一方: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- その一方
- in contrast
- meanwhile
- in the meantime
- 治打撲一方
- ji-daboku-ippo
- TJ-89
- 一方で、伊勢神道を受容。
- At the same time, he took in Ise Shinto (a school of Shinto thought to be established by priests of the Grand Shrine of Ise (Ise no Jingu) in the medieval period).
- 一方、国衙軍制は崩壊した。
- The kokuga forces system, on the other hand, collapsed.
- 一方で文人への批判もなされた。
- On the other hand, Bunjin were criticized as well.
- 一方、山縣は政党を敵視し続けた。
- Meanwhile, Yamagata continued to be hostile to political parties.
- 一方で、執権権力の強化にも努めた。
- On the other hand, he tried to strengthen the power of Shikken.
- その一方、滝川一益は調略を開始した。
- On the other hand, Kazumasu TAKIGAWA commenced a stratagem.
- 一方、義仲は西国で苦戦を続けていた。
- Meanwhile, Yoshinaka was putting up a poor fight in Saigoku (western part of Japan - esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki).
- その一方で田辺与力騒動なども起こった。
- A further riot was the riot of Yoriki TANABE.
- その一方で、以下の事実を指摘している。
- On the other hand, HOSOI points out the following facts:
- 一方山県参軍も樫山にて戦況を観望した。
- On the other hand, Sangun YAMAGATA observed the war situation from Kashiyama.
- 一方、源頼朝も大きな課題に対面していた。
- On the other hand, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was also facing an enormous challenge.
- 一方、大衆は予想に反して内裏に向かった。
- Meanwhile, contrary to expectations, daishu headed to the dairi.
- このように酒井隊の一方的な展開となった。
- Thus the Sakai commando overwhelmed the Takeda force in the battle.
- 一方日本側の死傷者は雲揚の2名であった。
- On the other hand, the number of casualties for the Japanese was 2 of Unyo.
- 一方、幕府側の主張は以下の通りであった。
- Meanwhile, the bakufu argued as follows:
- (一方で高市皇子の片思いという説もあり)
- (On the other hand, some say that it was an unrequited love of Prince Takechi)
- 一方で、日本についての資料の収集に努めた。
- Meanwhile, he collected materials about Japan.
- 一方、京においては後高倉院の帰依を受ける。
- In Kyoto, on the other hand, he accepted Gotakakurain's devotion.
- 当初密教を学ぶ一方修験道をあわせて修めた。
- While he began his studies learning about Esoteric Buddhism, he also pursued the way of Shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism-shamanism incorporating Shinto and Buddhist concepts).
- 一方、降水量が少ないと逆に増える傾向にある。
- On the other hand, when little rain falls in a place where kosa is supposed to occur, the occurrence frequency of kosa there tends to increase thereafter.
- 一方で日本には繊維製品などが輸入されている。
- On the other hand textile products were imported to Japan.
- 一方、官軍は熊本城を中心に守備兵を配置した。
- On the other hand, the government army deployed garrisons centered on Kumamoto Castle.
- こうした一方で、新羅は民間交易に力を入れた。
- Meanwhile, Silla concentrated on private sector trade.
- 一方首都長安を防衛する左右羽林軍は六万足らず。
- On the other hand, the Left and the Right Urin (bodyguard) armies that guarded the capital of Changan had less than 60,000 men.
- 一方、政宗は刈田郡に進撃し、白石城を落とした。
- On the other hand, Masamune marched into Katta District and captured the Shiraishi-jo Castle.
- 一方、台型は全体を台に盛り上げて畝を形成する。
- Meanwhile, the plateau type is made by heaping up earth in the shape of a plateau.
- 史料によって若干異なる場合は一方のみを記した。
- Where population figures vary between sources, only one of those figures have been implemented.
- 一方、慶喜は既に攘夷の実行は不能と悟っていた。
- On the other hand, Yoshinobu already realized that the expulsion of foreigners cannot be achieved.
- 一方辞書的な面を表す一般名詞は「字引」となった。
- On the other hand, a common noun referring to the nature of dictionary was replaced by another word, 'jibiki.'
- 一方、同社京都ビール工場の一部が町域に所在する。
- Suntory Kyoto Brewery, on the other hand, is partly located in the town.
- 一方、同じ頃浄土真宗の本福寺が堅田に創建された。
- Around the same time, Honpuku-ji Temple of the Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) was established in Katata.
- それは一方的な物資徴発、ともすれば略奪であった。
- It could be one-seded requisition of supplies, or sometimes plunder.
- 一方、地方官庁ではある程度の統一がなされていた。
- At the local governments, however, names were standardized to a certain extent.
- 一方で上方を中心に元禄文化が栄えることとなった。
- On the other hand, Genroku Culture prospered mainly in Kamigata (urban area around Kyoto and Osaka).
- 一方上杉側はこの後もすぐに関東へ出兵している)。
- On the other hand, the Uesugi side sent its troops to Kanto immediately after the battle as well).
- 一方、『玉葉』にはより詳細な内容が記録されている。
- The contents of the decree are more precisely described in the 'Gyokuyo.'
- 一方、庶民の一般教育を引き受けたのは寺子屋である。
- However, general education was provided to ordinary people at Terakoya.
- その一方、伝来したキリスト教も広がりを見せていく。
- On the other hand, Christianity that came from abroad started to also expand.
- 一方、大内氏と何度か交戦するも決着が着かなかった。
- On the other hand, he had battles with the Ouchi clan several times, but it was not brought to an end.
- 一方、紅葉パラダイスの跡地にはマンションが建った。
- On the other hand, a condominium has been built at the site of the demolished Koyo Paradise.
- 一方、空海は奈良仏教に対し、融和的な態度をとった。
- Meanwhile, Kukai took a conciliatory attitude toward Nara Buddhism.
- 一方、日本の商人はポルトガル商船との交易を歓迎した。
- However, merchants in Japan welcomed trade with Portuguese coming aboard their merchant ships.
- 一方、真田軍はわずか21~40人ほどの犠牲ですんだ。
- On the other hand, Sanada's army lost only twenty-one to forty soldiers.
- しかし、明の介入で戦局は一方的でなくなってしまった。
- However, Ming's intervention changed the one-sided progress of the war.
- 一方、明治14年7月、右大臣岩倉具視が意見書を提出。
- On the other hand, Tomomi IWAKURA, Minister of the Right, also submitted his written opinion in July 1881.
- 一方当人は馬ごと拘引されそうになったと証言している。
- However, the person in question said he was arrested together with his horse.
- 一方、本庄繁長の居城・福島城は福島県庁となっている。
- The Fukushima-jo Castle, the residential castle of Shigenaga HONJO, is now the Fukushima prefectural government office.
- 一方福島城の防備は堅く、伊達軍にも死傷者が続出した。
- On the other hand, the Date army had dead and injured one after another because the Fukushima-jo Castle was heavily fortified.
- 一方、長政からの救援要請を受けた晴元は、対応に苦慮。
- Harumoto did not know how to deal with Nagamasa's request for support.
- 一方、裏面には「光次」の署名と花押が刻印されている。
- On the other hand, a signature of 'Koji' and Kao (written seal mark) were engraved on the back side.
- 「一方で官軍(源氏)は僅かに一、二千騎に過ぎない。」
- 'On the other hand, the Imperial Army (Minamoto clan) had merely one to two thousand cavalrymen.'
- 一方で皇太子時代には後水尾天皇に言及したこともある。
- Meanwhile, he once mentioned the Emperor Gomizunoo when he was the Crown Prince.
- その一方で、幕府内の東国独立論は大きく後退していった。
- Meanwhile, the argument about independence of the Togoku region was significantly receded.
- (慶事とされる一方で、大規模な儀式に費用がかかった。)
- (Sauten toji was considered auspicious, and a huge and very expensive ceremony was held on this day.)
- 一方、朝廷の後陽成天皇は、幽斎が討死することを恐れた。
- At the same time, Emperor Goyozei of the Court was afraid that Yusai would die in battle.
- 一方で生活の質を向上させ、修養にも通じているといえる。
- On the other hand, it is also said that they have improved the quality of life and are related with training.
- 一方、銅鐸は出現当初から祭祀に用いられたと考えられる。
- On the other hand, dotaku is believed to be a tool for rituals from the time of emergence.
- 一方、後発の振武隊は進路を誤り、荒佐の官軍と遭遇した。
- On the other hand, the later dispatched Shinbutai took a wrong course and encountered the government army at Arasa.
- 一方、徳川軍と交戦していた朝倉軍は数では上回っていた。
- On the other hand, Asakura troops, which were fighting with Tokugawa, outnumbered the Tokugawa troop.
- 一方、知行地に在勤した家老を国家老・在所家老と呼んだ。
- On the other hand, Karo officers who worked in chigyo-chi (the lord's territory) were called Kuni-garo or Zaisho-garo.
- また、一方で平安時代には教団は巨大化、純一化が進んだ。
- However, its religious group became enormous and purified during the Heian period.
- 一方、伊予親王も宗成に唆された経緯を平城天皇に報告する。
- At the same time, Imperial Prince Iyo also reported the details of Munenari's instigation to Emperor Heijo.
- 一方で、尊皇派の生き残りは多くが明治政府で要路に立った。
- On the other hand, many of the surviving members in the royalist faction played major roles in the Meiji government.
- 一方、奈良県の広報には最初から「五條」と表記されている。
- On the other hand, it was described as '五條' in the public relations in Nara Prefecture from the start.
- 一方畿内近辺の反乱勢力の蜂起に対して平家は反撃に転じる。
- Meanwhile, Heike went on the counteroffensive by raising the uprising power in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto).
- 一方、柳本飛行場は米軍の接収が終了すると農地に戻された。
- On the other hand, the Yanagimoto Airport was turned back into the agricultural land after the seizure of the U.S. Forces was finished.
- その一方で大隈は近代的な貨幣制度を実施する計画を進めた。
- At the same time, OKUMA was proceeding the plan to enforce the modern currency system.
- 一方、大映は映画製作の赤字などによる巨額の負債が表面化。
- However, in the mean time enormous debts incurred in motion picture production surfaced at Daiei.
- その一方で応其も秀吉の方広寺造営に際しては協力している。
- In turn, Ogo helped Hideyoshi when Hideyoshi was building Hoko-ji Temple.
- しかし一方で弟子たちは「厳しかった」「怖かった」という。
- On the other hand, his pupils described him as 'stern' and 'frightening.'
- その一方で、女子文芸学舎(現 千代田女学園)を創立した。
- Meanwhile, he founded Joshi Bungei Gakusha (today's Chiyoda Jogakuen.)
- しかし一方では、国司免判による国免荘も急増するようになる。
- However, on the other hand, kokumen sho by the remission of tax by kokushi rapidly increased.
- 一方でこの事態は豪族層の神祇信仰離れを促進しかねなかった。
- On the other hand, this situation might have accelerated the separation of Jingi belief from local ruling families.
- 一方、秀吉は同年9月に毛利氏に出陣を命じ豊前へ向かわせた。
- On the other hand, Hideyoshi ordered the Mori clan to charge forward to Buzen in September of the same year.
- 一方で戦後の混乱期と重なった思春期には思い悩むことも多く、
- However, he must have had lots of agony in his adolescence when Japan was thrown into confusion by the aftermath of war.
- 一方、銅鐸の生産は近畿地方などで行われたと考えられている。
- On the other hand, dotaku was manufactured in the Kinki region.
- 一方、戦場となった東日本の各地では大規模な一揆が発生した。
- Meanwhile in the provinces of eastern Japan, many places suffered as battlefields during the Boshin War, large-scale uprisings broke out.
- 一方、平正盛による義親追討は伊勢平氏の台頭の契機となった。
- On the other hand, tracking down and killing Yoshichika by TAIRA no Masamori triggered the emergence of Ise-Heishi (Taira clan).
- 一方で6月27日 (旧暦)には、信長へも徳川家康軍が参着。
- On the other hand, the troops of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA arrived at Nobunaga's on August 8.
- 一方で、南宋が滅んだ後の弘安の役については様々な説がある。
- On the other hand, there are various theories about Koan no Eki, which occurred after the fall of the Southern Sung Dynasty.
- 一方、氏姓のほかに、同時に発達したのが字(あざな)である。
- Meanwhile, besides clan name and hereditary titles, Azana also developed at the same time.
