるが、江戸では寺社の配置に風水の思想が重視されたという。
- Among the elements that constitute castletowns, the significance of jisha-chi (lands for temples and shrines) was on par with the bukechi (lands for samurai) and Choninchi (lands for townspeople), but it is said that geomancy also dicated the location of temples and shrines during the Edo period.
- 伏見城城下町の伝統を受け継ぐ商業拠点である一方、京都市中心部や大阪市方面へのベッドタウンとしての性格をもつ。
- It is not only a commercial center that carries on the traditions of the castle town of Fushimi-jo Castle, but also a commuter town for central Kyoto and Osaka.
- 1585年（安土桃山時代）、豊臣秀次によって琵琶湖の東岸に位置する八幡山の麓に建設された城下町を起源とする。
- Its origin is the castle town constructed by Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI in the foot of Mt. Hachiman-yama located on the east shore of Lake Biwa in 1585 (Azuchi Momoyama Period).
- この時代は農本主義のため、幕府・大名の拠点のある城を中心とした町（城下町）の他は基本的に農村と考えられていた。
- Due to the agricultural fundamentalism of this period, places other than towns around castles (castle town), the base of the shogunate government or each daimyo, were basically considered to be agricultural communities.
- お盆では安土城の至る所に明かりをつけ城下町の住人の目を楽しませるといった行動から祭り好きでもあったようである。
- Judging from his behavior that he put lights everywhere in Azuchi-jo Castle to allow people in the town near the castle enjoy the Obon festival (a Festival of the Dead or Buddhist All Souls' Day), he seemed to love festivals.
- はじめは甘楽郡福島村に陣屋を構え、後に小幡村に移転し、城下町や灌漑用水設備の整備など、藩政の基礎固めに努めた。
- Nobuyoshi first established the Jin-ya (regional government office) in Fukushima village of Kanra district, and later moved to Obata village where he made efforts to solidify the foundation for domain duties such as the improvement of the castle town and the irrigation system.
- それでも江戸の武家社会の嗜みとして遠州のいけばなは愛され、今でも日本全国の城下町に引き継がれている地域が多い。
- Even so, Ikebana of Enshu school was favored by the samurai society in the Edo period, and it is still prosperous at many castle towns throughout Japan.
- 城下町などと違い、商工業者のほかに農民をが多く在住しているも特徴で、都市部と農村の性格を併せ持つのも特徴である。
- Unlike such towns as Jokamachi, Zaigomachi was characteristic of many farmers as its residents and those engaged in commerce and industry, and has both features of being an urban district and a farming village.
- 天文 (元号)18年（1549年）に近江国の六角定頼が、居城である観音寺城の城下町石寺に楽市令を布いたのが初見。
- The first rakuichi-rakuza was established in 1549 by Sadayori ROKKAKU of Omi Province in the town of Ishidera surrounding Kannonji-jo Castle in which he resided.
- 鹿鳴館の建設地は内山下町の旧薩摩藩装束屋敷跡（現在の千代田区内幸町、現帝国ホテル隣の大和生命ビルの地）に決まった。
- It was decided to build the Rokumei-kan Pavilion in the once Shozoku-yashiki Premises of the former Satsuma clan in Uchiyamashita Town (where there is Yamato Life Insurance Building next to the present Imperial Hotel in current Uchisaiwai Town, Chiyoda Ward).
- 1921年に早稲田大学の学生・中西敬二郎が考案したという説や新宿区馬場下町の蕎麦屋三朝庵の店主が考案した説がある。
- Some say that the tamagotoji katsudon was invented by Keijiro NAKANISHI who was a student of Waseda University in 1921, while others believe that it was the invention of the owner of a soba restaurant Sanchoan located in Babashita-cho, Shinjuku Ward.
- 中世までは武士はそれぞれの領地に住んでいたが、近世になり兵農分離が行われると、城下町に集まって住むよう強制された。
- Samurai used to live in their local domains in the medieval period, but after the Sengoku period soldiers did not need to farm and were forced to live in castle towns leaving their farmlands behind.
- 戦国大名は領域の一円支配をさらに推し進める一方、家臣である配下の武士を城下町に集めて強い統制下に置く傾向が始まる。
- While the Sengoku daimyo further pushed to rule the whole region in their territory, they started to gather their vassals, samurai, in their castle town and bring the samurai under their tight control.
- 旧市街地でもある福知山の城下町は、明智光秀が地子銭と呼ばれる土地税を免除したことなどから、早くから商工業が栄えた。
- In the castle town in Fukuchiyama which is also the old urban area, commerce and industry managed to flourish early on due to Mitsuhide AKECHI, who did not impose the Jishisen tax.
- 園部町（そのべちょう）は、2005年12月31日まで京都府の中央部に存在した地方公共団体で、園部城の城下町である。
- Sonobe-cho is a municipality which existed in the central part of Kyoto Prefecture until December 31, 2005, and is a castle town of Sonobe-jo Castle.
- 彼の創始した京友禅の技法を本人が加賀藩（現在の石川県）の城下町金沢に持ち込んで独自の発展を遂げたものを加賀友禅という。
- He brought the technique of Kyo-Yuzen that he started into Kanazawa, the castle town of Kaga Domain (present Ishikawa Prefecture), and the technique was developed into a unique style, which is called Kaga-Yuzen.
- 幕府直轄領時代の甲斐国甲府城下町（山梨県甲府市）でも江戸後期には華麗な幕絵を飾った盛大な甲府道祖神祭りが行われていた。
- Kofu Castle Town in Kai Province (Kofu City, Yamanashi Prefecture), then under the direct control of the shogunate, also held a grand festival of Doso-jin (traveler's guardian deity) in the late Edo period where it was decorated with splendid banner paintings.
- 6月14日から6日間にわたる一揆は村役人の邸宅や桑折陣屋代官所を襲撃し、隣の福島藩の中枢である福島城城下町に突入した。
- During the six days from July 25, the people attacked the houses of village officers, and jinya (regional government office) and daikansho (local governor's office) located in Kori, and in continuation, they rushed into the castle town of Fukushima-jo Castle, which was the center of the neighboring Fukushima Domain.
- 寛永16年（1639年）に家督を嫡子水野勝俊に譲り隠居するが、隠居料の1万石をもって更なる福山城下町への投資を続けた。
- He yielded the family estate to his heir and son Katsutoshi MIZUNO and retired in 1639, but continued to invest his retirement stipend of 10,000 koku in Fukuyama-jo castle town.
- 織田政権が永禄10年（1567年）に岐阜城の城下町である加納宿に楽市楽座とともに地子免許を命じたのが初例とされている。
- The regime of Nobunaga ODA is said to have granted jishi menkyo to Kano-juku (a castle town of Gifu Castle) and allowed the town to implement raku ichi raku za (a commercial policy that permitted free markets and open guilds) for the first time in 1567.
