上下: 579 Terms and Phrases

• 上下
• top and bottom
• up and down
• high and low
• above and below
• upper and lower ends
• upside-down
• samurai costume
• old ceremonial costume
• upper and lower classes
• ruler and ruled
• the government and the people
• going up and down
• rising and falling
• fluctuating
• going and coming back
• first and second volumes
• Ueshita
• Kamishita
• Shouka
• Jouge
• fluctuate
• Upside down
• Vertical direction

• 美上下
• Bijouge

• 野上下
• Nogamishimo

• 道上下
• Michijouge

• 八上下
• Yakamishimo

• 上下浜
• Joukehama
• Jougehama

• 上下方
• Kamishimogata

• 上下門
• Jougekado

• 川上下
• Kawakamishimo

• 上下野
• Kamishitano
• Kamishimono

• 上下島
• Jougejima

• 上下畝
• up and down furrow

• 上下幡
• Kamishimohata

• 上下田
• Kamishimoda

• 上下動
• vertical motion (in earthquakes)

• 水上下
• light blue samurai costume commonly worn when committing suicide

• 上下列
• chain

• 上下線
• both (railway) tracks
• up and down tracks (lines)

• 上下限
• bounds

• 今上下
• Imagamishimo

• 上下堤
• Jougetsutsumi

• 上下川
• Jougegawa

• 上下町
• Jougechou

• 上下条
• Kamigejou

• 取上下
• Toriageshita

• 上下顔
• Kamishimotsura

• 上下駅
• Jouge Station (st)

• 上下坂
• Jougezaka

• 上下沼
• Jougenuma

• 上下所
• Kamigesho

• 上下に
• up and down

• 上下逆
• upside down

• 貴賤上下
• high and low
• all ranks and classes

• 野上下郷
• Nogamishimogou

• 上下浜駅
• Jougehama Station (st)

• 上下界法
• upper
• lower bound method

• 上下送り
• vertical feed

• 上下水道
• water and sewer services

• 上下左右
• up and down (top and bottom), left and right

• 上下関係
• pecking order
• hierarchical relationship
• vertical relationship
• hyponymy

• 上下逆様
• upside down

• 坂上下名
• Sakaueshitamyou
• Sakagamishimomyou

• 上下大迫
• Kamishimooosako

• 上下川原
• Kamishitakawara

• 上下長谷
• Kamishimonagatani

• 坂之上下
• Sakanoueshita

• 上下する
• fluctuate
• up-and-down

• 上下反転
• Flipped vertically

• 上下揺れ
• dipping and heaving

• 上下反対
• up and down are reversed

• 上下水道課
• Water and Sewer Division

• 上下界定理
• upper
• lower bound theorem

• 電圧上下限
• voltage limits

• 上下流交流
• upstream and downstream exchange

• 今上上下谷
• Imagamijougeya

• 上下になる
• to be upside-down

• 上下逆さま
• upside down

• 上下諏訪木
• Jougesuwaki

• 上下二巻。
• They consist of Book I and Book II.

• 上下2編。
• Two volumes.

• 上下2巻。
• 2 volumes in total.

• 丹生川上下社
• Nyuukahakamishimosha

• 上下流の調整
• integration of upstream and downstream

• 甲奴郡上下町
• Kounugunjougechou

• 上下さかさま
• upside down

• 上下エジプト
• Upper and Lower Egypt

• 秋歌（上下）
• Autumn Poetry (2 volumes)

• 春歌（上下）
• Spring Poetry (2 volumes)

• 上下眼窩神経痛
• periorbital neuralgia

• 上下逆方向矢印
• Opposing Arrows

• 野上下郷石塔婆
• Nogamishimogousekitouba

• 上下方向の遊び
• vertical play

• 上下流連携組織
• cooperative organization of upstream and downstream

• 上下移動用ねじ
• elevating screw

• 上下二巻構成。
• It comprises two volumes.

• 上下関係の正しい
• right-side up

• 上下弦平均干潮位
• HLW
• high low water

• 上下弦平均満潮位
• LHW
• LHW (lower high water)
• lower high water (LHW)

• 上下水位制御水門
• mixed level control gate

• 上下のある物体の
• of objects having a top and bottom

• 上下に並べて表示
• tile horizontally

• 上下二巻で構成。
• It consists of two volumes.

• 京都市上下水道局
• Kyoto City Waterworks Bureau

• 恋に上下の差別無し
• Love makes men equal

• 急激に上下に動かす
• jig

• 繰り返し上下に動く
• move up and down repeatedly

• 上下のあごに関して
• relating to the upper and lower jaws

• 上下ストローク曲線
• up and down stroke curve

• 上下にひょいと動かす
• bob

• 上下水道設備製造協会
• Water and Wastewater Equipment Manufacturers Association
• WWEMA

• 幅員：上下線各2車線
• Width: Two lanes each on the inbound and outbound lanes

• 釈迦五百大願経　上下
• Shaka-Gohyaku-Daigan-kyo parts 1 and 2

• 長沙市上下水道整備事業
• Changsha Water Supply Project

• 唐山市上下水道整備事業
• Tangshan Water Supply Project

• 営口市上下水道整備事業
• Yingkou Water Supply Project

• 上上品・上中品・上下品
• The highest of higher-quality goods, the highest of middle grade goods, and the highest of lower-quality goods.

• 彼は首を上下に振った。
• He shook his head up and down.

• 昇降する、上下移動する
• move up and down

• 上下迂流式フロック形成池
• vertical baffled channel flocculator
• vertical channel bends flocculator

• 大連都市上下水道整備事業
• Dalian Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Project

• 地方都市上下水道整備事業
• Provincial Cities Water Supply and Sewerage System Improvement and Expansion Project

• 空気式前照灯上下調整装置
• air operated headlamps levelling

• 歯が上下方向に長いもの。
• Its teeth are vertically long.

• 彼は旗を上下に動かした。
• He moved the flags up and down.

• 上下に並ぶ数字の線形配列
• a vertical array of numbers or other information

• まっすぐに上下に連続して
• straight up or down without a break

• 上下条・滝谷・六日市 行
• Buses bound for Kami-Gejo/Takiya/Muikaichi

• バスは上下に激しく揺れた。
• The bus rocked heavily up and down.

• でも上下はどうでしょう？　
• But how about up and down?

• 市場は上下に揺れ動いている
• the market is swinging up and down

• 特定の経路なく上下移動する
• move up and down with no specific path

• 流行の上下に関係がある要因
• factors concerned in the rise and fall of epidemics

• ミラー イメージ (上下)
• Mirror, Vertical

• 上下のまぶたが重なる眼の角
• either of the corners of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet

• 上下動または前後運動の動き
• a movement up and down or back and forth

• 出雲郷　（以都毛）（在上下）
• Izumo-go (Adakae) (以都毛)(在上下)

• ぶらんこが上下に動いている。
• The swing is moving up and down.

• 入解脱門義　上下　明恵上人筆
• Nyukai-Datsumongi parts 1 and 2 written by monk Myoe

• 宋刊本山家義苑 上下 可観述
• Both volumes of Song Dynasty China book Shanjia Yiyuan written by Keguan

• 一本調子で単調に上下する抑揚
• a regular and monotonous rising and falling intonation

• 上下2冊を封筒に入れて一編。
• Two volumes were placed into an envelope, making one book.

• 京都市上下水道局山ノ内浄水場
• Kyoto City Yamanouchi Purification Plant

• - 各地の上下水道を整備（英）
• - Worked to improve the water supply and sewage systems in various places

• 彼が上下左右の歯を４本抜いた。
• He got 4 teeth, one on the left, right, top and bottom, pulled.

• 時計回りに90°回転 上下反転
• Rotated 90° CW and flipped vertically

• 五位は正従、上下にわけられた。
• Goi was divided into senior and junior subdivisions, each of which was further divided into upper and lower grades.

• 波のように穏やかに上下すること
• a gentle rising and falling in the manner of waves

• 上下2巻から成り、藤原基俊撰。
• The collection consists of two volumes and was compiled by FUJIWARA no Mototoshi.

• 京都市上下水道局・山ノ内浄水場
• Kyoto City Waterworks Bureau, Yamanouchi Purification Plant

• - 上下2闋（ケツ、詞の段落）。
• with two stanzas

• 前後交互に激しく上下に差し上げる
• Lifting up and down, back and forth, alternately and violently;

• 京官上下（京官の勤務時間の規定）
• This Article 'Kyokan-joge' (officials in Kyoto, calling on and leaving from the imperial court) specified their service hours to attend the court.

• 文字は上下右左の順に並んでいる。
• These characters were ordered top to bottom, and left to right.

• 日本書紀神代　巻上下　（吉田本）
• Nihon Shoki Jindai ('The Age of the Gods' chapter from the Chronicles of Japan) (Yoshida Bon)

• 反時計回りに90°回転 上下反転
• Rotated 90° CCW and flipped vertically

• 両足をいっしょに上下させるキック
• an up and down kick of the feet together

• 上下の歯が正常にかみ合わないこと
• a condition in which the opposing teeth do not mesh normally

• 子供が遊ぶ時に着る、上下続きの服
• a one-piece garment for children to wear at play

• トイレは上下線とも改札内にある。
• A lavatory is placed inside the corresponding ticket gates for both inbound-train and outbound-train users.

• 「院中の男女、上下周章極み無し。」
• Men and women in the Imperial Palace were thrown into confusion.

• スライディングする動作で上下に動く
• move forward or under in a sliding motion

• 五線譜の上下の範囲を超えた音符記号
• a notation for extending the range above or below the staff

• シーソーに乗っているように上下する
• move up and down as if on a seesaw

• 上下が正しければ晴れ、逆さまなら雨。
• If the top side is up, it will be fine, and if the top side is down, it will be rainy.

• 彼女はその絵を上下さかさまにかえた。
• She hung the picture upside down.

• 2つの窓枠があり上下にスライドする窓
• a window having two sashes that slide up and down

• 上下が逆にされるような位置にあるさま
• being in such a position that top and bottom are reversed

• コルクはプールの中で上下に揺れていた
• the cork bobbed around in the pool

• 裏返しにする、あるいは上下逆さにする
• turn inside out or upside down

• この場の光秀の衣装は紫紺の上下である。
• Mitsuhide's costume in this scene is bluish purple, both top and bottom.

• 一 上下心ヲ一ニシテ盛ニ経綸ヲ行フヘシ
• 2. 上下心ヲ一ニシテ盛ニ経綸ヲ行フヘシ(All classes, high and low, shall be united in vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state.)

• 一、上下心ヲ一ニシテ盛ニ經綸ヲ行フヘシ
• 1. All classes, high and low, shall be united in vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state.

• 柄の上下に刃ではなく宝塔を付けたもの。
• A vajra with hoto (a treasure pagoda), instead of edges, at the top and the bottom of a grip.

• ３人は上下にくるくる飛びまわりました。
• Up and down they went, and round and round.

• 地震では地面は上下、そして横に揺れる。
• In an earthquake, the ground can shake up and down, or back and forth.

• ハンドルかペダルのように、上下に動かす
• move up and down, like a handle or a pedal

• あちこちまたは上下に非常に速く動くさま
• moving very rapidly to and fro or up and down

• 上下顎を持つすべての脊椎動物を含むこと
• comprising all vertebrates with upper and lower jaws

• 反対側を上下に曲げることができる、つば
• a brim that can be turned up and down on opposite sides

• ミシガンの上下半島間の海峡を結ぶ吊り橋
• a suspension bridge across the channel between the lower and upper peninsulas of Michigan

• 水の中からすくうように上下に手を動かす
• bob forward and under so as to feed off the bottom of a body of water

• 上方への動き（特にリズミカルな上下の）
• an upward movement (especially a rhythmical rising and falling)

• 上下にはためかすことによってできる動き
• the motion made by flapping up and down

• ひざを曲げずに足をすばやく上下に動かす
• the legs are moved rapidly up and down without bending the knees

• 古い形では上下の二巻本であったようだ。
• Apparently, the collection consisted of two volumes in its old form.

• 自動放送の編成長案内は上下線ともない。
• No announcement is made for the number of cars of incoming trains, either for inbound trains or outbound trains.

• 歯牙が上下に鮮明に並んでいるため名づく。
• It is named as such because it has perfect teeth.

• 上下2巻からなるため『二巻鈔』ともいう。
• Consisting of two volumes notes, 'Jo (vol. 1),' and 'Ge (vol. 2),' it is also referred to as 'Nikan-sho' (literally, two volumes of notes).

• 槍状の刃が柄の上下に一つずつ付いたもの。
• A vajra with a spear-shaped edge each at the top and the bottom of a grip.

• 私は体重７０キロ、数キロの上下はあるが。
• I weigh 70 kilos, give or take a few kilos.

• 桟橋は潮の満ち引きとともに上下していた。
• These quays, rising and falling with the tide,

• 上下の唇を動かしてはっきりと発音する子音
• a consonant that is articulated using both lips

• e若菜（上‐箱鳥、下‐諸鬘、上下‐諸鬘）
• e Wakana (1-Hakodori, 2-Morokazura, 1 & 2-Morokazura)

• 桐壺、帚木、花宴、若菜上下、浮舟は明融本
• For Kiritsubo, Hahakigi, Hana no En, Wakana: Parts One and Two, and Ukifune, the Meiyu-bon manuscript was used.

• 上下共にバリアフリーには対応していない。
• Neither platform is barrier-free.
• Neither of the platforms (inbound or outbound line) is made barrier-free.
• None of the inbound and outbound platforms is barrier-free.

• それ以外の列車は上下線とも1番線に入る。
• Trains other than the above-mentioned, whether inbound or outbound, come in on Platform 1.

• 改札は上下線ともホーム丹波橋寄りにある。
• Both of the ticket gates for inbound trains and for outbound trains are located on the Tamba-bashi Bridge side of the platforms.

• ※通常は上下線とも2番のりばを使用する。
• * Normally, inbound and outbound trains use Platform 2.

• 旧道宮内・上下条経由 小千谷インター 行
• Buses bound for Ojiya Interchange via Kyudo Miyauchi/Kami-Gejo

• 上下線共改札はホームの河原町寄りにある。
• Both ticket gates (on the inbound and outbound platforms) are located on the Kawaramachi side of the platforms.

• 「常世は上下共に穀を賤しんで金を貴ぶなり」
• In this world, both the upper and lower abhor rice and respect money.'

• 極力上下しないように運行されることが多い。
• This type of yamakasa is often moved in such a way as to avoid vertical vibration as much as possible.

• 唐人髷：髷の中に入れ込み上下を割ってみせる
• Tojin (Chinese people) Mage: Tegara is worn between Mages and seen at the upper and bottom parts of the split Mages.

• 柄の上下に刃ではなく如意宝珠を付けたもの。
• A vajra with nyoi hoju (a sacred gem, said to remove suffering, and be capable of granting every wish), instead of edges, at the top and the bottom of a grip.

• 上下で選んでください。Escape で終了
• Move entry up/down, Escape to exit

• 自由な方向へ揺れる、横揺れ、または上下する
• toss, roll, or rise and fall in an uncontrolled way

• 『日本文化史研究』　（講談社学術文庫上下）
• 'A Study on Japanese Cultural Hisotry' (Academic paperback library, Kodansha Ltd., volumes one and two)

• 一 上下心ヲ一ニシテ、盛ニ經綸ヲ行フヘシ。
• All classes high and low shall unite in vigorously promoting the economy and welfare of the nation.

• 「承久軍物語」（全6巻）を除き、上下2巻。
• All of them consist of 2 volumes except 'Jokyu ikusa Monogatari' (6 volumes in total).

• このひだの山と谷の折り目は、上下方向である。
• The pleats are folded in a vertical direction.

• 丁稚の中でも経験年数によって上下関係がある。
• There was a pecking order among decchi according to their years of service.

• 赤道の上下を東から西へ吹き抜ける間断のない風
• steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator

• その運動選手は、ジムで重りを上下に持ち上げる
• The athlete pumps weights in the gym

• 突然の上下動（船や他の乗り物で起きるような）
• abrupt up-and-down motion (as caused by a ship or other conveyance)

• 板が、片方の端の子供によって上下に動く乗り物
• the board is ridden up and down by children at either end

• 速く、不意に上下し、左右に動くまたは揺れ動く
• move or jerk quickly and involuntarily up and down or sideways

• 若菜 (源氏物語)は上下で1巻に数えている。
• Both the first and the second volume of the chapter 'Wakana' (Spring Shoots) are counted as one chapter.

• 袿の上下に重ねることを「襲（かさね）」という。
• Kasane' (adding colors) means wearing another kimono on or under uchigi (ordinary kimono.)

• 上下 - 落語は登場人物のセリフで進行させる。
• Kamishimo (turning the performer's face in different directions): In rakugo, stories develop with characters' dialogue.

• 「仍つて上下多く片山田舎等に逃げ去ると云々。」
• Therefore, it is said, many people other than samurai, regardless of their social standings, escaped to mountains outside the city and rural areas.

• 歯牙が上下に曲がり甚だ畏怖すべきゆえに名づく。
• It is named as such because it has a threatening look with crooked teeth.

• 「それでも、ちょっとは上下に移動できましたよ」
• `Still they could move a little up and down,'

• 船全体が、気味が悪いくらい上下動して振動した。
• the whole ship gave a sickening heave and shudder,

• 聞いていて、ピーターの心は上下に波打ちました。
• Peter's heart bobbed up and down as he listened.

• （音階について）1つの半音によって上下されない
• (of a musical note) being neither raised nor lowered by one chromatic semitone

• 彼女のリュックサックが静かに背中で上下に揺れた
• her rucksack bobbed gently on her back

• 上下のあごの両側の上の最後の4つの歯のいずれか
• any of the last 4 teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaw

• 『財政通論』（上下編） 金港堂書籍、1892年
• 'Zaisei Tsuron' (The Outline of Public Finance) (the first and second volumes) Kinkodoshoseki, 1892

• 「若菜」の上下のあいだには七年分の空白がある。
• Between the first and second volume of Wakana, there is a blank of seven years.