- - ソビエト連邦が日ソ中立条約を一方的に破棄して対日参戦。
- The Soviet Union one-sidedly broke the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact and participated in the war against Japan.
- 一方、スギが少ない欧米等ではスギが原因となる花粉症は少ない。
- On the other hand, there are fewer cases of hay fever triggered by Japanese cedar pollen in Europe and North America where there are few Japanese cedar trees.
- 一方、貞方の庶子堀江貞政は南関東の武蔵国稲毛に逃れたという。
- On the other hand, an illegitimate child of Sadakata, Sadamasa HORIE is said to have fled to Inage, Musashi Province in Southern Kanto region.
- その一方でその地位や学説を巡る一族間の対立も激化していった。
- Meanwhile, inter-clan conflicts over their positions and theories escalated.
- 一方、天皇方の軍議では義朝が夜討を献策してこれが容れられる。
- However, in a council of war on the Emperor's side, Yoshitomo planned a night attack, which was accepted.
- 一方、西北九州を中心に、福井型と呼ばれる細石刃核が存在する。
- On the other hand, the core of saisekijin, which is called the Fukui type (type in Fukui Prefecture), is found mainly in northwest Kyushu.
- 一方、信長到着の報を受けた武田陣営では直ちに軍議が開かれた。
- Meanwhile, the Takeda force held a war council a soon as they heard of the arrival of Nobunaga.
- その後、諸寺の別当を歴任する一方、衰退した園城寺を復興した。
- Since then he held the post of betto (the head priest) of various temples successively, while he restored the declining Onjo-ji Temple.
- その一方で、本所の配下になることを忌避する百姓神主も存在した。
- There also were hyakusho priests who refused to serve under honjo.
- しかし一方で華族としての体面を保つためには出費が必要であった。
- However, they had to spend money for the sake of appearances as kazoku..
- 一方、白河上皇も権力維持のために、正盛の武力を必要としていた。
- On the other hand, Shirakawa required Masamori's armed forces to maintain his power.
- 一方、この他に郡稲・公用稲・駅起稲などの「官稲」が定められた。
- On the other hand, apart from this, 'kanto' (rice gathered as denso and stored in various provinces) such as gunto, koyoine and ekikito (rice harvested from ekiden [rice field provided by government, exempted from tax] to allot to the cost of stations in Yoro-ryo [Yoro Code]) was established.
- 一方、鎮台側はこの機に乗じ、時々少量の糧食を城中に運び入れた。
- On the other hand, the garrison took advantage of that and occasionally carried provisions into the castle by small amount.
- 一方政変により下野した大隈重信は翌年立憲改進党の党首となった。
- In the following year, Shigenobu OKUMA, who had left the position in the 1881 Political Crisis, was appointed as the leader of the Rikken Kaishinto (Constitutional Reform Party).
- 一方、遺骨を納骨堂に預け引き取り人を待つ場合も少なからずある。
- On the other hand, there are many cases in which ashes are left with an ossuary for someone to claim them.
- その一方で富を蓄積した百姓は、村方地主から豪農に成長していった。
- On the other hand, hyakusho who accumulated wealth grew from murakata-jinushi (influential landowners in the villages) to be wealthy farmers.
- その一方で『栄花物語』など懐古的傾向をもつ歴史物語もつくられた。
- On the other hand, nostalgic historical tales such as 'Eiga monogatari' (A Tale of Flowering Fortunes) were created.
- 一方、青苧座は苧公事納入と引換に青苧の独占販売の権限を得ていた。
- Meanwhile, aoso-za gained the exclusive right of selling aoso in exchange for the payment of so-kuji.
- 一方、真里谷城の分家は真里谷氏(まりや/まりやつし)と名乗った。
- Meanwhile, a branch family based at Mariya Castle called itself the Mariya Clan (Mariyatsu clan).
- 一方で、社会の安定化に伴い、耕地開発の大事業が各地で実施された。
- On the other hand, as the society became stable, big projects of developing new arable lands were carried out in various areas.
- 一方で受領は勘解由使や受領考過定など監査制度の制約も受けていた。
- On the other hand, they had some restrictions through an auditing system such as Kageyushi (Board of Discharge Examiners) and Zuryo kokatei (Evaluation of Zuryo).
- 河内源氏が没落する一方で、摂津源氏の頼政は政権内に留まっていた。
- So even as the Kawachi Genji were destroyed, Yorimasa, of the Settsu Genji, managed to remain part of the inner circle of government.
- 一方、晴信は信濃国の佐久郡、下伊那郡、木曽郡の制圧を進めている。
- On the other hand, Harunobu made efforts to conquer Saku County, Shimo-Ina County, and Kiso County in Shinano Province.
- その一方で多田行綱は『玉葉』で山の手を落としたと明記されてある。
- On the other hand, 'Gyokuyo' clearly states that Yukitsuna TADA took the fortress on the hilly section of the city.
- 一方、編年体の代表としては春秋の他に司馬光の『資治通鑑』がある。
- On the other hand, the representative work written in henen-tai other than Chunqiu is Guang SIMA's 'The Zizhi Tongjian' (The Comprehensive Mirror As An Aid to Government).
- 一方で義和団事件の再発を列国が恐れたための内容であるともいえる。
- On the other hand, it may be said that the Powers were afraid of reoccurrences of the Boxers Uprising.
- 一方で東寺に灌頂院を建立して真言宗の伝法・結縁灌頂の道場とした。
- At the same time, he founded the Kanjoin sub temple at To-ji Temple, which served as the training hall for the Kechie kanjo (Dharma transmission) of Shingon Buddhist teachings and rituals.
- 一方、最も近い発生源である中国東北地方のものは最短半日で到達する。
- On the other hand, the kosa produced in the northeastern part of China, the nearest kosa-producing place reaches Korea only in half a day.
- 一方、在地領主・富豪・有力百姓らが新たな支配層として台頭していた。
- Meanwhile, resident landholders, rich people, influential farmers and others had gained power as the new ruling class.
- その一方で、符天暦と密教が結びついた宿曜道の台頭が暦道を脅かした。
- Meanwhile, rekido was overshadowed by sukuyodo, the emerging astrology that had been established by combining the futenreki and Esoteric Buddhism.
- 一方の東禅寺兄弟は野戦での迎撃を決め、両者は十五里ヶ原で対峙した。
- On the other hand, the Tozenji brothers decided to meet the enemy in the field; so the troops confronted one another at Jugorigahara.
- 一方、島津義久は西から秀吉の軍勢が南下していることを知って慌てた。
- In the meantime, Yoshihisa SHIMAZU was panicked to hear Hideyoshi's army moving southward.
- 要の金具は表に蝶、裏に鳥を配することが多いが、一方が梅の例も多い。
- The metal fittings of the pivot usually have a butterfly on the surface and a bird on the back, but not a few such fittings have Japanese plums on one side.
- 一方、杉豊後入道は将軍は当家を滅ぼそうとしていると抗戦を主張した。
- Bungo Nyudo SUGI, on the other hand, argued that the Shogun was already trying to destroy the Ouchi family, and thus advocated armed resistance.
- 一方で幕府の内諾を得ない押込が発覚した際は処分されることもあった。
- But on the other hand, if oshikome without governmental permission is discovered, punishment may be given.
- 一方、三好三人衆らは義輝の従兄弟である足利義栄(後に義栄)を擁立。
- On the other hand, Miyoshi sanninshu backed up Yoshichika (later Yoshihide), a male cousin of Yoshiteru.
- 一方の武田軍は1万2000の犠牲(鳶ヶ巣山攻防戦も含む)を出した。
- On the other hand, Takeda's causalities were 12,000 (including those in the battle on Mt. Tobigasu).
- 一方中国では秤量銀貨の実測値一両(大両)を銀一両(銀両)と表した。
- Meanwhile in China, 1 ryo (larger ryo) with actual measured value of hyoryo ginka was equivalent to 1 ryo of silver (ginryo).
- 一方、祐経は早くに源頼朝に従って御家人となり、頼朝の寵臣となった。
- Meanwhile, Suketsune followed MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and became his Gokenin (shogunal retainer of the Kamakura bakufu), quickly advancing to become Yoritomo's favorite retainer.
- こうして神社が寺院に接近する一方、寺院も神社側への接近を示している。
- While shrines came close to temples, temples also came close to shrines.
- 洋画の技法が習得される一方、伝統への志向が生れ「日本画」が誕生した。
- Some learned the technique of Western-style painting, and others became tradition-oriented, which gave birth to Japanese-style painting.
- 一方、民間に対しては太閤検地や刀狩などを通じて家職への専念を求めた。
- On the other hand, the government reinforced Taiko-kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) and Katanagari (sword confiscation) on the public and asked it to devote itself to Kashoku.
- イラク:クウェート侵攻での国際的に問題だと宮内庁側の一方的な取り消し
- Iraq: The invitation was cancelled by Imperial Household Agency due to the invasion of Kuwait, which was considered an international issue.
- 一方、河内にあった幕府軍は京都の政変を知ると動揺して離反が相次いだ。
- Meanwhile, the army of bakufu in Kawachi was agitated by the news of the coup in Kyoto, and estrangements occurred one after another.
- その一方で『弘仁式』と『貞観式』の両方を参照しなければならなかった。
- On the other hand, both the 'Konin-shiki Code' and the 'Jogan-shiki Code' had to be referred to.
- 歩兵第14連隊(乃木少佐)は石貫に進む一方で高瀬方面へ捜索を出した。
- The 14th regiment (Major NOGI) headed toward Ishinuki, while sending a reconnaissance party to the Takase area.
- 一方、荘園・公領に在住する民衆は、村落を形成し、自立を指向していった。
- On the other hand, the common people living in shoen and koryo formed villages and aimed for their independence.
- 一方、屋内に避難していても砂の進入によって日常生活が難しいほどになる。
- Even if you escape into a house, intrusion of sand makes it almost impossible to conduct ordinary household activities.
- 一方日本の右軍は稷山での戦闘の後、京畿道に入り安城・竹山まで進撃した。
- On the other hand, after the battle of Shokusan, the right army of Japan entered the Gyeonggi-do and invaded Anseong and Chuksan.
- 一方で、当時の中国語から「ビミファ」だったのではないかとする説もある。
- There is even one theory that 'Himiko' was meant to be pronounced 'Bimifa,' according to the Chinese of those days.
- 秀吉は太田開城時に指導層の地侍を処断する一方、一般農民は退城を許した。
- While Hideyoshi executed jizamurai of the leading position at the time of the surrender of Ota-jo Castle, he allowed common farmers to leave the castle.
- 一方、大学別曹においても、独自に学問料を授ける例が現れるようになった。
- In the meantime, some Daigaku-besso also established their own Gakumonryo system.
- 一方の神功皇后は海路(瀬戸内海)の要所に天照大神・住吉大神を鎮祭した。
- On the other hand, the Empress Jingu performed the Chinsai (religious ceremony to appease the gods) for Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess) and Sumiyoshi Okami (the great gods of Sumiyoshi) at important points along the sea route (Seto Inland Sea).
- 一方、播磨国赤松を名字の地とする赤松氏もまた村上源氏季房流と自称した。
- Meanwhile, the Akamatsu clan (after Akamatsu of Harima Province) also called themselves the Suefusa line of Murakami-Genji.
- 一方、田中正造は事実を知らず、国会で鉱毒問題に関する質問を行っていた。
- Shozo TANAKA, however, was not informed what was going on in Kawamata when he was raising questions about the copper-mine poisoning at the National Diet session.
- 一方、三人の息子を将門に討たれた源護の恨みは深く、婿の平良正に訴えた。
- MINAMOTO no Mamoru, on the other hand, whose three sons had been killed by Masakado, developed a deep grudge against Masakado and appealed to his son-in-law TAIRA no Yoshimasa for support.
- その一方で上野については介ではなく守を任命しており、統一されていない。
- However, he was inconsistent, as he assigned a suke in Kouzuke Province, rather than a kami.
- 一方、高句麗遺民の一部は698年、中国東北に渤海 (国)国を建国した。
- On the other side, in 698, a group of the surviving members of Koguryo founded the Bokkai Kingdom in North Eastern China.
- しかし一方では尊皇攘夷派など反幕府思想、武力による倒幕運動が存在した。
- However on the other hand there was also anti-Bakufu sentiment such as the Sonno Joi ha (supporters of the doctorine of restoring the emperor and expelling the barbarians) and movements to overthrow the Shogunate using armed forces.