- 東京側の発着地が都心にある新幹線と異なり、東武は浅草・北千住という東側に偏った位置（下町）にあることなどが主因とされる。
- It is said that this is because, although the Tokyo-side departure station on the Shinkansen line is located in the city center, those of Tobu are located on the eastern part of the city (the so-called shitamachi area), such as Asakusa and Kita-Senju.
- 吉川三左衛門（よしかわさんざえもん）は、当時今浜と呼ばれた町を豊臣秀吉の命により長浜城下町として整備することに尽力した。
- Sanzaemon YOSHIKAWA contributed to develop a town then called Imahama into the Nagahama castle town following the order made by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 人と物の流れが活発になる中で、城下町・港町・宿場町・門前町・鳥居前町・鉱山町など、さまざまな性格の都市が各地に生まれた。
- Under circumstances where the flow of people and goods became active, cities of various characteristics such as castle towns, port towns, post-station towns, temple towns, shrine towns, mining towns and so on were born in various places.
- 福知山は、藩が成立する前の戦国時代、光秀の治世の下で地子銭免除や城下町建設、近世的な福知山城の築城などが行なわれている。
- Before Fukuchiyama was established as a domain, during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), Mitsuhide implemented land-tax exemptions, developed the castle town, and constructed the early-modern Fukuchiyama-jo Castle.
- 家臣は城下町に住むよう命じられ、狩野永徳の洛中洛外図屏風などから、都市建築（町屋、武家屋敷など）も発達してきたことが伺える。
- Vassals were ordered to live in castle towns, and it is supposed, for example, from Rakuchu Rakugaizu Byobu (urban areas and suburbs of Kyoto, a folding screen) by Eitoku KANO, that buildings in urban areas (such as Machiya (traditional townhouses found mainly in Kyoto) and samurai residences) had progressed as well.
- 正保3年（1646年）に没し、自身が父の菩提を弔うために友人の沢庵宗彭を招いて柳生に開いた奈良市柳生下町の芳徳寺に葬られた。
- He died in 1646 and was buried in the Hotoku-ji Temple located in Yagyu shimo-cho, Nara City, which was founded by himself to pray for the repose of his father's soul, having invited his friend Takuan Soho as the first chief priest.
- 京都府北部の中核都市である舞鶴市は古より城下町があり商都として栄えた西舞鶴と、軍港として栄えた東舞鶴にわかれて発展してきた。
- Maizuru, a major city in northern Kyoto Prefecture, has been developed as Nishi Maizuru (western Maizuru) with an ancient castle town flourishing as a commercial city and Higashi Maizuru (eastern Maizuru) prospering as a naval port, separately.
- この際、「左京区粟田口」として存続していた区域は粟田口大日山町、粟田口山下町、粟田口入会山町、粟田口如意ケ嶽町の4町となった。
- Simultaneously, the area which survived as 'Awataguchi, Sakyo Ward' was divided into the following four towns: Awataguchi Dainichiyama-cho, Awataguchi Yamashita-cho, Awataguchi Iriaiyama-cho and Awataguchi Nyoigatake-cho.
- 1585年（天正13年）、四国征伐で軍功を挙げた豊臣秀次は、近江43万石を与えられ、八幡山に八幡城を築城し、城下町を開町した。
- With military success in the Shikoku Conquest in 1585, Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI was given Omi, a 430,000-koku fief (feudal domain estimated to produce 2.15 million bushels of rice annually), where he built the Hachiman Castle in Mt. Hachiman and opened a castle town.
- ギャツビーがルイジアナの沼沢や、ニューヨークはイースト・サイドの下町から出てきたというのなら、ぼくはそれを受け入れていただろう。
- I would have accepted without question the information that Gatsby sprang from the swamps of Louisiana or from the lower East Side of New York.
- 区域は東西に長く、伏見城の城下町で酒造業で知られる伏見地区を中心に、北方の深草地区、東方の醍醐地区、西方・南方の郊外地区を含む。
- It stretches east and west, and includes Fushimi district as its center, a castle town of the Fushimi-jo Castle well-known for its sake brewing industry, as well as Fukakusa district in the north, Daigo district in the east and suburban district in the west and the south.
- 安土桃山時代に入って明智光秀が丹波統治のため古世地区に丹波亀山城を築き城下町を形成したことによって、亀岡は近代的な発展を遂げる。
- During the Azuchi Momoyama period, Mitsuhide AKECHI built Tanba Kameyama-jo Castle to rule Tanba and developed the castle town in the Kose area, which made way for modern development of Kameoka in recent times.
- しかし、日本においても城下町が発展すると、経済的および政治的価値が上昇し、それにともない城下町を戦乱から防護する必要性が生じた。
- However, as jokamachi developed in Japan, they increased in economic and political value and the necessity for their safeguard against war arose.
- 仙台城は山城で天然の地形を利用した防御であるものの、仙台城下の城下町は全面的な開発であるため、のべ百万人を動員した大工事となった。
- The Sendai-jo Castle was a mountain castle with a defense system utilizing the natural topography of the mountain, while the construction of the castle town at the foot of the Sendai-jo Castle became a full-scale construction mobilizing 1 million people in total for the comprehensive development throughout the area.
- 町役人の名称や組織については地域によって異なり、江戸では江戸町役人以下町名主などが置かれ、大阪では総年寄以下町年寄などが置かれた。
- Names for this position and their organizations differed from region to region; in fact, they had chonanushi (town headman) as well as machiyakunin in Edo, and in Osaka, they had similar positions called sodoshiyori and machidoshiyori.
- また下町と呼ばれる範疇に含まれるものもあり、現代において在郷町を起源とする地区の中には、現代の下町と呼べるような庶民的な町も多い。
- Some Zaigomachi were categorized as Shitamachi (neighborhoods of merchants and artisans), and many of the districts originated from Zaigomachi in modern Japan were towns with such a friendly atmosphere that they can be called modern versions of Shitamachi.
- その中でも京都や金沢などの大城下町では特に奥行が深く、極端な短冊の敷地に建てられた町屋は「うなぎの寝床」などと呼ばれることもあった。
- In the major castle towns such as Kyoto and Kanazawa, those merchant houses that were built on deep and narrow lots were also referred to as eel's nest.
- 戦国大名が支配権を確立するにつれ、各地に割拠していた国人領主などを完全に家臣として組み込むにあたり、城下町に集住させるようになった。
- As Sengoku Daimyo (feudal lords) established their sovereignty, they made their Kokujin Ryoshu (local samurai lords) in various provinces live within the castle towns in order to ensure that the latter was completely obedient to the former.