• 桐壺、帚木、花宴、若菜上下、橋姫、浮舟は明融本
• For Kiritsubo, Hahakigi (The Broom Tree), Hana no En (The Festival of the Cherry Blossoms), Wakana (New Herbs): Parts One and Two, Hashihime (The Lady at the Bridge) and Ukifune, the Meiyu-bon manuscript was used.
• For Kiritsubo, Hahakigi, Hana no En, Wakana: Parts One and Two, Hashihime and Ukifune, the Meiyu-bon manuscript was used.

• なお、改札口は上下線ともホーム樟葉寄りにある。
• The ticket gates for both lines are on the side of the platforms toward Kuzuha Station.

• 顎のところは、上下に開閉できるようになっている。
• Part of the jaw can be moved up and down.

• 現在は岩波文庫上下、なお「全集」は講談社にある。
• At present, it is in two volumes of the paperback books published by Iwanami, and the complete works of Seika MAYAMA is published by Kodansha.

• 複数の線を同調的に左右または上下にうねらせる文様
• A pattern that two or more similarly wound lines are placed horizontally or vertically, with an equal distance kept between adjacent lines.

• これは、上下に分かれたツーピース型の和服である。
• That is to say, it was a two-piece Wafuku separated into two parts one for the upper half and one for the lower half of the body.

• （福岡案第三条）上下心を一にし盛に経綸を行ふべし
• (The third article of Fukuoka draft) 上下心を一にし盛に経綸を行ふべし (All classes, high and low, shall be united in vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state.)

• 割れしのぶ：髷の中に入れ込み上下を割ってみせる。
• Ware (split) shinobu: Tegara is worn between Mages and seen at the upper and bottom parts of the split Mages.

• 巨大な槓桿《こうかん》が甲板の上で上下していた。
• The massive walking-beam rose and fell above the deck.

• なお、上下線とも改札口はホーム丹波橋寄りにある。
• Both of the ticket gates are located on the Tambabashi side of the platforms.

• 続華厳略経疏刊定記 巻第二、第九上下、第十三上下
• Zoku Kegon-kyo Ryakushu Kanteiki (The Sequel of Abridged Subcommentary to Kegon-kyo Sutra) Vols. 2, 9 - 1 & 2 and 13 - 1 & 2

• もじりとは長柄の先に多くの鉄叉を上下につけた道具。
• Mojiri is an instrument of long shaft, at the tip of which is attached with many tessa (iron fork) which point up and down.

• 近年は、旧態依然たる上下関係はつとに薄れつつある。
• This traditional distinction between ranks has been weakened in recent years.

• かつては上下関係は良くも悪くもたいへん厳しかった。
• A distinction between ranks used to be very strict for better or worse.

• 位の上下による序列は非常に厳しかったと伝えられる。
• It is said that hierarchical order in todoza was very strict.

• 気圧計はすばやく変化し、水銀が気まぐれに上下した。
• The barometer announced a speedy change, the mercury rising and falling capriciously.

• 私は修理するためにテーブルを上下にひっくり返した。
• I turned the table upside down to fix it.

• 留守居とは同僚ではあるが、直接上下関係はなかった。
• The officers in this post were associates of those in Rusui post, but they were not in the master-servant relationship.

• カタツムリと特定の他の軟体動物の完全な上下続きの殻
• the entire one-piece shell of a snail and certain other molluscs

• （葉について）90度以上下向きまたは外向きに曲がる
• (of leaves) bent downward and outward more than 90 degrees

• 何かをすばやい動きで上下（または前後）に動かす行為
• the act of causing something to move up and down (or back and forth) with quick movements

• 『荃廬印譜上下続』松丸東魚編集、白紅社、昭和31年
• 'Senro Inpu Jogezoku' edited by Togyo MATSUMARU from 白紅社 in 1956.

• 「雲隠」を除き「若菜」を上下に分けて54帖とする。
• Excluding 'Kumogakure,' 'Wakana' is divided into two chapters and the work makes 54 chapters.

• 音高の上下を細かく繰り返すコロコロというものもある。
• There is also an effect called korokoro, which involves the repeated fine control of raising and lowering the pitch.

• 彼は人の話を聞いているとき頭を上下に動かす癖がある。
• He has a habit of moving his head up and down when he is listening to a conversation.

• 突然の、そして、極端な変化（特に上下に）が特徴のもの
• anything characterized by abrupt and extreme changes (especially up and down)

• 上下関係がはっきりしない役所間でやり取りされる文書。
• Documents exchanged between offices when the order of precedence among them is not clear.

• 寛政5年（1793年）に『楷林』上下2冊を刊行した。
• In 1793, he published the two volumes of 'Kairin.'

• 「諸葛」は若菜上下両巻全体の異名とされることもある。
• Morokazura' is sometimes considered another name for both volumes of Wakana.

• 同時に仮駅舎付近に上下線共待避線付きの高架駅に改築。
• While this work was underway, the station was rebuilt as an elevated station equipped with passing loops near the temporary station house.

• 襦袢は襦袢で合わせて胴着を合わせて上下着を重ねて着る。
• The undergarment is put on and folded over itself, then a padded underwear called Dogi is put on top of the undergarment and folded over itself.

• （現代表記）上下心を一にして、さかんに経綸を行うべし。
• (modern written Japanese) 上下心を一にして、さかんに経綸を行うべし。(All classes, high and low, shall be united in vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state.)

• これらを上下に合わせると「弁」という文字に似て見える。
• When these two figures '4' and '十' are arranged and combined lengthways, the newly created figure looks like '弁,' which is a Chinese character applied to 'Ekiben'(駅弁).

• 歩くたびに上下にぐいと動く非常に長い尾がある旧世界の鳥
• Old World bird having a very long tail that jerks up and down as it walks

• 上下するあるいは波のようなパターンで動くあるいは揺れる
• move or sway in a rising and falling or wavelike pattern

• 三方庁舎サービス室（産業課・建設課・上下水道課・福祉課）
• Mikata Town Office Service (Industries Division, Construction Division, Water and Sewer Division and Welfare Division)

• 従って、襴の上下方向の長さは、反物の幅とほぼ同じになる。
• Accordingly, the height of Ran is almost the same as the width of the roll of cloth.

• 則有司ノ権限ル所アツテ、而上下其安全幸福ヲ受ル者アラン。
• It means that, by restricting the power of the bureaucrats, all the people in upper or lower classes can enjoy peace and happiness.

• 「近日上下奔波し、更に以て安堵せず」という情勢が続いた。
• It had been a 'maelstrom and unrelieved' situation.

• 昆虫の可転性の触角は、上下または横方向に動かす事ができる
• an insect's versatile antennae can move up and down or laterally

• 改札口は上下線ホームとも、ホームの大和西大寺寄りにある。
• Ticket gates of both the up train and down train platforms are located at the end of the platform nearer to Yamato-Saidaiji.

• 折り山にあたる上下端にはこよりなどを芯にいれることが多い。
• A string made from twisted paper was used as a core for the upper and lower ends that correspond to the tops of the folds.

• 下り勾配をさえぎっている土地のレベル棚（上下で急な斜面で）
• a level shelf of land interrupting a declivity (with steep slopes above and below)

• 徳川家康（大正4年）　岩波文庫上下　昭和63（1988）年
• Ieyasu TOKUGAWA (1915), with the two-volume reprinted edition published by Iwanami Bunko in 1988.

• また、上下定分の理を説いて士農工商の身分制度を正当化した。
• He also expounded the theory of fixed division between uppers and lowers, and legitimized in Edo society a hierarchy with samurai at the top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants.

• 施行：868年（貞観10年）、編者：南淵年名らか、上下2巻。
• Enforced in 868; Compiled by MINABUCHI no Toshina and others?; Two volumes, the upper volume and the lower volume.

• のちに、人間の上下関係で守るべきことを意味するようになった。
• Later, it came to mean rules to follow in superior-inferior relationships between people.

• 土地の所有権は、法令の制限内において、その土地の上下に及ぶ。
• Ownership in land shall extend to above and below the surface of the land, subject to the restrictions prescribed by laws and regulations.

• 天地がうなり、上下引っくり返るという。（上つ巻第二十七帖））
• Heaven and earth will roar and turn each other upside down. (chapter 27 of volume Uetsu)

• 上下左右に丸枠桐極印がそれぞれ一箇所、計四箇所打たれている。
• A total of four hallmarks of circular paulownia patterns are carved on the left, right, top and bottom of Manen Oban.

• 1962年（昭和37年）12月 上下待避線設置（のち廃止）。
• December 1962: A sidetrack leading off both sets of tracks was established (but later abandoned).

• 上下ともに特急系統よりも初電が早く終電が遅くまで運転される。
• The up operation as well as the down operation of the first train starts earlier, and that of the last train is finalized later than the limited express trains.

• 左右の辺を挟んだ後、上下の辺を糸で縫い止めて、布地を固定する。
• The cloth is stretched out evenly on its left and right sides, and then threads are attached to its top and bottom to fix it in place.

• 何度も大きく上下させる(肩の高さ～差し上げ までを何度も往復)
• Moving it up and down widely and repeatedly (up and down repeatedly between the shoulder level and sashiage (the highest-lifted) position);

• 直接上下関係にある役所、間で上位の役所が下位の役所に下す文書。
• Documents issued by superior offices and passed on to their direct subordinate offices.

• 巻名のみの「雲隠」を含め「若菜」を上下に分けずに54帖とする。
• Including 'Kumogakure', whose title alone has survived, and 'Wakana', which is not divided into two chapters, gives a total of 54 chapters.

• 通過列車及び行違いを行わない停車列車は上下線とも2番線を通る。
• Both inbound and outbound nonstop trains, as well as trains that stop but don't pass each other, go through on Platform 2.

• 着丈（きたけ）和服における着丈は、服を着たときの上下方向の長さ。
• Kitake: Kitake of Wafuku is the vertical length of Wafuku when it is worn.

• 足を上下にけり、水の中から外へ両腕をいっしょに前へ振り落とす泳法
• a swimming stroke in which the arms are thrown forward together out of the water while the feet kick up and down

• その際上下（かみしも）を切って登場人物の違いをはっきりと表現する。
• The characters are performed by performing kamishimo to make them distinctly different.

• ボブは装飾された額にその肖像画を収めたけれど、上下さかさまだった。
• Bob mounted the portrait in a fancy frame, but it was upside down.

• 7月7日 (旧暦)　行政官達により百官受領廃止、並びに位階上下廃止
• July 7: All officials and provincial governors abolished by executive officers as well as court ranks and upper and lower grades abolished

• 続群書類従完成会から『続羣書類従　補遺 第2』上下2巻として刊行。
• The diary was published as a two-volume 'Zokugunshoruiju hoi dai 2' by the 'Classified Documents, continued' completing committee.

• 常磐津節の中では初期の作品だが、上下二巻の大曲で傑作との評価が高い。
• Although it is a relatively early piece of Tokiwazu music, this two-part epic is considered a masterpiece.

• 身丈（みたけ）和服の出来上がり寸法で肩山から裾までの上下方向の長さ。
• Mitake: The length from Katayama to Suso of the finished Wafuku.

• 基本的な形は棒状で、中央に柄があり、その上下に槍状の刃が付いている。
• Basically it has a stick shape with a grip in the center, and spear-shaped edges at the top and the bottom of the grip.

• 四角い格子に左右に読んでも上下に読んでも同じになる単語を埋めるパズル
• a puzzle where you fill a square grid with words reading the same down as across

• 改札口は上下線別で、改札内で互いのホームを行き来することはできない。
• A separate ticket gate is provided for each of the inbound trains and outbound trains, therefore one can't move between the platforms inside the gates.

• 東側には上下エスカレーターがあるが西側は上りエスカレーターしかない。
• There is a two-way escalator on the east side, but the west side has only an up escalator.

• 賭け事の期待値を上下させる事により、賭博に参加する人々の変化する心情。
• It is the changing feeling experienced by people who gamble caused by their changing expectations on the gamble.

• 甲乙ともに上下二巻本で構成されるが、元来は一本であったとも考えられる。
• Both the first and second categories come in two volumes (book I and II), but it is also likely that they were originally one book.

• 御霊信仰の代表的な例としては、京都の上下御霊神社に祀られる神々である。
• Typical gods deified in goryo shinko are enshrined in Kami shimo goryojinja Shrine in Kyoto.

• （なお「若菜」を上下に分けるのは後代の帖立てで、本来は一巻とされる。）
• (Wakana was divided into two volumes for posterity, but it was originally one volume.)

• 前述したが、快速列車の通過退避を行う普通列車は上下線とも2番線に入る。
• As already mentioned, both inbound and outbound local trains taking refuge so as to allow rapid trains to pass come in on Platform 2.

• 布天神：髷の外側に上下にかける、手絡がない場合は天神髷と呼んで区別する。
• Kire (cloth) tenjin: The outer side of Mage is covered by Tegara vertically, but without Tegara it is called Tenjin Mage.

• 面が口の部分で上下で切り離してあり、後ろのところで結んである（顎が動く）
• The mask is separated at the mouth and tied at the back (the jaw is movable).

• 羅睺(黄幡神)の左右もしくは上下に太陽と月を表す文字や絵が刻まれた黄幡神
• Ohanjin with characters which express sun and moon on both sides or above and under of Rago (Ohanjin).

• 運転本数は1日上下8本で、朝に奈良発4本、夕方に尼崎発4本が運転される。
• Direct Rapid Service trains run eight times a day, with four runs in the morning starting from Nara and four runs in the evening starting from Amagasaki.

• 乗客（スキーヤーか観光客）は着席し、山の斜面を上下に運ばれるスキーリフト
• a ski lift on which riders (skiers or sightseers) are seated and carried up or down a mountainside

• 豊太閤（明治42年1月）　「豊臣秀吉」岩波文庫上下 平成8（1996）年
• Hotaiko (January 1909)'Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI' (the two-volume reprinted edition, published by Iwanami Shoten Publishers' Iwanami Bunko brand in 1996)

• このころの大紋は上下同じ生地から調製されるが、袴は引きずるほど長くなった。
• Both the upper and lower parts of Daimon at that time were made from the same material, and the lower part, hakama, was so long that the wearers had to drag it.

• 坐像で、両手の手のひらを上にして腹前（膝上）で上下に重ね合わせた形である。
• It is used with a seated statue formed by the palms of both hands facing upward and put on top of one another in front of the abdomen (in the lap).

• すぐに太陽の軌道が、一分以下で夏至から夏至へと上下するのに気がつきました。
• Presently I noted that the sun belt swayed up and down, from solstice to solstice, in a minute or less,

• 正四位は律令制下においては上下に分けられ、従三位の下、従四位の上に位する。
• Shoshii was divided into Upper and Lower under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), and it ranked below Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) and above Jushii (Junior Fourth Rank).
• Shoshii was divided into upper and lower, and ranked below Jusanmi no ge and above Jushiinojo under the Ritsuryo system.

• 自動車では自在継ぎ手によって、駆動軸は車が段差を渡ると上下することができる
• in motor vehicles a universal joint allows the driveshaft to move up and down as the vehicle passes over bumps

• 七、主は凡て一家の事、上下大小の区別無く、これに通暁する事に心掛けるべし。
• 7, The master, for all matters of the family, must be well acquainted with them irrespective of high and low, big and small of those matters.

• 議会（立法）については元老院・地方官会議が設けられ、上下の両院に模された。
• For the parliament, the national assembly (legislature) was instituted, consisting of Genroin (the Chamber of Elders) and a lower house of prefectural governors, which was modelled after the upper and lower houses.

• 1991年（平成3年）7月1日 上下線の各ホームに冷房付き待合室使用開始。
• July 1, 1991: Each platform had a waiting room equipped with an air conditioner.

• 皇后宮も中宮もその本質はあくまで皇后であり、両者の間に優劣や上下関係はない。
• Both Kisai no miya and chugu were essentially empresses between whom there was no difference or hierarchical relationship.

• 上下（かみしも、上手、下手）客席から見て右が上手（かみて）左が下手（しもて）
• Kami (or kamite), shimo (or shimote): Kami (kamite) indicates the right side when viewed from the audience side, and shimo (shimote) the left side.

• 版本『無量寿経優婆提舎願生偈註|浄土論註』 上下 2帖 建長8年親鸞加点奥書
• 1st and 2nd volumes of the printed book 'Muryoju-kyo Ubadaisha Ganshoge-chu and Jodoronchu' (Commentary on Upadesa on the Sutra of Immeasurable Life) and Commentary on Treatise on the Pure Land) added and written the postscript by Shinran in 1256

• 二階建てのビルは上下ガラス張りで人物の動きが見えるようにするなどして凝った。
• He was immersed in shooting, for example, he made a set of glass-walled two-storied buildings and the actor's movements could be easily seen.

• 元は上下2巻の巻物で、各巻に18名ずつ、計36名の歌人の肖像が描かれていた。
• They were originally two-volume scrolls with portraits of 36 poets, 18 in each volume.

• 反対方向からの通過列車と行違いを行う停車列車は、上下線とも1番線に停車する。
• A train, regardless of whether it is inbound or outbound, when stopping at this station to allow a nonstop train coming in from the opposite direction to pass it, does so on Platform 1.
• A train, regardless of whether it's inbound or outbound, when stopping at this station to allow a nonstop train coming in from the opposite direction to pass it, does so on Platform 1.

• 反対方向からの通過列車と行違いを行う停車列車は、上下線とも2番線に停車する。
• A train, regardless of whether it is up or down, when stopping at this station to allow a nonstop train coming in from the opposite direction to pass, does so on Platform 2.

• 上下ホーム別々に改札があり、改札内で互いのホームを行き来することは出来ない。
• A ticket gate is provided for each of the platforms for inbound trains and outbound trains, but passengers can't move between the platforms from within the gates.