- 一方雑賀衆には、行人や僧兵と言われる人たちはいなかったと思われている。
- On the other hand, it is believed that there were no gyonin or armed priests in Saikashu.
- 呼称の当否は別とし、この変更は朝鮮通信使の来日直前に一方的に通告された。
- Being apart from whether the usage of the term is appropriate or not, this change was informed unilaterally to the Korean side immediately before Chosen Tsushinshi departed for Japan.
- 通交再開の条件として朝鮮王朝側が一方的に突きつけたものが壬申約条である。
- The Jinshin Yakujo was imposed one-sidedly by the Korean Dynasties as a condition for the resumption of the relationship.
- 一方秀吉は秋月種実の岩石城を攻略、島原方面では有馬晴信の調略に成功した。
- Meanwhile, Hideyoshi conquered Tanezane AKIZUKI's Ganjaku-jo Castle and succeeded in persuading Harunobu ARIMA in Shimabara to surrender.
- しかし、国内の混乱はますます加速する一方で、以後次第に勢力を弱めていく。
- However, the disturbance within its province was increasingly accelerated, and the family gradually weakened its power after that.
- その一方で京都で馬ぞろえ(軍事パレード)を行い、朝廷を威嚇したとされる。
- On the other hand, he carried out Umazoroe (a military parade) in Kyoto and threatened the Imperial Court.
- 一方で朱子学は自国を「小中華」「小華」などと認識する小中華思想を生んだ。
- Neo-Confucianism created the sho-chuka shiso (literally, mini-Sinocentrism) under which Korea was understood as 'sho-chuka' (mini-China) or 'sho-ka' (mini-China).
- 元側の撤退で遠征は回避したものの、戦いは日本側の防戦一方であったという。
- Although Japan avoided Yuan's expedition by its retreat, it is said Japan could only manage defense in the battle.
- (一方で、やはり浦賀には見物人が多数詰め掛け、観光地のようになっていた。
- (At the same time, many visitors still flocked to Uraga, so much that the place became something of a sightseeing spot.
- 一方、四位・五位の者が昇殿を認められるには昇殿宣旨を受ける必要があった。
- On the other hand, it was necessary for people in Shii (Fourth Rank)/goi (Fifth Rank) to receive a shoden no senji in order to have their shoden granted.
- 一方、元軍は博多を占拠したものの終日の激戦で矢が尽き、軍の編成が崩れた。
- Meanwhile, the Yuan army occupied Hakata, but arrows ran short due to day-long fierce battles and the army became disorganized.
- その一方で渤海使も交易に比重を置くようになり、来日の頻度も増えていった。
- On the other hand, envoys from Balhae began to put stress on trade and the frequency of their visits to Japan increased.
- 一方で、近年の論者には、双方にとって必要な戦いであったという見方もある。
- On the other hand, some commentators in recent years presented the view that the battles were necessary for both of the sides.
- 一方、『今鏡』は「世の末におはしがたい」座主として高い評価を与えている。
- On the other hand, 'Imakagami' (The Mirror of the Present) praised Myoun by stating that 'there will not another Zasu to rival him for a long time to come.'
- 一方、日蓮正宗では日蓮の誕生日にあたる2月16日に「御誕生会」が行われ、
- On the other hand, the Nichiren Shoshu Sect holds 'The Birthday Party' on February 16, when Nichiren was born.
- 天台教学を学び法印大僧都に就任したが、一方で儒学や漢詩文にも通じていた。
- He learned the Tendai doctrine and was installed as Hoin (the highest rank of priest) Dai Sozu (the second highest position, upper grade, of priest); on the other hand he knew very well about Confucianism as well as Chinese poetry and prose.
- 一方、武士や町人に対しても農民ほどの厳格さは無くても同様の規制が行われた。
- Meanwhile, the same kind of regulation was applied to samurai and townspeople, although they were not as severe as with farmers.
- このうち儒家はほとんどが帰国した一方、陶工の多くが日本に留まったとされる。
- It is said that most of these Confucians returned to Korea but many of these potters remained in Japan.
- 一方で、急激に増加する人口を養うため、生産力や経済力を上げる必要があった。
- On the other hand, to nourish the rapidly growing population, it has been necessary to increase production power and economic power.
- 一方長宗我部元親は土佐一国を完全に統一し、やがて四国制覇に赴くこととなる。
- Motochika CHOSOKABE, on the other hand, unified Tosa Province, and then went on to dominate Shikoku.
- 一方、忠真側の智将白石永仙らの活躍により、忠恒側の死傷者も多数にのぼった。
- On the other hand, those including the resourceful general Eisen SHIRAISHI on Tadamasa's side fought actively, so on the Tadatsune's side had heavy casulatlies.
- その一方で、幕府は摂政・関白並びに摂家に対する公然・非公然の支援を行った。
- On the other hand, the bakufu offered official and unofficial support for the regent, chief advisor to the Emperor and the sekke.
- 一方、地下人の場合も新たに官位を授けられた者やその家のことを新家と呼んだ。
- At the other end of the scale, the families of jigenin (a lower rank in the nobility) who newly attained the rank of official were also called Shinke.
- しかし一方で規模の小さな神社は明治末期の神社合祀の犠牲になり廃社とされた。
- In the meantime, small-scale shrines were abolished as a result of shrine merger in the end of Meiji period.
- 一方、桂の煮えきらぬ態度に怒り狂った国民は、国民新聞社や警察などを襲った。
- On the other hand, the people, outraged by KATSURA's indecisive attitude, raided the Kokumin Newspaper company building and police stations.
- 一方日本海側では733年に出羽柵が現在の秋田市に移設された(後の秋田城)。
- On the Japan Sea side, Dewa no saku was relocated to the present Akita City (later Akita-jo Castle) in 733.
- 一方、『吾妻鏡』では一の谷の裏山に回ったのは「勇士七十騎余」となっている。
- On the other hand, 'Azuma Kagami' writes that the troops who went to the rear mountain of Ichinotani were 'about seventy brave cavalrymen.'
- 一方東日本では、条里地割の多くは河川の氾濫によって失われたり変形していた。
- In east Japan, on the other hand, many jori chiwari had been lost or deformed due to floods.
- 1234年(文暦元年)知恩院を再興する一方で、百万遍知恩寺の基礎を築いた。
- While he revived Chion-in Temple in 1234, he established the basis of Hyakumanben Chion-ji Temple.
- 人権擁護と税制・財政改革を唱える一方で、日清戦争では積極的に政府支持に回る。
- While asserting protection of human rights and taxation and finance reforms, Teikokuzaiseikakushin kai enthusiastically supported the government during the Japanese-Sino War.
- 一方、霞権現へ向かった鵬翼三番隊は奇襲に成功し、銃器・弾薬等の軍需品を得た。
- On the other hand, the 3rd troop of the Hoyoku-tai troop, having advanced to Kasumi-gongen, succeeded in a surprise attack and looted ordnance including firearms and ammunition.
- 一方で、私鋳銭禁止令が和同開珎鋳造と同じ和銅元年(708年)に出されている。
- On the other hand, Shichusen kinshi rei (the ban on counterfeiting money) was issued on 708, the same year as that of the manufacture of Wado Kaichin.
- 一方王陽明はこの部分を再解釈し「物を格(ただ)す」(物=事、格=正)とした。
- On the other hand, Wang Yangming reinterpreted this part as meaning 'to rectify affairs' ('butsu' = 'affairs', 'kaku' = 'rectify'.)
- 一方中華人民共和国では、当時秤量銀貨(銀錠)の額面単位に「両」を用いていた。
- In the People's Republic of China at that time, the 'ryo' unit was used to show the face value of silver-by-weight standard coins.
- 一方で後鳥羽上皇の信望も厚く、園城寺長吏・法勝寺別当・僧正に任じられている。
- Meanwhile, he enjoyed great prestige from the Retired Emperor Gotoba, and was appointed chori (chief priest) of Onjo-ji Temple, betto (head priest) of Hosho-ji, and was conferred the rank of Sojo (a priest ranked in the highest managerial position).
- 一方、主君より世襲の俸禄(家禄)を受け、名字帯刀などの身分的特権を持っていた。
- On the other hand, samurai received horoku (salary), i.e. karoku (hereditary stipend), from his lord, and had privileges such as Myojitaito (the right to bear a surname and to wear a sword).
- その一方で穢多専用であった業種への新規参入する人々が現れ、市場競争が始まった。
- On the other hand, some people started to newly enter the industry sectors that had once been occupied only by Eta, and consequently market competition emerged.
- そして、酒井忠次・奥平信昌に信州路を進ませる一方で自身は7月には甲斐へ入った。
- In July and August, having ordered Tadatsugu SAKAI and Nobumasa OKUDAIRA to advance along the Shinshu road, Ieyasu himself entered Kai.
- 一方越訴奉行は実際の審理発生ごとに執権・連署・頭人以外の引付衆より選定された。
- Meanwhile, ossobugyo were chosen from Hikitsukeshu, except for regency, rensho and ossotonin, for each trial.
- 一方、尊氏は1338年(延元3年/暦応元年)に北朝から征夷大将軍に任じられる。
- On the other hand, Takauji was named Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') in 1338 by the Northern Court.
- 一方、式部は京都所司代の審理を受け翌1759年(明暦9年)重追放に処せられた。
- Meanwhile, Shikibu was submitted to the inquisition of Kyoto shoshidai, and the severest banishment was inflicted on him in the following year, 1759.
- 一方西日本では遺跡数が少なく定住生活が前期には已に交替している可能性すらある。
- On the other hand, there are few remains in western Japan and there is a possibility that the people abandoned sedentary life by the early period.
- 『万国公法』は、また一方で維新政府の国家体制設計に際し、大いに参照されている。
- On the other hand, 'Bankoku Koho' was frequently referred by the restoration government to create framework of the nation.
- 一方古閑では、平野隊・重久隊の必死の抗戦により官軍はやむなく撤退してしまった。
- On the other hand, the government army had to evacuate Koga under a desperate counterattack by the Hirano-tai troop and the Shigehisa-tai troop.
- これにより6月1日朝鮮政府は清の派兵を要請する一方、農民軍への宣撫にあたった。
- On June 1, the Korean government asked Qing to dispatch troops and tried to pacify the armed peasants.
- 一方では、商人の経済活動が活発化し、都市を中心に庶民文化(化政文化)が栄えた。
- Meanwhile, economic activities by merchants became active, and a popular culture (Kasei culture) flourished mainly within the cities.
- 一方、長州藩内部では下関戦争の後に藩論が分裂し、保守派(俗論派)が政権を握る。
- On the other hand, the opinions within the Choshu Domain were divided after the Shimonoseki War, and the conservatives (conventional party) were controlling the administration of the domain.
- 一方の七七斎の方は、亡者のための追福・修功徳として、遺族が執行する儀礼である。
- On the other hand, Shichishichisai was a ceremony held by a bereaved family as a memorial service for praying for peace for the dead and accumulating good deeds.
- On the other hand, Shichishichi-sai was held by the families of the deceased for their memorial service and virtues.
- 1558年(弘治4年)堺長源寺を再興する一方で、河内国の三好一族の信仰を得た。
- While he reconstructed Sakai Chogen-ji Temple in 1558, he also gained faith from Miyoshi clan in Kawachi Province.
- 一方、武家の御典医は、将軍や藩主と身近に接する立場で、武士に準ずる身分であった。
- On the other hand, in the case of goteni of samurai, the doctors who got close with the shogun or hanshu (the lord of domain) to treat them were given a position of quasi-samurai.
- 一方、信濃が空白になると隣接する越後の上杉氏は攻勢に転じ、川中島方面へ侵攻する。
- On the other hand, as soon as Shinano was evacuated, the Uesugi clan in the adjacent province of Echigo fought back to advance toward Kawanakajima.
- 一方、須恵器系統からは、能登国において珠洲焼がやはり12世紀前半にはあらわれた。
- Meanwhile, Suzu-yaki Ware was derived from sueki (unglazed ware) in Noto Province in the first half of the 12th century.
- 一方で宗教的、儀礼的な秩序においては頂点に位置され、伝統的権威は保ち続けていた。
- On the other hand, it ranked at the top of the religious and ceremonial hierarchy and maintained traditional authority.
- 一方で、敵対していた園城寺・東寺・興福寺・本願寺と同盟を結んで中立を取り付けた。
- This was done while making alliances with the opposing Enjo-ji, To-ji, Kofuku-ji and Hongan-ji Temples and staying neutral.
