上級: 334 Terms and Phrases

• 上級
• advanced level
• high grade
• senior
• A level
• In order of high to low-rank:
• Pro Tip

• 最上級
• highest grade
• superlative degree

• 上級財
• superior goods

• 上級者
• advanced student
• advanced learner
• advanced practitioner
• experienced person

• 上級生
• upper classman
• senior grade

• 上級の
• advanced
• senior

• 上級審
• upper instance court

• 上級士官
• wardroom

• 最上級の
• top-drawer
• on the topmost step

• 上級准尉
• chief warrant officer

• 上級曹長
• sergeant major

• 上級大佐
• Senior Colonel

• 上級大将
• Colonel General

• 最上級生
• senior (e.g. at school)

• 上級看護師
• nurse practitioner

• 上級裁判所
• superior court
• upper courts
• superior courts

• 上級管理職
• upper management

• 上級副社長
• senior vice president

• 絶対最上級
• absolute superlative

• 相対最上級
• relative superlative

• 上級行政庁
• higher administrative agency

• 上級の地位
• a position of superior status

• 上級下士官
• the senior petty officer

• 上級主典。
• Senior sakan

• 上級滑空機
• High Class Glider

• 上級実践看護
• advanced practice nursing

• 上級で高価な
• upscale

• 上級芸能記者
• senior entertainment correspondent

• 上級の裁判所
• upper instance court

• 上級の法学位
• an advanced law degree

• 上級の日本語
• Advanced Japanese

• 最上級の材木
• lumber of the highest grade

• 上級士官用船室
• wardroom

• 上級保健研究所
• Superior Institute of Health

• 親衛隊上級大将
• SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer

• 親衛隊上級曹長
• Hauptscharführer

• 親衛隊上級大佐
• Oberführer

• 上級聖職者と高官
• a senior clergyman and dignitary

• 最上級蹴球連盟戦
• DPR Korea League

• 医得業生　上級学生
• Itokugosho, upper-level students

• sexyの最上級形
• sexiest

• 空軍最先任上級曹長
• Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force

• 上級メンバーシップ
• advanced membership

• 中国王朝の上級官吏
• a high public official of imperial China

• 上級大将 (ソ連)
• Army General (Soviet Union)

• 比較級･最上級の級別
• degrees of comparison

• 上級審の裁判の拘束力
• Binding Power of Superior Judicial Decision

• 中・上級日本語教科書
• Pre-Advanced and Advanced Japanese Textbook

• 擬文章生　予備上級学生
• Gimonjosho (student passed Ryoshi): Preparatory advanced students

• 上級裁判所判事の管轄権
• the jurisdiction of a justiciar

• 上級の権威者による命令
• order by virtue of superior authority

• 中級から上級への日本語
• Progressing from Intermediate to Advanced Japanese

• 英国政府の上級大臣たち
• the senior ministers of the British government

• 形容詞または副詞の最上級
• the superlative form of an adjective or adverb

• 政所執事政所の上級役人。
• Mandokoro shitsuji: Senior official of Mandokoro

• 文章得業生　2名　上級学生
• 2 Monjo Tokugosho: Advanced students

• 最上級の「太夫」に準じた。
• It was the second highest rank after 'tayu.'

• 上級政府役人または上級官僚
• any high government official or bureaucrat

• 紀伝得業生　紀伝道の上級学生
• Kiden Tokugosho: Advanced Kidendo students

• 「太夫」は島原最上級の女性。
• The term 'Tayu' refers to the highest-ranking geisha in Shimabara.

• 公務がない英国内閣の上級閣僚
• the senior cabinet minister in the British Cabinet who has no official duties

• 通常上級学位のための必要要件
• usually a requirement for an advanced academic degree

• 日本語を楽しく読む本・中上級
• Enjoyable Task Reading in Japanese: Pre-Advanced

• 誰かを上級聖品に認める聖職者
• a cleric who admits someone to holy orders

• 上級者の間で広く使われている。
• It is widely used among those who are in advanced-level.

• 士族は、上級の武士に付与された。
• The title of shizoku was granted to the high ranking samurai.

• 上級将校の随行人として仕える兵士
• a soldier who serves as an attendant to a superior officer

• 最上級生にまだならない学部在学生
• an undergraduate who is not yet a senior

• グループの上級メンバーである男性
• a man who is the senior member of a group

• 上級の地位の誰かに向けられた嘆願
• an entreaty addressed to someone of superior status

• グループの上級メンバーである女性
• a woman who is the senior member of a group

• ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ上級代表
• High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina

• 会社の上級役員の序列に関する処遇
• precedential treatment for senior members of the firm

• でもおれ、惨数の上級はとったぜ。
• `I went to the Classics master, though.

• デバッグ・クエリー(上級者向け)
• Debug query (for experts)

• 上級の武士に隷属する武士をいう。
• The term 'Shokan' refers to samurai who were subordinate (i.e. of lower rank) to high ranking samurai.

• 特に、より上級の裁判所に上告できる
• capable of being appealed especially to a higher tribunal

• 欧州連合外務・安全保障政策上級代表
• High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

• 彼らの訴えは、上級裁判所で拒まれた
• their appeal was denied in the superior court

• 被告は上級裁判所に控訴するだろう。
• The defendant will appeal to a higher court.

• - 上級の学校に入学出来る事を願う。
• A bowknot is used to pray for another subsequent admission to a further higher educational institute.

• ヨーロッパのNATOの上級軍事司令官
• NATO's senior military commander in Europe

• 上級者コマンド (m でヘルプ):
• Expert command (m for help):

• 上級下士官である海軍のランクを持つ人
• a person with the senior noncommissioned naval rank

• 大佐より上の地位にある海軍の上級将校
• a senior naval officer above the rank of captain

• 上級学生の小グループに提供される講座
• a course offered for a small group of advanced students

• 算得業生　2名　730年新設の上級学生
• 2 Myogyo tokugosho: Advanced students introduced in 730

• 明法得業生　2名　730年新設の上級学生
• 2 Myobo Tokugosho: Advanced students newly introduced in 730

• 明経得業生　4名　730年新設の上級学生
• 4 Myogyo Tokugosho: Advanced students introduced in 730

• 高40石ながら大組（上級藩士）に列した。
• Despite of the amount of his stipend of 40 koku, Keido ranked with Ogumi (senior rank retainers).

• 再検討のために訴訟を上級裁判所に持っていく
• take a court case to a higher court for review

• 結果として稀有で最上級の質に特徴的な非凡さ
• extraordinariness as a consequence of being marked by an uncommon or superlative quality

• ぼくらは同じ上級生サークルに所属していた。
• We were in the same senior society,

• 一所持や一所持格といった上級武士から出た。
• The officers were appointed from samurai in such high classes as Issho-mochi (literally, a one-place holder) or Issho-mochi-kaku (the Issho-mochi level).

• この結果、上級客車の客足も元に戻ったという。
• As a result, customers started to travel in higher grade passenger cars again.

• 卒業生が上級学校に進学できるかどうか試す試験
• an examination taken by graduate students to determine their fitness to continue

• 形容詞か副詞の、比較級または最上級を形成する
• to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

• 最上級生は週末にも図書館への入場許可がある。
• Senior students have access to the library at weekends.

• 上級管理職は部下の教育に多くの時間を費やす。
• Senior executives spend a lot of time training their subordinates.

• 上士（じょうし）は、江戸時代の上級藩士である。
• Joshi was an upper-class feudal retainer in the Edo period.

• 彼はその判決を不服として上級裁判所に上告した。
• He appealed to a higher court against the decision.

• 主に公家と上級武家の称号となり、家名ともなった。
• The name was used in the titles of a family of court nobility and a family of senior samurai, and also became a family name.

• 大正時代の平民宰相原敬は上級武士の家柄であった。
• Takashi HARA, who became a Commoner Prime Minister in the Taisho period, came from a family of high-ranking warriors.

• 符式（符（上級官司より所管の下級官司へ）の書式）
• This Article 'Fu-shiki' was put here to specify documentary forms of official documents called 'fu' that were written by superior officers to lower officials.

• 解式（解（下級官司より所属の上級官司へ）の書式）
• This Article 'Ge-shiki' was put here to specify documentary forms of official documents called 'ge' that were submitted by lower-ranked governmental officials to their superiors.

• 華族は、公家と大名など最上級の武士に付与された。
• The title of kazoku was granted to the court nobles and the highest ranking samurai such as daimyo (feudal lord).

• 上級醤油は「上選」、「吟醸」、「優選」、「優良」
• The high ranking soy-sauce is indicated as 'Josen,' 'ginjo,' 'Yusen,' 'Yuryo.'

• 軍の二等曹長に相当する地位のある空軍の上級下士官
• a senior noncommissioned officer in the Air Force with a rank comparable to master sergeant in the Army

• 批評家たちはそれに惜しみなく最上級の言葉を与えた
• the critics lavished superlatives on it

• 郷での実際の行政は上級郷士により運営されていた。
• The actual administration of village affairs was delegated to the upper-class indigenous samurai.

• 「上級」（濃口 1.35%以上、淡口 1.05%）
• High-grade (koikuchi 1.35% or higher, usukuchi 1.05%)

• 下級審は正しく、それは有効であるという上級審の判決
• a judgment by a higher court that the judgment of a lower court was correct and should stand

• 指導つきの実務経験を得た、医学部の上級生または卒業生
• an advanced student or graduate in medicine gaining supervised practical experience

• より上級の士官の軍事的アシスタントとして行動する士官
• an officer who acts as military assistant to a more senior officer

• 諸藩の用人は、いずれも馬上を許された上級家臣である。
• In many provinces the Yojin were senior vassals who were permitted to ride on horseback.

• [[Help:マイツール|上級者向けのツール一覧]]
• [[Help:MyTools|list of advanced contributor tools]]

• またこれとは別に上級官職にも同じような特典があった。
• Apart from them, high-ranking government post holders also had similar privileges.

• 上級の官庁から下級の官庁へと下す文書を「符」と称した。
• A document that was passed from superior authority to lower authority was called 'Fu.'

• 当初は「特級」「上級」「中級」「並」の4階級であった。
• At first there were four grades of 'tokkyu' (special), 'jokyu' (high), 'chukyu (middle), and 'nami' (regular).

• 内裏の上級女官や一般公家の女性も日常的にこれを用いた。
• Senior court ladies in the Dairi (Imperial Palace) and women of general court nobles also wore this on a daily basis.

• 学校で取られる上級レベルの学科（通常Oレベルの2年後）
• the advanced level of a subject taken in school (usually two years after O level)

• 本来、「荘民」とはこうした上級層の住民のみを指していた。
• Shomin' in its original sense then referred only to the upper-class inhabitants.

• 参議までの上級貴族・賀茂祭の使いや入内する女房が使った。
• It was used by upper class nobles with at least the rank of Sangi (Consultants), messengers at the Kamo Festival, and nyobo (court ladies) when they entered court service.

• 高等科第四級を首席で卒業するも、上級に進まずに退学した。
• She graduated from the fourth grade of the advanced course at the top of her class, but left the school without advancing to the upper grades.

• この辞書は初級者に、いやそれどころか上級者にも役に立つ。
• This dictionary is useful to beginners, yes, and to advanced learners.

• 上級領主から受けた土地を自分の領臣に持たせた封建時代の領主
• a feudal lord who was lord to his own tenants on land held from a superior lord

• 主任審査官　上級の入国審査官で法務大臣が指定するものをいう。
• The term "supervising immigration inspector"　means an immigration inspector of supervisory rank designated by the Minister of Justice.

• 当社は初級・中級・上級の技術者ごとに交流の場を設けています。
• We offer different exchange opportunities for beginner, intermediate, and advanced-level engineers.

• 下級審が間違っており、それを破棄されるべきという上級審の判決
• a judgment by a higher court that the judgment of a lower court was incorrect and should be set aside

• そこで下された判決が上級裁判所に上訴されうるどんな裁判所でも
• any court whose decisions can be appealed to a higher court

• 大学の上級レベルの生徒の小さなグループのための特別のセミナー
• special seminars for small groups of advanced students at the University

• 『fastest』は形容詞『fast（早い）』の最上級である
• `fastest' is the superlative of the adjective `fast'

• 上級品では、内側の面に鑿（のみ）で細かな模様を一面に彫り込む。
• Higher-grade instruments have a minute pattern carved all over the inner surface of the do.