• 上下線で改札が分離されており、改札内で互いのホームを行き来する事はできない。
• Each inbound platform and outbound platform has a ticket gate, and the platforms are separate; consequently, it's impossible to move from one platform to another within the ticket gate.

• 中学校は第29章から定められており、やはり上下2等（各3年）に分けられている。
• From Chapter 29 there were provisions for middle schools which were also divided into two levels: upper and lower divisions (3 years for each).

• 温度が最高になったときに、最後の温度調整のために麹蓋の上下積み替えをおこなう。
• When the temperature reaches its maximum, the order of stacking kojibuta is changed for final temperature adjustment.

• - 金属製の台であり、上下何れかに円形の枠を形成し、3本の足が伸びている構造。
• Gotoku is a metal stand consisting of a round frame with three legs extending upward or downward from the frame.

• 内側のドアで、（ヒンジで上下に動くのではなく）断面の折り返しが重なることで開く
• an interior door that opens by folding back in sections (rather than by swinging on hinges)

• ここは伊勢鉄道伊勢線と接続し、途中で単線が上下線に別れその間を走って駅に着く。
• The line connects to the Ise Line of Ise Railway at this station, and trains arrive at this station running between two single-tracks, one for up trains and the other for down trains.

• 「新訂増補国史大系」（吉川弘文館）、「古典文庫」上下（現代思潮社）などに収録。
• 'Kojidan' is now included in 'Shintei Zoho Kokushi Taikei' (A Newly Revised and Expanded Survey of Japanese History) published by Yoshikawakobunkan, and the two-volume 'Koten Bunko' (Classic Library) published by Gendaishicho-sha.

• 上下巻にわかれており、上巻は、堀河天皇の看護を、下巻は鳥羽天皇についてを描く。
• The book consists of two volumes, with volume one depicting Nagako's days as a nurse for Emperor Horikawa prior to his death, and volume two describing Emperor Toba.

• 改札口は上下線で独立しており、改札内で互いのホームを行き来することは出来ない。
• A ticket gate is provided independently for each of the inbound and outbound trains, but one cannot move between the platforms within the ticket gates.

• 茶筅を上下するのは、穂先を目前で改めて折れや汚れのないことを確かめる意味がある。
• The chasen is moved up and down for the purpose of checking the bristles up close for broken tips and dirt.

• 動き回るたびに腕に数えきれないほどはめた陶器の腕輪が上下し、涼しげな音をたてた。
• When she moved about there was an incessant clicking as innumerable pottery bracelets jingled up and down upon her arms.

• 岩のほんの近くに、視界に入らない所ですが、２つの頭が上下に浮き沈みしていました。
• Quite near the rock, but out of sight, two heads were bobbing up and down,

• クランクシャフトがシリンダー内で上下に動くピストンによって回転させられる内燃機関
• an internal-combustion engine in which the crankshaft is turned by pistons moving up and down in cylinders

• これは上下関係を明らかにはせず、彼ら国人領主皆が対等の立場にある事を示している。
• This demonstrated that there was no hierarchical relationship between them but rather they were all on an equal footing.

• 政務においてあるいは一族郎党を率いる棟梁として、上下・主従の礼を厳守させること。
• In government and as a leader of a clan, have the people show respect to their superiors.

• 1番線が一線スルーのため、一時期は行違い時を除き上下問わず1番線に発着していた。
• Platform 1 employs 'Issen-through,' the system of speeding up the prioritized train of the two trains, which come from both sides of a single track, by limiting the prioritized train's running line to one track of the specially equipped double track in the station; formerly, every train whether inbound service or outbound service, arrived at and departed from Platform 1 except when letting another train go first.

• 反対方向からの通過列車と行違いを行う停車列車は、上下線とも2番のりばに停車する。
• Trains that stop at the station to meet other trains coming from the opposite direction stop at Platform 2 on both the inbound and outbound lines.

• 用紙の方向を選択します: 縦向き、横向き、上下、または横長 (上下つきの横向き)
• Select the orientation: portrait, landscape, upside down, or seascape (upside down landscape)

• かつては上下線の間に竜華操車場があり、上下線ホームがかなり離れて配置されていた。
• The Ryuge Track Yard used to be between the tracks of up-train and down-train, and the platforms of up-train and down-train were located separately.

• 木材を建物の柱にする際、木が本来生えていた方向と上下逆にして柱を立てることを言う。
• It is said that when a timber is used as a pillar, it was erected upside-down, making the roots on the top.

• 本尊表具、仏表具、神聖表具……上下の裂で中廻しの左右の外側をも囲むようにした様式。
• Honzon hyogu,' 'hotoke hyogu' and 'shinsei hyogu'・・・outside of the left and right sides of 'chumawashi' (the center part of kakejiku on which a painting or calligraphy is displayed) are covered by the same cloth used for the top and the bottom section.

• この制度では、百姓を村単位で、町人を町単位で把握し、両者の間に上下関係はなかった。
• According to this system, peasants were grouped by village, townsmen by town, with no difference between their ranks.

• 尾張は下守護代の郡奉行出身の織田信長が上下両守護代の内紛に乗じて尾張国主に収まる。
• With respect to Owari, Nobunaga ODA from koribugyo (a magistrate of a county) of shimo shugodai (deputy of shugo (provincial constable) for shimo yongun (literally, four gun in lower Owari)) became the lord of Owari by taking advantage of internal conflict between kami and shimo shugodai.

• ついで上下を着た大黒2人が笹の枝に白紙を切り下げたのを持ち、立ち向かって囃をする。
• Then, two Daikoku in Kamishimo (formal complete outfits) stand face to face and play musical accompaniment with bamboo branches with white pieces of paper hanging in their hands.

• 的串の長さは3尺5寸ほどで、的をはさみ、頂点を上下に（いわゆるダイヤ型に）たてる。
• A matogushi (a pole on which a target is hung) is three shaku five sun long, and two matogushi are placed to hold a target with its two corners, one facing up and one down (in a diamond shape.)

• 住田（すみた）まで上等が五銭で下等が三銭だから、わずか二銭違いで上下の区別がつく。
• It cost only five sen for the first and three sen for the second to Sumida;

• 土佐では郷士は藩士と厳密に区分されたため、江戸時代を通じて上下対立の原因となった。
• In Tosa Province, goshi was strictly distinguished from feudal retainer of domain, creating conflicts between the superior and inferior throughout the Edo Period.

• 上院議長は、上下両院議員出席の下に、すべての証書を開封し、次いで投票が計算される。
• The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted;

• 他のホームへは踏切のレール面からホームの高さまで上下する必要があり、介護者が必要。
• Caretakers are needed to go up and down the track level of the crossing and the platform level in order to access other platforms.

• 本駅付近が連続立体交差になっているせいもあるが上下どちらの列車に乗車してもわかる。
• As the line near the station is a grade-separated crossing, from the inbound and outbound trains one can see that the station is located atop the hills.

• 弓の内側の上下端に10数cm〜20数cm程度、内竹を上下から塞き止め挟む形である。
• The bow has the shape of having ten something to twenty something centimeters inside and binds the uchitake from top and bottom.

• また、三田村信行が現代風に書き直した『新編 弓張月』(上下巻、ポプラ社)も存在する。
• 'New Yumiharizuki' (Volume 1 and 2 by Poplar Publishing Co., Ltd.) rewritten in a modern style by Nobuyuki MITAMURA also exists.

• 扱い方一つで守護に用いることもあれば、上下を逆向きにして悪魔の象徴になることもある。
• Depending on the usage, it can be used as protection, or it can symbolize the devil, when it is placed upside down.

• 天正年間に兵火に遭って罹災し、巻首部分と、全巻にわたる上下に甚だしい焼損が見られる。
• During the Tensho era (1573-1592), it caught fire from the war; it was badly damaged at the beginning of and at the top and bottom of parts of the scroll.

• 起動輪、遊動輪、上下転輪、履帯、タイヤ、ホイールベアリングその他走行装置の異常の有無
• Abnormalities in a drive wheel, an idling wheel, a vertical trunk roller, a belt, a tire, a wheel bearing and other traveling devices.

• 改札口は上下線で別々に設けられており、改札内でホーム同士を行き来することはできない。
• Ticket gates for the inbound and outbound platforms are separated, so it isn't possible to go back and forth between the two once inside the ticket gates.

• 袖丈（そでたけ）和服を着ないで平面の上に広げて置いたときに、袖の上下方向を測った長さ。
• Sodetake: The length of the sleeve between the arm side and the bottom measured on Nagagi placed on a flat surface.

• 宋の時代、967年に恵昕（えきん）が文章を整理し、上下巻に分けた本が広く通用している。
• In 967, in the Sung Period in China, Ekin organized the text and divided it into two volumes, of which both have been read widely.

• 目の前の彫像的な人馬が、黒い影となって上下に揺れ、不規則な弧を燃え立つような空に描く。
• and saw the statuesque group before him as black figures, rising, falling, moving unsteadily in arcs of circles in a fiery sky.

• 歩合は運賃の50ないし60％を基本として各種条件により上下するというのが一般的である。
• Percentage pay, on the other hand, is based on 50% - 60% of the fare and increases or decreases according to various conditions.

• 天寿を全うするとき、彼の小野宮第には朝野上下の人々が参集し、声を放って慟哭したという。
• People from all walks of life are believed to have attended his funeral held in Ononomiyadai and cried over his death out loud.

• 「雲隠」を含めないときには中身の多い「若菜 (源氏物語)」を上下に分けて2帖に数える。
• When excluding the 'Kumogakure' from the fifty-four chapters, people divide 'Wakana' (Spring Shoots) (The Tale of Genji) which contains a lot of content into two parts and regard them as two chapters.

• しかしスイッチバックして機関車の付け替えなどを行うため、上下とも3番線に運転停車する。
• However, both the inbound trains and outbound trains of the above make a brief stop at line 3 due to the operational need to change locomotives by switchback.

• 部立は、春上下、夏、秋上下、冬、離別、羇旅、神祇、恋一二三四五、雑上中下、哀傷、慶賀。
• The poems were classified into the following categories: Spring (two volumes), Summer, Autumn (two volumes), Winter, Separation, Journey, Gods of Heaven and Earth, Love (five volumes), Miscellaneous (three volumes), Elegy, and Congratulations.

• その治世に豊作と飢饉が繰り返されて米価が大きく上下したので、その統制に追われたことから。
• The name came from the fact that during Yoshimune's rule, the price of rice went up and down because of an alternating succession of bumper harvests and famine, so he was always under pressure to control the price of rice.

• 第1歌集「海の声」、第2歌集「独り歌へる」に新作を加えた1004首で、上下巻に分かれる。
• Betsuri is comprised of two volumes: the first collection entitled 'Umi no Koe' and the second collection entitled 'Hitori Utaeru' collectively consisting of 1004 poems including some new works.

• 互いのホームを結ぶ地下道や跨線橋が存在しないため、上下線で別々に改札口が設けられている。
• Separate ticket gates are installed for the up-train and down-train platforms, since there is neither an underpass nor an overpass.

• パイプと貯湯部分の結合部は上下にずらされており、熱せられた水が循環する仕組みと成っている。
• The place at which the pipe and hot-water bath section come together is slightly separated and built to enable the circulation of heated water.

• 文人表具、袋表具……大和表具の上下（天地）と風帯を略し、中廻しの上側と下側を伸ばした様式。
• Bunjin hyogu' or 'fukuro hyogu'・・・the style which omits some parts of 'yamato hyogu' such as 'ten' (the top section), 'chi' (the bottom) and 'futai' (a pair of strips of cloths or paper hanging from the top) and extends the top and bottom of 'cyumawashi' (the center part of kakejiku on which a painting or calligraphy is displayed).

• このような争いを通じた集団の統合・上下関係の進展の結果、やがて各地に小さなクニが生まれた。
• As a result of the integration of groups and the progression of a superior-inferior relationship during battles, small provinces were created in various regions.

• また上下の差を大乗・小乗の乗教や悪などとの接触による相違に帰するという独自の解釈を唱えた。
• He spread his unique belief that a difference of jo (high) and ge (low) came from a difference of Mahayana Buddhism (based on altruism) and Hinayana Buddhism (based on egoism) or whether one got involved in evil things or not.

• パスパルトゥーは水先案内人の手を握りしめ、喜びのあまりその手を上下に振りながらこう叫んだ。
• Passepartout clasped the pilot's hand and shook it heartily in his delight, exclaiming,

• 右側上下肢に軽度の骨萎縮が見られ、右半身不随あり、脳溢血、脳栓塞などで急死したとみられる。
• He had slight bone atrophy on his right upper and lower limbs and paralysis on his right side, which may indicates that he suddenly died of celebral hemorrhage or cerebral infarction.

• このうち、堺本系後光厳院本は『群書類従』に上下分冊、堺本の3種目は『新校群書類従』に収録。
• Among them, the Sakaibon group Gokogoninbon was separately collected in two volumes of 'Gunshoruiju (Japanese history book),' and three kinds of Sakaibon were collected in 'Shinko Gunshoruiju (library).'

• 現存するのは、上下二巻の体裁をとっているが本来三部構成であることから三巻であったとされる。
• The existing copy consists of two volumes, but since it was initially organized in three parts, the original copy is considered to have had three volumes.

• 1997年（平成9年）1月21日 橋上駅舎とホーム間に上下エスカレーター4基設置使用開始。
• January 21, 1997: The installation of four up/down escalators between the elevated station house and the platforms was completed.

• 部立は、春上下、夏、秋上下、冬、賀、離別、羇旅、哀傷、恋一二三四五、神祇、釈教、雑上中下。
• The poems were classified into the following categories: Spring (two volumes), Summer, Autumn (two volumes), Winter, Celebration, Separation, Journey, Elegy, Love (five volumes), Gods of Heaven and Earth, Buddha's teachings, Miscellaneous (three volumes).

• 後期のものは上下に大黒印2箇所と両脇に6箇所、計8箇所の極印が打たれ、元禄丁銀の形式に近い。
• The daikoku chogin in the latter period were similar to genroku- chogin in its form where daikoku hallmarks were inscribed at two places at top and bottom as well as six places at both sides totaling eight hallmarks.

• その一方で、院庁の家政職員である院司が、太上天皇の上下家司としての役目を果たすことになった。
• On the other hand, Inshi, household management officials of the In no cho (Retired Emperor's Office) served as Kami/Shimo Keishi for Daijo Tenno (the retired Emperor).

• 妙心寺、宇多野の両駅には行き違い設備がないが、上下方向別に千鳥式ホーム2面が設けられている。
• Neither Myoshinji Station nor Utano Station has a passing siding; however, at each station, two plover-type platforms have been installed along the lines to and from Kyoto.

• 柿本人麻呂集、紀貫之集、大中臣能宣集については上下2帖構成とするため、全体では39帖からなる。
• It consists of 39 books in total since the collection of KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro, KI no Tsurayuki and ONAKATOMI no Yoshinobu were allotted two books for each.

• 茶筅を茶碗の縁において持ち替えながら上下を繰り返すが、このとき軽く音を立てる習いになっている。
• It is a tradition to make small sounds when shifting the chasen from one hand to the other, putting it on the rim of the tea bowl, while moving it upward and downward repeatedly.

• 表面には「文 久 永 寳(宝)」の文字が上下右左の順に刻まれ、裏面には波形模様が刻まれている。
• On the head of the coin, each of the four characters '文 久 永 寳(宝)' is engraved in the order of top, bottom, right and left, and on the tail, wave patterns are engraved.

• その他は全て上下2段28組で交互に向かいあう形で巻頭の方を向けており、大臣補任順に描かれている。
• The other ministers form two rows in order of appointment, facing each other and turning their faces toward the beginning of the book.

• 売り出す時は当局に申告するため定価があったが、札屋から庶民に売るものは、その時の人気で上下した。
• A fixed price was determined at the time of distribution to declare the authorities, but when ticket sellers sold them to people, the prices went up and down according to popularities at each time.

• 定刻になると、馬場殿から継上下着用の役人が来て、毬奉行に打毬を開始するようにという君命を伝える。
• When the time comes, an official wearing Tsugi kamishimo (a ceremonial dress of the warrior class) appears from Umaba dono (a palace in the middle of a horse-riding ground) to tell Maribugyo the order of the lord to start a game of Dakyu.

• 「天は人の上に人を造らず人の下に人を造らずと言われている__人は生まれながら貴賎上下の差別ない。
• The heaven does not create one man above or under another man, which means there is no difference by nature between the noble and the common.

• 本来、朋友以外の四倫は上下関係を基礎におくものであるが、朋友に限っては水平方向の人間関係である。
• While four of the Five Relationships are vertical, that of 'associates' is based on a horizontal relationship.

• 駅舎側の2番線が一線スルーのため、通過列車及び行違いを行わない停車列車は上下線とも2番線を通る。
• As Platform 2 on the side of the station building is the thoroughfare, trains that pass without stopping and trains that stop and do not pass each other or pass others, whether inbound or outbound, all go through Platform 2.

• 駅舎側の1番線が一線スルーのため、通過列車及び行違いを行わない停車列車は上下線とも1番線を通る。
• Because Platform 1 on the side of the station building is the thoroughfare, trains that pass without stopping and trains which stop and don't pass each other or pass others, whether up or down, all go through Platform 1.

• 但し、中袋の上下（裏表ではなく、上、下）は香典袋（外側の包み）の上下と一致するようにするとよい。
• However, it is important that the top-bottom direction (not the front-rear direction) of the naka-bukuro be the same as that of the koden-bukuro (outer envelope).

• 現在は模様の大きさや密度に関わらず、上下方向関係なく模様が入っている着物は総称して「小紋」という。
• Regardless of the size or density of the pattern, a kimono that has a pattern without a particular direction is generically called 'komon' nowadays.