- 一方で、義弘は討死を覚悟して、かねて帰依していた僧を招き自らの葬儀を執り行った。
- On the other hand, Yoshihiro did make preparations against the likelihood of his death in battle, even going so far as to invite the monk who had previously given him the tonsure to come and perform his funeral service.
- 一方の上杉軍は福島城の本庄繁長、梁川城の須田長義を中心に約6千の兵のみであった。
- On the other hand, the Uesugi army had only about 6,000 soldiers mainly led by Shigenaga HONJO in the Fukushima-jo Castle and Nagayoshi SUDA in the Yanagawa-jo Castle.
- そのため、大名貸の危険(リスク)は高くなる一方で、利潤率は低下するようになった。
- The risk of daimyogashi became higher and higher although its profit rate became lower.
- しかし竹雲はそれを断り、隠遁者的生活を貫く一方で村山地方の青年教育に意を注いだ。
- But he declined, and poured his passion into the education of the youth in Murayama while sticking to living a secluded life.
- 一方、室町幕府は朝廷が持っていた京都の市民に対する賦課権を接収することに成功した。
- On the other hand, the Muromachi bakufu successfully took over the right to levy taxes on citizens of Kyoto, a right formerly enjoyed by the Imperial court.
- 一方、織田信忠勢は武田残党の追討を開始し、残党が逃げ込んだ恵林寺(甲州市)を包囲。
- Meanwhile, Nobutada ODA's army started hunting down and killing the remnants of the Takeda clan and besieged Erin-ji Temple (in present-day Koshu City), where enemies sought shelter.
- その一方で一部に誤りが見られるものの、簡略平易な解説書として後世まで参考にされた。
- Although some mistakes are seen in this book, it was referred by posterity as a simple and easy-to-understand instruction manual.
- 一方、公家の阿野家は、藤原成親の子で滋野井実国の養子阿野公佐を祖として創設された。
- The Ano family in the court nobility, on the other hand, originated with Kosa ANO, the son of FUJIWARA no Narichika, who was adopted by Sanekuni SHIGENOI.
- 一方、初夏に入った5月ごろ、亜熱帯ジェット気流も北上し、チベット高原に差し掛かる。
- On the other hand, around May in which the early summer begins, the subtropical jet stream moves also to the north and reaches Tibetan Plateau.
- その一方で、近藤らは新撰組内部で凄惨な権力闘争を行い、敵対勢力を容赦なく殺害した。
- At the same time, KONDO and others were in a terrible struggle for power within Shinsen-gumi, and mercilessly killed their opponents.
- 一方、平家の残る拠点は彦島のみであり、兵糧・兵器の補充もままならない状況であった。
- Meanwhile, the Taira family, for whom Hikoshima was their only remaining stronghold, were unable to adequately resupply their troops with provisions and weapons.
- 一方京都では、これとは別に朝廷によって五位クラスの地下家が陸奥守に任命されていた。
- Aside from this, another position of Mutsu no kami was assigned to Fifth-ranked Jige-ke (family status of non-noble retainers who were not allowed into the Emperor's living quarters in the imperial palace) by the Imperial Court in Kyoto.
- 一方、六角義賢は慈照寺の北、勝軍地蔵山城へ攻め入り、三好軍を挟撃する布陣で臨んだ。
- Meanwhile, Yoshitaka ROKKAKU attacked the Shogun Jizo San-jo Castle which was located in the north of Jisho-ji Temple; Takamasa and Yoshitaka took a pincer movement.
- 一方、西日本や東北では低湿地が増加した為、低湿地に適した文化形式が発達していった。
- On the other hand, the wetland areas expanded in western Japan and the Tohoku region; as a result, the cultural style suitable for the wetlands had developed.
- 3月18日に東京に入った大隈は各国公使と会談する一方で、贋貨整理案の策定を急いだ。
- OKUMA, who entered Tokyo on March 18, talked with ministers of each country while hurrying to work out the counterfeit money disposal plan.
- 一方福澤諭吉は「学者職分論」以来、こうした官/民の立場の違いに意識的であり続けた。
- On the other hand, Yukichi FUKUZAWA continued to be conscious of such difference of the stances between public sector and private sector since his theory on the duty of scholar.
- 一方で孤立の深まる大野は4月12日夜、子息の大野群右衛門とともに赤穂から逐電する。
- Oishi, on the other hand, was becoming more and more isolated and left Ako with his son Gunemon OISHI at night on May 19.
- 同年、村上義清の支城の戸石城を攻めるが、一方的とも言える大敗を喫する(砥石崩れ)。
- The Takeda clan attacked Toishi-jo Castle, a branch castle of Yoshikiyo MURAKAMI, but was routed almost one-sidedly (called Toishikuzure).
- 一方朝鮮側は1876年5月、答礼使節として両班を成員とする修信使を日本に派遣した。
- In May 1876, Korea dispatched to Japan the training delegates whose members were yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) as a return salute envoy.
- 一方連(むらじ)の姓を名乗る氏族の中で最も有力なものを大連(おおむらじ)と呼んだ。
- On the other hand, those among the clans with the kabane of Muraji were called Omuraji.
- その一方で新しい儀式の増加に対応するためにそれらの規定を集成・整備する動きも現れた。
- However, to cope with increasing new rules and customs, a method of codifying and improving the prescription of the rules and customs was developed.
- これらの努力により接待費用を60万両に抑える一方、将軍呼称を再び日本国王に変更した。
- The cost of entertaining the envoy was reduced to 600 thousand ryo by these efforts, and the term for the title of shogun was changed to King of Japan again.
- バテレン追放令をだすなどキリスト教を禁ずる一方でヨーロッパとの交易は盛んに推進した。
- While he forbid Christianity, which was symbolized by 'Bateren Tsuihorei' (an edict expelling the European missionaries), he earnestly promoted commerce with Europe.
- 一方安土城の城主となっていた明智秀満は、山崎の戦いで敗戦を知り安土城から移ってきた。
- On the other hand, Hidemitsu AKECHI who had become the lord of Azuchi-jo Castle moved to Sakamoto-jo Castle to know his father's defeat in the Battle of Yamazaki.
- 一方、実際に製品を製造販売している大手企業は、それに関する効能効果は表現していない。
- On the other hand, major companies that actually manufacture and market Benifuki tea products have not demonstrated effectiveness or efficacy against pollinosis.
- 一方、締約国会議 (COP) では条約の基準年を用いた増減率が提示されることが多い。
- On the other hand, in Conference of Parties (COP), increase-decrease rates relative to the reference year of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are often indicated.
- 一方大大名の子孫である諸侯華族は裕福であり、旧家臣との人脈も財産を守る上で役立った。
- On the other hand, Shoko kazoku (lord kazoku) originated in dominant lords in the Edo period were still wealthy, and they had good connections with their former retainers, which were helpful in securing their property.
- 一方、朝廷・公家側も室町幕府に対して民衆の要求を拒絶するように政治工作を繰り返した。
- On the other hand, the Imperial Court and nobles repeated political measures to have the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) reject the people's demands.
- 一方キリスト教会側も義和団以降、反感を買いやすかった倣岸な姿勢を改めるようになった。
- On the other hand, the Christian church reestablished the arrogance that had brought antipathy from people since the Boxer Rebellion.
- 一方、やはり古くから防衛集落と目されてきた集落の類型として、高地性集落が挙げられる。
- On the other hand, upland settlements have been long considered a type of defensive settlement.
- 一方、将軍・足利義高(後に義澄と改名)を擁立して覇権を掌握した政元にも問題があった。
- On the other hand, Masamoto who obtained hegemony by installing Yoshitaka ASHIKAGA (later changed his name to Yoshizumi) as shogun, also had a problem.
- ただし、当事者の一方もしくは双方が令外官であった場合には牒を用いることとなっている。
- However, when either or both of the parties are Ryoge no kan, cho instead of 'I' (移) should be used.
- 一方、総攻撃した熊本城は堅城で、この日の状況から簡単には攻め落とせないとみなされた。
- On the other hand, Kumamoto Castle was so sturdy against the Satsuma army's all-out attack that it was considered to be impregnable.
- しかし一方では義持の弟の足利義嗣が出奔する事件が起こり、義嗣は捕縛されて幽閉される。
- There was the incident of Yoshitsugu ASHIKAGA, who was the younger brother of Yoshimochi, running away and leading to Yoshitsugu's capture and confinement.
- 一方頼綱方の討手として得宗被官化した御家人の佐々木氏、今川氏、千葉氏なども加わった。
- On the other hand, the Sasaki clan, the Imagawa clan and the Chiba clan joined this attack as pursuer of Tokuso's vassal.
- 一方、政情不安は続き、658年に有間皇子が謀反を起こそうとしたとして処刑されている。
- On the other hand, the political uncertainty continued and in 658, Prince Arima was executed for attempting a rebellion.
- なおこの時代の日本は、一方的に渡来人を受け入れその文化に染まっていったわけではない。
- However, Japan in this period neither accepted Toraijin unilaterally nor grew into their culture easily.
- 一方、都には民間の仏像制作工房:私仏所があり、また僧侶で仏像制作を行う者もでてきた。
- However, there also existed private workshops of Buddhist sculptors in the capital, as well as monks who produced Buddhist images.
- その一方で仙石秀久・中村一氏・小西行長らを別働隊として紀南へ派遣し、平定に当たらせた。
- On the other hand, other troops such as Hidehisa SENGOKU, Kazuuji NAKAMURA and Yukinaga KONISHI were dispatched to Kinan in order to conquer it.
- 一方、現地では請負代官が農民から過酷な取立てを行って自己の収益にする事態も生じていた。
- Meanwhile, the ukeoi daikan levied harshly from farmers and made it their own profit on site.
- 現在も交通の要衝である一方、洛西ニュータウンと京都市域の連絡路であり、住宅街でもある。
- While Katagihara still serves as a transport hub, it is also a transfer point between Kyoto City and Rakusai New Town as well as a residential area today.
- 一方、全人衆の中には商工業によって富を得るものも多く、殿原衆との共存関係を築いてきた。
- On the other hand, in Zenjin-shu, some gained wealth by trade and craft and built a coexistence relationship between Tonobara-shu.
- 久留米で木葉の敗戦報告を聞いた両旅団長は南下を急ぐ一方、三池街道に一部部隊を分遣した。
- At Kurume, the two brigadier generals learned that their side was defeated in Konoha, and dispatched part of their brigades to the Miike Highway, while hastening the movement toward south.
- 一方、敷根・上段を守備していた行進隊八番中隊は、官軍の攻撃を受け、福原山へと退却した。
- On the other hand, the 8th company of Koshin-tai, which had defended Shikine and Jodan, was attacked by the government army and retreated to Fukuharayama.
- 一方で、膨大な人口が農村から江戸に流入して、様々な都市問題を引き起こすことにもなった。
- On the other hand, a massive influx of migrants from rural farming villages to Edo caused various urban problems.
- 一方、三栗谷用水は、鉱業取り締まりや鉱業法改正の嘆願書を内務・農林・商工大臣宛に提出。
- On the other hand, the union of Mikuriya Yosui submitted a petition to the Minister of Home Affairs, the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, and the Minister of Commerce and Industry, asking for regulation of mining and revision of the laws of mining
- 一方、神社においては国家神道が推進され、昭和15年(1940年)に神祇院が設置された。
- Meanwhile, with Shinto, State Shinto was promoted and Jingiin (Institute of Divinities) was founded in 1940.
- 入り口は一箇所だけではなく、二箇所設けられる事もあり、その際は一方の対面に設けられる。
- There are so-do halls with not one but two entrances where one entrance is opposite the other.
- 一方でこのような要望を取り入れるべく天台宗においても、円仁や円珍による密教受容が進んだ。
- Moreover, to meet the demand, esoteric Buddhism was also progressively accepted by Ennin and Enchin in the Tendai-shu sect.
- 忠季以降の安東氏は、檜山築城や寺院建立を行う一方で蝦夷島の経営にも努め檜山屋形と称した。
- The Ando clan as from Tadasue's generation, was engaged in the management of Ezogashima under the name of Hiyama Yakata, while constructing the Hiyama-jo Castle and temples.
- 「それでは人的戦力を消耗する一方ではないか?」と質問して担当将校を返答に窮させたという。
- Therefore, he put a question to the officer, saying 'I think the suicide squad only results in the waste of manpower resources,' which embarrassed the officer in finding the answer.