• 組織の最高指導者たち（例えば軍の最高司令官と上級将校たちなど）
• the highest leaders in an organization (e.g. the commander-in-chief and senior officers of the military)

• 上級の官庁に附属する下部機関ないしその官僚を指す概念であった。
• They indicated the concept of those lower ranked bureaucrats attached to senior level bureaucrats.

• このため上級の遊女は、芸事に秀で、文学などの教養が必要とされた。
• For this reason, the highest ranked courtesans were required to be a master of Japanese arts and have knowledge on literature, etc.

• 上がえしとも言われる様に、通常のかえしよりも濃厚な上級品である。
• As indicated by its name uwa-gaeshi (lit. top kaeshi), it is the top grade and richer than ordinary kaeshi.

• 海軍の上級下士官または軍の二等曹長に相当する地位をもつ沿岸警備隊
• a senior noncommissioned officer in the Navy or Coast Guard with a rank comparable to master sergeant in the Army

• 軍事政策の立案において上級将校を補助するために任命された軍の将校
• military officers assigned to assist a senior officer in planning military policy

• 『most surely』は形容詞『surely』の最上級である
• `most surely' is the superlative of the adverb `surely'

• 寮や司よりも格が高く上級機関に対してやや強い独立性を持っている。
• Shiki was ranked higher than Ryo and Tsukasa and relatively independent of higher organizations.

• 特に大国と呼ばれる最上級の令制国には特に大掾・少掾が設置された。
• Especially in the highest rank of Ryoseikoku provinces called Taigoku, Daijo, meaning Higher Jo, and Shojo, meaning Lower Jo, were established.

• 特に大国と呼ばれる最上級の令制国には特に大目・少目が設置された。
• Especially in the highest Ryoseikoku called Taikoku, Daisakan and Shosakan were established.

• 所従・下人に至っては荘園領主や荘官、上級層の住民らに従属していた。
• As for shoju and genin, they served and belonged to the upper-class members such as the shoen owner and shokan.

• また鰾膠を使用した弓はニベ弓と呼ばれ、上級者の間で珍重されている。
• The one that uses nibenikawa is called nibe bow, and is valued among advanced kyudo archers.

• 『least famous』は形容詞『famous』の最上級である
• `least famous' is the superlative degree of the adjective `famous'

• 四等官・品官からなる職事や才伎長上などの上級官人に対する存在である。
• Zonin were opposite to Shikiji consisted of Shitokan and Honkan, and high-ranking Kannin including Saigi no Chojo.

• これは旧幕府と上級公家を廃して薩長派を中心とした新体制の内容であった。
• This was the core of the new regime based on the Sat-Cho group, but exclusive of the former Shogunate and upper-class court nobles.

• 上総国に任じられるが当時の上級国司の慣行であった遙任をせず任地へ下向。
• He was appointed to Kazusa Province, however he went straight to his post instead of remaining in the city to manage the post from there, which was the custom of previous upper grade provincial governors.

• 上級の知的、社会的、または経済的地位を享受する人々の集まり、または階級
• a group or class of persons enjoying superior intellectual or social or economic status

• この改革は、特に弱体化されることを恐れた上級家臣を中心に反感が強かった。
• This reform provoked high-ranked vassals' antipathy in particular those who were afraid of being weakened.

• 保守派（門閥派）の中には代々名門の家を受け継いできた上級武士が多かった。
• Among the conservatives, there were many high-ranking samurai who succeeded the family of pedigree for generations.

• 江戸時代以降も「下り諸白」などのように上級酒をあらわす語として使われた。
• The term had been used for a high-grade sake such as 'kudari-morohaku' in and after the Edo period.

• なお、カップ麺は日本農林規格によって「標準」と「上級」に分類されている。
• Moreover, Kappumen is classified into 'Standard' and 'Upper grade' by the Japan Agricultural Standards.

• 上級者が英語力(特に読解力）をつけたければ、語彙を増やすのが王道ですね。
• If the more advanced want to improve English ability (especially reading comprehension) increasing vocabulary is the way to go.

• この利用者は[[[$1]|上級]]の[[[$2]|日本語]]ができます。
• This user has [[[$1]|advanced]] knowledge of [[[$2]|English]].

• その行事の重要度によっては、貴族の中でも上級の公卿が除目により補任された。
• The Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials) assigned.nobles of higher ranks as an assistant of the head depending on how important the event was.

• 法第十条の二第一項の滑空機は、中級滑空機、上級滑空機及び動力滑空機とする。
• Gliders under paragraph (1) of Article 10 of the Act shall be middle class glider, high class glider and powered glider.

• この利用者は[[[$1]|上級]]の[[[$2]|[$3]]]ができます。
• This user has [[[$1]|advanced]] knowledge of [[[$2]|[$3]]].

• 英国またはカナダの弁護士で、上級裁判所で被告側か検察側の代理として演説する人
• a British or Canadian lawyer who speaks in the higher courts of law on behalf of either the defense or prosecution

• 検察官は、左の場合には、直近上級の裁判所に管轄移転の請求をしなければならない。
• A public prosecutor shall request the next higher court of the court concerned to effect a change of jurisdiction when:

• 上級審の裁判所の裁判における判断は、その事件について下級審の裁判所を拘束する。
• A conclusion in a judgment of a higher instance court shall bind the lower instance courts with respect to the case concerned.

• 下級裁判所に特定の訴訟に司法権を行使しないように命じる上級裁判所からの司法令状
• a judicial writ from a higher court ordering a lower court not to exercise jurisdiction in a particular case

• 例えば、私は、来年進学する大学の単位が実際にもらえる数学の上級クラスにいます。
• For example, I am in a high-level math class that actually gives me college credits for next year.

• あなたが上級ユーザーであり、データベースアップグレードでエラーに遭遇した場合：
• If you are an advanced user and encounter an error in the database upgrade:

• 飛鳥時代から平安時代初期にかけて有力豪族・上級貴族として繁栄した多治比氏がある。
• His descendant clan was Tajihi clan, which flourished from the Asuka period to the early Heian period as a dominantly powerful family and a high-ranked aristocracy.

• 曜変天目茶碗（ようへんてんもくちゃわん）は、天目茶碗のうち、最上級とされるもの。
• The term 'Yohen Tenmoku tea bowl' refers to a tea bowl considered to be the best of Tenmoku (a stoneware glaze which is deeply stained by iron oxide) tea bowls.

• そのため、「蘭癖」と称される人物には、学者よりも大商人や大名、上級武士などが多い。
• For this reason, there were more wealthy merchants, daimyo (feudal lords), and upper-class samurai (Japanese warriors) than scholars among those who were called 'ranpeki.'

• 同一種類の上級の資格に係る技能証明書の交付を受けたときは、現に有する資格に係るもの
• When a competence certificate for a higher level qualification of the same category has been issued, the certificate pertaining to the current qualification

• 馬廻に馬上資格がある藩では、馬廻の家格は、広義の上級家臣の下位を意味すると言える。
• In domains where umamawari were allowed to ride horses, families with the umamawari status were mostly lower-ranking families among upper-class retainers in the broad sense.

• 瀧家は江戸時代、日出藩（現・大分県日出町）の家老職をつとめた上級武士の家柄である。
• The Taki family was from the warrior class, and of such a high rank that they had served as a karo (chief retainer) in Hiji Domain (present-day Hiji-machi, Oita Prefecture) during the Edo period.

• 一般的に地方知行を受けるのは上中級の江戸幕府旗本及び御家人、諸大名の上級家臣である。
• Generally, jigatachigyo was given to high/middle-ranked hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and gokenin (shogunal retainers) in the Edo bakufu or to high-ranked vassals of each daimyo (a feudal lord).

• 上級官人と下級官人の家柄を明確にすると共に、中央貴族と地方豪族とをはっきり区別した。
• The Emperor clarified a family lineage between the superior and lower-level officials and made a sharp distinction between the central nobles and local powerful clans.

• 質量名詞と共に使用でき、『the』によって先行されている『much（多く）』の最上級
• the superlative of `much' that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by `the'

• ここではコントロール権は、上級共同開発者たちのサークルのなかで次から次へとまわされる
• in which control is occasionally passed from one member to another within a circle of senior co-developers;

• 事件後、このことから乗客の多い三等客車に殺到し、上級客車ががら空きという状況が生じた。
• After this crime occurred, many passengers wanted to get on the 3rd grade cars which contained a lot of other passengers, and higher grade cars were completely empty.

• この制度を導入していた小藩では、家老などの上級層は、家老であっても小身な者が多かった。
• In the small domains involved in this system, most of the upper class, including even the Karo officers, earned only a humble stipend.

• 公家・大名家及び上級武士を除く家が、平民という族称を享け、華族、士族の下位に置かれた。
• Families other than kuge (court nobles), daimyo-ke (families of feudal lords) and upper-class warrior families were designated as heimin which were ranked below kazoku (nobility class) and shizoku (warrior classes).

• 質量名詞と共に使用でき、通常、『the』によって先行されている『little』の最上級
• the superlative of `little' that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by `the'

• それでもここでは、彼はただ偶然に彼の姉妹と結婚しているのだった上級階級の変わり者だった
• yet here he was with an upper class dingbat who just happened to be married to his sister

• 別当などと呼ばれる総裁役には大臣・大納言の一上級の貴族が就任し、参議級が執行役となる。
• High-ranking court nobles like Otodo (minister) or Dainagon (chief councilor of state) were appointed to its head called Betto etc. and Sangi (councilor) class persons were appointed to executive officer.

• 鋼索線の廃線跡を愛宕神社 (京都市)への上級者向け登山道の一つとして通行する者がいる。
• Experienced hikers presently use the path left behind by the abandoned funicular line as a mountain trail to Atago Shrine (Kyoto City).

• 王や豪族、上級貴族といった者たちは、愛刀（愛剣）の外装に、身分に相応しい豪華さを求めた。
• Kings, Gozoku (local ruling family), and high-ranked nobility demanded luxurious exterior decoration for their favorite swords that suit their ranks.

• 最上級の食材を使い、酒や吸い物、肴、本膳、二の膳、デザートまで百を超える料理が出された。
• Only the best ingredients were used for a lunch that consisted of over a hundred dishes, including liquor and liquor side dishes, clear soup, honzen (main servings), ninozen (side servings), and dessert.

• 下級裁判所の決定の見直しや判決の破棄、再審を求めて、上訴人が上級裁判所に訴える法的手続き
• a legal proceeding in which the appellant resorts to a higher court for the purpose of obtaining a review of a lower court decision and a reversal of the lower court's judgment or the granting of a new trial

• 同一事件が事物管轄を異にする数個の裁判所に係属するときは、上級の裁判所が、これを審判する。
• When the same case is pending before several courts differing in subject matter jurisdiction, it shall be tried by a higher court.

• 塗り生地の扇子は一般に中・上級者向けであるとされており、初心者は白生地を用いることが多い。
• Sensu with painted sticks should be used mainly by intermediate or advanced level people, and beginners generally use sensu with white sticks.

• 近世では、殿上人でありながら堂上家ではなく、あくまで地下人の中での上級層とみなされていた。
• In early-modern times, the persons at this post, who were tenjobito but did not belong to Tosho-ke, were consistently considered those belonging to upper classes among jigenin.

• 士族（しぞく）とは、明治維新以降、江戸時代の旗本と上級武士に与えられた身分階級の族称である。
• The warrior class was a status given to hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun) and high-ranking warriors of the Edo period after the Meiji Restoration.

• 律令制下においては、従三位以上を『貴』と称し、また星の位ともいわれ、上級貴族の位階であった。
• Under the ritsuryo system, Jusanmi or higher ranks were called 'ki' (literally, noble) or star ranks, and were court ranks for senior kizoku (noble).

• また、上級郷士ともなると多くの農地山林を抱え、さらに薩摩藩では武士同士の石高の売買が出来た。
• Also, when a samurai became a senior ranking goshi they controlled vast farming lands, forests and mountains, and moreover, it was possible for them to trade produce among samurai in the Satsuma clan.

• 律令制下、日本の官制において上級官庁に附属する下級官庁ないし下級官庁に附属する官吏をいった。
• Under the Ritsuryo system (administrative and legal system adopted by Japan from China in the seventh and eighth century) the term 'Hikan' referred to clerks who were attached to low ranked officials who in turn were attached to senior officials.