- 文永9年（1272年） 親鸞の末娘覚信尼が住む地、現在の東山区林下町（知恩院山門北の崇泰院あたり）に大谷廟堂を造営、親鸞の影像を安置。
- In 1272, the Otani Mausoleum was built in what is now the Rinka-cho, Higashiyama Ward (around Sotaiin, the north of Chion-in Temple's gate), the living place of Kakushinni, Shinran's youngest daughter, and Shinran's portrait was placed there.
- ちょうど同月、トーマス・栗原と谷崎潤一郎が横浜市山下町 (横浜市)で映画を製作していた「大正活動映画」（大活）が撮影所を一時閉鎖する。
- Just in the same month, 'Taisho Katsudo Eiga' (Daikatsu), located in Yamashita-cho, Yokohama City (Yokohama City) and where Thomas KURIHARA and Junichiro TANIZAKI were producing their films, closed its studio temporarily.
- 元禄12年（1699年）、城下町の大火、江戸屋敷の火事、京都御所の造営などによる再建・造営費用などで出費が重なり、藩財政が窮乏化した。
- In 1699, ballooned expenses due to restoration works for the areas damaged by a great fire in the castle town and a fire in the Edo residence, as well as construction works of Kyoto Imperial Palace, constrained the finance of the clan.
- さらに、本来岡崎の郊外を通っていた東海道を岡崎城下町の中心を通るように変更し、「岡崎の27曲がり」といわれるクランク状の道に整備した。
- In addition, he changed the path of Tokai-do Road from within the suburbs of Okazaki to the middle of Okazaki-jo Castle town and improved it to a winding road called '27 curves road of Okazaki'.
- このような大規模需要のほかにも由良川流域の福知山市、綾部市、あるいは山を越えた小浜市といった城下町における建築用材としての需要もあった
- As well as this mass-consumption, there was also a demand for wood to be used in constructing buildings castle-centered towns such as Fukuchiyama City and Ayabe City which were located along the Yura-gawa River and Obama City on the other side of the mountain.
- 天文2年（1533年）に領主蒲生定秀氏が日野城下町の町割を実施し、堅地町（現金英町）・塗師町（現御舎利町）に木地師・塗師を住まわせる。
- In 1533 Sadahide GAMO, a feudal lord of the region, divided the Hino castle town and ordered 'kijishi' (wood masters) and 'nurishi' (lacquerers) to live in Kataji-machi (present Kinei-cho) and Nurishi-machi (present Oshari-cho), respectively.
- 一条方が四万十川以東の集落や中村城の城下町を襲って挑発すると、長宗我部元親はわずか3日後に7300の軍勢を率いて四万十川東岸に現れた。
- As the Ichijo army provoked the enemy by attacking villages east of the Shimanto-gawa River and the castle town of the Nakamura-jo Castle, Motochika CHOSOKABE arrived on the east bank of the Shimanto-gawa River with the army 7,300 strong after a mere three days.
- 慶長5年（1600年）に黒田氏が筑前国へ移封されると、それに前後して博多に移住し、宗室や宗湛とともに築城や城下町などの整備を受け持った。
- In 1600 the Kuroda clan was transferred to Chikuzen Province, and somewhere before or after that Soku moved to Hakata to undertake construction of the public sector such as a castle and castle town, which was shared by Soshitsu and Sotan.
- 通常、江戸時代における武士は原則的に城下町に集住する（こちらを城下士あるいは藩士という）のに対し、村（在、または在郷）に住む武士を呼ぶ。
- Typically during the Edo period samurai warriors tended to live gather together in castle towns (` jokashi` (castle town men) or hanshi (feudal retainer of a domain)), whereas, the goshi (rural samurai) generally indicated a lower level samurai warrior residing in a village or hamlet.
- 江戸時代以降は、必ずしも城が中心とは限らず、戦闘を想定しない行政施設としての陣屋を中心としたケースもあるが、それらも含めて城下町と呼ぶ。
- After the Edo period, in some cases, a castle was not necessarily the center, but the jinya, a non-military governmental facility, was the center, and these were also called jokamachi.
- はじめ川田に館を置き、のちに府中（現在の甲府市古府中）に躑躅ヶ崎館を築き城下町（武田城下町）を整備し、家臣を集住させた（『高白斎記』）。
- First they resided in Kawata, and then constructed the Tsutsujigasaki-yakata (Tsutsujigasaki Mansion) in Fuchu (present Kofuchu, Kofu City) and developed a castle town (Takeda castle town), and gathered his vassals to live there ('Kohakusaiki' [a recorded diary on the history of the Sengoku period supposedly written by Masatake KOMAI]).
- そして、城下町を形成して屋敷を与え、家臣または家臣とその妻子を住まわせることで背信を防いだり、次第に武士の土着化を防ぐようになっていった。
- Sengoku daimyo constructed castle towns, giving residences to their vassals and families inside the towns in order to prevent revolts and indigenization.
- 広重の作品研究に利用されているほか、甲府での芝居見物や接待された料理屋の記録など、近世甲府城下町の実態を知る記録資料としても重視されている。
- It is used for the study of Hiroshige's works and also regarded as an important record of the actual situation of Kofu Castle Town in the Edo period, for its descriptions about a play viewing in Kofu, a restaurant where he was entertained, and so on.
- 安土城と竹生島は距離があるため、信長は今日は帰ってこないと判断した侍女たちは桑実寺に参詣に行ったり、城下町で買い物をしたりと城を空けていた。
- The waiting women thought that Nobunaga would not come back on that day because Chikubushima Island was far from Azuchi-jo Castle, so they left the castle to worship at Kuwanomi-dera Temple or went shopping in town near the castle.
- 江戸の町は、大きく分けて見ると江戸城の西に広がる山の手の武家屋敷と、東の隅田川をはじめとする数々の河川・堀に面した庶民の町（下町）に大別される。
- The town of Edo was roughly categorized into an uptown area west of Edo Castle where samurai lived, and a downtown (shitamachi) area facing several rivers and moats beginning with the Sumidagawa riverwhere commoners lived.
- さらに宗矩が亡父柳生宗厳（石舟斎）を弔うため沢庵宗彭を招いて柳生（現在の奈良市柳生下町）に建立した菩提寺の芳徳寺の住持に定められ、芳徳寺に移る。
- Then he moved to his family temple, Hotoku-ji Temple as the chief priest, which had been built by Munenori to hold a memorial service for his deceased father, Muneyoshi YAGYU (Sekishusai) by engaging Soho TAKUAN in Yagyu (present Yagyushimo-cho, Nara City).