• 町人も武士も、男も女も、身分の上下や性別を超えて、いっしょになって合奏や合唱を楽しむことができた。
• Merchants and warriors, and men and women could enjoy an ensemble and a chorus together without regard of class and gender.

• 反物から裁断した長方形の長い辺が、身体の上下方向とは直角になるようにして、襴が裾に縫いつけられる。
• Ran is sewn to the hem as the longer side of a rectangular piece of cloth cut out from a roll of cloth is attached to the hem perpendicular to the height of the body.

• その顎が繃帯で上下一緒に合わさった時に、その歯の立てたガチリと云う音で、スクルージもそれと知った。
• Scrooge knew this, by the smart sound its teeth made, when the jaws were brought together by the bandage.

• 思うに、情熱的な暖かさを帯びていた上下に揺れるあの声は、なによりもギャツビーを捕らえていたはずだ。
• I think that voice held him most, with its fluctuating, feverish warmth,

• 「ドリーム奈良号」が上下便とも東名向ヶ丘・東名江田・東名大和・東名厚木・東名御殿場での客扱を開始。
• They opened new bus stops at Tomei Mukaigaoka, Tomei Eda, Tomei Yamato, Tomei Atsugi and Tomei Gotenba for 'Dream Nara-go.'

• 1946年（昭和21年）4月25日 - 九条山駅付近で発生した土砂崩壊のため、上下線が不通になる。
• April 25, 1946: The operations of both inbound and outbound trains were interrupted due to a landslide that occurred near to Kujoyama Station.

• 従って、身分制度が厳しかった江戸時代でも、百姓町人から大名まで身分の上下を問わず楽しむことができた。
• Therefore, even in the Edo period when the class system was firmly established, Shingaku could be enjoyed by persons in any class, from farmers and merchants to Daimyo (Japanese feudal lords).

• 重ね着の場合は下着の襟だけを入れ、上下の背縫いを合せて1針留め、襟先も重ねて襟の付け根を1針留める。
• If undergarment is worn, insert a core of collar only in the undergarment Eri, match the Sechushin seams of the outer garment and the undergarment and stitch them together a little, match the collar ends of the outer garment and the undergarment and stitch them together at where Eri are sewn to the garments.

• 全巻の目録によれば7巻となっているが、7巻目の和州吉野郡物産志は上下2巻のため、実際には8巻である。
• From the index of the whole book, it is said that there are seven volumes but the seventh 'Washu Yoshinogun Bussan-shi' is in two Volumes, so it is actually an eight-Volume book.

• 改札口はホーム毎に分かれており、改札内で上下線ホーム同士の移動はできない（改札外に踏み切りがある）。
• Each platform has its own ticket gates, and no transfer is allowed between the platforms for inbound and outbound trains (there is a crossing outside the ticket gates).

• これには、会所空間が平等の場であり、身分の上下関係なく人々が入り混じっていたことも関係してくるだろう。
• This was related to the fact that the space of kaisho was a place of common ground, and people mixed together regardless of their social status.

• それとは別に、互いに独立して家を構える武士同士の場合は、上下関係はあっても、「同盟」に近いものがある。
• On the other hand, bushi that became independent to support the family had a hierarchical relationship, but were similar to being an 'ally.'

• 形状は、円形で中心部に正方形の穴が開けられ、表面には「永樂通寳」の文字が上下右左の順に刻印されている。
• The coin was round-shaped which has a square hole at the center, and on the surface were kanji characters '永樂通寳' which are read from top to bottom and right to left.

• この作品は、元来は上下2巻の巻物に三十六歌仙それぞれの肖像画を描き、略歴と代表歌を書いたものであった。
• This work was originally composed of two scrolls of emakimono where each poet's portrait was painted beside his or her profile and representative poem.

• 坐禅の境地には上下なく、坐禅すれば等しく仏であるという喝も、只管打坐を奨励する一種の暗喩的方便である。
• Katsu (the words uttered when reprove persons are practicing asceticism in Zen Buddhism) which says that there is no difference in social standing in the mental status of mediation and that people in mediation are all Buddha equally, is a kind of metaphysical matter of expediency to promote Shikantaza.

• そのため、左右や上下対称になった家紋や、丸で囲んだ家紋が増え始めたのはこの時期であると考えられている。
• It is thought that during this period, bilaterally symmetrical and diphycercal and circled Kamon began to increase.

• 「ドリーム奈良号」の東名向ヶ丘 - 東名厚木間（下り便）および東名御殿場（上下便）での乗降扱いを中止。
• Dream Nara-go' quit stopping at Tomei Mukaigaoka, Tomei Eda, Tomei Yamato and Tomei Atsugi on the down route and quit stopping at Tomei Gotenba.

• トラックパッドで2本の指を上下にスライドさせると、書類やウェブサイトなどをすばやくスクロールできます。
• Slide two fingers up or down the trackpad to scroll through documents, websites, and more.

• 外燃機関で、熱が使用されて蒸気が上げられ、タービンを回すまたはシリンダの中でピストンを上下に移動させる
• external-combustion engine in which heat is used to raise steam which either turns a turbine or forces a piston to move up and down in a cylinder

• 實川延若 (2代目)の団七は、義平次との口論で上下を眺めて「これ、何もおまへんで。何もないさかいに・・」
• Danshichi played by Enjaku JITSUKAWA (the second) looks up and down in a quarrel with Giheiji, 'There is nothing, no, nothing...'

• 移（い）とは、律令制における公文書の様式の1つで、上下関係にない官司間において相互に授受する文書である。
• 'I' (移) is a form of official documents under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), to be exchanged between government officials when there are no hierarchical relationships between them.

• また南外側では、道路を挟んで上下斜面に腰曲輪跡が残っているが、この淡路丸に付随したものと考えられている。
• There also are the remains of Koshiguruwa (the compound bounded by earthworks) on the upper and lower parts of the mountain slope across the street from the south of the Kuruwa, and it is thought to be a part of Awajimaru.

• 駅舎（改札口）は上下線ホームの浜大津寄りにそれぞれ設けられており、互いのホームは構内踏切で連絡している。
• The station house (entrance/exit gates) is located on the Hamaotsu side of both platforms (one for the inbound trains and the other for the outbound trains), so a railroad crossing within the premises must be used to move between the platforms.

• 髪結い料は安永ごろの資料を見ると一回で200文程度で、物価の上下や時代ごとに多少の変遷があったと思われる。
• According to the document around the Anei era, the price of Kamiyui was about 200 mon each time, and it seems to have changed a little depending on fluctuations in price or the times.

• 『喫茶養生記』は上下2巻からなり、上巻では茶の種類や抹茶の製法、身体を壮健にする喫茶の効用が説かれている。
• 'Kissa-yojoki' consisted of Volume 1 and 2, and in Volume 1 it explained the variety of teas, the manufacturing process of green tea, and the effectiveness of tea drinking that made a body healthy.

• また、太政官名義ではなくその下部組織の名義で公布された法令もあったが、効力関係に上下はなかったとされている。
• There were also laws issued not under the name of Dajokan itself but under the name of its sub-organizations, without their legal order of precedence defined.

• 寛治4年（1090年）、堀河天皇の仏神事興行政策の中で上下賀茂社に各600町ずつの荘園が寄進された中の一荘。
• Within the Buddhist and Shinto ritual performance plan by Emperor Horikawa, Kuragaki no Sho was part of the manor donated in 1090 to the Kamigamo-sha and Shimogamo-sha Shrines, each receiving an area of 595 hectares.

• 積み替え 盛りから3 - 4時間経つと、ふたたび米が熱を持ってくるので、麹蓋を上下に積み替えて温度を下げる。
• 'Tsumikae' (literally, 're-stacking') - In three to four hours after mori, heat is accumulated in rice again and the order of stacking of kojibuta is changed to lower the temperature.

• 更に、郷士内部でも身分の上下があり、上中級郷士は麓と呼ばれる武家屋敷街に住み、事実上地方行政を取り仕切った。
• Moreover, there was a hierarchical difference amongst goshi: middle and upper ranks resided in samurai residential districts called `fumoto` and in effect ran the local government administration.

• 場合によっては家元のほかに宗家を置くこともある（家元と宗家の上下や関係、役割分担は流儀ごとに千差万別である）。
• In some schools, there is a soke (grand master) instead of an Iemoto (although the hierarchical relationship and role division between iemoto and soke vary widely depending on the school).

• 正五位は、律令制下において上下にわけられ、官位相当では主に京官、特に次官ないし判官相当の官位として充てられた。
• Shogoi was separated into senior and junior rank under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and conferred to bureaucrats in the ranks of Kyokan (official of the Capital), especially those equivalent to 'Suke' or 'Hangan.'

• その説く所は身分の上下をこえた平等思想に特徴があり、武士だけでなく商工人まで広く浸透し「近江聖人」と呼ばれた。
• What he preached was characterized by the egalitarianism ideas beyond the social status and penetrated not only to samurai but also to merchants and workmen so that they called him 'Omi Seijin.'

• 中央の円形枠内には額面「参銭」の文字が大きく描かれ、上下には鳩が、下部には電信を象徴する電光が添えられている。
• The face value 'Three sen' (one sen is 1/100 of one yen) was written in a big letter within a circle frame in the center, pigeons were added above and below the circle and lightning symbolizing telegraph was added at the lower part.

• エスカレーターは駅により上りのみか、上下とも完備されている駅と2タイプあり、全駅ともセンサー式自動運転である。
• The escalators may be up only or up-and-down, depending on the station, but all of them are automatic escalators with sensors.

• 本所の民政・道路・橋・水路などを管理し、住民に上下水道の浚いや圦樋の修理、樋戸開閉の見回りなどを請負わせていた。
• They managed civil administration, roads, bridges and waterways of Honjo and farmed out cleaning of water and sewerage, repair of water pipes and opening and closing of water pipe gate to citizens.

• 学芸に優れ、鎌倉幕府6代将軍宗尊親王の近臣として廂衆・門見参衆・御格子上下結番・昼番衆等の御所内番役に選ばれる。
• He excelled in art and was selected to be guards of the Imperial Palace as a trusted vassal of Imperial Prince Munetaka, the sixth Shogun of Kamakura bakufu, such as hisashi ban (a valet who keeps the night watch at the eaves of building), 門見参衆, mikoshi joge ketsuban (a night watcher on a lattice), and hiru banshu (afternoon guards).

• 訪問着、付け下げ等が肩の方が上になるように模様付けされているのに対し、小紋は上下の方向に関係なく模様が入っている。
• While homongi (semi-ceremonial kimono) and tsukesage have patterns placed so that shoulder side is up, komon is patterned regardless of the direction.

• 『源氏物語』末摘花 (源氏物語)の巻の中で、「手は、さすがに文字つよう、中さだのすぢにて、上下ひとしく書い給へり。
• The following passage appears in the 'Suetsumuhana' (Safflower) chapter in 'The Tale of Genji,' 'as for the handwriting, the characters are surely strongly written, but the skill is mediocre, and both the top and bottom are written aligned.

• 下請け企業が複数の元請け企業に仕事をもらうのは当たり前であり、当時の武士団の上下関係もまたそのようなものであった。
• It was a norm for subcontractors to receive jobs from multiple contractors, and the bushidan's hierarchical relationship was similar to this.

• しかし、木素材の弾性率が梢側より根元の方が高いため、上下の撓りのバランスを取る為に中間より下側を握るようになった。
• However, since the root has stronger durability of the wood, the bow began to be held at lower end in order to have a balance.

• 道隆による強引な子息の官位引き上げは、一条天皇の生母藤原詮子（道隆の妹）をはじめとして、朝野上下の不満を募らせた。
• As Michitaka raised his son to higher official ranks ignoring the competitors, resentment smoldered among all the people in and out of the Imperial Court, from the biological mother of Emperor Ichijo, FUJIWARA no Senshi (younger sister of Michitaka) on down.

• 2008年3月に京都市との合同で西改札口の設置・改札階と上下ホームを結ぶエレベーターの設置の整備計画を発表された。
• In March, 2008, Keihan Electric Railway and Kyoto City jointly announced a plan to construct a west-side ticket gate and install an elevator connecting the floor of each ticket gate with the corresponding platform.

• 奈良時代には薄い皮を折り込んで裏面中央で合うようにし、折り山にあたる上下端は麻紐の芯を入れて丸みをつけるものが多い。
• In the Nara Period, a piece of thin leather was folded and joined to the center of the back section, and the upper and lower ends that correspond to tops of the folds had a piece of hemp inserted to make a core, before being rounded off.

• ついで金の立烏帽子に大口を着て小さい鞨鼓を前に懸け、打ち鳴らしながら舞い、また半上下を着たものが笛、小鼓で打ち囃す。
• Then, a man in gold Eboshi and Okuchi (a type of trousers) dances while beating a small Kakko (a Japanese drum) around his neck, and a man in short Kamishimo plays the flute and beats the Kotsuzumi (small hand drum).

• 座敷など座布団の上に座る場所での食事などでは、座る位置がその場の上下関係（ヒエラルキー）を暗に示している（→上座）。
• When you have dinner in zashiki and other places where people sit on zabuton (traditional Japanese cushions), the layout of sitting positions of participants is decided to suggest implicitly their hierarchy (please refer to 'Kamiza' [a seat of honor]).

• （ひきめ：引目とも書く）とは上記鏑に数カ所の穴を開けたもので、鏑と同様に矢箆を上下に貫通させ、釘上のもので固定する。
• (Hikime: also written as 引目) was Kabura mentioned above with a few holes, and it was fixed by nails after pulling yano from the top through to the bottom in the same way as for Kabura.

• 衽（おくみ）和服の袖を除いた部分の前の左の端と右の端にあり、上は衿まで、下は服の最下部まで続く、上下に細長い布の部分。
• Okumi: Among the parts of Nagagi without sleeve parts, left-hand and right-hand front strips from the collar to the hem.

• 本編は、第一・二は蔵人（上下）、第三-六は外記（甲乙丙丁）、第七は外記蔵人方随召文書、第八は雑々任人諸例となっている。
• The records concerning Kurodo (Chamberlain) (section one and two) were compiled in Chapter one and two of the book, those concerning Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) (sections one, two, three, and four) were compiled in Chapter three to six, those concerning Geki Kurodo zuishomonjo were compiled in Chapter seven and those concerning zatsuzatsuninjin shorei were compiled in Chapter eight respectively.

• 一説では弓を張った状態で矢を番える位置で分けた弓の上下の長さの比率が黄金比に近く、和弓の美しさの所以とも言われている。
• One theory holds that the beauty of wakyu is due to the golden ratio that exists between the distance from the top of the bow to where the arrow is cocked and the distance from where the arrow is cocked to the bottom of the bow.

• 外側の袋で包むとき折り返しが上下にあるが、まず、下からの折り返しを折って、それから上からの折り返しが重なるようにする。
• When you insert the naka-bukuro into the outer envelope (koden-bukuro), you should fold back the lower end of the koden-bukuro first and then fold back the upper end so that the upper end overlaps the folded-back lower end.

• そして彼の凝らした眼に、士官の、細い、屈強な咽喉がビールを飲むにつれ上下に動き、その頑丈な顎が次第に傾くのが、映った。
• And then he saw the thin, strong throat of the elder man moving up and down as he drank, the strong jaw working.

• 允恭天皇4年9月条には、上下の秩序が乱れて、むかしの姓（かばね）を失ったり、わざと高い氏（うじ）を名乗る者も出てきた。
• In the entry for September, 415, it is recorded that as the social order broke down, some people lost their old kabane (hereditary title) or intentionally adopted uji (family names) of higher ranks.

• なお、平日午前中に特急車で運用される淀屋橋～枚方市間の急行は、上下とも香里園でロングシート車使用の特急に追い抜かれる。
• When limited express service is provided by express trains on weekday mornings between Yodoyabashi Station and Hirakatashi Station, these trains, in the case of up trains as well as down trains, are passed by a limited express train with long-seat cars at Korien Station.

• 冒頭の「上下」は、由利案では「士民」だったが、福岡の回顧によれば「一層意味を広くするために士民を上下に改めた」という。
• High and low' at the beginning was 'shimin' in the Yuri draft, however according to retrospect of Fukuoka 'shimin was changed to high and low to broaden the meaning.'

• 私は彼のカラーをはずして顔の上に冷（つめた）い水を注ぎかけ、そして長い自然な呼吸をするようになるまで、彼の腕を上下した。
• I undid his collar, poured the cold water over his face, and raised and sank his arms until he drew a long, natural breath.

• 京阪の駅の出入口はメインのものが叡電の改札前にあり上下エスカレータが備わっているほか、エレベータは南西側の角近くにある。
• The major gateways to the Keihan Electric Railway are located in front of the ticket gate of the Eizan Electric Railway; up and down escalators are available, and there is an elevator near the southwest corner.

• 上りホームか下りホームのいずれか片方に設置されていることが多いが、龍安寺駅と鹿王院駅は上下両方のホームに設置されている。
• While the panels were commonly posted in only one of either the Kyoto-bound or outward-bound platforms, Ryuanji Station and Rokuoin Station had panels posted on both these platforms.

• 駅入口寄りの1番のりば側が一線スルーとなっているため、通過列車及び行違いを行わない停車列車は上下線とも1番のりばを通る。
• Because track No. 1, on the entrance side, is used by trains that pass the station without stopping, passing trains and trains that don't meet other trains coming from the opposite direction at the station use Platform 1, regardless of whether they're inbound or outbound lines.

• 重定の時代に奉行制度などの藩政が確立したが、第3代藩主・稲垣定享の時代には江戸の大火で上下両屋敷が焼失して出費が相次いだ。
• While the governance over the domain was established by Shigesada through measures including the implementation of a bugyo (magistrate) system, the domain's finance was loaded with heavy recovery expenses due to the Great Fire of Edo which broke out during the rule of the third lord Sadamichi INAGAKI, destroying both the domain's kamiyashiki (daimyo's main residence) and shimoyashiki (suburban residence) in Edo.