• 尾形家の祖先伊春は、足利義昭に仕える上級武士であったといわれるが、正確なところはわからない。
• It is said that Koreharu, an ancestor of the Ogata family was a high ranking samurai serving Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA; however, the truth is still unknown.

• 上級学校進学を意識したためであり、当時の受験予備校であった共立学校、すぐに築地英学校に転校。
• That was due to his becoming conscious of entrance into a school of higher grade, and he moved to Kyoryu Gakko (Kyoryu School), a preparatory school for examinees at that time and then immediately to Tsukiji Eigakko (Foreign Language School).

• 幼年学校の最上級生だからにらまれることも圧迫を受けることも無いので実に威張ったものであった。
• We were truly swaggering because we were the uppermost grader in the army cadet school and not disfavored and not under pressure.

• 上級領主も当然こうした動きに対抗し、鎌倉時代後期から室町時代にかけて、両者間の紛争が頻発した。
• Naturally the upper-class feudal lord confronted such a movement, and the dispute between them occurred frequently from the late Kamakura period to the Muromachi period.

• 事物管轄を異にする数個の事件が関連するときは、上級の裁判所は、併せてこれを管轄することができる。
• When two or more cases falling under the subject matter jurisdiction of different courts are related to each other, a higher court may exercise jurisdiction over all of them jointly.

• 国際環境協力上級(専攻別)研修(環境政策・計画)／(自然環境保全)／(環境分析・モニタリング)
• Subject-specific Advanced Training Courses on International Environmental Cooperation (Environmental Policy and Planning)/(Conservation of the Natural Environment)/(Environmental Analysis and Monitoring)

• 馬上で弓を射る騎射戦が主流であった平安 - 鎌倉時代、それに対応すべく騎乗の上級武士が着用した。
• From the Heian to the Kamakura Period, wars took place where shooting bows while mounted on a horse was the common method of fighting and a superior mounted samurai wore large armor.

• 委員長として、管人事部長又は当該職員の責任を負う者を除く、事務局長が指名する専門職員又は上級職員
• professional or higher category staff member designated by the Director-General, other than the Head of the Human Resources Division or the person to whom the staff member concerned is responsible, as Chairman;

• 奉行は幕府や大名家において上級幹部から下級幹部に至るまで、その職名に多く採用されることとなった。
• Many people employed by the bakufu and Daimyo families had the position of bugyo with various ranks, from senior executive to lower executive.

• 周代、周王室および諸侯に仕える小領主は大夫と呼ばれ、その上級のものが卿と呼ばれ、国政に参加した。
• In the Zhou period, a small feudal lord who worked for the Zhou Dynasty or the lords was called Daibu (a master), and a senior Daibu was called Kyo (a minister) and participated in governmental affairs.

• こうした名字のあり方は鎌倉時代の御家人級の、室町時代の国人級以上の上級武士の間で引き継がれていく。
• This pattern of forming surnames was taken over by high-ranking samurai warriors, that is, the gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogun) class samurai during the Kamakura period and the kokujin (local samurai) class or higher classes samurai during the Muromachi period.

• これに対して朝廷も、僧位・僧官の昇進権を媒介に上級僧侶を組織して、宗教界への支配を強化しようとした。
• On the other hand, the Imperial Court tried to organize the upper-ranked Buddhist monks through the promotion to Soi (rank of Buddhist priests) and Sokan (official positions given to Buddhist priests by the Imperial Court) to strengthen their control over the religious world.

• 解（げ）とは、律令制において下級の官司（被管）より上級の官司（所管）にあてて提出される公文書のこと。
• A 'ge' was an official document submitted by a lower grade governmental official (hikan) to a higher grade official (shokan) in the ritsuryo sytem (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).

• 審級を異にする裁判所が同一の事件についてした判決に対する再審の訴えは、上級の裁判所が併せて管轄する。
• Actions for retrial against judgments made by the courts of different instances with regard to the same case shall be subject collectively to the jurisdiction of the upper instance court of these courts.

• 上級武家のなかには内々に短い袴の直垂も用いたようで、遺品もあるが、公的な制度にもとづくものではない。
• Some high class samurai used hitatare with short hakama informally and belongings left by the dead were present, but it was not according to a publically enforced system.

• 上級身分の武士や事件そのものが重大である場合には寺社奉行・勘定奉行も加わった五手掛によって行われた。
• When a samurai with a high status was involved or the case itself was a serious one, jisha-bugyo (a government officer in charge of shrines and temple) and kanjo-bugyo (in charge of financial affairs) also attended the trial, making it Gote-gakari.

• 彼らは、摂関家のような上級貴族ではなかったが、実務能力をもって登用され、政治に大きな影響を及ぼした。
• Although they were not high-ranking aristocrats like Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) people, they had political influence because of their business ability.

• 上級の遊女（芸娼）は太夫（たゆう）や花魁（おいらん）などと呼ばれ、富裕な町人や、武家・公家を客とした。
• The highest ranked courtesans (Geisho) were called tayu, oiran, etc. and provided service for wealthy townspeople, court nobles, samurai, etc.

• 広くは使用されていないが、桃河緑石や松花石硯など、ピンキリだが上級品は大変墨の降り・発墨に優れている。
• Among the different grades of the ink stones, the superior Tao River stone and Songhua stone suzuri have excellent grinding and coloring qualities for the ink stone although they are not well used.

• ただし、上級貴族の場合、四十歳を迎え「四十の賀」の祝いの後は老人と見なされ白い裏地しか使えなくなった。
• In case of higher-ranking nobles, however, they were regarded as elders after their 'celebration of age 40' and allowed to use only white lining fabrics.

• ここに上級貴族や大寺社が派遣した荘官が、行政や徴税を国家から依託される、統治領域としての荘園が成立した。
• Thus, shoen as a governing domain was established, where a shokan (an officer governing shoen dispatched by the senior aristocracy and main temples and shrines) was delegated authority for local administration and tax collection for the nation.

• 時を同じくして、律令制の崩壊と共に、上級貴族は政治への意欲を全くなくし、地方政治は国司に一任されていた。
• Coincidentally, with the demise of the Ritsuryo system (the political system based on the ritsuryo codes), the high-level aristocrats lost their eagerness for politics completely, and accordingly, local politics were entrusted to the Kokushi.

• 特に皇族や上級貴族は袴着を済ませた少年少女も化粧やお歯黒、引眉を行うようになり、皇室では幕末まで続いた。
• Especially for the royal families and high-ranked aristocracy, the boys and girls were dressed up in Hakamagi (ceremony fitting child with a hakama - Japanese skirt) with make-up, blackened teeth and Hikimayu (painted eyebrows), this lasted until the end of Tokugawa Shogunate period.

• 修道女のベールの下、兵の板金甲冑のフードの下にまたは以前の英国の上級法廷弁護士によって着用された縁なし帽
• a skullcap worn by nuns under a veil or by soldiers under a hood of mail or formerly by British sergeants-at-law

• その後、寛弘元年（1004年）2月には参議となり、同年10月には従三位に昇るなど、上級貴族の一員となった。
• Afterwards, he became a member of the high-ranked aristocracy, being appointed to Sangi in February 1004, and ranked Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) in November of the same year.

• 荘官・地頭らによる直営田の拡大は、特に地頭の動きが著しかったが、上級領主の荘園管理権を侵害するものであった。
• The expansion of the directly managed rice fields by shokan, jito, et al., especially jito, might violate the upper-class feudal lord's supervisory authority on the manor.

• それまでの荘園は上級貴族や大寺社が独占的に租税収納権をもつ農地が公領の農地の中に散在しているに過ぎなかった。
• Before that, shoen were simply agricultural lands scattered in koryo, of which the tax collection rights were exclusively possessed by the high-ranked aristocracy, main temples and shrines.

• 裁判所が当該裁判官の退去により決定をすることができないときは、直近上級の裁判所が、決定をしなければならない。
• When the court is unable to issue the order because of the withdrawal of the judge who has been challenged, the order shall be issued by the next higher court.

• 馬上で弓矢を撃ち合う合戦形式が中心であった平安 - 鎌倉時代に主に騎乗の上級武将が着用する鎧として普及した。
• This type of armor were mainly spread among the superior warriors on horses from the Heian to Kamakura Period.

• イーター機構の職員即ち専門職員及び上級部門の職員、特殊技術支援職員、並びに博士研究員は、以下の自然人とする。
• The staff of the ITER Organization, professionals and higher categories, specialized technical support staff and post-doctoral researchers, comprises natural persons that:

• 符（ふ）とは、律令制において上級の官司（所管）より下級の官司（被管）に対して命令を下す際に用いる公文書のこと。
• Fu is an official document used by government officials in the upper grade to give a command to those in the lower grade under the ritsuryo system.

• 大名等、蔵刀が多い上級の武家では、武士の表道具と言われる刀を大切に保存するために、白鞘を用い始めたのであろう。
• Probably, shirasaya was first introduced in families of the upper-class samurai, mainly daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) who had a collection of swords, to preserve the swords with care, which were regarded as an essential tool of samurai.

• 検察官は、左の場合には、関係のある第一審裁判所に共通する直近上級の裁判所に管轄指定の請求をしなければならない。
• A public prosecutor shall request the next higher court common to all of the relevant courts of first instance to designate the court which shall have jurisdiction when:

• が、藤原時平や藤原忠平といった当代の最上級の貴族の歌を集めているという点ですこぶるユニークな歌集となっている。
• However, it is a very unique collection of poetry because it included the waka of nobles in the highest class at that time such as FUJIWARA no Tokihira and FUJIWARA no Tadahira.

• 専門職員、若しくはより上級部門の職員は、残業、夜間業務又は依頼責務に際し、手当又は報酬を受ける権利を持たない。
• Overtime, night work or on-call duty service by professional staff and higher categories shall carry no right to compensation or remuneration.

• また江戸は武家屋敷が多く点在し、上級武士が大口取引に主に小判を使用したことも江戸を中心として流通した一因である。
• One of the reasons why Koban was circulated around Edo was there were many samurai residences in Edo and high-ranking warriors used mainly Koban in a large amount transactions.

• ローマカトリック教会に抑制されていない、改善していない西洋キリスト教と東洋のカトリック教会の上級聖品のうちの1人
• one of the Holy Orders in the unreformed western Christian church and the eastern Catholic Churches but now suppressed in the Roman Catholic Church

• これらの郷士は、藩に許可されていた大工や内職で生計を立て、中には武士身分のままで上級郷士の小作人になる者もいた。
• These unsubsidized `Mudaka` goshi made their livings by pursuing those professions permitted by the clan (carpentry, cottage industries) and, amongst the goshi there were individuals who maintained their senior goshi status whilst working as tenant farmers.

• 本家・領家など上級領主による直営田を佃とし、荘官・地頭など下級領主によるものを正作・用作として区分することもある。
• Rice fields directly managed by upper class feudal lords, such as head family and ryoke, may be called tsukuda while rice fields directly managed by lower class feudal lords, such as shokan and jito, may be called shosaku and yujaku to differentiate.

• - ソビエト連邦占領行政下で行政執行にあたっていたが、解散を命じられ大津敏男長官を代表とする上級官吏が収監される。
• Under Soviet occupation Karafuto-Cho was made to carry out the administration, but was then ordered to dissolve and governor Toshio OTSU as a representative and other high ranked government officials were imprisoned.

• 上級の裁判所は、検察官又は被告人の請求により、決定で管轄権を有する下級の裁判所にその事件を審判させることができる。
• The higher court may, upon the request of a public prosecutor or the accused, decide by a ruling, that a lower court which has jurisdiction over the case shall try it.

• 裁判所が忌避された裁判官の退去により決定をすることができないときは、直近上級の裁判所が、決定をしなければならない。
• When the court is unable to make the ruling because of the withdrawal of the recused judge, the ruling shall be rendered by the next higher court.

• 近侍の僧侶でも最上級のもののみを坊官と呼び、以下を諸大夫・北面・侍などと公家と同様の家臣形成をしていくようになる。
• Therefore, only the monks who served monzeki and were in the highest rank came to be called bokan and other lower rank monks came to be categorized into shodaibu, hokumen or samurai; such categorization formed a hierarchy similar to that of court nobles.

• 生涯権力や金銭に対する執着は乏しく、この淡白な性質は上級公卿に生まれた育ちの良さからくるものであったと考えられる。
• He was but little attached to power and money throughout his life, and this mellow personality of his can be considered to come from his birth as a nobleman in an elite court with good upbringing.