- どちらかといえば鉄火という性格をあらわす文化は、江戸前寿司としての「鮪の漬け」もそうであるが、関東の特に江戸の下町文化で培われたものともいえる。
- As with 'maguro no zuke' (tuna soaked in soy sauce) in Edo-style sushi, the custom of using the term tekka to describe quick-tempered character can be considered to have developed especially in the shitamachi (traditional working-class neighborhood) culture of Edo in the Kanto region.
- 京極高三は宮津城の築城にともない廃城（一国一城令）となっていた舞鶴城（田辺城）の再構築や、城下町の整備などを行い、その後の舞鶴発展の礎を築いた。
- Takamitsu KYOGOKU rebuilt Maizuru-jo Castle (Tanabe-jo Castle) which was abandoned due to the 'One Clan, One Castle' policy of the Tokugawa shogunate, and maintained the castle town, laying the foundation for the future development of Maizuru.
- 家康は江戸城本城の拡張は一定程度に留める代わりに城下町の建設を進め、神田山を削り、日比谷入江を盛んに埋め立てて町を広げ、家臣と町民の家屋敷を配置した。
- Ieyasu prioritized the construction of the surrounding castletown over the expansion of the main castle enclosure by levelling Mt. Kado and reclaiming the Hibiya inlet to expand the habitable areas and build residences for vassals and townspeople.
- など多数） これは、昭和期に入り旧城下町周辺に急激に新市街地が広がったのに対し、それらの字名を整理しないまま街区名や自治会名をつけていった結果である。
- As shown above, many examples exist, and this is due to the fact that while a new urban area was developed rapidly around the old castle town during the Showa period, city blocks and residents' associations were named without sorting out names of Aza in the old castle town.
- 戦後、横浜市山下町 (横浜市)にあるホテルニューグランドの総料理長であった入江茂忠が最初に日本におけるナポリタンを考え出した人物として記録が残っている。
- Existing records suggest that Shigetada IRIE, the executive chef of the Hotel New Grand located in Yamashita-cho, Yokohama City, created Naporitan in Japan.
- 港は大きく二つに分かれており、軍港から発展した東舞鶴（東舞鶴市）と、城下町商港から発展した西舞鶴（舞鶴市(～1943年5月26日)）より構成されている。
- The port can be divided into two main parts: Higashi (east) - Maizuru (Higashi-Maizuru City), which developed as a result of the military port, while Nishi (west) - Maizuru (Maizuru City from May 26, 1943), originated from an old trade port of a castle town.
- 安土桃山時代に入ると織田信長や豊臣秀吉が当地に拠点を築いて経済改革を行い、また、大規模な手伝普請と城下町形成を行うことで人口の集住と経済発展が見られた。
- In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI built their bases here and carried out economic reforms, and in addition, a concentration of population and economic development were seen by conducting a large-scale engineering works for the shogun (tetsudai bushin) and by forming castle towns.
- 現在の日本で、人口十万以上の都市の半分以上は城下町を起源とするが、大火や戦災、開発などで姿が変わり、往時を偲ぶことのできる城下町は少なくなってきている。
- Currently in Japan, half of the cities with over 100,000 in population were originally jokamachi, but with large fires, war, and development, they have changed so much that it is rare to find jokamachi that reflect what they looked like in the past.
- これも納所地区にあったとされ、近年の発掘で城下町が形成されたことが明らかになっているが、典型的な館城であり、戦略拠点となりえるものではなかったと思われる。
- This castle is said to have been also in the Noso area, and recent excavations have unveiled that there had been a castle town but it was in fact a residential area and far from a military stronghold.
- しかし、戦国大名による権力の一元化が進んだ戦国時代 (日本)になると在地の武士たちは城下町へ集住させられるようになり、堀之内・土居は次第に消滅していった。
- However, in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), when authority was unified by the influential daimyo (Japanese territorial lord), samurai who had lived in their own town were obliged to live in a group in a castle town established by their lord, with the result that Horinouchi and Doi were gradually extinguished.
- そして、近世城下町発展の最大の功労者は織田信長で、本格的な兵農分離を意図し武士を城下に集住させるとともに、市街に楽市楽座を設けて商工業の発達を活発にした。
- The most important person in relation to the development of jokamachi in the early-modern times was Nobunaga ODA, and with the idea of serious heinobunri in mind, he gathered bushi (warriors) near his castle and established Rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) in the city areas to stimulate the development of commerce and trade.
- そのため三都を中軸とする全国経済と各地の城下町を中心とする藩経済との複合的な経済システムが形成され、各地の特産物が主に大坂に集中し、そこから全国に拡散した。
- In this way, a complex economic system was formed, in which the nationalwide economy with three pivotal cities, Kyoto, Osaka and Edo, and the regional economy of each domain interacted with each other especially in Osaka, where local specialties all parts of the country were concentrated to distribute to all over Japan.
- 小田原城のように、元々は山城であったものが、城と麓の城下町が拡張を繰り返した結果両者が一体化し、城下町全体を惣構えで囲んだ大規模な平山城に発展した例もある。
- Like Odawara Castle, as a result of the repeated expansion of a castle that was originally a mountain castle and castle town at the foot of the mountain, both merged and developed into a large flatland castle surrounding its entire castle town by the sogamae (outer citadel).
- 城下町広島では江戸時代以来庶民に定着してきたため、広島市周辺では他の宗派でも盆燈籠を認めている寺院もあるが、日蓮宗などのようにほとんど認めていない寺院もある。
- The custom came to stay among the public in the castle town Hiroshima in the Edo period, and so, in and around today's Hiroshima City, some temples other than Jodo Shinshu also allow the dedication, but other temples, such as those of 'Nichirenshu' (Nichiren Sect of Buddhism), rarely allow it.
- 江戸時代を通じて三都以外では、金沢市と名古屋市が最盛期で10万人規模、長崎市や堺市、鹿児島市が6万人以上で、他の有力諸侯の城下町はいずれも5万人前後であった。
- Besides these three cities, the estimated population was 100,000 at the highest in Kanazawa and in Nagoya and more than 60,000 in Nagasaki City, Sakai City and Kagoshima City, respectively, while the population of any of other leading castle towns was approximately 50,000.
- ヌーヴェルヴァーグ派が松竹から独立して行く中、松竹大船調路線の後継者として『下町の太陽』、『馬鹿まるだし』等のコメディを中心とした作品で企業内監督の道を歩む。
- While Nouvelle Vague directors broke away from Shochiku, he pursued a career as a company director, continuing the 'Shochiku Ofuna style' (named after the company's studios), with works focusing on comedies including 'Shitamachi no Taiyo' (The Sunshine Girl) and 'Baka Marudashi' (Honest Fool).