• メリ、カリ、つまり顎の上下動（縦ユリ）、あるいは首を横に振る動作（横ユリ）によって、一種のビブラートをかけることができる。
• By repeatedly performing meri and kari in succession by withdrawing and extending the lower jaw (tate yuri), or by shaking the head gently from side to side (yoko yuri), a type of vibrato can be produced.

• 機械等において、2枚の外装を左右あるいは上下に貼り合わせた構造を、外装を皮に、内部機構を餡に見立てて「モナカ構造」という。
• In the field of machinery, a structure of two exterior parts stuck together horizontally or vertically is referred to as 'monaka structure' supposing that the experior parts are the thin crispy wafers and the internal machinery is the bean jam.

• なお、当該時間帯は上下線とも桂駅で緩急接続する形となっており、乗り換えが必要ではあるが特急を利用できるよう配慮されている。
• Incidentally, both inbound and outbound trains variously connect at Katsura Station during the above time periods, and consequently passengers have to change trains but can take limited express trains.

• 士農工商（しのうこうしょう）とは、儒教において社会を構成する主要な身分（官吏・百姓・職人・商人）の上下関係を指す概念である。
• Shi-no-ko-sho was a Confucian concept of societal ranking (government official, farmers, artisans, merchants) that accounted for the main part of the society.

• 弥生人の特徴は、縄文人と比較すると、顔立ちは、面長で、眼窩は鼻の付け根が扁平で上下に長く丸みを帯びていて、のっぺりとしている。
• Compared to Jomon man, characteristics of Yayoi man were; a slightly elongated face with a flat orbital cavity at nose, and have flat and undefined features.

• 『吾妻鏡』では、静の舞の場面を「誠にこれ社壇の壮観、梁塵（りょうじん）ほとんど動くべし、上下みな興感を催す。」と絶賛している。
• According to 'Azuma Kagami,' a history book of the Kamakura period, the scene of Shizuka's dancing is extolled: 'It was a splendid scene in a shrine; her performance moved everybody there.'

• 寝台列車は大阪駅 - 札幌駅間の「トワイライトエクスプレス」は上下とも停車するが、「日本海 (列車)」は上下2本とも通過する。
• While both the inbound and outbound trains of the limited express 'Twilight Express' (overnight train service) running between Osaka Station and Sapporo Station stop at this station, both the inbound and outbound trains of the limited express 'Nihonkai' (overnight train service) pass through this station.

• 20世紀前半に小紋を作る手法を発展させて、布を裁断すると模様の上下方向が統一されるようなデザインを反物の布に描く技術が発達した。
• In the early twentieth century, based on the technique of drawing komon (small patterns drawn on the whole cloth) craftsmen introduced new technique of drawing a little bigger pattern on materials so that patterns don't lose the direction.

• 梅雨の時期、特に長雨の場合は、日照時間が短いため、気温の上下（最高気温と最低気温の差、日較差）が小さく、肌寒く感じることがある。
• During the period of tsuyu, in particular in the case of long rain, as the hours of sunlight is short, the up and down of air temperature (difference between the highest and lowest air temperature in a day) is small and it is sometimes felt chilly.

• 続く3月25日 (旧暦)（5月2日）には町飛脚の第5報が到着し、これには江戸の浅野家上下屋敷が召し上げられたことが書かれていた。
• On May 2, the fifth messengers reported information on confiscation of the Asano family's properties in Edo.

• ちなみに元来は貴族の従者の麻狩衣などと袴を同色で仕立てることを「上下」といい、鎌倉時代にも「かみしも」と言う男性用着物があった。
• By the way, originally, the hemp kariginu of noble's servants of the same color as the hakama was called 'kamishimo' (top and bottom), and even in the Kamakura period, there was a male kimono called 'kamishimo.'

• 配線上、城東貨物線は関西本線の上り線（名古屋方面）にだけ線路がつながっているため、貨物列車は上下列車とも関西本線の上り線を走る。
• As the track of the Joto Freight line is only connected to the up-train track (toward Nagoya) of Kansai Main Line, both up and down freight trains run on the up-train track of Kansai Main Line.

• 完成後は同社が施設を保有する鉄道事業者、近鉄が運営にあたる鉄道事業者となる上下分離方式をとることになり、2000年に着工された。
• It was decided that, after the completion of the line, the venture company would become the railway operator owning the facilities while Kintetsu would be the railway operator operating the line, based on the so-called 'scheme of separating infrastructure and operation,' and in 2000 the construction work started.

• 駅により上りホームか下りホームのいずれか片方に設置されていることが多いが、龍安寺駅と鹿王院駅は上下両方のホームに設置されている。
• Most stations posted their panels in only one of the platforms handling departures to or arrivals from Kyoto; however, Ryuanji Station and Rokuoin Station posted panels in both the arrival and departure platforms.

• 墨書きは「拾両後藤（花押）」で年号表示は無く後藤五代徳乗のものであり、上下左右に丸枠桐極印がそれぞれ一箇所、計四箇所打たれている。
• On the front, the name of the monetary unit and Tokujo GOTO (the fifth craftsman)'s Kao are written in ink as 'ten ryo Goto', the name of the era isn't written, and the Kiwamein of paulownia in a circle is stamped at the top, the bottom, the right and the left.

• 道を開き、それを舗装し、上下水道網を建設すること、そして住宅計画、工業地帯といったような基幹設備の水準において成果があがりました。
• and on the level of infrastructure in terms of opening and asphalting roads, building networks of water and waste water, the housing projects, and the industrial zones

• かつて京都市電と平面交差していた事の名残から上下ホームは東大路通を挟んで両側に分かれている（下りホームは西側、上りホームは東側）。
• Formerly there was a grade crossing between the Eizan Main Line and Kyoto City Trams, and its existence is indicated by the two platforms that lie separate from one another across Higashioji-dori Street; the platform for the outbound train is in the west end, while the platform for the inbound train is in the east end.

• 現存する最古のものは、九条家に伝えられていた鎌倉時代後期に書写されたと見られる写本上下巻（冒頭から巻一神祇官の前半部を欠落）がある。
• The oldest existing copy was a two-part manuscript (which is missing the section from the opening sentence to the start of Volume 1) that belonged to the Kujo Family, and that is believed to have been created during the Kamakura Period.

• 日本では、人の前を横切る時、または雑踏に分け入っていく際などに、縦にした片手を体からやや離した位置で小さく数回上下させることがある。
• In Japan, when a person cuts across in front of others or enters a crowd, they will make several small vertical movements of their vertical hand a short distance from the body.

• 律令法では、各官司は必ず所管－被管の上下関係を有しているが、自己所管－被管関係の枠外にある官司との文書のやりとりの際にこれを用いた。
• Every government official is in some form of hierarchical relationship with other officials under Ritsuryo law, and 'I' (移) was used to exchange documents between officials who are not in hierarchical relationships with each other.

• それを裏返して見たり、上下逆様に着て見たり、引き千断ったり、置き違えたりして、ありとあらゆる目茶苦茶のことに仲間入りをさせたものだ。
• turning them inside out, putting them on upside down, tearing them, mislaying them, making them parties to every kind of extravagance.

• お金を運んでいるラバは、その荷物の価値が分かっているかのように、頭を立て、そして、首につけられた、よく響く鈴を上下に揺らして歩いた。
• The Mule carrying the treasure walked with head erect, as if conscious of the value of his burden, and tossed up and down the clear-toned bells fastened to his neck.

• スキタイ人は上下がやや非対称の短弓の両端に硬い『弭』を取り付け、また鏃を大きな鉄製から小さなブロンズ製にする事で、フン族の弓に勝った。
• The Scythians were able to win a battle against the Huns by putting a solid 'nock' on the two ends of the short bow of which the top and bottom were asymmetric, and they changed arrowhead from iron to small bronze arrowheads.

• 元は巻子装で上下2巻からなっていたが、上述のように1919年、上巻は18枚、下巻は19枚に分割され、計37幅の掛幅装に改装されている。
• It was originally two volumes, but as described above, in 1919 Volume One was divided into 18 pieces and Volume Two into 19 pieces, and redecorated to 37 hanging scrolls in total.

• その後、長く不明になっていたが、江戸幕府の医家多紀元簡が紅葉山文庫より上下2巻全18編の古写本を発見して再び世に伝えられるようになった。
• Although it had been lost for a long time since then, an old manuscript of the two-volume dictionary composed of 18 chapters was dug up from the Momijiyama Library by Genkan TAKI, who served as a doctor in the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and it came to be handed down again to posterity.

• それも動かないで刀だけ前後とか上下とかに振るのなら、まだ危険（あぶなく）もないが、三十人が一度に足踏（あしぶ）みをして横を向く時がある。
• If it had been brandishing swords alone without moving themselves, the chances of getting slashed or cut might have been less, but sometimes they would turn sideways together,

• 散らし方に大体2通りあり、1つは上下または左右に2段に分けて散らしたもの、1つは4行または5行を扇の骨のように上を広く下を狭く書いている。
• There are two main types of chirashi-gaki, one where it is separated into upper and lower or right and left parts and the other where four or five lines are written broader in the upper part and narrower in the lower part like the bones of a fan.

• このことから、余剰作物の生産と蓄積がすすみ、これが富に転化することにより、持てるものと持たざるもの、ひいては貧富の差や上下関係が生まれた。
• Therefore, production and storage of surplus crops increased and it changed to wealth, which created the haves and the have-nots leading to the disparity between rich and poor and a superior-inferior relationship.

• 鈍い光を放つブーツはいかにも窮屈で、編み紐のいちばん上は苦しげに結ばれ、また薄い上着の下で肩が上下すると、一塊になった筋肉の動きが分かる。
• he seemed to fill those glistening boots until he strained the top lacing, and you could see a great pack of muscle shifting when his shoulder moved under his thin coat.

• 施薬院は奈良時代光明皇后による創建以来、800年の時を経て完全に形骸化していたため、復興に尽くし、身分の上下を問わず病の人々へ薬を授けた。
• Yakuin was established by Empress Komyo in the Nara period and lost substance after 800 years, thus he worked to reestablish this and gave medicine to every patient regardless of rank.

• 20巻からなる本文は春（上下巻）・夏・秋（上下巻）・冬・賀・離別・羇旅・物名・恋（1～5巻）・哀傷・雑・雑体・大歌所御歌に分類されている。
• The body of Kokin Wakashu consists of 20 volumes and has been organized into the classifications including Spring (2 volumes), Summer and Autumn (2 volumes), Winter, Congratulations, Partings, Travel, Acrostics, Love (5 volumes), Laments, Miscellaneous, Miscellaneous Forms and Traditional Poems.

• 左手の親指か右手の人差し指でシャリの真中に空洞を作り、上下・前後を何度か返して（手返し）その空洞をまわりから閉じていくように成形してつける。
• After making a cavity at the center of the sharidama with the left thumb or the right index finger, turn it over (called tekaeshi technique) several times so that the rice surrounding cavity will fill it.

• 古い提灯が上下にパックリと割れ、その割れた部分が口となって長い舌が飛び出し、提灯の上半分には一つ目ないし二つの目があるのが一般的な姿である。
• It is most commonly drawn as a lantern split hosizontally in half with the opening as the mouth from which a long tongue is sticking out with either one or two eyes in the top part of the lantern.

• その後は長く停滞したが、江戸時代に入り林羅山によって「上下定分の理」やその名分論が武家政治の基礎理念として再興され、江戸幕府の正学とされた。
• Neo-Confucianism then stagnated for years, but in the Edo period, Razan HAYASHI revived it by his 'the theory of fixed division between uppers and lowers' and its theory of ethical duty of the social class as the fundamental principle of the military rule, and Neo-Confucianism was designated as the official scholarship by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 和弓は弦を手前に弓幹を向う手に見た時に上下真っ直ぐな直線ではなく、矢を番える辺りで弦が弓幹の右端辺りに位置するよう僅かに左に反らされている。
• The wakyu is not straight when viewed with the tsuru nearby and yugara (wooden or bamboo part between Motohazu (the lower top of the bow) and Urahazu (the top of the bow)) further away, and the tsuru is placed slightly left in order to make it located at the right edge of yugara where the arrow is placed.

• 上下の框と桟も同じような幅でできており、縦桟と横桟を交互に編み付ける地獄組子となっており、また桟の見付けと見込みもほぼ同じ寸法でできている。
• This akari shoji is characterized by the following: the horizontal members of its frame as well as the crosspieces being the same in width; the vertical and horizontal crosspieces are entwined in each other to form a muntin grid called 'jigoku-kumiko'; the front and side faces of the crosspieces are nearly the same in width.
• The Kamachi and crosspiece of the upper side and under side are made in the same width and put in the way of Jigoku-kumiko (vertical crosspiece and horizontal crosspiece are put alternately), and the front side and the lateral side of crosspiece are made in almost the same size.

• 表面は上下左右に丸枠桐紋極印がそれぞれ一箇所、計四箇所打たれ、裏面中央に丸枠桐紋、亀甲桐紋、花押の極印が打たれ、形状は角ばった楕円形である。
• Four circled hallmarks of paulownia patterns are carved on the left, right, top and bottom of a Keicho Oban coin and a circled hallmark of paulownia patterns, a pattern of paulownia in a hexagon, and a kao are carved on its back, and the shape of a coin is angular ellipse.

• 中世の惣領と庶子の所領争いや、同じ時代でもお家騒動のような実利面がなく、瑣末とも思える身分的上下・対等という形式をめぐって争われたものである。
• Unlike disputes that would result in actual benefits, such as those over shoryo (territory) between soryo (heir) and other children during the medieval period, or internal squabble over headship rights in a daimyo family in the Edo period, this head-and-branch family dispute was about trivial formality such as superiority or equality in social standing in the same clan.

• また、特殊な木棺墓として、丸木をくりぬいたものを上下に合わせたような特殊な形状をした木棺墓が特に弥生時代早期～前期前半期に特徴的に認められる。
• Unique mokkanbo with the shape of two hollowed out logs put together at the rims were confirmed specially in the earlier period to the first half of the early Yayoi period.

• 別称に、『大無量寿経』（略して『大経』）、上下巻の2巻からなるため『双巻無量寿経』（『雙巻無量壽經』）、『双巻経』（『雙巻經』）とも呼ばれる。
• It is also called 'Dai Muryojukyo' (the Sutra of Immeasurable Life (Wo-liang-shou ching),' (abbreviated as 'Daikyo'); since it is comprised of two parts, it is also called 'Sokan Muryojukyo' or 'Sokankyo.'

• 民法第二百六十九条の二第一項前段に規定する地上権の設定にあっては、その目的である地下又は空間の上下の範囲及び同項後段の定めがあるときはその定め
• in the case of the establishment of a superficies prescribed in the first sentence of Article 269-2, paragraph (1) of the Civil Code, the vertical limits of the underground or overhead space subject to the superficies, and if there is a provision set forth in the second sentence of said paragraph, such provision

• 明治4年の神社規則は当時の実状によって社格の上下を定めたものであったため、式内社や国史見在社の中には社格を与えられないもの（無格社）もあった。
• As the regulations on shrines formulated in 1871 decided the ranking of shrines based on the situation of those days, some shrines among the shikinaisha and the kokushigenzaisha (shrines appearing in the six official histories) were not given a ranking (these are called mukakusha).

• 源氏物語55巻（若菜 (源氏物語)上下と雲隠を共に数えるため）のほか発端1巻、系図1巻、源氏物語年立2巻、表白1巻からなる首巻が含まれている。
• In addition to the fifty-five chapters of The Tale of Genji (due to counting Wakana - Spring Shoots) I and II as well as Kumogakure (literally, vanishing behind the clouds -, the opening part consists of a volume of hottan (origins), a volume of keizu (genealogies), two volumes of toshidate (chronologies) of The Tale of Genji and a volume of hyobyaku (supplications).

• また、信玄は信仰する諏訪大社の加護を信じて「南無諏方南宮法性上下大明神（なむすわなんぐうほっしょうかみしもだいみょうじん）」を本陣旗としている。
• Further, Shingen believed in the divine protection from the Suwa-taisha Shrine which he had faith in, and used the emblem of 'Namusuwananguhosshokamishimodaimyojin' on his battle flag for the headquarters.

• 形状は、小判形と呼ばれる楕円形で表面には上下に扇枠に囲まれた桐紋（ごさんのきり）、中央上部に「壹两」下部に「光次（花押）」の極印が打たれている。
• It was oval called kobangata and on the surface Gosan no Kiri mon (paulownia patterns) were engraved in fan-shaped frame on the top and the bottom and at the top center '壹两, or ichi ryo (one ryo)' was engraved and at the bottom a hallmark, '光次, or Koji (Kao written seal mark)', was engraved.

• 近的場との併設が殆どで、現在は敷地面積の制約上、東京武道館弓道場など近・遠的射場を上下二階建てに設計された道場やアーチェリーとの併用も見られる。
• Most are built next to a Kyudo dojo for the regular close-range shooting, and today, due to space limitations, there are dojo built across two floors, such as the Kyudo dojo in Tokyo Budoh-Kan, or those that are also used for archery.

• 通常そのような上下関係がある席では、目上の者が座るまで待って座布団に座るのが一般的であるが、目上の者が遅れて来る場合は必ずしもその限りではない。
• Usually if there is a hierachical relationship in the seating arrangements, it is common to wait until the person in the place of honor or other superiors have sat before sitting down, however this may not necessarily be the case if the person is arriving late.

• 20巻目までは毎月刊行されたが、21巻は書簡集上中下巻で1989年に、最終巻の22巻は上下巻で1992年に、各巻とも1万5千円前後で刊行された。
• Up to the 20th volume were published monthly, but the 21st volume published in 1989 was a collection of letters divided into three sections, and the 22nd volume published in 1992 was divided into two sections, and each was sold for the price of approximately 15,000 yen.