• また､前二者が省との間はある程度の独立関係であるのに対し､こちらはほぼ完全に省など上級機関の統制下に置かれている。
• While Shiki and Ryo were independent of the ministries to some extent, Tsukasa was mostly under the command of the higher organizations including the ministries.

• 旗本寄合席（はたもとよりあいせき）は、江戸幕府の3,000石以上の上級旗本無役者・布衣以上の退職者（役寄合）の家格。
• Hatamoto-yoriaiseki was kakaku (family status) of high-ranking hatamoto with income of 3,000 koku or greater without official appointment, or retirees (known as yakuyoriai) who possessed social standing higher than hoi (those with the rank who wore clothes that did not bear family crests) in the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• この時代の上級武士も、武芸担当の実務官人としてこの階層に属しており、侍身分の一般武士を家人とすることで統括していた。
• High-ranking warriors in this period also belonged to this class as officials for practical works in charge of military art, and supervised general samurai in samurai class by making them Kenin (retainers).

• 漢代に於ける将軍は軍の指揮官として必要な時に皇帝により置かれたもので、最上級の大将軍は三公にも匹敵する重職であった。
• In the age of the Han Dynasty, the shogun was a rank granted to the military commander by the Emperor when such a leader was necessary, and the topmost commander-in-chief was regarded equivalent to the San Gong (Three Dukes).

• 諸般の側用人は、少なくとも給人（上級藩士の下位）または申次（取次）以上の上級家臣の出自から選ばれるのが一般的だった。
• The Sobayonin officer in domains are generally selected from at least Kyujin (lower-ranked one of the upper class retainers) or upper class retainers ranked at moshitsugi (or toritsugi) (an official for conveying a message).

• 奥女中のうち、上臈御年寄から御坊主までがお目見え以上と言い、将軍と御台所への目通りを許されていた上級の女中たちである。
• Jochu ranked from Joro Otoshiyori to Gobozu were allowed to see the Shogun and Midaidokoro, therefore they were upper rank jochu and called 'Omemie ijo'.

• つまりこの時期の朝廷は、二条摂政や久邇宮朝彦親王（中川宮、維新後久邇宮）ら親徳川派上級公家によってなお主導されていた。
• That is, the Imperial Court at that time was still led by pro-Tokugawa upper-graded court nobles such as regent Nijo and the Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko (also called Nakagawa no Miya; after Meiji Restoration, he was known as Kuni no Miya).

• また、藩主の元服前の男子のお相手役・側衆として、上級家臣の子弟が、部屋住み身分で小姓として、召し出されることがあった。
• The son of a senior vassal was sometimes appointed to be a companion or close associate (Sobashu) to the son of a lord as a live-in Kosho.

• 上級兵士たちは気に入らない藩師を実力をもって追い出し、自らが支持する人物を藩師に立ててこれを朝廷に認めさせるようになった。
• By force, high-ranking soldiers got rid of the hanshi they did not like, and they set up the ones they supported as their hanshi, and they made the imperial court accept it.

• 内舎人・大舎人・中宮舎人・東宮舎人・斎宮舎人などがあり､なかでも内舎人は上級官人の子息が任用されて出世の足がかりとなった。
• Toneri included Udoneri, Otoneri, Chugutoneri, Togutoneri, Saigutoneri, and the like; among them, the sons of high-ranking Kannin were appointed Udoneri and used the post as their stepping-stone toward higher posts.

• 平安時代以降には、皇族・公卿など高い身分にある者、または、上級の官職や博士など官職に対しても、俸給が支給されるようになった。
• During the Heian Period and later, men in higher positions such as the Imperial Family and Kugyo, as well as upper ranked government officials and Hakase (Professors), were also receiving remuneration.

• 世阿弥作と考えられ、世阿弥自身が世子六十以後申楽談儀でこの曲を「上花也」（最上級の作品である）と自賛するほどの自信作であった。
• It is believed to be a work by Zeami, who was so proud of this piece that he praised it as a work of the finest quality in Zeshi Rokuju Igo Sarugaku Dangi (Zeami's Reflections on Noh).

• また、近年は幼年部・少年部・壮年部の人口が増加しているため、上級者以外ではヘッドギアやサポーターをつけることが多くなっている。
• Also, because the number of practitioners in the children's, juvenile and senior segments is increasing nowadays, it is more common that players other than advanced practitioners will wear headgear and guards.

• 上級滑空機（附属書第一に規定する耐空類別曲技Ａの滑空機並びに実用Ｕの滑空機であつて中級滑空機及び初級滑空機以外のものをいう。）
• High class glider (it means a one of gliders specified as a acrobatic glider A and utility glider U in the airworthiness category by Annex 1 but it excludes middle class and primary class gliders)

• だが、荘園公領制が解体する14世紀に入ると、生産力の上昇や農民層の抵抗、更に荘園内部でも上級層の没落と下級層の上昇などが発生する。
• However, during the fourteenth century, many factors, such as the improvement of the productivity, the resistance of the class of peasants, and the downfall of the upper-class together with the advancement of the lower-class, contributed to the eventual demise of the shoen-koryo sei.

• ただしこの制度は言わば移行期の制度であり、大臣 (日本)や連といった最上級の姓に属する豪族は依然として大徳よりも上位に置かれていた。
• But the system was, as it were, in transition and the highest hereditary titles, such as O-omi and Muraji, were still placed above the rank of daitoku.

• 各裁判所に共通する直近上級の裁判所は、検察官又は被告人の請求により、決定で後に公訴を受けた裁判所にその事件を審判させることができる。
• The next higher court common to all of these courts may, upon the request of a public prosecutor or the accused, decide by a ruling, that the case shall be tried by a court in which prosecution was instituted later.

• 律令制においては、上級者の命令を受けて公文書の記録・作成を掌り、公文書の内容を吟味して上級者の判断を仰ぎ、読申することを職掌とした。
• In the ritsuryo legal code system, the duties of Shi were recording and creating official documents under the command of a senior official, examining the official documents, reading proofs and asking for instructions from the senior official.

• 上級女中たちは、「部屋方」という使用人や、自分たちの代わりに外での買い物等の私用を引き受ける「五菜」という下働きを雇っていたとされる。
• It is said that a high-class female servant employed persons called 'Heyakata,' and chore-men called 'gosai' who did her private chores, such as shopping outside the castle instead of her.

• 特に、武士団の主要メンバーである源氏、平氏、藤原氏などを起源とする上級武士や朝廷、院など権門と密接に結びついた武士の起源を説明できない。
• In particular, the high-ranking bushi originating from the members of major bushi groups such as the Minamoto clan, the Taira clan, the Fujiwara clan and so on or the bushi who were closely linked with influential families such as the Imperial Court, the cloister government and so on can not be explained.

• 管轄裁判所が法律上又は事実上裁判権を行うことができないときは、その裁判所の直近上級の裁判所は、申立てにより、決定で、管轄裁判所を定める。
• If the court with jurisdiction is unable to exercise its jurisdiction by law or in fact, its immediate upper instance court, upon petition, by an order, shall designate a court with jurisdiction.

• 祖父は馬廻を務め60石取、曾祖父は御側御用人を務め100石取という小藩では上級士に属する家系の出身であったが、廃藩置県により家職を失う。
• Though he was from upper grade family line in the small domain with his grandfather who served as umamawari (horse guard) and had sixty koku (a unit of volume) and his great grandfather who served as Osobagoyonin (an officer handling domestic economy) and had 100 koku, he lost Kashoku (one's trade or profession) because of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures).

• それぞれの品種の酒米において、個々にそうした反比例が成り立つため、上級品種だからといって必ずしも下級品種よりも良い米質であるとは限らない。
• Because this inverse relationship exists individually for each variety of sakamai, the variety of the higher grade doesn't necessarily have better quality than the rice of the lower variety.

• これに対して時平や大納言源光 (公卿)ら上級貴族のみならず、藤原清貫・藤原菅根・三善清行ら中下級貴族を含めた激しい反発があったともいわれる。
• These efforts by Uda resulted in a strong backlash which was not limited only to high-ranking aristocrats like Tokihira and the Dainagon (chief councilor of state) MINAMOTO no Hikaru (a court noble) but extended to middle- and lower-ranking nobles like FUJIWARA no Kiyotsura, FUJIWARA no Sugane, and Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI as well.

• 芝1,400m、1,600mは2歳（3歳）新馬・未勝利・500万下条件戦では内回りコースを、それ以外の上級条件戦では外回りコースを使用する。
• Turf course races of 1,400 meters and 1,600 meters for two-year-old (three-year-old) new horses, maiden horses and horses whose earning money is below 5 million yen are held using the inner course and other races are held using the outer course.

• そうした状況のなかで、義家はその荘園の最上位の所有者層に割り込み、白河法皇や摂関家など、王家・上級貴族の経済基盤を脅かしたというものである。
• In the middle of such a situation, Yoshiie managed to squeeze himself into the highest rank of shoen's land owners and threatened the financial platform of royal families and high class aristocrats.

• 「乾めん類の日本農林規格」(JAS)の「干しそばの規格」において、蕎麦粉の配合割合が40%以上の麺を標準品、50%以上の麺を上級品としている。
• According to the 'Standard for dried buckwheat noodles' under the 'Japan Agricultural Standards (JAS) for Dried Noodles,' soba with a minimum of forty percent buckwheat flour content is rated as standard quality and that with a minimum of fifty percent buckwheat flour content is rated as superior quality.

• 秘密情報を知る必要がある人に要求される職位について、イーター機構の事務局長は、決定する前に指名提案を、産業担当省の上級国防保安委員に通知する。
• for positions requiring people needing to know of them, the Director General of the ITER Organization shall inform the High Commissioner of Defense and Security of the Ministry of Industry, of the nomination proposals, prior to making a decision.

• 8～9世紀において改賜姓がさかんに行われているのは、八色の姓において、上級の氏姓にもれた下級の身分の者や、これらの農民を主な対象としたものである。
• During the period between the eighth century and the ninth century there were many changes made in the hereditary titles; this change was geared to the people with the lower social position who were excluded from the rank of higher hereditary position in the Yakusa no Kabane Reform as well as these peasants.

• 幕末の新撰組の総局長だった芹沢鴨は、常陸国芹沢村の芹沢城の流れを汲む上級郷士の芹沢氏の出で、本名を平光幹（たいら・の・みつもと）といい子孫になる。
• Kamo SERIZAWA, the descendant, who was the head of Shinsengumi in the end of Edo period was from the Serizawa clan of the upper grade country samurai of Serizawa Castle in Serizawa-mura, Hitachi Province, and had the real name of TAIRA no Mitsumoto.

• なお、鎌倉幕府においては、御家人が上司（在京預所）あるいはそれに近い権限を有する上級荘官に補任されることを禁じた「傍官上司」と呼ばれる規定があった。
• In the Kamakura bakufu, there was a regulation called 'Bokan joshi,' which prohibited gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) to be appointed to Joshi (Zaikyo Azukaridokoro) or high-ranked shokan (governor of the manor) with similar authority.

• 12世紀に入ると、荘園の増大で税収が減り、上級貴族に俸給を払えなくなった朝廷は、彼らに知行国として国を与え、その国に関する国司の任命権と税収を与えた。
• In the 12th century, as a result of the reduction in tax revenue caused by the expansion of the shoen, the Imperial Court was no longer able to pay salaries to high-ranked aristocrats, so it gave these nobles provinces as chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom), as well as the right to appoint kokushi (provincial governors) and collect taxes.

• 院政期から中世の前半にかけての数百年間、上級貴族から中・下級の官人あるいは出家した人びとによって、説話を集めて、説話集を編むという文学行為が流行する。
• During a couple of hundred years from the Insei period until the first half of the medieval period, collecting anecdotes from high-rank court nobles, government official in the middle and low rank, or priests, and compiling those anecdotes into a collection of anecdotes became popular.

• 裁判所の管轄区域が明確でないため管轄裁判所が定まらないときは、関係のある裁判所に共通する直近上級の裁判所は、申立てにより、決定で、管轄裁判所を定める。
• If a court with jurisdiction is not determined due to ill-defined jurisdictional districts of courts, the immediate upper instance court common to the relevant courts, upon petition, by an order, shall designate a court with jurisdiction.