- 琵琶湖の重要港湾かつ東海道53番目の宿場だった大津宿を中心に、膳所藩の城下町だった膳所、比叡山の門前町坂本 (大津市)、湖上交易の拠点だった堅田などからなる。
- Centered around Otsu-juku, which is an important port of Lake Biwa and used to be the 53rd posting station of Tokai-do Road, it consists of Zeze, the castle town of the Zeze Domain, Sakamoto, a temple town of Mt. Hiei, and Katata, a hub of lake-borne trade.
- 高木は別所氏が拠った三木城の城下町で、豊臣秀吉が免税地としたために金物の町として発展した三木町の近隣に位置し、少し北には加古川の支流である美嚢川が西行している。
- Takagi was the Miki-jo Castle town where the Bessho clan lived, near Miki Town which was flourished as a hardware town by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI giving the town a tax-free privilege, and slightly in the north, the Mino-gawa river, a tributary of the Kako-gawa River, flowed to the west.
- 町においては城下町整備にともなう治安・防火対策の一環として、里がえし政策をとり続けるが、一方ではこれを保護の対象として捕捉し、抱非人として野非人を取り締まった。
- As part of its security and fire prevention measures for upgrading the castle town's structures, the municipal government continued to employ the Satogaeshi system (whereby Nobinin were sent back to their villages) by capturing Nobinin as a protected group and cracking down on Nobinin as Kakae-Hinin.
- これにより安土桃山時代に3千近くもあったといわれる城が約170まで激減し（陣屋を含めると約300）、結果として家臣団や領民の城下町集住が一層進んだとされている。
- As a result, the number of castles which were said nearly as many as 3,000 in the Azuchi Momoyama period dropped sharply to about 170 (about 300 when regional government offices included), and consequently, grouped housing of vassals and domain people in castle towns progressed more.
- 宗祖親鸞聖人入滅後、末娘の覚信尼が1272年（文永9年）に現在の京都市東山区林下町（知恩院塔頭・崇泰院付近）に廟を営み、遺骨を安置したのが本願寺の発祥とされる。
- Hongan-ji Temple originated after the death of sect founder Shinran Shonin when his youngest daughter Kakushinni had a mausoleum constructed in what is modern-day Rinka-cho, Higashiyama-ku Ward, Kyoto City (in the vicinity of the Sotaiin sub-temple of Chionin Temple) into which his remains were interred in 1272.
- しかし、東舞鶴は明治時代からの軍港から急速に発展した都市にあるのに対して、西舞鶴は戦国時代からの城下町から発展した都市であったため、住民感情に大きな相違があった。
- However, there were anti-merge sentiments due to the different background of people from both areas; Higashi-Maizuru had rapidly developed as a navy and army port in and after the Meiji period, but Nishi-Maizuru had developed as a castle town since the Sengoku period (period of Warring States).
- 幕藩体制維持のため各藩の拠点は一箇所の城下町に固定化され、更に領外への経済圏の自由な拡大が制約されたため、全国的な拠点とされた三都との間に格差が生じたと考えられる。
- Such a difference between the three major cities positioned as national centers and the rest of the cities is believed to have been deliberately brought about by the bakufu's policy to secure the shogunate system, by concentrating the center of each domain into a single castle town, and by restricting the free economic expansion of the city beyond the sphere of the domain.
- 京阪石山坂本線は、京津線とは対照的に、2両編成の車両が琵琶湖湖岸、及び瀬田川河川敷に面した滋賀県大津市西部地域の住宅街や下町を走りぬけるノスタルジックな路線である。
- In contrast to the Keishin Line, the Keihan Ishiyama-sakamoto Main Line is a nostalgic one on which a vehicle consisting of two cars runs along the lakeside of Lake Biwa, as well as residential areas and downtown in the western part of Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture facing a river area of the Seta-gawa River.
- 文化財保護法で言う「伝統的建造物群」とは、城下町、宿場町、門前町、寺内町、港町、農漁村などの、周囲の環境と一体をなして歴史的風致を形成している伝統的建造物群を指す。
- The Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties defines 'a group of historic buildings' as that which forms a historic landscape in unison with its surrounding environments such as towns formed around castles, posts (shukuba), Shinto shrines, Buddhist temples, ports, and/or farming or fishing villages.
- 松井家の城下町であった熊本県八代市の八代市立博物館や松井文庫には松井歴代史料が展示されており、近くには八代城跡や松井家の御茶屋だった松浜軒（しょうひんけん）もある。
- In Yatsushiro City of Kumamoto Prefecture which had been the castle town of the Matsui clan, historical materials of the Matsui clan are displayed at the Yatsushiro Municipal Museum and Matsui Bunko Library, and in its vicinity, there remain sites of Yatsushiro-jo Castle and Shohinken which used to be Matsui clan's ochaya (rest house).
- 安土桃山時代に豊臣秀次が八幡城を築城した際、城下町の都市計画として整備され、城を防御する軍事的な役割と琵琶湖の水運（当時の物流の要）を利用する商業的役割を兼ね備えた。
- When Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI built Yawata-jo Castle during the Azuchi-Momoyama Period, the canal was built as part of development of a castle town to serve both the military function of castle defense and the commercial function of water transport in the Lake Biwa area (as a logistics center during the period).
- 大内氏の場合は、勘合貿易による富や大陸文化の摂取もあって、城下町の山口市には画僧雪舟をはじめ、多くの僧侶・学者・公家が集まり、「大内版」とよばれる出版事業もおこなわれた。
- Since the Ouchi clan accumulated wealth by the tally trade and adopted the culture of the continent, many priests, scholars, and court nobles including an artist monk, Sesshu, gathered at its castle town in Yamaguchi City, where a publishing business called 'Ouchi printing' was also carried out.
- 戦国時代には戦国大名の一部は自身の居城の城下町に服属した武士を集めるようになり、豊臣秀吉が大坂城・聚楽第・伏見城で支配下に服した大名に屋敷を与え、そこに妻子を住まわせた。
- During the Sengoku Period, some Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) allowed their subjects to reside in their castle towns and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI set up the residences near Osaka Castle, Jurakudai, Fushimi Castle for his subjects and their families.
- 城が中世の臨時的な軍事基地から恒久的な統治拠点になると、城下町や家臣団防備の目的で従来の城の機能的構成部分（内郭）から、さらにもう一重外側に防御線が設けられることがあった。
- When the castle changed from a medieval period temporary military base to a permanent base of rulership, a defense line was often established outside the functional component (uchiguruwa (the central portion of a castle compound)) of the conventional castle to defend the castle town and vassals.