• この際に、各陵の工事前と工事後の様子を絵師に描かせ、上下二卷にまとめて1867年（慶応3）朝廷と幕府に献上したものがいわゆる「文久山陵図」である。
• At this time, Eshi painters painted before and after conditions, presenting volumes one and two of these paintings to the Imperial court and bakufu in 1867, which were the so-called 'Bunkyu Sanrikuzu.'

• 古くは一本の竹を切断せずに延管（のべかん）を作っていたが、現在では一本の竹を中間部で上下に切断してジョイントできるように加工したものが主流である。
• In former times the shakuhachi was fashioned from a single piece of bamboo (referred to as a 'nobekan'); however, at present the most widely used type of shakuhachi is made by cutting the length of bamboo into upper and lower halves, and providing a joint between the two halves.

• 表千家は4代江岑が宗旦から家督を継いでいるので千家の宗家（本家）であるが、今日では裏千家に「三千家に上下の区別はない」と憚りなく公言されるに至る。
• Since the 4th iemoto Koshin succeeded to the head position in the Sen family from Sotan, Omote-senke is the head family of Senke, however, Ura-senke publicly proclaims with no hesitation that 'there is no hierarchical relation among the three Senke' at present.

• このコマンドは, ニックリストを上下へスクロールさせます. データ1に何か設定されていれば上へスクロールし, そうでなければ下へスクロールします。
• This command scrolls up and down through the list of nicks. If Data 1 is set to anything it will scroll up, else it scrolls down

• 桐壺、帚木、花宴、若菜上下、橋姫、浮舟については定家の自筆本を文字の配列に至るまですべてそのまま写したとされていることから明融臨模本とも呼ばれる。
• It was also called Meiyurinmo-bon because the chapters of Kiritsubo (The Paulownia Court), Hahakigi, Hana no En (The Festival of the Cherry Blossoms), Wakana (new herbs) I and II, Hashihime (The Maiden of the Bridge), and Ukifune (A Drifting Boat) were faithfully copied from the manuscript by Teika, and even the order of the letters were the same.

• - 祝儀袋を中心より少し左の方へ寄せておき左側を中に折り込み上側をたたみ、次に下側をたたみ右側を折り裏へ折り返す（左の上下に小さく三角形ができる）。
• - Place the shugibukuro in the center a little to the left of fukusa, and fold the left corner, then up, bottom, and finally the right corners to the back (you will see small triangles in the upper left and lower left).

• 「工商豊かにして、士農困む是れ上下地を易る根原なり、此弊を改むるときは工商常に米穀に困み、士農を仰でその業を励むに至れば、物価は自然に平準なるべし」
• Merchants and artisans are rich and samurai and farmers are poor, which causes all the people to despise the ground, so this negative effect will be overcome when artisans and merchants are always short of rice and respect samurai and farmers, then the price will be naturally leveled off.'

• そうして、さらに手のひらを拭きながら言った。「わたしが上下線の一方か、または両方へ危険信号を発するとしても、さてその理由をいうことが出来ないのです。
• 'If I telegraph Danger, on either side of me, or on both, I can give no reason for it,'he went on, wiping the palms of his hands.

• また高度な技術ではあるが、上下の長さの差から来る弓の上下の反発力の違いを利用し、矢の飛び方に変化（飛距離を出す、鋭く飛ばす、等）を付ける事が出来る。
• Although advanced in skill, one could use the difference in the reflection of upper and lower body of the bow, and control the way arrows are shot (give more flight distance, fly it straight, etc.).

• - 不祝儀袋を中心より少し右の方へ寄せておき右側を中に折り込み下側をたたみ、次に上側をたたみ左側を折り裏へ折り返す（右の上下に小さく三角形ができる）。
• - Place the bushugibukuro in the center a little to the right of fukusa, and fold the right corner, then bottom, up, and the left corners to the back (you will see small triangles in the upper right and lower right).

• さきの二項対立には、西欧／非西欧という本来別カテゴリーの二項対立が無理やり重ねられ、さらにこの二項には暗黙の了解として上下のランク付けがなされていた。
• The west and the non-west were forcibly compared using this binomial opposition, with an implicit understanding of hierarchical rank applied.

• 慶長以降の大判の様式は、表面の上下左右に丸枠に五三桐（ごさんのきり）と呼ばれる刻印が4つあり、「拾両後藤」の文字と後藤家当主の花押が墨書きされている。
• After the Keicho era oban had four seal marks called 'Gosan no kiri' at four corners in a round frame, and the letters '拾両後藤 (Ju-ryo Goto)' and 'Kao' of the head of the Goto family are written in India ink on the surface.

• 具体的には団地内で用いる道路・上下水道・電力等のインフラを何もないところから敷設する費用は受益者の多寡によらず一定の費用がかかり先行投資が必要となる。
• The expenses necessary for construction of the infrastructure elements within a danchi such as roads, water and sewerage and electricity where previously none of these existed demands a certain level of prior investment regardless of the number of beneficiaries.

• 紫宸殿の妻戸は、二枚の板を接ぎ合せ、裏桟の替わりに上下に端喰み（はしばみ）という細長い台形の横板を入れて板を固定したもので、手のこんだ作りとなっている。
• The tsumado in Shishinden is made with a sophisticated technique, combining two boards and fixing them with spindly trapezoidal boards called hashibami horizontally on the upper and under sides instead of urazan (a crosspiece used to secure the back or upper side of a ceiling board).

• バリアフリー対策も比較的早期に実施され、コンコース・ホーム間の移動のエスカレーターと、コンコースから上下線のホームへ向かうエレベーターが設置されている。
• Barrier-free facilities, such as the escalator between the concourse and the platform, and the elevators that connect the concourse with each platform, were installed relatively early.

• 黒羽二重の生地は最初から黒を染めるのではなく、下染めのうえから黒をかけることによって深みのある色を出し、下染めに用いられる染料によって生地の上下が定まる。
• The cloth of 'kuro-habutae' (black-colored habutae) is dyed black not at first but after the bottoming, which makes the black deeper, and the dye used in bottoming determines the rank of the cloth.

• もっとも、江戸時代は身分の上下を問わず家を存続させるための養子が頻繁に行われており、嗣子の絶えた摂家を継ぐため皇族が養子に入った例が3例ある（皇別摂家）。
• However, there were many examples of having adopted children to succeed the family during the Edo period and it did not matter whether someone was higher rank or lower rank, there were three examples of Imperial Family members being adopted to a Regent family who did not have any successors (Kobetsu regent family).

• しかしながら、彼ら酒師たちは、後世の杜氏集団ほど階級化・組織化されておらず、むしろ酒造りの仕事は、上下に階級化されるよりも、水平に幅広く分業化されていた。
• However, such sakashi people were less hierarchized and organized than latter-day toji groups; indeed, their sake brewing duties were more horizontally and widely specialized rather than vertically specialized.

• ②宮本氏が直江より身分的に上位とした承兌は、直江とは連歌をともにしており、また豊臣姓を賜っている直江は陪臣ではないため、二人の身分の上下を測るのは難しい。
• (2) Jotai, who was placed in a status higher than Naoe by Mr. Miyamoto, created linked verses with Naoe, and Naoe to whom the Toyotomi surname was given was not a vavasor, therefore, it is difficult to measure whose status would be higher or lower between the two.

• シルバーと鳥たち、そして高い望遠鏡山の頂上が、僕の目にはぐるぐる上下さかさまに回ってみえ、僕の耳にはあらゆる種類のベルが鳴り響き、遠くで叫ぶ声が聞こえた。
• Silver and the birds, and the tall Spy-glass hilltop, going round and round and topsy-turvy before my eyes, and all manner of bells ringing and distant voices shouting in my ear.

• 本書の姉妹編（続編）として『明治百話』『幕末明治女百話』（各岩波文庫上下）『銀座百話』（クレス出版で復刊、2006年）『明治開化綺談』（角川書店）がある。
• A companion volumes to this book are 'Meiji Hyakuwa' (hundred stories of the Meiji period), 'Bakumatsu Meiji Onna Hyakuwa' (hundred stories of women in the last days of the Edo and Meiji periods) (Iwanami bunko, two volumes), 'Ginza Hyakuwa' (hundred stories of Ginza) (republished by Kuress Publishing in 2006), 'Meiji Kaika Kidan' (strange stories of Meiji civilization) (Kadokawa Group Puboishing Co., Ltd.), and so on.

• 斯議院ヲ立、天下ノ公論ヲ伸張シ、人民ノ通義権理ヲ立テ、天下ノ元気ヲ鼓舞シ、以テ上下親近シ、君臣相愛シ、我帝国ヲ維持振起シ、幸福安全ヲ保護センコトヲ欲シテ也。
• By establishing the Giin and expanding the opportunity to discuss people's opinions, we would like to respect people's rights, and raise people's sprits, so the top and the bottom will work together, lords and vassals will respect each other; we also would like to keep our state developing and protect our happy, secure society.

• 従来、従四位以下にあった上下を廃止し、位階を正一位から少初位まで全18階とする（同年8月20日（1869年9月25日）、正九位を新設し、全20階とする。）。
• Jushii (Junior Fourth Rank) and lower ranks had been divided into two ('higher' and 'lower') but such division was abolished, and court ranks were reorganized into eighteen stages from Shoichii (Senior First Rank) to Shosoi (Later Shokui (Senior Ninth Rank) was newly created and the number of court ranks increased to twenty on September 25, 1869).

• ただし、行楽期の昼間時間帯に運転される北野白梅町～嵐山直通列車は、配線の関係上、上下方向とも4番線発着となり、その間は北野線折り返し列車は3番線を使用する。
• However, during daylight hours in seasons when people enjoy outings, the through-service trains (both inbound and outbound) operating between Kitano-Hakubaicho and Arashiyama arrive at and depart from Platform 4, and during that time the trains of Kitano Line returning from this station use Platform 3.

• この上下非対称の構造のため握りの上下で弓の反発力に差が生じるが、この反発力の差を利用した弓術独特の技術が生まれ、またその技術をより活かす為の造りをしている。
• This asymmetricity upper and lower sides produce a difference in the power of the bow, which results in the characteristic technique of Kyujutsu, and, Wakyu is made to take advantage of this technique.

• （その時の縮小版展覧図録である『光琳百図』上下は、当時の琳派を考える上での基本資料である。また、この図録は後にヨーロッパに渡り、ジャポニズムに影響を与えた。）
• (Two volumes of 'Korin Hyakuzu' [One Hundred Paintings by Korin], cut-down version of the exhibition catalog, is a basic material for the research of the Rinpa school of that time. This catalog was later exported to Europe and influenced Japonism)

• 改札口は1ヶ所のみで、コンコースとホームの間にはエレベーターと上下2基のエスカレーターが設置されているが、コンコースと地上の間には登りエスカレーターしかない。
• Ticket gates are installed in only one location; an elevator, and ascending/descending escalators are installed between the concourse and platform levels, but there is just one ascending escalator available between the concourse and the ground above.

• 上下関係の確立した江戸時代に於いては、直参は将軍への拝謁が許されていたのに対し、陪臣はたとえ藩で1万石以上と大名並みの石高を有する家老でも拝謁は許されなかった。
• In the Edo period when the superior-inferior relationships were established, jikisan was permitted to have an audience with the shogun, but baishin was not permitted to have an audience with the shogun even if such baishin was Karo (chief retainer) whose clan had a daimyo-level yield of not less than 10,000 koku.

• 人は生まれながらにして貴賎上下の別はないけれどただ学問を勤めて物事をよく知るものは貴人となり富人となり、無学なる者は貧人となり下人となるのだ。」という事である。
• There is no difference in nature between the noble and the common, but just those who work hard to gain knowledge will be noble and rich, and those who do not will become poor and uncivilized.

• 表面は「拾両後藤（花押）」と墨書され、後藤十代廉乗および十一代通乗の書であり、上下左右に丸枠桐極印がそれぞれ一箇所、計四箇所打たれ、形状は角ばった楕円形である。
• It was an angular, oval coin with the letters 'ju-ryo (ten-ryo) GOTO (written seal mark)' written in ink by Kenjo GOTO the tenth and Tsujo the eleventh on its surface, and it was an angular, oval coin with a hallmark of paulownia in a circle each on the upper, lower, left and right parts of it.

• なかなか子の授からない渋谷重家が祈願すると、金剛夜叉明王のお告げがあり、程なく男子が誕生したことから、金剛夜叉明王の上下の文字を戴き「金王丸」と命名したと言う。
• When Shigeie SHIBUYA, who had been without child for a long time, prayed for the birth of a child, he received the oracle of Kongoyashamyoo (金剛夜叉明王) and was blessed with a baby boy soon and therefore, he named his son Konnomaru (金王丸) using the first and last Chinese characters of 金剛夜叉明王 (Kongoyashamyoo).

• 鉄道、道路、上下水道、電気、病院、学校、工場などのインフラの整備を行い、近代教育制度や近代医療制度の整備を進め、朝鮮半島の近代化に役立ったと主張する研究者もいる。
• Some researchers insist that it helped the Korean Peninsula modernized by improving infrastructure such as railways, roads, water and sewerage, electricity, hospitals, schools and factories, and establishing the modern educational system and modern medical system.

• 表面は「拾両後藤（花押）」と墨書され、後藤十六代方乗、十七代典乗の書であり、上下左右に丸枠桐極印がそれぞれ一箇所、計四箇所打たれ、形状はやや角ばった楕円形である。
• It had the letters '拾両後藤 (written seal mark)' (ten-ryo Goto) written with indian-ink by Hojo GOTO the sixteenth and Tenjo the seventeenth on its surface, and it was a little angular, oval coin with a hallmark of paulownia in a circle each on the upper, lower, left and right parts of it.

• 品川宿の中でも大変賑わっていた茶屋で「慶応三年卯十月廿一日登（上）新撰組土方歳三御家族　門人共上下三十一人（休）釜屋半右衛門　九貫三百文」と言う記録が残っている。
• It was one of the busy Chaya restaurants among Shinagawa-syuku, and the following record remains today: 'On October 21st, the third year of Keio, family and disciples of the Shinsen-gumi member, Toshizo HIJIKATA, totaling 31 people rested, Hanuemon KAMAYA, fee was 9 kan and 300 mon.'

• 岩波文庫で、『おくのほそ道　付曾良旅日記』(奥の細道)　『芭蕉俳句集』の他、『芭蕉俳文集』上下、『芭蕉紀行文集』、『芭蕉書簡集』、『芭蕉連句集』、『芭蕉七部集』。
• Iwanami bunko contains 'the Narrow Road to the Deep North with Travel Diary of Sora' (the Narrow Road to the Deep North) and 'Basho Haiku Shu' (Basho's Haiku Collection) as well as 'Basho Haibun Shu' (The Collection of Basho's Haiku Prose) vol.1 and 2, 'Basho Kikobun Shu' (Collection of Basho's writings dealing with travel), 'Basho's Letters,' 'Basho Renku Shu' (Basho's Linked Verses), and 'Basho Shichibu Shu' (Basho's Seven Selected Works).

• しかし実際には当主は生活苦から各地の大名を頼って転々とし、邸宅の施設は荒廃して、京都の人々は身分の上下を問わずに勝手に邸内に侵入して庭や池を見て楽しむ有様であった。
• In reality, the lord of the Nijo family, who lived in poverty, had to rely on the protections of daimyo (feudal lords), moving across the country from one to another, and the residence was dilapidated to the point where the people of Kyoto, regardless of their classes, entered the compound freely and enjoyed looking at the garden and the pond.

• この影響で、都市部の上下水道等のインフラストラクチャー整備や道路の舗装は大幅に遅れ、「道路や下水道の様子を見ると京都に入ったのがわかる。」と揶揄されるほどであった。
• Owing to the situation, improvement of the infrastructure such as water supply and sewage systems and pavement of the roads in urban districts were delayed so badly that it was said: I became aware I was entering Kyoto when I saw the roads and sewage.

• 東周春秋時代、魯の孔子によって体系化され、堯・舜、文王 (周)武王 (周)周公旦の古えの君子の政治を理想の時代として祖述し、仁義の道を実践し、上下秩序の弁別を唱えた。
• Koshi of Lu systematized it in the Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Period, succeeded and developed the theories of the ancient men of virtue, Yao, Shun, King Wen of Zhou, King Wu of Zhou, and Duke of Zhou, as ideal politics, practiced a way of humanity and justice, and advocated the distinction of social standing and order.

• 「此御時、院中上下の北面を置かれて上は諸大夫、下は衛府所司允（じょう）が多く候（さぶらい）て、下北面御幸の御後には箭（や）負（おい）て、つかまつりけり、後にも皆其例也」
• During Emperor Shirakawa's reign, there was an upper and lower hokumen inside the imperial palace. The upper hokumen housed some shodaibu (public servants of the fourth and fifth rank) while the lower hokumen housed many efushoshijo (guardian servant, inspectors). Members of the lower hokumen would, followed by other servants, accompany the emperor on imperial outings armed with arrows.'

• おごと温泉を除く待避可能駅とマキノには分岐器形状による分類を、上下線との両方向で使用できる信号設備（複線利用では閉塞区間があるが、単線で使用時は1閉塞扱い）を配置した。
• In the passing stations (except for Ogotoonsen Station and Makino Station), signal equipment, in which classification by the shape of turnout is available in both directions of inbound and outbound lines, was installed (block sections are provided on a double track but there is one block section on a single track).

• なお、使用者や用途によって形が微妙に異なり、天皇は通常は上下とも方形、神事には上円下方を用い、臣下は通常は上下ともに円形、慶事には上方下円の笏を用いることになっていた。
• The shape differed slightly by the holder or purpose of use; there was a set of rules stating that the emperor's shaku usually had a square shape for top and bottom ends, the shaku used during a Shinto ritual had a round shape for top end and a square shape for bottom end, the shaku used by retainers usually had a round shape for top and bottom ends, and the shaku used on celebratory occasions had a square shape for top end and a round shape for bottom end.