• 同様に皇族にも院宮分国制が敷かれ、こうして権門層たる上級貴族、受領層たる国司、大名田堵たる郷司・保司等が結びつき、荘園制とほとんど変わらぬ構造となった。
• Similarly, as for Imperial families, Ingu bunkoku sei (provincial allotment system) was implemented, which means that the high-ranked aristocracy who were kenmon so (influential families), kokushi who were Juryoso (career provincial official class) and daimyo tato (powerful cultivators) who were Goji (local government official under the ritsuryo system) and hoji (an officer governing Kyoto, or public land) were connected with each other and the structure in the case of the Imperial family showed almost no structural difference from the shoen system.

• 明智光秀と上級将校たちは、（結果論として）信長を討つ事で明智軍全体を共犯者に仕立て、軍団員が引くに引けない状況を作り上げることを意図していた可能性もある。
• Mitsuhide AKECHI and his upper officers may have intended by attacking Nobunaga to make the whole Akechi army accomplices and create a situation from which they could not escape.

• 同様に皇族にも院宮分国制が敷かれ、こうして権門層たる上級貴族、受領層たる国司、大名田堵たる惣司・郷司・保司が結びつき、荘園制とほとんど変わらぬ構造となった。
• In the same manner, the Ingu bunkoku sei (provincial allotment system) was applied to the high-level aristocrats, it formed a structure in which the high-level aristocrats were connected as Kenmonso, the Kokushi as Juryoso, and the Soji, Goji, and Hoji as Daimyo tato, resulting in as system which was little different from the Shoen system.

• その後、荘園の更なる増大で税収が減り、上級貴族に俸給を払えなくなった朝廷は、彼らに知行国として国を与え、その国に関する国司の任命権と税収を上級貴族に与えた。
• After that, the imperial court, who were no longer able to pay the salaries of the high-level aristocrats due to decreased tax revenues because of the growing number of shoen, gave territories as Chigyo koku (proprietary provinces), as well as the patronage of the Kokushi and tax revenues regarding the province, to the high-level aristocrats.

• 年貢は、官物、ひいては田租に由来しており、荘園租税体系の中心に位置する税目であり、現地の下級荘園領主（開発領主や荘官など）が上級領主へ納入すべき税目であった。
• The nengu came from kanmotsu, eventually denso (rice field tax), and became central items of taxation in the land tax system for shoens and the item of taxation that were paid to high grade lords of the manor by local low grade lords of the manor (kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land) or shokan (an officer governing shoen (manor))).

• 麺の重量に対して具材（かやく）が6%以上のものが標準、15%以上のものが上級、カップ焼きそばやスパゲティの場合、4%以上が標準、10%以上が上級となっている。
• Standard is those of which ingredients are 6% or more to the weight of noodles and Upper grade, 15% or more, and for Kappu-yakisoba or spaghetti, Standard, 4% or more and Upper grade, 10% or more.

• 1473年（文明 (日本)5年）以後、公家や将軍、管領の居住する上京（かみきょう）に種玉庵を結び、三条西実隆他の公家や細川政元他の室町幕府の上級武士と交わった。
• After 1473, he made his residence at Shugyokuan in Kamikyo (Upper Kyoto), where court nobles, the shogun and the kanrei (shogunal deputy) lived, associating with Sanetaka SANJONISHI and other court nobles, as well as Masamoto HOSOKAWA and other high-ranking warriors of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 奈良時代の遣唐使に留学生として随行し、猛勉強して唐の科挙（上級官吏候補の公務員試験に相当）に合格し、唐の高官にまで登ったが、日本への帰国を果たすことはなかった。
• ABE accompanied Kentoshi as an exchange student who, having studied hard, successfully taking Kakyo/Keju (examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats) climbed to a high-ranking official in Tang but never returned to Japan.

• 前項の場合において各裁判所の決定が一致しないときは、各裁判所に共通する直近上級の裁判所は、検察官又は被告人の請求により、決定で事件を一の裁判所に併合することができる。
• When the rulings of several courts as given in the preceding paragraph have not come to an accord, the next higher court common to all of these courts may, upon the request of a public prosecutor or the accused, decide by a ruling, that the cases shall be tried jointly in one court.

• そして中・下級貴族の間に浄土教が広く普及していくに従って、上級貴族である藤原氏もその影響を受け、現世の栄華を来世にまでという思いから浄土教を信仰し始めたと考えられる。
• As the Jodo sect spread amongst the middle and lower class aristocracy, the Fujiwara clan who were the upper class aristocracy were affected and started to believe in the Jodo sect to take the glory of this life to the next life.

• ふたつめは、「貴族と同じ荘園領家化」（石井進）、「上級貴族達と同じように荘園領主」（安田元久）と、荘園支配の階層の最上位に義家がなっていったとみなしていることである。
• Secondly, Susumu ISHII in 'Kizoku to Onaji Shoen-ryoke ka' (The formation of Shoen-ryoke (A lord who is donated with 'Shoen' estates) same as the aristocrats) and Motohisa YASUDA in 'Jokyu Kizoku-tachi to onajiyouni Shoen-ryoshu (Shoen-ryoke)' (Shoen-ryoshu same as high aristocrats) claimed Yoshiie was in the top rank of manor owners.

• 決め手となった上級係員ジェイムズ・ライダーの証言によると、盗難のあった日、ホーナーをモルカー伯爵婦人の化粧室に通し、なくなっていた端から2本目の暖炉の格子を修繕させた。
• James Ryder, upper-attendant at the hotel, gave his evidence to the effect that he had shown Horner up to the dressing-room of the Countess of Morcar upon the day of the robbery in order that he might solder the second bar of the grate, which was loose.

• 前者は荘園住民のうちの上級層にあたり、年貢納入の義務を負う代わりに作人・小百姓らを動員して荘園内の円滑な耕作を行い、更に有力者には荘官の職の体系に補任されることもあった。
• The former group belonged to the upper class which was in charge of the smooth operation of cultivation in shoen by recruiting sakunin and kobyakusho, and some of the influential figures in the group also became a shokan as a part of the managerial side of shoen.

• 数個の関連事件が各別に上級の裁判所及び下級の裁判所に係属するときは、事物管轄にかかわらず、上級の裁判所は、決定で下級の裁判所の管轄に属する事件を併せて審判することができる。
• When two or more related cases are separately pending before a higher court and a lower court, the higher court may, by a ruling, regardless of the subject matter jurisdiction, try the case falling under the jurisdiction of the lower court jointly.

• 平安時代も前半はまだ直刀の時代で、この時期に最高位の刀剣外装である飾剣様式が完成し、束帯姿で儀式に参列する時などに佩用されたが、上級の公卿にしか使用は許されないものであった。
• The first half of the Heian period was an era of straight swords, during which the ornamental sword style which is the form of highest-rank sword mountings was established and adopted when attending ceremonies wearing sokutai (traditional ceremonial court dress), but such style was only allowed to the highest-ranked Kugyo (the top court officials).

• 1869年（明治2年）の版籍奉還の後、藩に属する者の身分階級は華族（元大名・徳川将軍家などの知藩事）、士族（旗本、藩士、上級郷士）、卒族（足軽・同心などの軽輩）に編成された。
• After the return of lands and people to the emperor in 1869, the status of those belonging to the clan was classified into the peerage (Chihanji such as a former daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and the Tokugawa Shogun family), the warrior class (hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun), a feudal retainer of domain, and upper-ranking goshi (country samurai)), low-ranking samurai called sotsuzoku (keihai (a person of low rank) such as ashigaru (common foot soldier) and doshin (a police constable)).

• 不輸荘園はこれを回避すべく、有力貴族に働きかけて雑役免除の官符・宣旨を獲得していたが、国司側もさらに一国平均の雑役賦課を上級官庁へ申請し、認可を受けて不輸荘園へ対抗していった。
• In order to avoid paying taxes, owners of fuyu shoen influenced powerful aristocrats to obtain kanpu (official documents from Dajokan, or Great Council of State) or senji (an imperial letter) to become task or tax exempt; however, provincial governors then requested reinforcement of ikkoku heikin task or tax imposition to a superior authority, had their request approved, and countered fuyu shoen owners.

• 直訴と同一視される場合もあり、実際に両方を混同する要素も含まれているが、本来の性格としては直訴は最高権力者の個人に対して訴えるのに対して、越訴は上級訴訟機関に対して訴えるものである。
• Although an osso was sometimes identified with a jikiso (direct appeal) because they had something in common in fact, originally a jikiso was made to a person in paramount authority, while an osso was made to the upper legal institution.

• 切腹の場所は、大名クラスの身分をはじめとする上級武士の場合は預かり人（切腹人の身柄を預かる人）の邸内、やや身分が劣る場合は預かり人の邸宅の庭先、さらに身分が劣る場合は牢屋の中とされた。
• Seppuku by high-ranking samurai including daimyo was committed on the property of the azukarinin (guarantor), whereas the act would be performed in the garden of the azukarinin for lower ranking samurai, and in jail for those of even lower status.

• 用人の地位は、全国諸藩においてまちまちであるが、大雑把に云って、大藩であるほど上級家臣の中でその地位は相対的に高くなく、小藩であるほどその地位は相対的に高い傾向があることは疑いがない。
• The status of Yonin differed between the various provinces in Japan however, generally speaking, in the larger domains the Yonin's status was not higher than the senior retainers and, there is no doubt that the smaller the domains there was a tendency for the Yonin's status to be relatively higher.

• 上級の裁判所が本案の裁判を変更する場合には、訴訟の総費用について、その負担の裁判をしなければならない。事件の差戻し又は移送を受けた裁判所がその事件を完結する裁判をする場合も、同様とする。
• Where an upper instance court modifies a judicial decision on merits, it shall make a judicial decision on the burden of the total costs of the suit. The same shall apply where a court that has accepted a case remanded or transferred thereto makes a judicial decision to conclude the case.

• 特に最上級とされる「曜変天目」は、現在では全世界に龍光院 (京都市北区)・静嘉堂文庫・藤田美術館・MIHO MUSEUMに伝えられている4点（ないしは3点）しか遺されていないとされている。
• Currently, only four (or three) products of 'Yohen Tenmoku,' which are regarded as the finest ones, are being possessed by Ryuko-in Temple (Kita Ward, Kyoto City), Seikado Bunko Art Museum, Fujita Museum of Art and MIHO MUSEUM respectively.

• 前項に規定する機関の長たる任命権者は、その任命権を、その部内の上級の職員に限り委任することができる。この委任は、その効力が発生する日の前に、書面をもつて、これを人事院に提示しなければならない。
• The appointer who is the head of an administrative organ provided for in the preceding paragraph may delegate such appointive power only to a high-ranking official within such organ. All such delegations shall be presented to the National Personnel Authority in writing in advance of the effective date.

• 差分表示に外部アプリケーションを使用（上級者向け、コンピューターに特殊な設定が必要。[//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:External_editors 詳細]）
• Use external diff by default (for experts only, needs special settings on your computer. [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:External_editors More information.])

• 日本の合戦では戦闘時、上級武士の指揮下に少人数ずつの銃手（鉄砲足軽）が組織化されて、この戦闘単位ごとに勲功を競うといった運用形態をとっていたこともあり、個々の銃手の命中率が重要視されたのである。
• At the time of a battle in Japan, gunners (teppo-ashigaru, foot soldiers fighting with firearms) were organized in small groups under the command of high-ranking warriors, and these units vied for exploits of war, therefore accuracy rate of individual gunners was of high concern.

• 既定で編集に外部アプリケーションを使用（上級者向け、コンピューターに特殊な設定が必要。[//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:External_editors 詳細]）
• Use external editor by default (for experts only, needs special settings on your computer. [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:External_editors More information.])

• 事物管轄を異にする数個の関連事件が上級の裁判所に係属する場合において、併せて審判することを必要としないものがあるときは、上級の裁判所は、決定で管轄権を有する下級の裁判所にこれを移送することができる。
• When two or more related cases falling under the subject matter jurisdiction of different courts are pending before a higher court and there is any case which need not be tried jointly by it, the higher court may, by a ruling, transfer such case to a lower court which has jurisdiction over it.