- 摂関家には近衛流と九条流 (摂関家)があるが、どちらか一方を本家と決めることはできない。
- The Konoe group and Kujoryu School constituted the Sekkan Family (Sekkanke), but it is impossible to determine which family was the original.
- 一方、華北や朝鮮半島、東日本では、高気圧と低気圧が交互にやってくる春のような天気が続く。
- On the other hand, in North China, Korean Peninsula and eastern part of Japan, weather as in spring, in which high-pressure systems and low-pressure systems come alternately.
- 一方の岩永もあわてた為か足立大尉の金品を奪わないまま、列車から飛び降りて鴨方駅に戻った。
- Iwanaga also panicked, jumped off the running train, and returned to Kamogata station without stealing any valuable items of Senior Lieutenant Adachi.
- 一方、天誅組の過激な挙兵を知った京の三条実美は自重をうながすべく平野国臣を使者に送った。
- On the other hand, Sanetomi SANJO of Kyoto, who had been informed of Tenchu-gumi's radical uprising, sent Kuniomi HIRANO as a messenger to persuade to be prudent.
- 一方、北部九州の後・晩期遺跡の遺物で焼畑農業が行われていた可能性が高いと考えられている。
- On the other hand, it is thought that there was a strong likelihood that the burn agriculture was employed at the remains in the end and the last periods in the northern Kyushu region.
- 一方、越山・別府九郎ら率いる市成口牽制の奇兵隊・振武隊・加治木隊も8日に市成に到着した。
- On the other hand, Kihei-tai, Shinbutai, and Kajikitai, led by KOSHIYAMA, Kuro BEPPU, and others, arrived at Ichinari to contain the government army's movements at Ichinariguchi.
- その一方で、一部の大地主や財閥は資本を蓄積し、その中から初期資本家が現れる契機となった。
- On the other hand, some large landowners and Zaibatsu accumulated capital, taking the opportunity to become primitive stage capitalists.
- 一方で、『吾妻鏡』や『平家物語』の記述どおりに逆落としの場所は鵯越であるとの説も根強い。
- On the other hand, some historians and experts continue to support the entrenched theory for the location of 'sakaotoshi' as Hiyodorigoe, as depicted in 'Azuma Kagami' and 'Heike Monogatari.'
- 一方施行断行派のものでは磯部四郎の『法理精華ヲ読ム』、井上操の『法律編纂ノ可否』がある。
- On the other hand, theses by the Seko-danko-ha Group included 'Horiseika wo Yomu' (Reading the Hori Seika law school Journal) by Shiro ISOBE and 'Horitsu Hensan no Kahi' (The pros and cons of compiling laws) by Masao INOUE.
- 一方、本協約および日韓併合条約が無効であるとする議論の多くは、次のことを理由にしている。
- On the other hand, many of the arguments which insist this treaty and the treaty of the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty are invalid mention following reasons.
- しかし、一方では、そんな長く困難な修行は、とても出来ないという拒否反応を招くこととなる。
- On the other hand, this thought provoked adverse reactions that no body could ever follow such a long hard practice.
- もう一方の「往相回向」と合わせ、「往還二回向」とよび、浄土真宗における、中心教義である。
- Including Oso-eko (Virtue as instructed by Amida for going to the Pure Land), the alternative of the two types, both Eko together are called 'O-Kan Ni-eko' forming the primary doctrine of Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism).
- 一方、独立した東国政権が朝廷へ併合されたのは後退であるとして消極的な評価を与える説もある。
- On the other hand, there is another theory that gives negative evaluation to it regarding it as a regression because it merged the independent Togoku government into the Imperial Court.
- その一方、以上の理由で信長の政策に革新性が認められなかったとの意味ではないと思われている。
- On the other hand, it is not thought that the innovation of Nobunaga's policy went unrecognized due to the above reasons.
- 一方、家臣を城下に集中させれば、それ以外の者が武力をもつことは安定した支配への脅威となる。
- On the other hand, if the lords gathered their vassals and had them live around the castles, the citizens' armament besides their soldiers would be a threat to the lords.
- 名主は、分割化・遷代化の度合いを強める一方で、国司・荘園領主からの独立志向も強めていった。
- Myoshu farmers, whose rights were divided up and became non-hereditary, nevertheless became more and more independent of territorial governors and manorial lords during this period.
- 一方で、守護支配下に入ることを嫌い、独自性を持った国人として存続を図った旧在庁官人もいた。
- On the other hand, to avoid becoming under the control of shugo, some old zaichokanjin tried to struggle to maintain an independent existence as kokujin.
- 一方、日本国内の銀産出量が激減したため、銀輸出が禁止され、銅や金が主要輸出品目に変わった。
- At the same time, since the amount of silver produced in Japan was sharply decreased, the export of silver was prohibited and instead copper and gold became Japan's major export products.
- 一方で開発領主たちは国衙や郡衙から令制国住人として軍役を課せられ、在庁官人として出仕した。
- In the meantime, the local nobles who developed the land, as a resident of the province, was made to offer military service by the district government office and presented himself for duty as the local officials.
- 一方公宗処刑時に懐妊中だった正室日野名子が生んだ嫡男(後の西園寺実俊)は余りにも幼すぎた。
- On the other hand, lawful wife Meishi HINO who became pregnant at the execution of Kinmochi gave birth the legitimate son (the later Sanetoshi SAIONJI) but he was too young to succeed the family.
- 一方、西舞鶴はかつての城下町で、国や京都府の行政機関や工業団地が集中する商工業地区である。
- Meanwhile, Nishi-Maizuru, a former castle town, comprises the commercial and industrial areas where the National and Kyoto Prefecture government administration offices as well as industrial complexes are centered.
- が、記紀などによって「継体」の生年は西暦450年、一方「敏達」の生年は西暦538年である。
- However, according to the 'A Record of Ancient Matter' and 'Chronicles of Japan,' 'Keitai' was born in 450 and on the other hand, 'Bidatsu' was born in 538.
- 一方、太平真君4年に雍州とは別に山西省南部に「東雍州」が設けられたが、太和4年に廃された。
- In 443, on the other hand, independently from Yong Zhou, 'east Yong Zhou' was established in the south of Shanxi Province, but it was abolished in 480.
- 市役所が「五條」を名乗る一方、JR和歌山線の鉄道駅名は五条駅 (奈良県)と表記されている。
- The City Hall has taken the name '五條,' on the other hand, while the station name of the JR Wakayama Line is described as 五条 Station (Nara Prefecture).
- 茶の湯が流行し、唐物の名物茶道具が珍重された一方で、それへの反抗としてのわび茶も発達した。
- The tea ceremony became popular, and accordingly fine utensils imported from Tang were prized; on the other hand, Wabi-cha (わび茶) also developed as a resistance to such a tendency.
- これはその一方で院近臣を信頼できる側近・能吏に絞り込む効果もあり、院政運営の都合もあった。
- This also had an effect of limiting In no Kinshin (retired Emperor's courtiers) to reliable close advisers and able officials, which was necessary to the Insei management.
- 中国や韓国で犬肉を普通に食する一方で、現代日本では犬肉は一般的な食材とはみなされていない。
- While in Korea and in China, they usually eat dog meat, in Japan dog meat is not regarded as a common foodstuff.
- 一方で胡居仁のように従来の朱子学のあり方を模索し、その純粋性を保持しようとした人物もいる。
- On the other hand, like Juren HU, there was a person who sought the conventional Neo-Confucianism and tried to maintain purity of the learning.
- 一方で、黄砂による砂塵の運搬が、自然環境の中で重要な役割を果たしていることも指摘されている。
- On the other hand, it is also pointed out that the movement of dust due to kosa plays an important role in the natural environment.
- 一方、忠真が6月18日に川上忠智に送った書状では、「父の死後、すぐに義久様の元に伺いました。
- However, Tadazane sent a letter to Tadatomo KAWAKAMI on June 18 stating, 'I immediately paid a visit to the residence of Mr. Yoshihisa after my father's death.
- 一方で、実俊が西園寺家を継承するまで関東申次を継承する役目を誰が引き受けるかが問題となった。
- On the other hand, the problem over who would succeed to the duties of Kanto moshitsugi until Sanetoshi succeeded the Saionji family became apparent.
- 名請人として記載された者は土地の保有者として認められる一方でその土地に緊縛されることになる。
- The person described in the kenchi-cho as naukenin was certified to be the owner of the land, while this meant that he (or she) was bogged down in the land.
- (一方スサノオをアマテラスとの確執から、邪馬台国と敵対していた狗奴国王に比定する説もある。)
- (On the other hand, there is an opinion that Susanoo could have been the King of Kuankoku, which fought against the Yamatai Kingdom as a result of discord between Susanoo and Amaterasu.)
- 農作物として甘藷の栽培や山菜加工が開始される一方、キャンプ場などのアウトドア施設が作られた。
- Growing of sweet potatoes and the processing of wild vegetables has been initiated, with outdoor facilities including camp sites having been constructed.
- 武田勝頼の代になると美濃に進出して領土をさらに拡大する一方、次第に家中を掌握しきれなくなる。
- Katsuyori TAKEDA further expanded the territory by invading Mino Province, but he gradually lost control over his vassals.
- 一方、義朝はクーデターのため隠密裏に少人数の軍勢を集めたに過ぎず、合戦を想定していなかった。
- Yoshitomo, on the other hand, had assembled only a handful of warriors, never expecting to fight a battle.
- 一方、小町通りは、鎌倉駅前から鶴岡八幡宮までの比較的新しく名付けられた観光土産屋通りである。
- On the other hand, Komachi-dori is a relatively newly named street with souvenir stores for tourists that run from Kamakura ekimae to Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine.
- この密約には義満によって一方的に九州探題を解任され失脚していた今川了俊が仲介役になっている。
- This secret agreement was reached through the mediation of Ryoshun IMAGAWA, who had unilaterally lost his standing and had been dismissed from his post as tandai (local military commissioner) of Kyushu thanks to Yoshimitsu's machinations.
- その一方で、湯起請は地域においては湯立の風習に変化して各種神事に取り入れられるようになった。
- On the other hand, in some regions yugisho changed into a custom of yudate and became part of various Shinto rituals.
- だが、その一方で貴族院の改革を求める声が上がり研究会内部からもこれに同調する動きが発生した。
- But on the other hand, people began to call for reform in the House of Peers and some Kenkyukai members made a move to go along with it.
- 一方、侵襲隊は薩軍の混乱に乗じて九品寺にある米720俵・小銃100挺などを奪って引き揚げた。
- On the other hand, the Shinshu-tai troop looted 720 bales of rice and 100 rifles by taking advantage of confusion in the Satsuma army.
- 一方で、兵力と火力に勝っていながら、鎮台兵は戦術的戦闘ではしばしば西郷軍の士族兵に敗北した。
- On the other hand, although having been superior in troop strength and firepower, soldiers in Kumamoto Garrison were often defeated by soldiers from warrior class in Saigo's army in strategic fights.
- しかしその一方、朝鮮語の使用を管理・弾圧もしており、日本語教育など同化政策も進められていた。
- On the other hand, however, the use of the Korean language was controlled and oppressed, and the integration policy including Japanese education was also promoted.
- 一方今の南西諸島からは、すでに7世紀の前半から使者が大和王権に「朝貢」するようになっていた。
- On the other hand, the present Southwest Islands had already been dispatching envoys to the Yamato sovereignty to pay tribute since the first half of the seventh century.
- 一方で、この思想を基本とする保守派知識人達は戦後世代から「オールドリベラリスト」と呼ばれる。
- The conservative intellectuals that uphold this idea are called 'old liberalists' by postwar generations of researchers.
- 一方足利義昭の要請に応じた畠山昭高が雑賀衆・根来衆らを援軍として送り出し織田信長軍についた。
- On the other hand, Akitaka HATAKEYAMA responded to the request from Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, and dispatched the reinforcement troops of Saikashu and Negoroshu to assist the army led by Nobunaga ODA.
- ただし、これは最澄側の一方的な論争打ち切りであり、徳一側からは決着がついていないとも言える。
- However, while the dispute closed on the Saicho side, it was not finished for Tokuitsu.
- この戦いは大内氏衰退の一因となった一方、尼子氏は晴久のもとで勢力を回復させ、最盛期を創出する。
- This battle became a factor in the decline of the Ouchi clan; the Amago clan, on the other hand, regained its power under Haruhisa and entered a golden age.