- また、江戸城は徳川氏の征夷大将軍の居城であり、江戸は幕府の政庁が置かれる行政府の所在地であると同時に、自身も天領を支配する領主である徳川氏（徳川将軍家）の城下町でもあった。
- The Edo Castle was the residence of successive Tokugawa shoguns, or Seii taishogun (literally, 'the great general who pacifies barbarians'), and the city of Edo was both the site of bakufu administrative organs and the personal castle town of the Tokugawa Clan that ruled over the shogunal domain.
- また高知平野内の大高坂山に統治の中心拠点として高知城を築城し（奉行は関ヶ原の戦いの後浪人となった百々綱家を7000石で招聘、慶長8年（1603年）完成）、城下町の整備を行った。
- He built Kochi-jo Castle on Mt. Odakasa on the plain of Kochi as the center of administration by inviting Tsunaie DODO, who was a master-less samurai after the Battle of Sekigahara, to serve as magistrate with 7,000 koku, and completed the castle town in 1603.
- 1594年（文禄3年） - 豊臣秀吉が伏見城の城下町として町割、開発を行ない、町の原型が形作られる（現在も区内に残る地名や鍵状に曲がった道路には城下町の特徴が色濃く表れている）
- 1594: Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI built the foundation of the castle town for Fushimi-jo Castle through urban development and zoning (the distinct features of the castle town can be found today in the place names and hook-shaped roads that still remain in the ward).
- しかし、江戸が都市として発展するためには、日比谷入江の東、隅田川河口の西にあたる江戸前島と呼ばれる砂州を除けば、城下町をつくるために十分な平地が存在しないことが大きな障害となる。
- With the exception of the sandbar known as Edomaeshima, which is east of the Hibiya inlet and west of the Sumidagawa Estuary, the lack of level land not only posed a significant obstacle to development of the castletown, but also hampered the development of Edo into metropolis.
- 更に光秀はそれまでたびたび氾濫を起こしていた由良川の流れを改善し、度重なる洪水によって疲弊していた農民に対し地子銭を免除するなど善政を敷き、城下町としての基礎を築いたのであった。
- Moreover, Mitsuhide formed the foundations for the castle town by carrying out activities such as improving the flow of the Yura-gawa River (which had often caused floods until then), and releasing farmers who were impoverished due to the repeated floods from their obligation towards Jishisen tax, etc.
- 代表的事例として、甲府城下町の整備と平行して行われた御勅使川と釜無川の合流地点である竜王（旧中巨摩郡竜王町、現甲斐市）では信玄堤と呼ばれる堤防を築き上げ、河川の流れを変え開墾した。
- In Ryuo where Midai-gawa River and Kamanashi-gawa River joined together (Formerly, Ryuo-cho, Nakakoma-gun, present day Kai City), banks called Shingen tsutsumi (banks of the river) were established to divert the course of the river for cultivation while the castle town in Kofu, was developed, which was an excellent example of flood prevention projects.
- 復帰後の15年に下町の情緒を下敷きにした女性劇の佳作「紙人形春の囁き」「狂恋の女師匠」を発表してからは女性を描く独特の感性にさらに磨きをかけ、昭和5年「唐人お吉」などが好評を博した。
- After he came back from suspension and released the fine films featuring women filled with emotions of a shitamachi (traditional working-class neighborhood), 'Kaminingyo haru no sasayaki' (A Paper Doll's Whisper of Spring) and 'Kyoren no onna shisho' (The Love-Mad Tutoress) in 1926, Mizoguchi further developed his unique sense of expression in portraying women and gained a good reputation for his movies such as 'Tojin Okichi' (Mistress of a Foreigner) of 1930.
- それに対し、日本では堺市や寺内町のような堀と土塁で囲まれた都市や町は早くから存在していたものの、初期の城下町では領主の居城のみが堀と城壁に囲まれ、街自体は城壁には囲まれていなかった。
- However, in Japan, although there have been cities and towns such as Sakai City and Terauchi-cho which are surrounded by a moat and dirt mounds since early times, only the lord's residence castle was surrounded by a moat and castle wall and the town area itself was not surrounded by a castle wall in the initial jokamachi.
- また、城下町時代の町人地だった場所が現在でもその都市の中心街としての機能を保っていたり、城下町時代からの祭りや風習を残していたりといった形で、城下町時代の痕跡が残っていることは多い。
- Many places that were the townspeople area during their jokamachi period are still currently the center of the city, and festivals and customs from that time still exist.
- 嘉永の時代に、紀州若山在住の若い町医者島田幸安は、その城下町で「神力睹薬調合所」を開き、彼の神通力と神の導きによる薬の調合は実に霊験あらたかで、和歌山市中ではかなりの評判を呼んでいた。
- In the Kaei era (1848-1854), a young general practitioner, Yukiyasu SHIMADA had been treating people in his 'Jinriki Toyaku-chogojo' (gods' power pharmacy) in Wakayama City (Kii Province), and his treatment and prescription by gods' power was very popular among the city as the demonstration of gods' power had great effects.
- これに対して京都の町代は京都のうち上京に12、下京に8あった「町組」と称される組（地域）単位に1名、その下に１ないし2名の下町代が付属され、組内にある各町の町名主以下の町役人を統率した。
- In contrast, Machidai in Kyoto headed town officials including the town chiefs: There was one Machidai for each group of towns (i.e., each district) with one or two subordinate Machidai below, for heading town officials including town chief in each town of the group (Kamigyo area had 12 groups of towns and Shimogyo area had 8 groups of towns).
- 楽市・楽座（らくいち・らくざ）は、日本の近世（16世紀から18世紀ごろまで）において織田信長、豊臣秀吉の織豊政権や各地の戦国大名などにより城下町などの支配地の市場で行われた経済政策である。
- Rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) was an economic policy implemented in the markets of government controlled areas such as castle towns by the Shokuho government (the government of Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) and the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) during the early modern period (16th century to 18th century) in Japan.
- 前述の町屋や、大正から昭和初期にかけては木造3階建ての料亭や旅館が多数建設され、老朽化や都市計画による道路拡張などにより、城下町の風情でもあった珍しい木造建築は姿を消そうとしている現状もある。
- The aforementioned tradesmen's houses, and many other wooden three-story Japanese restaurants and inns built from the Taisho to the early Showa periods, which made the castle town attractive are disappearing due to deterioration by aging and road extension carried out by urban planning.
- 江戸時代になると有馬豊氏によって城下町としての町割りが整備されたが、現在でも呉服町、鋳物師町、鍛冶町、紺屋町などはそのままの地名として残されており、旧市街地は江戸時代の町割りが殆どそのまま残っている。
- During the Edo period, the town layout as a castle town was improved by Toyouji ARIMA; place names such as Gofuku-machi, Imoji-machi, Kaji-machi, Koya-machi, etc. remain to this day, and towns divided during urban development which took place during the Edo period remain in the old urban area almost as they were.