• こうした組織では神事での役割や座席の地位に従って上下関係が生み出され、座席の席が限定される事から地域外の者は勿論のこと、地域内の者に対しても排他的な組織を形成するに至った。
• In such a group, vertical relationships were developed according to the roles of ritual services or positions within the group; people inside the village were even excluded, much less people outside the village because the positions within the group were limited.

• 大乗仏教では、釈迦牟尼仏（釈迦如来）は十方（東南西北とその中間である四隅の八方と上下）三世（過去、未来、現在）の無量の諸仏の一仏で、現在の娑婆（サハー、堪忍世界）の仏である。
• According to Mahayana Buddhism, Shakamuni-butsu (Shakanyorai) is one of the immeasurable Buddhas at the ten directions (east, south, west and north, each midpoint, up and down) and three worlds (past, future and present) as well as a Buddha in this corrupt world.

• 総じて政治的能力への評価は高いが、論評者が勤王家かどうか、儒教の倫理観に近いか等の見方によって全体の評価が上下する傾向があるほか、時代によっても評価が揺らぐのも特徴と言える。
• Overall, Yoritomo's political capabilities were highly rated, but the overall rating tends to vary according to the critics, as to whether they are persons of loyalty to the Emperor or persons abiding by the ethics of Confucianism, and also, the rating fluctuates depending upon the period.

• 上下線とも、大津京側の出口付近にあるカーブ（半径1,400m）の一部区間の制限速度は125km/h、上り線の山科側にあるカーブ（半径800m）の制限速度は115km/hである。
• On both of the westbound and eastbound tracks, the speed limit in the section within the curve with the radius 1,400 m near the exit on the Otsukyo side is 125 km/h, and the speed limit in the section within the curve with the radius 800 m of the westbound track on the Yamashiro side is 115 km/h.

• 上部が自然石のままで下部のみが加工されていることから、現在の下面が本来の上面で実は上下逆であったという説も奈良国立文化財研究所の報告書で出されてはいるが、有力視はされていない。
• Because the upper part remains a natural stone, while the lower part alone is processed, Nara National Cultural Properties Research Institute introduced in their report a theory suggesting a topsy-turvy state, i.e., the present bottom should have been intended for the top, which is not strongly supported.

• 明治2年（1869年）5月には華族を『公』・『卿』・『太夫』・『士』の四つに分け、公と卿は上下の2段階、太夫と士は上中下の3段階という計9等級に分ける案が三職会議から提出された。
• In May of 1869, the following plan was proposed by the Sanshoku (three-post) meeting: Kazoku should be divided into 'Ko' 'Kei' 'Taifu' and 'Shi'; 'Ko' and 'Kei' and Kei were each further divided into the upper grade and the lower grade; 'Taifu' and 'Shi' were each further divided into the upper grade, the middle grade and the lower grade.

• 旧暦10月の亥の日の夕方から夜にかけて、地区の子供たち（男子のみの場合もある）が集まり一軒一軒を巡って、歌を歌いながら平たく丸いもしくは球形の石に繋いだ縄を上下させて地面を搗く。
• From the evening to the night on the day of boar in October in the old calendar, children (sometimes all are boys) in the area get together, and visit houses one by one, singing a song, and swinging a rope connected onto a flat round stone or globular shape stone up and down, pounding the ground with the stone.

• 「空も弥生のたそかれ時、桃井若狭之助安近の、館の行儀、掃き掃除、お庭の松も幾千代を守る勘の執権職、加古川本蔵行国、年の五十路の分別ざかり、上下ためつけ書院先」の床の浄瑠璃で始まる。
• The play starts with joruri saying '空も弥生のたそかれ時、桃井若狭之助安近の、館の行儀、掃き掃除、お庭の松も幾千代を守る勘の執権職、加古川本蔵行国、年の五十路の分別ざかり、上下ためつけ書院先'.

• しかし鶯張りのばあいは、床板の幅が広いから両側が多少、上方に反曲し、かつ、板に打ち込まれた手違いかすがいの穴が、床板の反曲しないばあいにも対応し得るだけに上下に余裕を持たせてある。
• On the other hand, in the case of uguisubari, as the floorboard is wide, both ends of the board are curved upward a little and further, holes of the clamp nailed to the board are designed to have a clearance in a degree to allow the floorboard to move up and down when the floorboard is not curved.

• 形式は長大判と同じく「拾両後藤（花押）」と墨書され後藤五代徳乗の書であり、右上に「大」と墨書されたものもあり、上下左右にやや大きめの丸枠桐極印がそれぞれ一箇所、計四箇所打たれている。
• Its style is the same as the Tensho naga oban; on the front, the name of the monetary unit and Tokujo GOTO (the fifth craftsman)'s Kao is written in ink as 'ten ryo Goto'; and a little bigger Kiwamein of paulownia in a circle is stamped at the top, the bottom, the right and the left; some of those have a kanji character '大(big)' in ink at the upper right on the front.

• 地下又は空間は、工作物を所有するため、上下の範囲を定めて地上権の目的とすることができる。この場合においては、設定行為で、地上権の行使のためにその土地の使用に制限を加えることができる。
• Underground or overhead space may be used as the object of superficies in order to own structures by specifying limits in the vertical dimension. In such cases, restrictions on the use of that land may be added in the act that establishes superficies for the purpose of facilitating the exercise of the superficies.

• 『窯変 源氏物語』の著者である橋本治の源氏物語を題材にしたエッセイ 1993年から1994年にかけて上下2巻で中央公論新社から刊行され、のち1996年に上下2巻で中公文庫に収録された。
• Osamu HASHIMOTO, who authored 'Yohen Genji Monogatari' (literally, 'discoloration of 'Tale of Genji') wrote an essay featuring the Tale of Genji; it was published as a two-volume book by Chuokoron-shinsha Inc. in 1993 and 1994, and in 1996 it was included in Chuo Bunko as a two-volume book.

• それぞれの筒はそれぞれの穀種にかたどり、神殿大床で1筒わり、穀菜の種類上下の品位を神占にしたがってとなえ、社丁がこれにおうじて大声でとなえかえして神前にむれあつまったひとびとに聞かせた。
• Each tube is modeled after a type of crop; one of the tubes is broken on the shrine floor, after which the ranking of crops is called in accordance with the gods' fortune telling, and the Shatei (lower-rank Shinto priest) repeats it loudly to the audience gathered in front of the alter.

• 摂津職は、京に置かれ難波津を管理し、京と西国の間を上下する公使の検査などを本来の任務としたが、天武朝に難波が陪都（副都）とされ、また聖武朝にも難波宮が造営されると、その管理にも当たった。
• Settsu Shiki was situated in the capital and originally served to manage Naniwa no Tsu (Naniwa Port) as well as conduct inspections of envoys traveling between the capital and the west of the country, but later went on to conduct the administration of Naniwa which was made a baito (secondary capital city) during the Reign of Emperor Tenmu and Naniwanomiya Palace which was constructed during the reign of Emperor Shomu

• ページ・スクロール コマンドは, テキスト・モニタ画面を一ページ分, 上下へスクロールさせます. データ1に何か設定されていれば上へスクロールし, そうでなければ下へスクロールします。
• The Scroll Page command scrolls the text widget up or down one page or one line. Set Data 1 to either Up, Down, +1 or -1.

• また1960年代までは出町柳方面行きホームの入口脇に売店があり、出札窓口を兼ねていたが、通常時は上下ホーム共に集札は乗務員と駅員によって車両ドア付近で行われており駅への出入は自由であった。
• Until the 1960s, although a shop situated beside the entrance of the platform for trains bound for Demachiyanagi Station served as a ticket window in addition to its regular one, going in and out of the station was free under normal circumstances because the inspection and collection of tickets was done by train crews and the station staff at the place near the train doors on both platforms.

• 然ルニ最早大使御帰朝以来既ニ数月ヲ閲シ候得共、何等ノ御施設モ拝承不仕、昨今民心洶々上下相疑、動スレバ土崩瓦解ノ兆無之トモ難申勢ニ立至候義、畢竟天下輿論公議ノ壅塞スル故卜実以残念ノ至ニ奉存候。
• However, although it has been a few months since the group returned home, we have not yet seen anything done about setting up such a place, and people and government are having doubts about each other these days; if anything happens, society shall collapse like mud, it means that the people's opinions are neglected and we feel much sorrow over this.

• 更に令外官が設置されるようになると、令外官には所管・被管の上下関係が存在しない場合があるため、原則的に令外官が関わる（差出人・宛先人の片方もしくは双方が令外官）の場合には牒が用いられていた。
• Furthermore, after Ryoge no kan (a post outside the original Ritsuryo code created by Imperial edicts) was established, cho was generally used for official documents in relation to Ryoge no kan (cases in which the sender or the receiver, or both, were Ryoge no kan) because in some cases no hierarchical relationship existed among Ryoge no kan.

• しかし時代が降るにつれ、天地眼（右眼を見開き左眼をすがめる、あるいは右眼で天、左眼で地を睨む）、牙上下出（右の牙を上方、左の牙を下方に向けて出す）という、左右非対称の姿の像が増えるようになる。
• However, in more recent years the statues with asymmetrical shapes such as heaven-and-earth eyes (天地眼) (open right eye and narrowed left eye, or staring up toward heaven with the right eye and staring down toward earth with the left eye), and having the right canine tooth bared upward and the left canine tooth bared downward (牙上下出).

• 『宣胤（のぶたね）卿記』の長享2年（1488年）の条に「越前打陰」（鳥の子紙の上下に雲の紋様を漉き込んだもので、打雲紙ともいう）、文亀2年（1502年）の条に「越前鳥子」の文字が記されている。
• In the 'Nobutane-kyo-ki' (the diary of Nobutane NAKANOMIKADO there is the word 'Echizen-dain' (torinoko paper put into a pattern of clouds and also called daunshi) in the section of 1488, and the word of 'Echizen torinoko' in section of 1502.
• In 'Nobutane-kyo-ki' (the diary of Nobutane NAKANOMIKADO there is the word of 'Echizen-dain' (越前打陰) (torinoko paper with a pattern of clouds on both sides, also called daunshi) in section of year 1488 and the word 'Echizen torinoko' in section of year 1502.

• 皇祖皇宗国ヲ建テ民ニ臨ムヤ国ヲ以テ家ト為シ民ヲ視ルコト子ノ如シ列聖相承ケテ仁恕ノ化下ニ洽ク兆民相率ヰテ敬忠ノ俗上ニ奉シ上下感孚シ君民体ヲ一ニス是レ我カ国体ノ精華ニシテ当ニ天地ト並ヒ存スヘキ所ナリ
• 皇祖皇宗国ヲ建テ民ニ臨ムヤ国ヲ以テ家ト為シ民ヲ視ルコト子ノ如シ列聖相承ケテ仁恕ノ化下ニ洽ク兆民相率ヰテ敬忠ノ俗上ニ奉シ上下感孚シ君民体ヲ一ニス是レ我カ国体ノ精華ニシテ当ニ天地ト並ヒ存スヘキ所ナリ

• 田沼意次時代の天明の大飢饉を乗り越え、低下した幕府の指導力を取り戻すために、儒学のうち農業と上下の秩序を重視した朱子学を正学とし、当時流行していた古文辞学や古学を「風俗を乱すもの」として禁じた。
• In order to regain leadership after going through the Tenmei Famine in times of Okitsugu TANUMA, the shogunate chose Neo-Confucianism out of Confucianism for the official learning, which put importance on the hierarchic order and agriculture; on the other hand, they banned Kobunjigaku, (study of ancient rhetoric) and the Kogaku (learning about ancient teachings), which were popular learning at that time for corrupting public morals.

• 勧農は非常に広い概念を有する語であり、例えば、潅漑用水の整備・維持、種子・農料の貸与・給付（出挙もこれに含まれる）、耕地の配分、農業労働力の組織編成、荒廃地の開発、税率の上下調整などが含まれていた。
• Kanno is a term covering very wide-ranging concepts, it included the maintenance of irrigation facilities, lend-lease and benefit of seeds and agriculture fees ('suikyo,' land lease at interest was also included), the allocation of farm lands, the organization of the agricultural labor, the development of denuded lands, the up-down adjustment of the tax rate, and so on.

• 真言宗の建て直しを図るが、この強硬策に当然に反発した上下の僧派閥は覚鑁と激しく対立、遂に1140年、覚鑁の自所であった金剛峯寺境内の密厳院を急襲してこれを焼き払ったうえ金剛峯寺追放という凶行に出る。
• He tried to rebuild Shingon sect, but naturally, higher and lower priest factions revolted against his hard-line measures and were bitterly confronted Kakuban, and finally in 1140, they went on a rampage to conduct a raid on Kakuban's living place, Mitsugonin Temple, in the precincts of Kongobuji Temple to burn it, and banished him from Kongobuji Temple.

• 中国とこれらの諸国とは、「宗主国」(Suzerain State) と「藩属国（あるいは「属国」「付庸国」）」(Tributary State) という上下関係を基調とする国際関係を結んだことになる。
• China and such countries were deemed to have formed international relation which was based on hierarchical relation between 'soshukoku (suzerain state)' and 'hanzokukoku' (or 'zokkoku' or 'fuzokukoku') (tributary state).

• 表面的には「院・内申シ合ツツ同ジ御心ニテ」（『愚管抄』）二頭政治が行われたが、両派の対立は深く「上下おそれをののいてやすい心なし、ただ深淵にのぞむで薄氷をふむに同じ」（『平家物語』）という状況であった。
• On the surface it appeared that the government was ruled by two political forces with no conflict, ('Gu kan sho (A Selection of the Opinions of a Fool)'), however the fighting between the parties was more complicated; the situation was as if 'both were scared of each other and were in fear, although their fighting could not be seen on the surface but was like walking on the thin glass.' ('the Tale of the Heike')

• 表面には鏨（たがね）による茣蓙目が刻まれ、上下に桐紋を囲む扇枠、中央上部に「壹两」下部に「光次（花押）」の極印、裏面は中央に花押、下部の右ないし左端に小判師の験極印、さらに吹所の験極印が打印されている。
• It has chiseled mark like straw matt on its head, there are fan shape frame above and under the Kiri-mon (paulownia patterns), hallmark of 'Ichiryo' on upper part of the center and of Mitsutsugu (Kao ［written seal mark］) on lower part, Kao (written seal mark) on the center of the tail, test hallmark of Kobanshi (a Koban master) on the right or left part of lower part, and test hallmark of Fukisyo (in where Koban were casted).

• 設備方面ではイギリス人ウィリアム・バードンにより台湾の上下水道が設計されたほか、道路改善、秋の強制清掃、家屋の換気奨励、伝染病患者の強制隔離、予防注射の実施など公共衛生改善のための政策が数多く採用された。
• As for public health facilities in Taiwan, in addition to the water and sewage system designed by a British engineer William Burdon, many policies were adopted to improve public health, such as the improvement of streets, compulsory cleaning in the autumn, encouragement of ventilation in houses, quarantine of the patients with infectious diseases.

• 伴存は、文政5年（1822年）に加賀国白山に赴き、『白山之記』および『白山草木志』（上下巻）を著しているが、これらの著作が郡山記と構想や構成を同じくすることから、いわば白山は試行であったと考えられている。
• Tomoari went to Hakusan, Kaga Province in 1822 and wrote 'Hakusan no ki' and 'Hakusan Somoku shi' (two-volume) and because they were in a similar style in the concept and construction as Gunzanki, they were thought to be an experimental work before writing the Gunzanki.

• 改札口は上下線で独立して設けられており、改札内で互いのホームを行き来することはできない(昭和53年頃は構内踏切が有り宇治行きホーム側のみに改札口が有り、朝のみ中書島行きホームへの臨時改札口が設けられていた)。
• A ticket gate is provided independently for each of the inbound trains and the outbound trains, but one can't move between the two platforms inside the ticket gates (in around 1978, with a railroad crossing provided within the premises, a ticket gate was provided only on the side of the platform for the trains for Uji, and a temporary ticket gate for the platform for Chushojima was provided only in the morning).

• これに対し雑賀衆は雑賀城を本城となし、雑賀川（和歌川）沿いに弥勒寺山城を中心として北に東禅寺山城・上下砦・宇須山砦・中津城 (紀伊国)、南に甲崎砦・玉津島砦・布引浜の砦を築き、川岸には柵を設けて防衛線を構築した。
• On the other hand, Saiga shu placed its headquarter at Saiga-jo Castle and built up the line of defense with Tozenjiyama-jo Castle, Joge Fort (上下砦), Usayama Fort, Nakatsu-jo Castle (Kii Province) in the north, Kosaki Fort (甲崎砦), Tamatsushima Fort and Nunobikihama Fort in the south and barriers on the riverside, centering on Mirokuyama-jo Castle along the Saiga-gawa River (Waka-gawa River).

• 北辰一刀流を学んだというから（同流派の道場ではたいていどこでも上下関係が厳しかったそうである）、おそらく礼儀作法を身に着けていただろう藤堂は、もしかすると局内で接客応対や事務処理などを担当していたのかもしれない。
• Todo may have attended to visitors or done clerical work in the office because he seems to have learned etiquette at the Hokushin Itto school dojo, where relationships between superiors and inferiors were strict.

• 表面中央に「拾両後藤（花押）」、右上に「天正十六」などと年号が墨書され、菱形枠の桐極印が上部に一箇所、下部に二箇所に打たれていることから菱大判と呼ばれるが、同形式で丸枠桐極印が上下にそれぞれ一箇所のものの存在する。
• At the middle of the front, the names of the monetary unit and the craftsman's Kao (a stylized signature) are written in ink as 'Ten ryo Goto'; at the upper right, the name of the era is written also in ink such as 'Tensho sixteen (the sixteenth year of Tensho era)'; at the top, one Kiwamein (hallmark) of paulownia in a diamond ('hishi') is stamped; and at the bottom, two same Kiwamein are stamped; therefore it is called 'Tensho hishi oban', however, some of those have one Kiwamein of paulownia in a circle at the top and one same Kiwamein at the bottom, instead of three Kiwamein of paulownia in a diamond.