- その一方、ヨーロッパ封建制と本質的に異なる、日本独自の主従関係であるとする見解も出されている。
- On the other hand, another opinion has been proposed that the master-servant relationship is specific to Japan, being fundamentally different from that found in European feudalism.
- 一方で、開発領主は在庁官人でもあり、国衙と結びつくのが有利な場合はそのまま国衙領にとどまった。
- However, also being Zaichokanjin (local officials in the Heian and Kamakura periods), kaihatsu-ryoshu would remain inside the kokugaryo if they determined it would be advantageous for them to keep close ties with kokuga.
- 一方で、義隆は豊後国の大友義鑑や安芸国の毛利元就などとは何度か戦うも、最終的に融和策を講じた。
- On the other hand, Yoshitaka fought against Toshiaki OTOMO in Bungo Province, Motonari MORI in Aki Province, etc. several times, nevertheless, he finally took pacific plans with them.
- 一方友成・春子夫妻の次女・博子は、昭和電工元社長・安西正夫の次男・直之(三井不動産)に嫁いた。
- On the other hand, Tomonari and Haruko's second daughter Hiroko married Naoyuki (Mitsui Fudosan Co., Ltd.), the second son of Masao ANZAI, who was formerly the president of Showa Denko K.K.
- 一方で、産業育成と軍事力強化(富国強兵)を国策として推し進め、近代国家の建設は急速に進展した。
- In addition, the government promoted the fostering of industries and the strengthening of military power (so-called Fukoku-kyohei) as a national policy, forwarding the move to convert Japan into a modern state rapidly.
- 一方、同じ頃同じく京都に滞在していた外山光輔も家臣の高田修とともに同じような計画を結んでいた。
- On the other hand, Mitsusuke TOYAMA, who was staying in Kyoto at the same time, was also making a similar plan with his vassal, Osamu TAKADA.
- 一方、大久保利通・広沢真臣・副島種臣・佐々木高行の4参議が地方官の支持を受けて再分離を求めた。
- On the other hand, four members of Sangi (councilor), Toshimichi OKUBO, Saneomi HIROSAWA, Taneomi SOEJIMA and Takayuki SASAKI, who were supported by local officials, requested that the two ministries be divided again.
- 一方、阿倍内親王の皇位継承に批判的と見られていた橘諸兄親子の勢力は次第に衰退することとなった。
- On the other hand, the power of TACHIBANA no Moroe and his father, who were considered to be critical to the succession of Imperial Princess Abe to the Emperor, declined gradually.
- たとえば公使を派遣する場合、一方のみが派遣するのでなく相互に公使を派遣しあうのが通例とされる。
- For example, when dispatching ministers, not only one party dispatches a minister, but, in usual case, both countries dispatch ministers to each other.
- 一方、松平忠輝は総大将を務める天王寺合戦で遅参したことが理由の一つとなり、翌年に改易となった。
- On the other hand, Tadateru MATSUDAIRA was given kaieki (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) the next year partly because he arrived late for the Battle of Tenniji in which he was a supreme commander.
- 一方で、宋銭の大量流入による物価高騰や、唐朝滅亡以来の異国に対する社会不安なども起こっている。
- On the other hand, such measures caused price increase by the huge influx of Sung currency and social anxiety against foreign countries since the fall of Tang Dynasty.
- その一方で、代々坊官を務めた事によって実務に精通した世襲坊官(坊官家)も出現するようになった。
- On the other hand, hereditary bokan families appeared who were familiar with the works conducted by bokan since the family successively served as bokan.
- 一方の「輪宝紋」は、仏教の法輪から発生した紋章で、寺院や神社の装飾としてよく使われる紋である。
- Rinpomon' was a crest that originated from the dharma-wheel (cakra) of Buddhism and was commonly used as decorations of temples and shrines.
- 一方、2臂で琵琶を奏する形の像は、密教で用いる両界曼荼羅のうちの胎蔵曼荼羅中にその姿が見える。
- The two armed representation depicting the goddess playing a biwa (Japanese flute) can be seen in the Womb Realm Mandala of the Mandala of the Two Realms used in Esoteric Buddhism.
- 湯河氏は直春の子光春(勝春)が三千石を安堵された一方で、山本・貴志・目良・山地玉置氏は没落した。
- While Mitsuharu (Katsuharu), a son of Naoharu, of the Yukawa clan was approved 3,000 koku, the Yamamoto, Kishi, Mera and Sanji Tamaki clans fell.
- 一方、津軽を領した下国家は15世紀半ば頃、東の八戸市方面から勢力を伸ばしてきた南部氏に追われた。
- On the other hand, the Shimonokuni family, which ruled Tsugaru Province, was forced out by the Nanbu clan, which was proceeding from the eastern area, to expand its influence.
- 一方、明徳の乱に幕府方として参戦した満貞は、卑怯な振る舞いがあったとして尾張守護を解任され没落。
- On the other hand, Mitsusada, who participated in the Meitoku War on the Shogunate side, was dissmissed from Owari no Shugo (provincial constable of Owari Province) because of his despicabel act, which declined his power.
- 一方の下冷泉家は現在の京都迎賓館付近になる京都御苑内に屋敷があったため、取り壊され公園化された。
- The residence of the Shimo Reizei family, on the other hand, was located near what is now the Kyoto State Guest House inside Kyoto Gyoen, and was consequently demolished to make way for the park.
- 一方京阪から遠い北部(彦根市・米原市・長浜市など)は京阪だけでなく北陸とも文化的に共通点を持つ。
- On the other hand, the northern part (including Hikone, Maibara and Nagahama Cities), which is distant from Kyoto or Osaka, has a lot in common culturally not only with Kyoto and Osaka but also with the Hokuriku region.
- 一方、後者は、治承三年の政変の際に平氏勢力が従来の国家機構の支配権を掌握したことを重視している。
- On the other hand, the second hypothesis emphasizes the fact that the Taira forces grabbed hold of the control of conventional national organizations upon the coup d'etat in 1179.
- 一方鎌倉幕府は引き続きこの酒屋の禁止を続け、禁止対象である酒屋から課税する事にも否定的であった。
- On the other hand, the Kamakura bakufu continued to ban Sakaya and had a negative view for imposing taxes on Sakaya, which was subjected to prohibition.
- 一方、信長は29日に秀吉の応援に自ら出陣するため小姓を中心とする僅かの供回りを連れ安土城を発つ。
- On the other hand, on May 29, Nobunaga departed from Azuchi-jo Castle with a small suite, mainly consisting of pages, to the front in order to support Hideyoshi.
- 為兼は伏見の信任を背景に二条派と並ぶ歌壇の一方の指導者となっただけでなく、政務にも深く関与した。
- Tamekane was trusted by Fushimi and was the leader of the leading tanka (short poem) circle other than the Nijo school, and was also heavily involved in government affairs.
- その一方で、私鉄の監督、許認可を行なっていた逓信省鉄道局においても、業務が激減する事態が生じた。
- On the other hand, in the Railway Agency of Ministry of Communication that was in charge of approval and license on private railways, the business reduced greatly.
- 一方で、安心論争による宗門の混乱や度重なる事業が本願寺財政を悪化させ、次代に多額の負債を残した。
- On the other hand, the confusion in the doctrine by the Anjin dispute and a series of businesses worsened the financial situation in Hongan-ji Temple and left a huge amount of debts to the next generation.
- 一方、現地の荘官側が作成する注進状と呼ばれ、その年の年貢納入状況について報告するために作成された。
- On the other hand, sanyojo drawn up by the local shokan side was called chushin jo, made for reporting the payment of nengu for the year.
- 一方、国兼は旧領において神となり、現在も鹿児島県姶良郡姶良町北山に国兼を祀る梅北神社が残っている。
- On the other hand, Kunikane UMEKITA was worshiped as a deity in his former territory, and today there remains Umekita-jinja Shrine which deifies Kunikane in Kitayama, Aira-cho, Aira-gun, Kagoshima Prefecture.
- その一方で、北白川では水車による精米作業や「白川女」による花の行商などの活動で知られるようになる。
- Yet, Kita Shirakawa became famous by activities including water wheel-driven rice polishing and flower peddling by Shirakawame (women from Shirakawa selling flowers).
- 一方、傍流の和泉上(半国)守護家の細川幽斎(幽斎)は足利義昭の側近としてその将軍職就任に奔走した。
- On the other hand, Yusai HOSOKAWA (Yusai) from a branch line of the Shugo family of upper Izumi (hangoku [half a province]), served Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA as a close associate for Yoshiaki's appointment to the shogunate.
- 一方、大楽の救援に駆けつけていた土佐藩の堀内誠之進は京都に逃れて同地の攘夷派志士の糾合を画策した。
- On the other hand, Seinoshin HORIUCHI from Tosa clan, who had come up to help Dairaku, escaped to Kyoto and planned to rally the patriots of the joi-ha there.
- 王家の分裂が公家社会全体の分裂へと発展してゆくことになった一方、貴族たちの治天への従属は深まった。
- While the division of the Imperial family led to the division of Imperial Court society in general, the subordination of the aristocrats to the Chiten side also progressed.
- 『書紀』は、壬申の乱の年を天武天皇元年とする一方で、天武天皇の即位を天武天皇2年2月27日と記す。
- 'Chronicles of Japan' says that the year of the Jinshin War is the first year of Emperor Tenmu and the enthronement of Emperor Tenmu was February 27 in the second year of Emperor Tenmu.
- 一方、原料のコメは日本人にとって欠くことのできない主食であり、また原則的には収穫量が決まっていた。
- On the other hand, rice, an ingredient in sake, was an essential staple food for Japanese people, and its yield was fixed, in principle.
- 一方に火傷が現れた場合には「失あり」とされ、当該の取手及びその陣営の虚偽とみなされて敗訴となった。
- If only one of the torite suffered a scald, he would be regarded as 'at fault,' and the torite and his party would be considered to be making a false claim and lose the suit.
- 一方、貿易決済としての小判および丁銀の流出は止むことが無く、通貨の絶対量の不足が深刻となってきた。
- Whereas outflow of koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) and chogin (collective term of silver coin) from the country as trade settlement did not stop, thereby absolute amont of currency was extremely in short supply.
- 一方で条約体制では、国家・国力の大小に関係なく、主権を持つ国家は法的には平等・対等であるとされる。
- On the other hand, under treaty system, sovereign states are legally equal and even regardless of the size or scale of the countries or power.
- 一方、尾八重を守っていた干城隊二番中隊は岩野村を守備し、5月22日、前面の官軍を襲撃し敗走させた。
- On the other hand, the 2nd company of the Kanjo-tai troop, which had guarded Ohae, guarded Iwano Village, and on May 22, the company raided and defeated the government army in front of it.
- 一方、病弱であった将軍家定に子がなかったため、将軍の継嗣を誰にするかについても国内世論が二分した。
- Meanwhile, public opinion was divided in two about the next shogun because Shogun Iesada was in poor health and had no children.
- しかし、一方で、村落の代表者として、年貢の減免運動の先頭に立つなど、村民の利害を代表して行動した。
- However, on the other hand, as a representative of a village a Shoya or Nanushi represented his interest for the benefit of the village residents; such as, acting as a leader of a protest movement toward a reduction and/or exemption from a nengu (land tax).
- 一方の西園寺も、政友会の党務を事実上取り仕切り、地方利益の追求をすすめる原敬との確執を強めていた。
- On the other hand, Saionji was intensifying feud with Takashi HARA, who was practically controlling the affaires of the Seiyukai and pursuing local interests.
- 床の中央か一方に片寄って炉がある場合が普通であり、古墳時代以降は壁際に竃を設ける事例が一般化する。
- The fireplace is commonly located either in the center or slightly off to one side of the floor, but is replaced by the furnace built against a wall in the Kofun period and later.
- 一方で山口県には浸透しておらず、広島都市圏に含まれる山口県東端の岩国市の一部で行われる程度である。
- Meanwhile, the custom is not implemented in Yamaguchi Prefecture, except for Iwakuni City, which is situated on the eastern edge of Yamaguchi Prefecture and is included in the Hiroshima urban area.
- 関ヶ原の戦い前の徳川氏との折衝にかかわる一方、中国の明や琉球との外交文書の作成を行ったりしている。
- While he was involved in negotiations with the Tokugawa clan before the Battle of Sekigahara, he prepared diplomatic documents addressed to the Ming Dynasty in China or Ryukyu.