- 典型例は、甲斐国武田氏の躑躅ヶ崎館（山梨県）や越前国朝倉氏の一乗谷朝倉氏遺跡（福井県）などがあり、一乗谷城は谷間に城下町と居館としての館を築き、有事に際しては山頂に築かれた城郭を拠点として防衛にあたった。
- Typical examples of these include Tsutsuji-ga-saki Castle (Yamanashi Prefecture) of the Takeda clan in the Kai Province and Ichijodani Asakura Clan Ruins (Fukui Prefecture) in the Echizen Province; Ichijodani Castle had a residence and their castle town within the valley and defend themselves making the castle on the peak of the mountain as their base when enemies attacked them.
- 長浜三年寄（ながはまさんどしより）とは、豊臣秀吉の命を受け長浜城下町（49町・10組）を整備した町人衆のうち、組を代表する町年寄の十家が長浜十人衆と呼ばれており、そのうち更に有力であった三家のことである。
- Nagahama sandoshiyori refers to most influential three families among Nagahama juninshu (10 influential families in Nagahama), 10 representative families of machi-doshiyori (ward head) in townspeople who built the Nagahama-jo Castle town (49 towns and 10 wards) under the order of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 福山入封後は放浪時代の恩人で知謀の名高い三村親成を高禄で家老職に迎え藩政に力を注ぎ、城下町の建設、産業育成、治水工事や新田開発を積極的に行い、それまでは概ね湿地帯であった現在の福山市域の発展の礎を築いた。
- After entering the Fukuyama Domain, Katsunari hired the highly-respected and resourceful Chikanari MIMURA who was his benefactor during his wandering years as a position of chief retainers by giving him a high salary to carry out domain duties, and he engaged actively in castle town construction, promotion of industrial development, embankment works, and development of new rice fields, and laid the foundation for the present-day Fukuyama City area which was mostly a wetland before.
- 藩士である武士を城下町に集めて軍人・官吏とし、彼らの支配のもとで城下町周辺の一円支配領域にある村に石高を登録された百姓から年貢を現物徴収して、藩と藩主の財源や藩士の給与として分配する形態が藩の典型である。
- The typical pattern of Han was to have samurai, Hanshi, in the castle town as military men or government officials who collected land taxes in rice from peasants whose yields were registered in villages located in the whole ruling region in the vicinity of the castle town, and divided the taxes into the financial resources for the Han and Hanshu as well as the salaries for the Hanshi.
- なお、残っている建物こそ少なくても、多くの旧城下町では道の区割りなどに城下町時代の痕跡を残しており、上記のように敵の侵攻を妨ぐように道が区画されていた場合、現在では自動車交通に支障を来していることが多い。
- Although there are few remaining buildings, many previous jokamachi still retain the mark of their jokamachi period in their road division and the like, and since the roads were made to prevent enemy invasion, in many cases, they are limiting automobile transportation.
- 近世にいたり、城郭が単なる軍事拠点のみならず政治的統治拠点としての役割を持つようになると、城下町や家臣団防備の目的で従来の城の機能的構成部分（内郭）から、さらにもう一重外側に防御線が設けられるようになった。
- As castles developed up until the early modern period from being simply military installations to serving as political centers of government, defensive lines were constructed further outside to take over the role of those functional components (inner castle) that had previously served to defend the castle town and retainers.
- 各地の大名によって城下町等に布告されたが、なかでも織田信長は、自分自身が美濃国・加納、近江国・安土町、近江国・金森 (守山市)に楽市・楽座令を布いただけでなく支配下の諸大名に伝達され、各城下町で実施された。
- Rakuichi-rakuza were proclaimed by daimyo throughout Japan, and these included not only those proclaimed by Nobunaga ODA himself in Kano, Mino Province; Azuchi-cho, Omi Province; and Kanamori, Omi Province (Moriyama City); but the practice was also conveyed to all daimyo under his control and rakuichi-rakuza came to be established in various castle towns.
- 現在の東京の幹線道路網の大きな部分は新平に負っていると言ってよく、特に下町地区では帝都復興事業以降に新たに街路の新設が行われておらず、帝都復興の遺産が現在でも首都を支えるインフラとしてそのまま利用されている。
- It is possible to say that the road network of Tokyo today was mostly produced by him, especially those roads in Shitamachi district, (or traditional working-class area in Tokyo), where any new streets were constructed newly since his urban revival project of the imperial capital, therefore, the legacy of the reconstruction project is still used today as the essential infrastructure that supports the capital.
- しかしその治世中、城下町の火事や大地震に見舞われ、名主の不正から大規模な一揆「万沢騒動」が起こり、事後処理で不正や失態がありさらに混乱を招き、市街地では問屋同士の紛争が起こるなど、その藩政においては多難を極めた。
- However, during his administration, he had to face various difficulties; in addition to the fire that occurred in the center of the town and a great earthquake, the domain was beset by a large-scale ikki (uprising), 'Manzawa sodo' (peasant's revolt in Manzawa) that broke out triggered by the corruption of nanushi (a village headman) and the successive injustice and mismanagement in the post-incident procedures, which provoked further confusions, and even conflicts between the urban wholesale merchants.
- 加えて、全国政権の所在地ではないが大宰府や平泉町といった古代の主要都市や、中世以降のいわゆる小京都、更には金沢市や松江市など史跡に恵まれた近世の城下町をも「古都」と美称する傾向があり、その定義は必ずしも厳密ではない。
- It seems a definition of an ancient capital is not exact, because there is a tendency to call even old cities like Dazaifu and Hiraizumi, or so-called little Kyoto towns established in the medieval period, or castle towns of the early-modern times such as Kanazawa City and Matsue City with many historic sites as ancient capitals, though they had never been the center of national administration.
- 当初、京都、鎌倉といった風雅な街並みが残る観光地、又は浅草などの人力車の似合う下町での営業が始まり、次第に伊豆伊東、道後温泉といった温泉町や「無法松の一生」にちなむ門司港、有名観光地である中華街などに広がっていった。
- Such businesses initially started in tourist spots with elegant townscapes such as Kyoto and Kamakura, or in downtown areas like Asakusa in Tokyo where jinrikisha blend in well with the scenery, and gradually spread to hot-spring resorts such as Ito Onsen in the Izu area and Dogo Onsen, and the port of Moji, which appears in the movie 'Muhomatsu no issho' (Wild Matsu the Rickshaw Man), and to famous Chinatowns.