• 一般的に、ウェスタンにおいては片手手綱での騎乗も特長のひとつとされているが、これは利き手を作業のためにあけておくために必要な高等技術であり、上級競技以外の競技や基礎練習などでは、両手手綱が基本となる。
• Generally Western riders are considered to control the horse with one hand, but it is an advanced technique which is originally for cowboys to use the other hand for their workings; so the riders basically rein with both hands at the normal competitions except the top class competitions and at the basic practices.

• 特に信範は摂関家の藤原忠通・藤原基実らに家司として仕えたため、当時の上級公家などの動きに詳しく、中でも保元の乱および乱後の後白河院・平家などについての詳細な記述は、他の諸記録の追随を許さないといえる。
• As a household superintendent, Nobunori served FUJIWARA no Tadamichi and FUJIWARA no Motozane of the Sekkan (Regent and Chancellor) family, getting information about the movement of high court nobles, especially Goshirakawa in and the Taira family before and after the Hogen Disturbance, so no record can compete with Nobunori's detailed record about them.

• 朝廷において一大勢力を形成した嵯峨源氏も、3代目以降で上級貴族であり続けた例はほとんどなく、中下級の貴族として細々と生きるか、受領として地方に赴任し、その地に土着して武士となり新境地を開くしかなかった。
• Despite having formed a powerful force at the Imperial Court, after 3 generations, hardly any of this line were high-ranking aristocrats, and they had no choice but to make a meager living as mid- or low-ranking aristocrats or to take jobs as provincial administrators, becoming indigenized warriors.

• 差分表示に外部アプリケーションを使う（上級者向け、コンピューターに特殊な設定が必要。[http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:External_editors 詳細]）
• Use external diff by default (for experts only, needs special settings on your computer. [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:External_editors More information.])

• ただし、上級貴族の反発に加えて、入学年齢を17歳から引き下げたこと、更に学令で定められた9年間よりも短い4年間の就学を経た上での事実上の中退を認めたことから大学寮側からの反発もあり、812年に撤回された。
• The imperial decree, however, was withdrawn in 812 due to backlashes from Daigaku-ryo against a change in school entrance age from 17 years old to 10 years old and against the approval of de facto dropouts after four-year schooling, shorter than the dropout after the nine-year schooling specified by the provision of Gakuryo, as well as objections from high-ranking nobles.

• 江戸時代初期には諸藩においては地方知行を行う例が多く蔵米知行は下級家臣に限られていたが、次第に大名の支配権力と財政基盤の強化のために上級家臣に対しても地方召上を行って蔵米知行に変更されることが多くなった。
• In the early Edo period, jigatachigyo (provision of land) was generally conducted in the domains, while kuramaichigyo (stipend provision in rice) was limited to lower-ranked vassals; later on, however, the domains gradually changed the provision form of chigyo to kuramaichigyo even for their higher-ranking vassals by carrying out jikata-meshiage in order to strengthen the daimyo's authority and consolidate the territory and financial base of the domain.

• 既定で編集に外部アプリケーションを使う（上級者向け、コンピューターに特殊な設定が必要。[http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:External_editors 詳細]）
• Use external editor by default (for experts only, needs special settings on your computer. [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:External_editors More information.])

• その後、秘密情報使用許可手続きが、国防保安の上級理事会により開始される。イーター機構の事務局長による、秘密情報の入手が必要な人に要求される職位への指名は、秘密情報の使用許可手続きが完了した後にのみ行われる。
• the security clearance procedure shall then be started by the High Directorate of Defense and Security. Nomination by the Director General of the ITER Organization to positions requiring people needing to access classified information shall only take place after the successful end of the security clearance procedure.

• 王朝国家体制では四位、五位どまりの受領に任命されるクラスの実務官人である下級貴族を諸大夫（しょだいぶ）と、上級貴族や諸大夫に仕える六位どまりの技能官人や家人を侍（さむらい）と呼び、彼らが行政実務を担っていた。
• In the system of the dynasty state, lower-ranking nobles who were officials for practical works appointed to the zuryo and who were promoted up to shii (Fourth Rank) or goi (Fifth Rank) were called shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo) and the technical officers and kenin (retainers) who were promoted up to rokui (Sixth Rank) and served upper-ranking nobles or shodaibu were called samurai (warrior) and they were in charge of administrative affairs.

• やがて彼らの土地の保証は源氏、平家といった、貴種に連なる上級武家に委ねられ、下級、中級の武士は「給人」と呼ばれて、主君から恩給された土地の見返りに、平時、戦時における主君への軍事的奉仕を行う構造が出来上がった。
• Later, the higher ranking samurai families such as the Minamoto clan or the Taira family, which had relationships with persons of noble birth were entrusted to warrant the local nobles their developed lands, and a system was established in which middle and lower ranking samurai were called 'kyunin' who offered military services to the lord not only in peacetime but also in wartime in exchange for the land which the lord granted them as stipend.

• 前項の場合において、上級行政庁とみなされる行政庁が地方公共団体の機関であるときは、当該機関が行政不服審査法の規定により処理することとされる事務は、新地方自治法第二条第九項第一号に規定する第一号法定受託事務とする。
• In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, where the administrative agencies that shall be deemed to be Higher Administrative Agencies are organs of local public entities, the affairs to be handled by the organs pursuant to the provisions of the Administrative Appeal Act shall be Item 1 Statutory Entrusted Affairs prescribed in Article 2, paragraph 9, item 1 of the new Local Autonomy Act.
• In the case of the preceding paragraph, if the administrative agency which shall be deemed to be the higher administrative agency is an organ of a local public entity, the affairs to be processed by said organ pursuant to the provisions of the Administrative Appeal Act shall be the item (i) statutory commissioned affairs prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (9), item (i) of the New Local Autonomy Act.
• In cases falling under the preceding paragraph, when the administrative agency regarded as the higher administrative agency is a local government organ, the affairs to be handled by said organ under the provisions of the Administrative Appeals Act shall be Type 1 statutory entrusted functions as prescribed in Article 2 paragraph 9 item(i) of the new Local Autonomy Act.
• When, in cases in the preceding paragraph, the government agency regarded as the higher government agency is a local government organ, the affairs to be processed by said organ under the provisions of the Administrative Appeals Act shall be Type 1 statutory entrusted functions prescribed in Article 2 paragraph 9 item (i) of the new Local Autonomy Act.
• In the case of the preceding paragraph, if the administrative agency regarded as the higher administrative agency is an office of the local public entity concerned, the affairs to be dealt with by said office pursuant to the provisions of the Administrative Appeal Act shall be the statutorily entrusted affairs provided in Article 2, paragraph (9), item (i) of the New Local Autonomy Act.
• In the case of the preceding paragraph, if the administrative agency that is deemed as the Higher Administrative Agency is an organ of the local government, office work to be treated by such organ pursuant to the provision of the Administrative Appeal Act shall be No. 1 statutory entrusted office work set forth in item (i) of paragraph 9 of Article 2 of the New Local Autonomy Act.
• In the case set forth in the preceding paragraph, if the administrative agency that shall be deemed as the Higher Administrative Agency is an organ of the local government, office work to be treated by such organ pursuant to the provision of the Administrative Appeal Act shall be No. 1 statutory entrusted office work set forth in item (i) of paragraph 9 of Article 2 of the New Local Autonomy Act.
• In a case as prescribed in the preceding paragraph, if the administrative agency deemed to be the higher agency is a local government body, the affairs to be handled by said body pursuant to the provisions of the Administrative Appeals Act shall be Item I statutorily entrusted affairs as provided in item (i) of paragraph (9) of Article 2 of the New Local Autonomy Act.
• In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, when the administrative agency deemed to be the higher administrative agency is an organ of a local government, the affairs to be administrated by such organ pursuant to the provisions of the Administrative Appeal Act shall be the Type 1 statutory entrusted functions as prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (9), item (i) of the new Local Autonomy Act.
• In the case of the preceding paragraph, if an administrative agency to be regarded as a higher government agency is an organization of local governments, any affair required to be disposed in accordance with the provisions of the Administrative Appeal Act shall be regarded as a statutory entrusted affairs defined in Article 2 paragraph 9 item 1 of the new Local Government Act.
• In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, where an administrative agency that shall be deemed to be a Higher Administrative Agency is an agency of a local public entity, the affairs to be handled by said agency pursuant to the provisions of the Administrative Appeal Act shall be Item 1 Statutory Entrusted Affairs as prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (9), item (i) of the new Local Autonomy Act.
• In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, when the administrative agency deemed as the higher administrative agency is a local government organ, the affairs to be handled by said organ pursuant to the provisions of the Administrative Appeals Act shall be the Type-1 statutory entrusted functions prescribed by Article 2, paragraph (9), item (i) of the New Local Autonomy Act.
• In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, if such higher government agencies are local government bodies, the matters to be dealt with by such bodies pursuant to the provisions of the Administrative Appeal Act shall be deemed to be the statutory delegated functions of Item 1 prescribed in Item 1 of Paragraph 9 of Article 2 of the new Local Autonomy Act.

• 受領は租税納入先の大寺社や摂関家のような上級貴族へ滞納が生じると、勤務評定である受領功過定（ずりょうこうかさだめ）を切り抜けるために、公領の一部の租税収納権を納入先の大寺社や摂関家に与えることが慣例になっていった。
• To deal with tax delinquencies designated to the main temples and shrines, and the high-ranked aristocracy including Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), it became customary for Zuryo to give away to those tax recipients the rights to collect taxes from parts of koryo, as an attempt to avoid poor evaluation with Zuryo koka sadame, their job performance reviews.

• 以後の蓮悟の実悟への仕打ちは続き、永正16年（1519年）に本願寺に「一門一家制」を導入した際に実悟は蓮如の子という事で最上級の「連枝」になる可能性もあったにも関わらず、蓮悟の意見で最下級の「一家」に編入されている。
• Thereafter, the unjust treatment of Jitsugo by Rengo continued, and in 1519 when 'Ichimon-Ikke System' (system divided the Hongan-ji families into Ichimonshu [clansman, for legitimate son] and Ikkeshu [the same lineage people as the Hongan-ji Temple, for second son and younger]) was introduced in Hongan-ji Temple, Jitsugo was placed in the lowest grade 'Ikke' due to Rengo's opinion, although there was a possibility that Jitsugo would be placed in the highest grade 'Renshi' because Jitsugo was a biological child of Rennyo.

• 江戸時代の封建領主としては、江戸幕府の徳川将軍家をはじめとして、藩を単位とする1万石以上の大名、1万石未満だが御目見の特権を有する旗本、御目見の特権のない御家人江戸時代の御家人、また石高の高い大名の上級家臣があった。
• Feudal ranks during the Edo period included the following: the Tokugawa Family in the Edo bakufu, daimyo with over 10,000 Goku crop yields (one domain per unit), hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) who had less than 10,000 Goku crop yields but obtained the omemie privilege (privilege to have an audience with their lord), gokenin without the omemie privilege, and high-ranked vassal of daimyo with higher crop yields.

• 王政に「復古」するといいながらも伝統的な摂政・関白以下の朝廷の秩序を一新することで上級公家を排除し、徳川が新政府の主体となる芽をつみ、天皇親政の名の下、岩倉ら一部の公家と薩長が主導する新政府を成立・宣言する内容であった。
• Although the decree asserted 'restoration' of Imperial rule, it intended to completely change the traditional organization of the Imperial Court including Sessho (regent) and Kanpaku (chief adviser), expel senior court nobles, nip the possibility of the Tokugawa dominating the new government in the bud, and establish a new government to be lead by some of the court nobles including Iwakura and the major members of Satsuma and Choshu Domains under the name of the direct rule by the Emperor.

• 旗本や御家人などの一般の武士の住まいは民家とそれほど変わらない規模の建物であったことも多いが、上級や中級の侍屋敷では土塀や長屋門、式台を構え、下級のものも少なくとも書院造の座敷を設けるなど、格を示すような特徴を持っていた。
• Although many ordinary samurai such as Hatamoto (direct retainers of the shogun) or Gokenin (lower-ranked vassals) had residences which differed little from folk houses, upper or middle class Samurai Yashiki had mud walls, Nagayamon (a gate and long house for vassals), and Shikidai (an entrance hall with a wooden floor), and even lower class ones had at least zashiki (a tatami-mat reception room) of Shoin-zukuri style (a typical traditional Japanese style house), attempting to display their high status.