- 一方で、勝者である大内義興も長期間在京する間に出雲国の尼子氏や武田氏などが不穏な動きを見せはじめる。
- As for Yoshioki OUCHI who won the battle, while he remained in Kyoto for a long time, there were disturbing trends in Izumo Province caused by the Amako clan, the Takeda clan, etc.
- だが、その一方でこうした改革は李朝宗親・功臣を所有者とする新たな荘園体制の再編へとつながっていった。
- However, on the other hand, such reforms led to the reorganization of the new manor system, where the owners were the Imperial Family of the Yi Dynasty and meritorious retainers.
- その一方、織田政権崩壊の原因は、政権の構造的な問題より、むしろ織田信忠の死が大きいとする意見もある。
- On the other hand, according to a different view, the collapse of the Oda government was mainly caused by the death of Nobutada ODA, not by a structural problem within the government.
- 一方、豊臣政権擁護の立場から、石田三成は上杉景勝や毛利輝元、宇喜多秀家らと共に家康との対立を試みる。
- On the other hand, Mitsunari ISHIDA, together with Kagekatsu UESUGI, Terumoto MORI, Hideie UKITA and others, tried to fight against Ieyasu in order to protect the Toyotomi government.
- 駿河は同盟関係の徳川家康が領する一方、武田征伐に協調した隣国の相模の後北条氏は遺領を得られなかった。
- Although Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was Nobunaga's ally, was given Suruga as his territory, the Gohojo clan in the neighboring province of Sagami, which cooperated in the subjugation of the Takeda clan, was not given any of the former territory of the Takeda clan.
- 海津城に入った長可は近隣諸将を鎮撫し、上杉景勝の侵入を防ぎつつ、一方では上杉氏への攻勢を強めていた。
- Nagayoshi, who entered Kaizu-jo Castle, conquered neighboring warlords and fought off the attack of Kagekatsu UESUGI, while at the same time mounting an offensive against the Uesugi clan.
- その一方で農村部では各地に存在した荘園は戦国大名や国人領主による押領の対象となり、荘園制は解体する。
- On the other hand, in agricultural community areas, shoen (manor in medieval Japan) existed in various districts became objects of seizure by sengoku daimyo and kokujin ryoshu and the shoen system was broken down.
- 一方、この時期に備前国守護として松田盛明がいた事が記録で確認されてるが、元保らとの関係は不明である。
- Meanwhile, the record that Moriaki MATSUDA (松田盛明) was Shugo (military governor) in Bizen Province in this period is confirmed, but the relationship with Motoyasu or Motokuni is unclear.
- 一方の『日本書紀』は王に関する伝承を伝えてはいるが、「景行紀」の日本武尊の系譜部分に記載していない。
- 'Nihonshoki', on the other hand, describes the legend concerning Ashikamino kamami wakenomiko, but does not mention his name in the section on the pedigree record of YAMATO Takeru no Mikoto in 'Keiko-ki.'
- 一方、敗走した阿波国の三好康長は秀吉と結び(甥の豊臣秀次を康長の養子とした)、旧領の回復を目指した。
- On the other hand, defeated Yasunaga MIYOSHI in Awa Province aimed at recovery of this former territory by making arrangement for alliance with Hideyoshi (He adopted a Hideyoshi's nephew, Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI).
- 一方で、堺市の環壕遺跡からは宋銭、明銭、および琉球貨幣などに混じって66枚の慶長通寳が出土している。
- However, along with Sung coins, Ming coins, and Ryukyu currency, 66 Keicho Tsuho coins were excavated in the Kango remains in Sakai City.
- なお、当事者の一方が湯起請の呼び出しに3回応じない場合には、「召文違背」を理由とした敗訴が確定した。
- If one of the parties concerned did not respond to the call for yugisho three times, it would become definite that the party lost the suit due to 'disobedience to summons.'
- 一方、山縣有朋系の議員が多かった茶話会も超然主義を支持しており、両会派の政策に大きな違いがなかった。
- On the other hand, the Tea Party group, which mainly consisted of the members of Aritomo YAMAGATA faction, also supported the doctrine of superiority, so there was no big difference between both groups.
- 一方この頃になると、荘園領主などが本所法によって殺人などの重罪人の処刑・追放と併せて没官が行われた。
- Around this period, on the other hand, Mokkan was carried out by the manor lords according to honjo-ho (the law for the proprietors of manor) alongside with the executions and banishments of the serious criminals such as murderers.
- しかし一方、議員の提案で会議の過半数の賛成をもって、中央政府への建議を行なうこともできた(第7条)。
- However, councilors were able to propose to the central government, with an agreement from the majority of the session (Article 7).
- 一方、東寺方の即位法は両部神道などの影響が見られるとされ、当初から摂関が天皇に伝授する内容であった。
- On the other hand, toji-kata sokuiho is said to have influenced of Ryobu Shinto (a fusion of Shinto and Shingon sect of Buddhism), and, from the beginning, Sekkan should conduct the initiation for the emperor.
- 一方『陀羅尼集経第一』(大正新脩大蔵経No.901)には「体色は金色で七宝冠を戴き全身から光を放つ。
- Meanwhile, the first volume of the 'Collection of Buddhist Sutras' (No 901, collection of Buddhist sutras edited during the Taisho period) describes Shaka Kinrin as a golden figure wearing a crown decorated with seven treasures and emitting light from its body.
- 一方、9世紀後期頃から、富豪百姓層らが経済力や政治力、さらには私兵を擁しての軍事力すらをもつけてきた。
- From the late 9th century, meanwhile, the wealthy peasant class strengthened not only their economic and political power but also military power with private soldiers at their command.
- しかしながら、一方で善阿弥が将軍に仕えた事に見られるように、近世ほど他身分から隔離されてはいなかった。
- However, as Zenami served the shogun at that time, they were not segregated from people with other social statuses to the extent during the early-modern times.
- 一方、北朝方についた一族の新田岩松氏に上野国の新田荘が与えられ、義宗の落胤を称した岩松満純が入嗣する。
- Nitta no sho estate, Kozuke Province, and Mitsuzumi IWAMATSU who was an illegitimate child of Yoshimune succeeded to the family estate.
- 一方、梅雨期間中の晴れ間は梅雨晴れ(つゆばれ)または梅雨の晴れ間と呼ばれ、特に気温が高く、湿度も高い。
- On the other hand, sunny spells during the period of baiu is called 'tsuyubare' or 'tsuyu no harema,' and during such periods, the air temperature gets high and humidity is also high.
- 当初は対外硬派に属してや皇室の尊栄・国威発揚を掲げる一方で人民の権利伸長、責任内閣制確立などを掲げた。
- Initially, the Rikken Kakushinto belonged to the hard-line foreign policy factions to adopt the high prosperity of the imperial family and the enhancement of the national prestige as its slogan, and also primarily advocated the expansion of the rights of the people and the establishment of a responsible government system.
- 毛利輝元 中国攻略軍の羽柴秀吉の攻勢に防戦一方となる(上月城の戦い、鳥取城の戦い、備中高松城の戦い)。
- Terumoto MORI could only defend himself from the successful offense of the Hideyoshi HASHIBA's force, the Chugoku district attacking force (the Battles of Kozuki Castle, Tottori-jo Castle and Bichu Takamatsu-jo Castle).
- 一方、不平等条約の失敗を鑑とした政府は、アジア諸国に対しては、平等以上の立場を確保することを旨とした。
- On the other hand, the new government, who reflected on the failing of this treaty, tried to stand on more than equal footing with Asian countries.
- 著者の宗密は、荷沢宗の相承を受ける一方で、華厳宗の第5祖でもあるという、教禅一致を体現した僧であった。
- While succeeding to the teachings of the Kataku Sect, the author, Shumitsu, became the 5th Patriarch of Kegon Sect personifying the convergence of Ch'an and the Teachings.
- この時代には国家による寺院・僧侶統制が形骸化する一方で寺院が権門としての地位を獲得した時代でもあった。
- During this period, the system of control over the temples and Buddhist priests by the nation lost substance, while the temples got the status of influential families.
- その一方で、東大寺や延暦寺の戒壇も由緒あるものとして尊重され、江戸時代の終わりまで授戒が行われていた。
- On the other hand, the kaidan at Todai-ji and Enryaku-ji Temples were respected as time-honored ones, and the precepts of Buddhism were given there until the end of the Edo period.
- 一方、延暦寺の僧兵たちが日吉大社の神輿を奉じて強訴する「神輿動座」は嘉保2年(1095年)にはじまった。
- On the other hand, 'mikoshi doza,' in which a direct petition was filed by monk-soldiers of Enryaku-ji Temple carrying mikoshi (portable shrine carried in festivals) of Hiyoshi-Taisha Shrine, began in 1095.
- 一方、船頭は嵯峨野線の嵯峨嵐山駅から亀岡駅・園部駅方面行きの電車で、“保津川を溯って”亀岡へ戻っている。
- On the other hand, ferrymen 'ascended the Hozu-gawa River' to Kameoka from Saga-Arashiyama Station by Sagano Line train bounded for the stations of Kameoka or Sonobe.
- 3代国信以降は若狭国、丹後国の両国を中心に領国経営を行う一方で幕府の出兵要請に応えて頻繁に京へ出兵する。
- The third head Kuninobu and subsequent heads frequently sent the army to Kyoto in response to a request from the bakufu while ruling Wakasa and Tango Provinces.
- 上杉謙信 謙信死去後、御館の乱を経て後継者となった上杉景勝は北陸攻略軍の柴田勝家の攻勢に防戦一方となる。
- After Kenshin's death, Kagekatsu UESUGI, who became the successor to Kenshin after the Otate War, could only defend himself from the successful offense of the Katsuie SHIBATA's force, the Hokuriku district attacking force.
- 上記は制度改革について論じたものの例であるが、一方で国民の考え方、気風を変えるべきとの姿勢も顕著である。
- The above was an example which was discussed about reforms of system, on the other hand, it had a clear stance that they should change people's way of thinking and spirit.
- バルチック艦隊の司令部は司令長官を含めてまるごと日本軍の捕虜となるほど、連合艦隊の一方的な圧勝であった。
- The Combined Fleet overwhelmed the Baltic Fleet to the extent that all the commanding staff including the Baltic Fleet became captive of the IJN Combined Fleet, and so overwhelmingly defeated the Baltic Fleet that the whole of the staff of headquarters of the latter including the Commander-in-Chief were taken captives by the Japanese Navy.
- だが、国家権力による統制の一方で僧綱が尊重されて教団による一定の自治も認められ、閏刑が存在するなどした。
- While it gave the state more controlling power, it held the Sogo in high regard, allowing the religious community to enjoy certain autonomy and permitting leniency to priests and nuns.
- 僧尼令は厳格な規定の一方で、僧綱側の要求で施行が一時停止されるなど、その位置づけは不安定なものであった。
- While Soniryo had strict rules, its effectiveness was not fully maintained, as it was temporarily suspended due to Sogo's (a priest of a managerial post) demand.
- 一方、正信会、創価学会との対立のなかから、法主個人への絶対帰依や権力の集中を指摘する主張が生まれてきた。
- On the other hand, there was the insistence to appoint the political power as gathered into the center, or to believe it would definitely come back to Hoshu himself after the conflict between Shoshinkai (correct faith association) or Soka Gakkai.
- 一方、左第1手は掌を広げて地に触れ、左第2手は未開敷蓮華(ハスのつぼみ)、左第3手は指先で法輪を支える。
- On the other hand, the first left hand touches the earth, spreading the palm, the second left hand supports Mikaifu renge, unopened lotus and the third left hand supports Horin at its finger tips.
- 一方で『公衡公記』(西園寺公衡の日記)に恒明親王出生の際に御験者として登場しているように護持僧も務めた。
- In the meantime, as he was described as having appeared as Ongenjya (mountaineering ascetic) when Imperial Prince Tsuneaki was born, in 'Kinhira Koki Diary' (the diary of Kinhira SAIONJI), he also acted as gojiso (a priest who prays for the security of the emperor).
- 一方海上についてみると、中国の東方には広大な海が広がるが、歴代の統一王朝は首都を内陸の関中や河南省に置いた
- Meanwhile, in terms of the sea, though there is a vast sea to the east of China, each successive unified kingdom set its capital in the inland Guangzhong or in Hunan Province.