- 重忠の嫡男として尾張国山田郡 (尾張国)内（現在の愛知県瀬戸市掛下町付近）に南山城を築き居住したとされが、承久3年（1221年）の承久の乱で長子・兼継を従え父と共に後鳥羽上皇方に参じ奮戦するも敗北し、鎌倉幕府軍に討ち取られた。
- As an heir of Shigetada, he built Minami-yamashiro-jo Castle in Yamada County, Owari Province (present day around Kakeshita Town, Seto City, Aichi Prefecture) and lived there until his death in Jokyu War in 1221, the war he fought hard for the retired Emperor with his father and his eldest son, Kanetsugu.
- しかし、江戸時代中期に入り港町や宿場町などの発展、換金性の高い綿が栽培され始めるなど農村部に資本主義が流入され、また（これが最も大きいのだろうが）大名への献金が過重になり過ぎて商家の一部がつぶれるなど、城下町の衰退が目立つようになった。
- Since the middle of the Edo period, however, the decline of castle towns had been given stark expression in the development of port towns and post towns, the influx of capitalism into agricultural communities, such as the cultivation of cotton, one of readily redeemable goods, and bankruptcies of the merchants due to the excessive financial contribution to feudal lords (daimyo), (which might be the biggest cause of the decline).
- 知行を受けた家臣を「地頭」とは呼ばれているが、中世の地頭とは違って職務上の必要による例外を除けば、城下町（旗本・御家人の場合は江戸）に在住する義務を負っていた（例外として、仙台藩では各家臣が仙台城下町と知行地との間を参勤交代していた）。
- A vassal who was given chigyo was called 'jito', but unlike the jito of the medieval period, he had an obligation to live in a rural castle town (hatamoto and gokenin were obliged to live in Edo) except when he had some official duties (as an exceptional case, sankin-kotai [a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo] was exercised in Sendai Domain, and vassals had to live alternately in chigyo-chi and Sendai castle town alternately).
- 元和 (日本)5年(1619年)、備中国西南部と備後国南部で備後福山藩10万石を与えられたが、当初入った神辺城に代えて幕命により西日本の幕府側拠点として瀬戸内海に近い今日の福山市に新たな城（福山城 (備後国)）と城下町（福山 (城下町)）を築いた。
- In 1619, he was given the Bingofukuyama Domain which was worth 100,000 koku in the southwest area of Bicchu Province and the south of Bingo Province, but instead of the Kannabe-jo Castle where he first entered, he built a new castle (Fukuyama-jo Castle (Bingo Province)) and a castle town (Fukuyama (castle town)) in present-day Fukuyama City near the Seto Inland Sea as a foothold for the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in western Japan by order of the bakufu.
- 明智光秀が福知山を統治するようになると、光秀は後に城下町ともなる城に連なる居住地造営と治水のため、長さ1kmにも及ぶ築堤により川筋を大幅に変更したことにより由良川の流れは大幅に改善されたが、それでも洪水は収まらずその後の為政者も治水に尽力を惜しまなかった。
- When Mitsuhide AKECHI became the ruler of Fukuchiyama, he drastically changed the course of the river by building an embankment as long as one km for the purpose of developing the castle's residential area which later became a castle town, and improved the flow of the river; however, since floods still occurred, subsequent administrators spared no effort towards flood control.
- 城郭や藩庁などを中心に栄えた城下町や陣屋町、宿場中心に形成された宿場町、寺社を中心に形成された門前町などと決定的に違うのは、町の中心となる施設（城郭・大きな宿場・有力寺社など）がないことで、前述の町等まで距離がある農村部において自然発生的にできたものである。
- Zaigomachi was different from Jokamachi (castle town) or Jinyamachi (town around the feudal lord's residence) which prospered around the castle or the hancho (feudal lord's office/residence), Shukubamachi (post station town) which was formed around shukuba (post station), or Monzenmachi (temple town) formed around a temple or a shrine and did not have any landmark featuring the town (castle, big post station, large temple or shrine, or the like) and it spontaneously developed in farming villages a distance from the aforementioned machi (towns).
- そこで祭司ヒルキヤ、アヒカム、アクボル、シャパンおよびアサヤはシャルムの妻である女預言者ホルダのもとへ行った。シャルムはハルハスの子であるテクワの子で、衣装べやを守る者であった。その時ホルダはエルサレムの下町に住んでいた。彼らがホルダに告げたので、 (列王紀2 22:14)
- So Hilkiah the priest, and Ahikam, and Achbor, and Shaphan, and Asaiah, went to Huldah the prophetess, the wife of Shallum the son of Tikvah, the son of Harhas, keeper of the wardrobe (now she lived in Jerusalem in the second quarter); and they talked with her. (2 Kings 22:14)
- 1669年（寛文9年）に朽木稙昌が藩政を務めるようになって以後、十三代にわたって朽木家が藩政を務める様になり、藩主が五代目朽木玄綱になると地名を「福智山」から「福知山」に改め、「明智光秀の治水によって水害から救われ、城下町として栄えたのは彼のおかげである」という住民の連署によって御霊神社 (福知山市)に光秀の合祀を許したのであった。
- After Tanemasa KUTSUKI took on the clan administration in 1669, thirteen generations of the Kutsuki family were in charge of clan administration, and when Totsuna KUTSUKI took office as the fifth domain head, he changed the kanji character of the domain name from '福智山' to '福知山,' and allowed enshrinement of Mitsuhide in the Goryo-jinja Shrine (Fukuchiyama City) by residents who 'thanked Mitsuhide AKECHI for the prosperity of Fukuchiyama as a castle town through his flood prevention works.'
- 同じく赤松一族で但馬竹田城城主・斎村政広も西軍から東軍に寝返ったものの、西軍に与した宮部長房の居城・鳥取城を攻めるときにあまりに手ひどく城下町を焼き払ったために、徳川家康から戦後、これを理由に自害（この件に関しては寝返りを促した亀井茲矩に責任転嫁された冤罪説が強い）を命じられてしまい、これにより大名としての赤松氏は滅亡したのである。
- Masahiro SAIMURA, also a member of the Akamatsu family and was the lord of Takeda-jo Castle in Tajima Province, switched to the East squad from the West squad as well, but after the battle (Battle of Sekigahara) he was ordered to kill himself by Ieyasu Tokugawa, for the charge that Masahiro seriously damaged the castle town by setting fire brutally when he attacked Nagafusa MIYABE of the West squad at his home castle, Tottori-jo Castle, (for this incident, the theory of the false accusation caused by Koremori KAMEI, who encouraged the betrayal and shifted the responsibility is highly likely), and with Masahiro's death, the Akamatsu clan as daimyo had distinguished.