• 操縦者に係る資格を有する者が、同一の種類（滑空機にあつては等級）の航空機について、その上級の資格（法第二十四条の規定の順序による。）について技能証明を受けたときは、前に有した資格に係る限定は、新たにえた資格についても有効とする。
• If a person who holds a pilot qualification receives competence certification that is superior to his/her qualification (based on the order pursuant to the provisions of Article 24 of the Act) for the same category (in the case of a glider, the class) of aircraft, the ratings pertaining to his/her previous qualification shall be valid for the newly acquired qualification.

• 前述したように、「サブラヒ」はその後「サブライ」→「サムライ」と語形変化を遂げていったが、地位に関係なく武士全般をこの種の語で呼ぶようになったのは、江戸時代近くからであり、それまでは貴族や将軍などの家臣である上級武士に限定されていた。
• As mentioned before, 'saburahi' changed to 'saburai' and then 'samurai,' but this word was used to indicate bushi in general regardless of position from around the Edo period, but until then, it was only used to indicate the aristocrats or higher-ranking bushi who were the vassals of the shogun.

• 公式令 (律令法)にその書式が定められており、符は初行に○○○（上級の官司）符其×××（下級の官司）の書出に始まり、2行目より事実書（内容の記載）が行われて「符至奉行（符至らば奉行（文書の内容を実施）せよ）」の句が書止として付される。
• The format of fu is established in Kushiki-ryo (law on state documentary forms in the Yoro Code), and according to the format, the first line of fu begins with the opening sentence 'So-and-so (The senior official's name) gives a command to So-and-so (the subordinate official's name),' the second line contains the order and the closing line read, 'Implement upon receipt.'

• 11世紀に寄進地系荘園及び職の体系が確立されると、公家領においては天皇家や摂関家などの上級貴族層が在地領主などからの寄進を受けて本家職や領家職などを集中させ、家司・政所などの家政組織を運営して、現地から年貢・公事などを徴収していった。
• As kishinchikei-shoen (donated manors) and shiki (the right of Shoen clerks in a Shoen) were established in the 11th century, within kuge-ryo (territory owned by court nobles), the high-ranked nobles of the Imperial Family and Sekkan-ke (the line of regents and advisers) received land donated by zaichi-ryoshu (resident landholders), concentrated their honke-shiki and ryoke-shiki (economical right as patron and proprietor), and collected nengu and kuji (land tax and public duties) from the land by setting and making use of a domestic governing system such as Keishi (household superindendent) and Mandokoro (an office set up in the houses of powerful aristocrats in the Heian Period for the administration of their vast property estates).

• 明治7年4月10日上級官である太政官に、式内社と国史見在社を主対象とする本書を編纂し、収載の神社は春秋2季に宮中の宮中三殿（当時は賢所に合祭されていた）にて遙祭し、その社地は官幣社に準じて保存する、という内容の本書編纂の伺いをたてた。
• On April 10, 1874, Kyobusho asked their superior office Dajokan (Grand Council of State) for their view on the appropriateness of compiling Tokusen Shinmyocho targeting mainly those shrines listed in Engishiki or appearing in the six official histories with a suggestion that a remote worship ritual be conducted in the Three Shrines in the Imperial Court (jointly worshiped in the Imperial Sanctuary at the time) in every spring and autumn for all the shrines to be listed and that the lands of those shrines be preserved in the same manner as in the case of the national shrines.

• 国防保安の上級理事会は、この時、イーター機構の事務局長に、直接、特にフランス以外の国籍あるいはフランスが一般秘密協定に署名していない国の人の場合、秘密情報使用許可手続きに影響を及ぼし得る、予見できる困難について、自分の見解を述べられる。
• the High Directorate of Defense and Security may, at this point, make his observations directly to the Director General of the ITER Organization, on the foreseeable difficulties which could affect the security clearance procedure, particularly in the case of citizens of other nationalities than French or of countries with which France has not signed a general security agreement.

• 律令制においては官司の上下関係は明確であるため、解の提出先である上級官司は自ずから定まっており、差出所である下級官司の名称は記載されていても、宛所である上級官司は記載しないことになっていた（職 (律令制)・寮 (律令制)・司・郡→八省・国司→太政官）。
• Since the hierarchical relationship among government officials was clearly defined in the ritsuryo system, the upper grade officials to whom lower grade officials had to submit ge were fixed accordingly, therefore, it was necessary to write the name of the reporter, lower grade official, while that of a receiver, higher grade official, was not written (Shoku [ritsuryo system]/Ryo [ritsuryo system]/Tsukasa/Gun->Hassho/Kokushi->Dajokan).

• 陰陽寮の役人が退いた後に中務省を代表して輔が天皇に奏上を行い、具注暦は天皇に奏進され、頒暦は天皇と太政官の連絡を掌る少納言が受領して大臣の元に届けられ、大臣から弁官を通じて各官司・国府に配布され、不足の場合には上級官司・国府が書写して下級官司・郡司などに送付した。
• When officials of the Onmyoryo leave the court, the suke makes a presentation before the emperor on behalf of the Ministry of Central Affairs, the guchureki is presented to the emperor, the hanreki is distributed to the Shonagon who manages communications between the Emperor and the Daijokan, then it is sent to each minister, then distributed by ministers to each government officials and kokufu via benkan and, if the number of copies are not enough, highly-ranked kanshi or kokufu transcribes it and sends it to low-ranked kanshi or gunji (district official).

• また、朝廷が皇族を臣籍降下させ源氏とした背景としては、上級貴族として皇室の藩塀とすることという理由もあったが、実際には3代目以降も上級貴族であり続けた例はほとんどなく、大半は受領階級として地方へ赴任しそこで土着して武士化するか、中央で中下級貴族として細々と生き延びた。
• Although one of the aims of the Imperial court's demotion of their family members to their subjects by giving them the surname of Minamoto was to allow them to be the subsidiary of the Imperial Family as upper class nobles, in fact only a few of them kept their status for more than three generations, while many others took regional posts as middle classes and later became samurai, or earned a sparse living as middle and lower classes in the center.

• 漱石は、生前に神経衰弱やうつ病を患っているが、このことが当時のエリート層の一員であり、最上級のインテリでもあった漱石の生涯および作品に対して如何に影響を及ぼしているのかが、精神医学者の格好の研究対象となっており、実際にこれを主題としたいくつかの学術論文が発表されている。
• Psychiatrists regard it an ideal subject the way in which nervous breakdown and depression influenced the life and works of Soseki, who was among the best and brightest in those days and one of the most intellectual persons in Japan; in fact, several treatises on the subject have been presented.

• ただし、その支配は荘園公領制の範疇におけるものであり、他の権門との協調を掲げる鎌倉幕府の所領よりも地方にある御家人の所領の方が武士による所領の独占的支配の傾向が早く出現するものの、この時代には上級の所職を占める公家・寺社や現地の国衙からの影響力を完全に排除するには至らなかった。
• The rule of the gokenin remained subject to the shoen koryosei system; therefore, although samurai's monopolistic control of the shoryo was liable to appear earlier in the local shoryo of the gokenin than the shoryo of the Kamakura bakufu, which stated the policy of having gokenin in harmony with the other powerful houses, influences of the court nobles, temples, and shrines, which occupied higher various shiki, and the local kokuga cannot be completely removed during this period.

• だが、荘園公領制が解体する14世紀に入ると、生産力の上昇や農民層の抵抗、更に荘園内部でも上級層の没落と下級層の上昇などが発生し、更にその中で上位の者は領主や地侍としての地位を獲得して荘園領主の支配から脱却したり、荘園内外にて独自の経営地及び独自の小作関係の形成を行うようになる。
• However, during the fourteenth century, many factors, such as the improvement of productivity, the resistance of the class of peasants, and the downfall of the upper-class together with the advancement of the lower-class, contributed to the demise of the shoen-koryo sei. Further, there were those of the upper-class who attained the position as a landlord or a jizamurai (local samurai) which enabled them to break away from the rule of the manor owners and to establish their own business managing and renting their lands to local peasants.

• 大正初期の「宮城女官採用内規」には典侍、権典侍などの宮中上級女官の採用には「旧堂上旧諸侯華族子女のうちより選抜」とあり、華族であっても明治維新前の公家や大名家から選ぶことになっていた（ただし下級女官については能力によって、華族出身でなくても一代に限り出仕することが許されていた。
• In 'Employment bylaw of Kyujo nyokan (court lady in the place where Emperor lives)' in the early Taisho period, it was described that when higher ranked court ladies such as Naishi no suke and Gon no naishi no suke are adopted, 'they should be selected from daughters of former tosho, former lords among peerage', so they were selected from kuge and Daimyo family (feudal lord family) before the Meiji restoration among the peerage (however, for the lower ranked court lady, woman who was not from the peerage was allowed to work in the palace only in her generation depending on her ability).

• 中下級の貴族や武家・荘官などの出身者が多かったため、武術などの心得を持つものもあり、武装化して僧兵を構成したのもこの身分が中心であった（ただし、延暦寺では衆徒をより上級貴族出身が占め、このクラスや衆徒から放逐された者達が別に「堂衆」を組織するなど、寺院ごとに組織のあり方に違いがあった）。
• Many shuto were from aristocracy of the middle and low classes, as well as samurai families and shokan (an officer governing shoen (manor)), some of whom were skilled in martial arts, and as a result they made up a large share of Sohei (priest soldiers); however, the component of the shuto was different among temples, so that in Enryaku-ji Temple the shuto was made up of the priests of higher aristocratic origin, and others who were excluded from shuto organized 'doshu' separately.

• さてその「サブラフ」の連用形から平安時代に「サブラヒ」という名詞が生まれたわけであるが、その原義は「主君の側近くで面倒を見ること、またその人」で、後に朝廷に仕える官人でありながら同時に上級貴族に伺候した中下級の技能官人層を指すようになり、そこからそうした技能官人の一角を構成した「武士」を指すようになった。
• The conjunctive form of 'saburafu' became 'saburahi' in the Heian period, and while this originally meant 'a person who is on hand to take care of and serve his/her lord' (or the act of doing so), it later came to mean ginou kanjin of low to middle rank who served upper class aristocrats at the Imperial Court, before finally coming to indicate only one type of ginou kanjin: the 'bushi.'

• 全寮制の師範学校の寮生活は大日本帝国陸軍の内務班そのままで、上級生への絶対服従を植えつけるため下級生へのいじめ、しごきは日常茶飯事であり、古事記の記述を盲目的に正史として教えるなど教育内容にも問題が多く、その卒業生たちが軍国主義教育の担い手となり、教え子を続々と戦地に送り続けてきたという批判が出たのである。
• People began to criticize normal schools; the dormitory life of the normal school was quite the same as that of a naimu-han (internal affairs corps) of the Imperial Japanese Army with seniors always teasing and hazing juniors to teach them absolute obedience to their seniors, and the education content also had a lot of problems such as teaching what was described in 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) as an authentic history, and the graduates, as supporters of the militarist education, kept sending their students to the front.

• また、また旗本や大藩の上級家臣の中には独自の法制（地頭法）を持つ者もいたが、徴税権・司法権、その他の行政権などの所領に対する支配権（知行権）の行使は主君である将軍・大名によって規制されるのが一般的であり、時代が進むにつれてその傾向が強くなった（もっとも、所属する主家の方針や地頭である家臣の方針によってその強弱に格差があった）。
• Additionally, although some hatamoto or high-ranked vassal of large scale domains had their unique legislation (law for jito), exercise of chigyo-ken (right to enfeoffment) over shoryo (territory) including tax collection right, judicial power and other administrative power was usually controlled by a shogun or daimyo as a lord, and that tendency became stronger with the time (however, binding strength was different depending on the policy of a master or a vassal (jito).

• 平安時代中期になると、開発領主が自らの土地をこの不輸租田にするために寺社や上級貴族に寄進するようになる（寄進地系荘園）が、不輸租田の指定には勅許とそれに基づく太政官符及び民部省符からなる公験が必要とされており、それらが揃った不輸租田によって構成された荘園を官省符荘、単に国司が承認したために事実上の不輸租田の対象となっていたものを国免荘田と呼ばれた。
• In the mid Heian period, kaihatsu ryoshu (local nobles who actually developed the land) began to donate their land to temples or high-ranking aristocrats in order to make their land fuyusoden (donated-type of shoen [manor]); however, they were required to submit kugen (official documents authorized by kokushi [provincial governor] or Gunji [local magistrate] for transfer of the ownership of private property) consisting of daijokanpu (official document issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) and minbushofu (official document issued by the minister of minbusho) based on the chokkyo (the imperial sanction) to have their land designated as fuyusoden -- Shoen which consisted of fuyusoden with the complete set of documents submitted was called Kanshofu sho (a shoen enjoying immunity from taxation by virtue of having official documents from both the Council of State and the Ministry of Popular Affairs), and shoen which was virtually treated as fuyusoden merely with approval of kokushi was called kokumen shoen (provincially exempted shoen).