• 大統領及び副大統領の任期は、もし本修正箇条が承認されていなかった場合の任期が終了する年の1月20日の正午に終了し、上下両院議員の任期はそれぞれの任期が終わる年の1月3日の正午に終了する。その後任者の任期はその時に開始する。
• The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.

• 國學院の編になる『賀茂真淵全集』（6巻）、またその増訂版である『増訂賀茂真淵全集』（12巻、吉川弘文館）および、『校本賀茂真淵全集』（思想編上下）、久松潜一監修『賀茂真淵全集』（28巻、続群書類従完成会）が刊行されている。
• They have been published in 'Kamo no Mabuchi Zenshu' (The Complete Works of Kamo no Mabuchi) (six volumes) compiled by Kokugakuin, its revised edition 'Zotei Kamo no Mabuchi Zenshu' (The Revised Edition of the Complete Works of Kamo no Mabuchi) (twelve volumes, published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan), 'Kohon Kamo no Mabuchi Zenshu' (The Conflated Edition of the Complete Works of Kamo no Mabuchi) (on his thoughts, two volumes) and 'Kamo no Mabuchi Zenshu' (The Complete Works of Kamo no Mabuchi) (twenty-eight volumes, published by Zokugun Shorui Ju Kanseikai) edited by Senichi HISAMATSU.

• 8月中旬に、宇治駅を最寄りとする宇治川花火大会が行われるが、通常ダイヤでは輸送力が確保できないため16時前から最終まで特別ダイヤで運転され、16時以降はすべて普通列車のみの運転で京都～宇治間は上下ともに約10分での運転となる。
• The Uji-gawa River fireworks display (nearest stop: Uji Station) is held in mid-August, when the special schedule is introduced to secure sufficient transport capacity before 4 p.m. to the end; after 4 p.m., only the local trains run between Kyoto Station and Uji Station at intervals of approximately 10 minutes.

• これは鎌倉幕府によって正式に補任されて荘園を支配した地頭は荘官としては下司もしくは中司に相当する場合が多く、幕府に仕える御家人が上司となって幕府が補任した同じ御家人である地頭との間に上下関係が発生することを危惧したための規定である。
• This regulation was formulated by the Kamakura bakufu, because the bakufu was worried about rivalries between the gokenin serving it, if one were appointed to Joshi while another was appointed to the post of Jito, which often corresponded to the lower ranks such as Geshi and Chushi, in order to control a Shoen manor.

• 表面は「拾両後藤（花押）」と墨書され、後藤十二代寿乗、十三代延乗、十四代桂乗、十五代真乗、十六代方乗、十七代典乗の書があり、上下左右に丸枠桐紋極印がそれぞれ一箇所、計四箇所打たれ、形状はやや角ばった楕円形であるが慶長大判より撫肩となる。
• it was an oval coin with slightly angular edges, but which was more rounded than the Keicho-Oban, and bore the letters 'ju-ryo GOTO' written on the face of the coin in ink by Jujo, who was the twelfth family head of the GOTO clan, then by Enjo the thirteenth family head, followed by Keijo the fourteenth family head, Shinjo the fifteenth family head, Hojo the sixteenth family head, and Tenjo the seventeenth family head, and bore the stamp of a paulownia in a circle on all four corners of the coin.

• 幕末のころ、神田孝平がたまたま露店で写本を見つけ、明治2年（1869年）、福澤諭吉が、『蘭学事始』（上下二巻）の題名で刊行（その後、明治23年4月1日に記した「蘭学事始再版の序」の中で、感動に涙したとしている）、一般に読まれるようになる。
• In the last days of Edo Period, Takahira KANDA happened to find a copied book at a street stall, and in 1869 Yukichi FUKUZAWA published the book 'Rangaku Kotohajime' (two volumes) (later in the preface to the second edition of Rangaku Kotohajime written on April 1, 1890, Fukuzawa wrote that he was moved to tears), and it became to be read by the general public.

• 急行列車「はしだて (列車)」が走っていた頃には上下列車の列車交換が行われていたが、1999年10月2日の1987年～2000年のJRダイヤ改正1999年（平成11年）で駅での上下列車の交換が無くなり閉塞 (鉄道)分割の機能のみになった。
• While the Express 'Hashidate (train)' was running, the inbound and outbound trains crossed each other at this station; however, when the JR timetable for the period 1987-2000 was revised on October 2, 1999, the station ceased to be the passing point of the inbound and outbound trains and remained only with the function of a (railway) block and junction.

• 律令制においては官司の上下関係は明確であるため、解の提出先である上級官司は自ずから定まっており、差出所である下級官司の名称は記載されていても、宛所である上級官司は記載しないことになっていた（職 (律令制)・寮 (律令制)・司・郡→八省・国司→太政官）。
• Since the hierarchical relationship among government officials was clearly defined in the ritsuryo system, the upper grade officials to whom lower grade officials had to submit ge were fixed accordingly, therefore, it was necessary to write the name of the reporter, lower grade official, while that of a receiver, higher grade official, was not written (Shoku [ritsuryo system]/Ryo [ritsuryo system]/Tsukasa/Gun->Hassho/Kokushi->Dajokan).

• 日中の場合、かつては木津方面へ発着する快速列車（上下線双方）を1番線、当駅折り返しの各駅停車を2番線に発着させるダイヤであったが、現在は当駅で木津方面発着列車同士の行き違いを行うようになったため、昼間時は事実上行き先がホームごとに固定された形になっている。
• In the daytime, the rapid trains going to/coming from the direction of Kizu Station (both inbound trains and outbound trains) formerly used Platform 1, with local trains returning from this station using Platform 2, but because trains going to/coming from the direction of Kizu Station have come to meet here, each platform is fixed, in the daytime, to the use of the trains running in only one direction.

• それでも仙台藩家格の呼称には「一家」・「一門」などの洞時代の主従関係の残滓が残され続けて、これに基づいた家中の上下関係が形成された（ちなみに天文の乱終結から仙台藩成立までに新規に「一家」・「一門」以上となった家は片倉小十郎で知られる片倉氏他1家のみと言われている）。
• Nevertheless, however, titles representing family status in the Sendai Domain that had been derived from the relationship of lord and vassal in the era of Utsuro, such as 'ikka' and 'ichimon,' were continuously used and became the basis of the hierarchical relationship in the domain (Allegedly, only the Katakura family, which became famous due to Kojuro KATAKURA, and one other family were conferred the title of 'ikka' and 'ichimon' or higher during the period between the end of the Tenbun War and the establishment of the Sendai Domain).

• また、これ以後に作られた校訂本では冷泉明融により藤原定家の自筆本を文字の配列や字形に至るまで忠実に写し取った臨模本とされる明融臨模本が存在する巻（桐壺、帚木、花宴、若菜 (源氏物語)上下、橋姫 (源氏物語)、浮舟）については大島本よりもそちらを底本にすることが多い。
• Most of the recensions which were made after this were not based on the Oshima-bon, but on the Meiyurinmo-bon, a copy book which REIZEI Meiyu faithfully transcribed from the manuscripts in Teika's own hand, from arrangement of letters to even letterforms, as long as the Meiyurinmo-bon manuscripts existed; the volumes based on the Meiyurinmo-bon were Kiritsubo, Hahakigi (The Broom Tree), Hana no En (The Festival of the Cherry Blossoms), Wakana (Spring Shoots) I and II, Hashihime (The Maiden of the Bridge), and Ukifune.

• 例えば、明治元年8月の「奥羽士民に対する告諭」は御誓文の第一条を元に「広く会議を興し万機公論に決するは素より天下の事一人の私する所にあらざればなり」と述べ、同年10月の「京都府下人民告諭大意」は第三条を元に「上下心を一にし、末々に至るまで各其志を遂げさせ」と述べている。
• For example, in August 1868, 'official notice to shimin (warrior and ordinary people) of Ou region stated 'All affairs of State shall be referred to public opinion through general conferences because affairs of state shall not belong to a single person' based on the first article of Charter Oath, in October of the same year, 'an outline of official notice to residents in Kyoto Prefecture stated 'The government and the people shall act in harmony to accomplish one's aspiration' based on the third article of Charter Oath.

• 中国では北斉時代（550-577）の菩薩像２体（山東省・青州博物館蔵）に截金が見られ、一方は二重の亀甲文の中に亀を描いたものと、裳裾に縦長の亀甲文の中に３枚の葉をもった植物文を上下に重ねた文様に、もう一方は裳に緑と赤に白い丸文を描いた文様の区画の境界線に截金が使われている。
• In China, the kirikane technique is found in two statues of Bosatsu (bodhisattva) in Northern Qi period (550 to 577) (owned by Qingzhou Museum in Shandong Province): For one of them, it is used in the motif of a double-line kikkomon (hexagonal pattern) in which a tortoise is drawn, and the motif which two patterns of plant with three leaves are arranged one above the other in a vertically long kikkomon in its mosuso (hem of pants), and for the other, in the boundary line between green pattern with white circle and red pattern with white circle in its mo (long pleated skirts).

• 最初は、この語を、気障生意気などの意に用ひ、髮の分け方苅り込方の気障なるをも、ハイカラと冷評し、女の庇髪の出過ぎたるをもハイカラと罵倒したりしが、小松氏の言、讖＜しん＞をなせしにや、終には、其義を引伸して、洒落者、或は最新式などの義にも用ひ、社会上下を通じて、一般の流行語となれり。
• At first the word was used to mean affectation, impudence and so on like calling hikara an affected manner of dividing or cutting hair, or abusing too long hisashigami as haikara, but as Mr. KOMATSU predicted, the word has widened its meaning including a fashionable person or being up-to-date and it has become a popular word both in the upper social class and in the lower social class.

• 江戸時代の代表的な『源氏物語』の刊本を見ても、「絵入源氏物語」は『源氏物語』本文54冊に、「源氏目案」3冊、「引歌」1冊、「系図」1冊、「山路露」1冊を加えて、「源氏物語湖月抄」は「若菜」上下と「雲隠」を共に数に入れた源氏物語本文55冊に「系図」、「年立」等からなる「首巻」5冊を加えて、いずれも全60冊になる形で出版されている。
• The Tale of Genji with illustrations,' a representative printed book of 'The Tale of Genji' in the Edo period, consists of 54 volumes of 'The Tale of Genji,' three volumes of 'Genji Meyasu,' one volume of 'Poem Quotation,' one volume of 'Genealogy' and one volume of 'Yamaji no Tsuyu,' making 60 volumes, while 'Kogetsu-sho Commentary of The Tale of Genji' has 55 volumes of 'The Tale of Genji,' including two books of 'Wakana' and a book of 'Kumogakure' and five books of 'Kubimaki,' consisting of 'Genealogy,' 'Chronology' and others, which together make a total of 60 volumes.

• そのため通勤客対象に1996年3月16日からは朝通勤時の近江今津発大阪行き、1997年3月8日からは夕方帰宅時の京都発永原行きの上下1本ずつ快速が設定され（前者は新旭・近江高島・北小松通過、後者は近江舞子以北各駅に停車、2002年3月23日から快速は両者ともおごと温泉駅に停車するようになった）、のちの敦賀まで運転区間が延長されている。
• Accordingly, for commuters the rapid train from Omi-Imazu Station to Osaka Station running once during the morning (set on March 16, 1996) and the rapid train from Kyoto Station to Nagahara Station running once in the evening (set on March 8, 1997) were added (the former passes Shin-Asahi, Omi-Takashima and Kitakomatsu Stations, and the latter stops at every station to the north of Omi-Maiko Station; however, both trains have stopped at Ogotoonsen Station since March 23, 2002), and the operation of these trains has been extended to Tsuruga Station.

• 役柄による多少の違いはあるが、おおむね、自然の肌色より若干明るめ(ロシア系は、かなり白目)のファンデーションを顔全体に塗る、茶色がかったほほ紅、ノーズシャドーを入れる、青いアイシャドーを、まぶた一杯に差す、茶色のダブルラインを入れる、上下のまぶたにアイライナーを、思いっきり太く入れる、付けまつげを付ける、鮮やかな口紅を、輪郭をはっきり描く、という場合が多い。
• There are some differences depending on the role, but in general, ballet dancers frequently put on foundation somewhat lighter than natural flesh color (considerably whitish in the case of Russian dancers) on their entire face, brownish blush and nose shadow, blue eye shadow covering the whole eyelid as well as a brown double line, boldly thick eyeliner on the upper and lower eyelids, they wear tipped eyelashes, and clearly paint the shape of the lips with brilliant-colored lipstick.

• 締め方の要領として、横褌は腰骨の上で巻き付け、前袋の位置が臍下に来るようにすること、前垂れを落とす際、縦褌と何度も交差させて締めること、前袋が綺麗な二等辺三角形に形成されていること、2重に締める上で、上の生地が前袋で撓まず、下の生地との間で上下の歪みを出さないこと、陰部はしっかり覆われていること、縦褌に左右の偏りがないこと、横褌にしっかり巻き付けられていること、巻き付けた時に生地に余りがなく左右の長さが一定であること、陰毛がはみ出さないことが求められる。
• In order to fasten fundoshi properly, the yoko-fundoshi should be wound above the hipbone, the front sack should be below the navel, when the maedare is dropped it should be crossed with the tate-fundoshi many times before fastening, the front sack should be formed into a perfect isosceles triangle, in fastening doubly the upper cloth should not wrinkle up at the point of the front sack or be dislocated vertically from the under cloth, the genitals should be totally covered, the tate-fundoshi should not slant horizontally and should be wrapped tightly around the yoko-fundoshi, the cloth of the fundoshi should be fastened in a bilaterally symmetric style and should not be too long, and the pubic hair should not show.

• 不動光の光度及び明滅の最大光度は、方位角において、光源の中心を含み、離陸若しくは着陸の経路を含む鉛直面又は当該経路に平行な鉛直面から左右それぞれ三度までの範囲及び航空緑と航空赤との境界面の上下それぞれ二度までの範囲では九千カンデラ以上、方位角において、光源の中心を含み、離陸若しくは着陸の経路を含む鉛直面又は当該経路に平行な鉛直面から左右それぞれ十五度までの範囲及び航空緑と航空赤との境界面の上下それぞれ十度までの範囲では三百七十五カンデラ以上であり、かつ、離陸若しくは着陸の経路を含む鉛直面又は当該経路に平行な鉛直面と航空緑と航空赤との境界面の交線に直交する平面における光柱の断面は、楕円形であること。
• The maximum light intensity of a constant light and a blinking light shall be such that in the azimuth angles

• 地区整備計画においては、第十二条の五第七項に定めるもののほか、適正かつ合理的な土地利用の促進を図るため、都市計画施設である道路（自動車のみの交通の用に供するもの及び自動車の沿道への出入りができない高架その他の構造のものに限る。）の整備と併せて当該都市計画施設である道路の上空又は路面下において建築物等の整備を一体的に行うことが適切であると認められるときは、当該都市計画施設である道路の区域のうち、建築物等の敷地として併せて利用すべき区域を定めることができる。この場合においては、当該区域内における建築物等の建築又は建設の限界（当該都市計画施設である道路の整備上必要な建築物等の建築又は建設の限界であつて、空間又は地下について上下の範囲を定めたものをいう。）をも定めなければならない。
• In district development plans, in addition to the matters stipulated in paragraph (7), Article 12-5, when it is deemed appropriate to conduct the integrated the construction of buildings etc. above or beneath roads-which are city planning facilities-along with the construction of said roads (limited to roads devoted to vehicular traffic and elevated and other structures from which vehicles cannot access roadsides) in order to promote adequate and reasonable land use, the areas with said roads which are city planning facilities that should be used together with the sites of buildings etc. may be designated. In such cases, the construction limits of buildings (i.e., the required limits on building construction when developing roads-which are city planning facilities-or the established vertical scope for open spaces or underground areas) in the said area must be stipulated.

• マニプレータ及び記憶装置（可変シーケンス制御装置及び固定シーケンス制御装置を含む。以下この号において同じ。）を有し、記憶装置の情報に基づきマニプレータの伸縮、屈伸、上下移動、左右移動若しくは旋回の動作又はこれらの複合動作を自動的に行うことができる機械（研究開発中のものその他厚生労働大臣が定めるものを除く。以下「産業用ロボツト」という。）の可動範囲（記憶装置の情報に基づきマニプレータその他の産業用ロボツトの各部の動くことができる最大の範囲をいう。以下同じ。）内において当該産業用ロボツトについて行うマニプレータの動作の順序、位置若しくは速度の設定、変更若しくは確認（以下「教示等」という。）（産業用ロボツトの駆動源を遮断して行うものを除く。以下この号において同じ。）又は産業用ロボツトの可動範囲内において当該産業用ロボツトについて教示等を行う労働者と共同して当該産業用ロボツトの可動範囲外において行う当該教示等に係る機器の操作の業務
• Work pertaining to instruction, etc. (meaning setting, altering or confirming the motion sequence, position or velocity of a manipulator for a industrial robot (a machine which is composed of manipulators and memory devices (including variable sequence control units and fixed sequence control units, the same shall apply in this item.) and capable automatically to perform the motions of manipulators such as telescopic, bending/stretching, raising/lowering, right/left, revolving motions, and their combines motions based on the information in the memory device, excluding the one research and development or others provided by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare), excluding those carried out while the power source of the said industrial robot is cut off, the same shall apply in this item.) for the said industrial robot within its movable range (meaning the maximum movable range in which manipulators and other moving parts of the said industrial robot are capable of moving based on the information in the memory device, hereinafter the same shall apply.) and pertaining to the operation of the apparatus for the said instruction, etc. carried out by a co-worker at outside of the movable range in cooperation with the worker who carries out the instruction, etc., within the movable range;