• 第二十二条第七号に掲げる債務名義のうち和解若しくは調停（上級裁判所において成立した和解及び調停を除く。）又は労働審判に係るもの（第一号の二に掲げるものを除く。）　和解若しくは調停が成立した簡易裁判所、地方裁判所若しくは家庭裁判所（簡易裁判所において成立した和解又は調停に係る請求が簡易裁判所の管轄に属しないものであるときは、その簡易裁判所の所在地を管轄する地方裁判所）又は労働審判が行われた際に労働審判事件が係属していた地方裁判所
• The title of obligation set forth in Article 22(vii) which relates to a settlement or a mediation (excluding a settlement or a mediation concluded at an upper instance court) or to labor tribunal judgment (excluding that set forth in item (i)-2):　The summary court, district court or family court where the settlement or the mediation was concluded (or, if the claim relating to the settlement or the mediation concluded at a summary court is not under the jurisdiction of the summary court, the district court having jurisdiction over the location of the summary court) or the district court before which the labor tribunal case was pending when the labor tribunal judgment was made

• 施行日前にされた国等の事務に係る処分であって、当該処分をした行政庁（以下この条において「処分庁」という。）に施行日前に行政不服審査法に規定する上級行政庁（以下この条において「上級行政庁」という。）があったものについての同法による不服申立てについては、施行日以後においても、当該処分庁に引き続き上級行政庁があるものとみなして、行政不服審査法の規定を適用する。この場合において、当該処分庁の上級行政庁とみなされる行政庁は、施行日前に当該処分庁の上級行政庁であった行政庁とする。
• With respect to dispositions pertaining to Affairs of the State, etc. made prior to the Date of Enforcement by the administrative agencies (hereinafter referred to as the 'Administrative Agencies Having Made the Dispositions' in this Article) that have been subordinated, prior to the Date of Enforcement, to higher administrative agencies prescribed under the Administrative Appeal Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Higher Administrative Agencies' in this Article), the Administrative Appeal Act shall apply to appeals filed against such dispositions pursuant to the said Act, on the assumption that the Administrative Agencies Having Made the Dispositions are still subordinate to the Higher Administrative Agencies after the date of enforcement. In this case, the administrative agencies that shall be deemed to be Higher Administrative Agencies of the Administrative Agencies Having Made the Dispositions shall be the administrative agencies to which the Administrative Agencies Having Made the Dispositions have been subordinated prior to the date of enforcement.
• With regard to an appeal under the Administrative Appeal Act against a disposition pertaining to affairs of the State, etc. issued prior to the enforcement date where the administrative agency which has issued said disposition (hereinafter referred to as the 'acting agency' in this Article) had a higher administrative agency prescribed in the same Act (hereinafter referred to as a 'higher administrative agency' in this Article) prior to the enforcement date, the provisions of the Administrative Appeal Act shall apply by deeming that said acting agency still has a higher administrative agency on or after the enforcement date. In this case, the administrative agency which shall be deemed to be the higher administrative agency of said acting agency shall be one which was the higher administrative agency of said acting agency prior to the enforcement date.
• Appeals under the Administrative Appeals Act concerning dispositions pertaining to affairs of the national government, etc., that were implemented before the date of enforcement, and for which there was a higher administrative agency as prescribed in said Act (hereafter in this Article referred to as 'higher administrative agency') than the administrative agency that implemented said dispositions (hereafter in this Article referred to as 'administrative agency ordering the disposition') before the date of enforcement, shall still be regarded as having a higher administrative agency than said administrative agency ordering the disposition even after the date of enforcement, and the provisions of the Administrative Appeals Act shall be applied. In this case, the administrative agency deemed to be the higher administrative agency of said administrative agency ordering the disposition shall be the administrative agency that was the higher administrative agency of said administrative agency ordering the disposition before the date of enforcement.
• Appeals under the Administrative Appeals Act concerning dispositions pertaining to affairs of the national government, etc., that were implemented before the date of enforcement, and for which there was a higher government agency as prescribed in said Act (hereafter in this Article referred to as 'higher government agency') than the government agency that implemented said dispositions (hereafter in this Article referred to as 'disposing agency') before the date of enforcement, shall still be regarded as having a higher government agency than said disposing agency even after the date of enforcement, and the provisions of the Administrative Appeals Act shall be applied. In this case, the government agency regarded as a higher government agency of said disposing agency shall be the government agency that was the higher government agency of said disposing agency before the date of enforcement.
• In the case where an appeal is filed pursuant to the Administrative Appeal Act with an administrative agency performing any action pertaining to affairs of the state (hereinafter referred to as 'the administrative agency ordering the action' in this Article) before the day of enforcement, and said administrative agency ordering the action is subject to a higher administrative agency as provided in the same Act (hereinafter referred to as a 'higher administrative agency' in this Article), the provisions of the same Act shall be applied to the appeal after the day of enforcement by deeming that said administrative agency ordering the action has continued to be subject to the higher administrative agency. In this case, the administrative agency regarded as the higher administrative agency of said administrative agency ordering the action shall be the administrative agency that was the higher administrative agency of said administrative agency ordering the action before the day of enforcement.
• With regard to appeals, in accordance with the Administrative Appeal Act, against dispositions pertaining to the Office Work of the National Government, etc. that were rendered prior to the date of enforcement and for which a higher administrative agency set forth in said Act (hereinafter referred to in this Article as the 'Higher Administrative Agency') existed above the administrative agency that rendered such disposition (hereinafter referred to in this Article as the 'Disposing Agency') prior to the date of enforcement, the Higher Administrative Agency shall be deemed to exist above such Disposing Agency continuously on and after the date of enforcement, and the provisions of the Administrative Appeal Act shall apply. In this case, the administrative agency that is deemed as the Higher Administrative Agency above such Disposing Agency shall be the administrative agency that was the Higher Administrative Agency above such Disposing Agency prior to the date of enforcement.
• With regard to appeals, in accordance with the Administrative Appeal Act, against dispositions pertaining to the Office Work of the National Government that were rendered prior to the date of enforcement and for which a higher administrative agency set forth in said Act (hereinafter referred to in this Article as 'Higher Administrative Agency') existed above the administrative agency that rendered such disposition (hereinafter referred to in this Article as 'Disposing Agency') prior to the date of enforcement, the Higher Administrative Agency shall be deemed to exist above such Disposing Agency continuously on and after the date of enforcement, and the provisions of the Administrative Appeal Act shall apply. In this case, the administrative agency that shall be deemed as the Higher Administrative Agency above such Disposing Agency shall be the administrative agency that was the Higher Administrative Agency above such Disposing Agency prior to the date of enforcement.
• With regard to appeals under the Administrative Appeals Act concerning dispositions pertaining to the affairs of the national government, etc. that were made before the effective date, and for which there was a higher administrative agency provided for in the same Act (hereinafter referred to as the "higher administrative agency" in this Article) than the administrative agency that made such dispositions (hereinafter referred to as the "ordering agency" in this Article) before the effective date, it shall be deemed that there is a higher administrative agency than the ordering agency even after the effective date, and the provisions of the Administrative Appeals Act shall apply. In this case, the administrative agency deemed to be the higher administrative agency of the ordering agency shall be the administrative agency that was the higher administrative agency of such ordering agency before the effective date.
• With regard to appeals relating to dispositions pertaining to national affairs conducted before the enforcement of this Act, if the relevant government agency (hereinafter referred as to "administrative agency ordering the disposition" in this article) had a higher government agency prescribed in the Administrative Appeal Act before the day of enforcement (hereinafter referred as to "higher government agency" in this article), the said higher government agency shall be deemed to remain in existence even after the day of enforcement, in which case the provisions of the Administrative Appeal Act shall apply to such appeal. In this case, said higher government agency shall be deemed to be the one that was then a higher government agency of the administrative agency ordering the disposition before the enforcement of this Act.

• 施行日前にされた国等の事務に係る処分であって、当該処分をした行 政庁（以下この条において「処分庁」という。）に施行日前に行政不服審査法に規定する上級行政庁（以下この条において「上級行政庁」という。）があったも のについての同法による不服申立てについては、施行日以後においても、当該処分庁に引き続き上級行政庁があるものとみなして、行政不服審査法の規定を適用 する。この場合において、当該処分庁の上級行政庁とみなされる行政庁は、施行日前に当該処分庁の上級行政庁であった行政庁とする。
• When there was any decision made before the day of enforcement of this Act pertaining to an affair of the national government, etc., and when before the enforcement of this Act there was a higher administrative agency (hereinafter referred to as the 'higher agency') as set forth in the Administrative Appeals Act above the administrative agency that made that decision (hereinafter referred to as 'the deciding agency' in this Article), for any appeal that was filed pursuant to the provisions of the same Act, the relevant deciding agency shall be deemed to continue to have a higher agency above it and the Administrative Appeals Act shall continue to apply even after the day of enforcement of this Act. In this case, the administrative agency deemed to be the higher agency above the deciding agency shall be the administrative agency that was the higher agency above said deciding agency before the day of enforcement.
• With respect to the appeals under the Administrative Appeal Act with respect to the dispositions pertaining to Affairs of the State, etc. made prior to the date of enforcement by the administrative agency (hereinafter referred to as 'administrative agency having disposition') for which there was a higher administrative agency as described in said Act (hereinafter referred to as 'higher administrative agency' in this Article) prior to the date of enforcement, the provisions of the Administrative Appeal Act shall apply, deeming that the administrative agency having disposition still has a higher administrative agency after the date of enforcement. In this case, the administrative agency deemed to be the higher administrative agency of said administrative agency having disposition shall be the administrative agency that was a higher administrative agency of said administrative agency having disposition prior to the date of enforcement.
• Any appeal under the Administrative Appeal Act concerning a disposition pertaining to affairs of the national government, etc. which has been made before the implementation date by an administrative agency (hereinafter in this Article referred to as a 'disposing agency') with its higher agency defined in the Administrative Appeal Act (hereinafter in this Article referred to as a 'higher government agency') before the implementation date, shall be subject to the application of the Administrative Appeal Act by regarding that such disposing agency shall continue to have such higher administrative agency on and after the implementation date. In this case, an administrative agency to be regarded as the higher government agency of such disposing agency shall be the administrative agency which has been the higher government agency of such disposing agency before the implementation date.
• With respect to dispositions pertaining to Affairs of the State, etc. made prior to the Date of Enforcement by the administrative agencies (hereinafter referred to as the 'Administrative Agencies Having Made the Dispositions' in this Article) that have been subordinated, prior to the Date of Enforcement, to higher administrative agencies prescribed under the Administrative Appeal Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Higher Administrative Agencies' in this Article), the Administrative Appeal Act shall apply to appeals filed against such dispositions pursuant to the said Act, on the assumption that the Administrative Agencies Having Made the Dispositions are still subordinate to the Higher Administrative Agencies after the date of enforcement. In this case, the administrative agencies that shall be deemed to be Higher Administrative Agencies of the Administrative Agencies Having Made the Dispositions shall be the administrative agencies to which the Administrative Agencies Having Made the Dispositions have been subordinated prior to the date of enforcement.
• With respect to dispositions pertaining to Affairs of the State, etc. that were made prior to the Date of Enforcement by an administrative agency (hereinafter referred to as the 'Administrative Agency Ordering the Disposition' in this Article) that has been subordinated, prior to the Date of Enforcement, to a higher administrative agency as prescribed under the Administrative Appeal Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Higher Administrative Agency' in this Article), the Administrative Appeal Act shall apply to appeals filed against such dispositions pursuant to said Act, on the assumption that the Administrative Agency Ordering the Disposition remains subordinate to the Higher Administrative Agency after the date of enforcement. In this case, the administrative agency deemed to be the Higher Administrative Agency of the Administrative Agency Ordering the Disposition shall be the administrative agency to which the Administrative Agency Ordering the Disposition was subordinated prior to the date of enforcement.