- この一方で、奈良時代から発達してきた修験道も、両宗の密教の影響を強く受け、独自の発達を遂げることとなった。
- On the other hand, Shugendo (mountain asceticism-shamanism), which had developed from the Nara period, was also strongly influenced by the esoteric Buddhism of both sects and was evolving independently.
- 愛季は織田信長とも誼を通じる一方、浅利勝頼ら領内の反抗勢力を滅ぼし、由利地方から大宝寺氏の干渉を駆逐した。
- Chikasue, who was associated with Nobunaga ODA, defeated the opposition powers within the territory including Katsuyori ASARI, and swept out the intervention of Daihoji clan from Yuri region.
- ただ玉田宿禰については、『日本書紀』允恭紀が襲津彦の孫とする一方、雄略紀では子としていて、互いに矛盾する。
- However, Tamada is recorded as Sotsuhiko's grandson in the Ingyo ki of 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), and in Yuryaku ki, as the son, which shows inconsistency in the relation to Sotsuhiko.
- その一方で後白河院庁別当として後白河への奉仕も怠らず、両派の争いに巻き込まれないように細心の注意を払った。
- On the other hand, he worked diligently for Goshirakawa as well as Betto of the Office of the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, and was careful not to become entangled in the conflict between the two groups.
- しかし、継体天皇の登場によりヤマト王権による列島支配が強まり、一方、朝鮮半島への進出傾向は大きく後退した。
- However, after Emperor Keitai was introduced, control over the islands of Japan by Yamato sovereignty became stronger, but on the other hand, the trend of advancing to the Korean peninsular became considerably weak.
- 一方、日本側の招待された面々は、十手と孫の手をナイフとフォーク (食器)に見立てて作法の練習をしたという。
- Meanwhile, it is said that the Japanese who were invited to dine with the American rehearsed the situation using a jitte (short, one-hook truncheon) and a backscratcher as substitutes for a knife and fork.
- つまり列強に対しては義和団をあてる一方で、列強に妥協的だという理由で李鴻章らを媚外として批判したのである。
- While placing Boxers against the allied western powers, they criticized Li Hongzhang for compromising with the allied western powers.
- 一方日本は第一条に「朝鮮国は自主の邦」と挿入し、朝鮮を清朝の影響から切り離し独立国として認知しようとした。
- On the other hand, Japan put a sentence as the article one and it says 'Korea is an independent state' and tried to separate Korea form influence of the Qing dynasty and recognize as an independent country.
- 一方、日本律令制では、官人はまず位階によって序列化され、そして位階に応じた官職が与えられることされていた。
- On the other hand, on the Japanese Ritsuryo system, government officials were ranked by Ikai first and given the government post correspond to the Ikai.
- 一方、陽明学の造詣の深さで、佐久間象山と対比される備中松山藩の山田方谷は、瀕死の藩財政を見事、建て直した。
- On the other hand, Hokoku YAMADA, who in his deep knowledge of Yomeigaku bears comparison with Shozan SAKUMA, completely restored the moribund finances of the Bitchu-Matsuyama domain.
- 一方で遊女と内裏の舞踊・音楽の教習所である「内教坊」の「伎女」になんらかの関連があると考える研究者もいる。
- On the one hand, there are some scholars who think that yujo had something to do with 'gijo' (music-playing women) in 'Naikyobo,' a training center of Imperial dancing and music.
- しかし、後に神社を去って諸国を漂泊し、宿場や港で歌や踊りをしながら一方で性も売る様になったものと思われる。
- However, it is considered that later they came to leave the shrine and wander around various areas, singing and dancing at the posting station and a harbor, meanwhile they also sold sexual acts.
- もちろん、今日の政治史においては中島・久原どちらか一方のみを正統な総裁と規定することは不適切とされている。
- Naturally, it is thought to be inappropriate in today's political history to regard only one of Nakajima and Kuhara as the official president.
- 一方で、乾いたときにワイパーやタオルで強く拭くと小さな傷を付けやすいため、修復不可能な傷を付ける原因となる。
- On the other hand, if the kosa that has become dry is wiped with wipers or a towel, the wiped surfaces are likely to be damaged, sometimes causing irreparable damage to be generated.
- 一方、明の朝廷も日本が降伏したという証を要求したが、これも秀吉にとっては到底受け入れられるものではなかった。
- On the other hand, the court of Ming Dynasty required proof of surrender of Japan and this was not acceptable to Hideyoshi.
- その一方で、実際に取締りにあたる役人(検非違使・弾正台など)の間でも必ずしも徹底されていたわけではなかった。
- On the other hand, officials in charge of actual enforcement (including kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) and danjodai (Board of Censors)) were not necessarily familiarized with this shinsei.
- したがって、他の山と鹿ヶ谷で隔てられている吉田山が含まれる一方、比叡山の北に連なる比良山系の山は含まれない。
- Thus, while Mt. Yoshida, separated by Shishigatani from other mountains, is included in Higashiyama, mountains of the Hira mountain range system, located to the north of Mt. Hiei, is not.
- 伏見城城下町の伝統を受け継ぐ商業拠点である一方、京都市中心部や大阪市方面へのベッドタウンとしての性格をもつ。
- It is not only a commercial center that carries on the traditions of the castle town of Fushimi-jo Castle, but also a commuter town for central Kyoto and Osaka.
- 昭和の当主・三条西公正は、実践女子大学教授などを勤める一方、御家流香道宗家として香道の復興・発展に尽力した。
- The family head in the Showa period was Kimimasa SANJONISHI, who worked as a professor at Jissen Women's University and dedicated considerable effort to restoring and nurturing the art of fragrance as the head house of the Oie-style art of fragrance.
- 一方、明治政府の立場からは、天皇を中心とする国民国家を建設するため、国家主義的な歴史叙述が構築されていった。
- On the other hand, from the viewpoint of building a nation-state centered on the Emperor, the Meiji government developed nationalistic descriptions of history.
- 義政は勝元の追放を認めなかったものの、諸大名が一方に加担しないことを条件に、義就による政長への攻撃を認めた。
- Though not agreeing to expel Katsumoto, Yoshimasa approved Yoshinari's attack on Masanaga on condition that none of the daimyos should side with either camp.
- その一方で、、播磨国に飛地領を有する同藩は、播磨国加東郡小澤村の辻氏の引請による銀札を江戸末期頃に発行した。
- Meanwhile, the domain, which had a detached territory in Harima Province, also issued a ginsatsu guaranteed by the Tsuji clan of Ozawa-mura, Kato-gun, Harima Province.
- 一方で、ウラジオストクに配備されていたロシアのウラジオストク巡洋艦隊は、積極的に出撃して通商破壊を展開する。
- On the other hand, the Russian Vladivostok Cruiser Fleet stationed in Vladivstok proactively carried out sorties to destroy commercial shipping.
- 普段は農業をしたり行商をしたりして各地の情報を探る一方、指令が下ると戦場やその後方へ出向き工作活動に励んだ。
- They went to a battlefield or the related area to engage in maneuver activities upon order, while they search for information on each region as working as peasant or peddler in their quotidian life.
- その一方で、シティホテルや不動産分譲、撮影所余剰地の複合施設開発など新規事業を開拓して事業の再構築を行った。
- On the other hand, Toei tried to promote further restructuring through new business development such as hotels, real estate, and the alteration of a studio's redundant areas into multiple-use facilities.
- 一方で院宮王臣家や有力な寺社に荘園を寄進して国府の重税から逃れることで財政負担と朝廷からの干渉・介入を防いだ。
- Meanwhile, they evaded heavy taxes imposed by the Kokufu and prevented intervention by the Imperial Court by donating shoen (manor) to Ingu oshinke (a general term for Imperial families and nobilities) and influential temples and shrines.
- 一方で血縁と伝統的な主従関係の下に成立した譜代の家臣と実力を買われ登用された新参の軋轢も生まれることもあった。
- On the other hand, there were also conflicts between hereditary vassals, who held their status based on bloodline or traditional master-vassal relationships, and individuals who were newly appointed due to their abilities.
- その一方で国文学界が鎌倉時代以後を本来は同じ意味である「中世」という語で表現する事に対して疑問も出されている。
- On the other hand, Japanese literature also uses the term 'chusei' to refer to the time period after the Kamakura period which has the same meaning as chuko, and the appropriateness of this practice has been questioned.
- 一方で、乾燥化の進行よりも植林などの対策のほうがスピードが遅く、黄砂対策は実効性を現しにくいという見方もある。
- On the other hand, there is a view of considering that the speed of dry land expansion is higher than that of planting trees and it is not easy to make the effects of the measures taken against kosa visible.
- 受領が強大な権限を得た一方で、補佐官である任用たちは権限を奪われ、受領の私的従者のように使役されるようになる。
- While the zuryo retained most of the power, the ninyo, who were assistants to the zuryo, lost their influences and were treated like private servants to the zuryo.
- 武家権力は決定的な勢力となるがその一方で成り上がった戦国大名は朝廷から官位官職を受けて、権威や大義名分を得た。
- The samurai authority became a decisive power, but parvenu daimyo in the Sengoku period, on the other hand, received official rank and government post from the Imperial Court and obtained administrative power and legitimate reasons.
- 一方で、道長は娘藤原妍子を三条の皇后にしようとして、長年連れ添った娍子を尊重する三条とさらに軋轢を生じさせた。
- On the other hand, Michinaga tried to have his daughter FUJIWARA no Kenshi as Sanjo's Empress and this did not improve their relationship because Sanjo respected FUJIWARA no Seishi, who he had been together for a long time.
- 両統迭立の定着にともない、一方の皇統に専属的に仕える貴族が出現しはじめ、また治天の側も貴族たちにそれを求めた。
- As Ryoto tetsuritsu became established, aristocrats that served only one of the Imperial lines started to appear, and the Chiten side also asked that of its aristocrats.
- 一方朝廷では、尊氏が南朝に降伏した事により北朝の崇光天皇や皇太子直仁親王は廃され、関白二条良基らも更迭される。
- Regarding the Imperial Court, with Takauji's surrender, the Northern Court Emperor Suko and the Crown Prince Naohito were abolished and Kanpaku Yoshimoto NIJO lost their jobs.
- しかし一方中国の実情を知る人々の中には義和団の乱に対し同情的な声や、義和団の乱の意義を正しく見抜く人もあった。
- However, among the people who understood the situation in China there were those that gave words of sympathy toward the Boxer Rebellion, and some saw through to the significance of the Boxer Rebellion.
- 一方、地方長官である都道府県知事以下、地方官庁としての府県の機構は勅令である「地方官官制」によって規定された。
- On the other hand, prefectural governors as well as other prefectural organizations of the local government were stipulated by an imperial edict, 'Chihokan Kansei' (Rules of local official and organization).
- 一方、卑弥呼や邪馬台国と同様に非佳字をあてることにより、中華世界から見た夷狄であることを表すとする意見もある。
- But others says 倭 means iteki (barbarians) seen from China because the ominous character is used as in Himiko (first known ruler of Japan) and Yamatai Koku (Yamatai Kingdom).
- 一方、大韓民国政府は日韓併合条約が当初から無効であった(締結時から効力を発していない)という立場を取っている。
- On the other hand, the government of the Republic of Korea has taken the position that the Treaty of Japanese Annexation of Korea was invalid from the beginning (it had not come into force since the time of the conclusion).
- 一方で朱熹は、陳亮ら功利学派(事功学派)を、個人の自己修養を無視して社会関係のみを重視していると批判している。
- On the other hand, Hsi CHU criticized Liang CHEN and others of the utilitarianism school sect (事功学派) that the theory ignored individual self-discipline and valued only the social relation.
- その一方で定額寺側にも資材帳作成と国司・講師・三綱・檀越が共同で行う検校処分を受けることを義務付けられていた。
- On the other hand, jogakuji were responsible for the creation of materials (expenses) records and for the acceptance of administrative supervisions by a consortium of the governor, arch-monk, 'sango' (three monastic positions with management roles at a temple), and danotsu.
- 一方で九条兼実と頻繁に交流し、その子良円を託されて弟子とするなど、慈円らとともに九条家の宗教的護持にあたった。
- He mixed with Kanezane KUJO very often, who entrusted his son Ryoen to Shinen as a disciple, and offered religious support to the Kujo family with Jien and others.
- その後最澄の意を体して奈良興福寺の義延らと宗論をたたかわせる一方、延暦寺に大乗戒壇を開設することにも奔走した。
- After that, on one hand, he made religious arguments against Gien and others in Nara Kofuku-ji Temple as one to represent Saicho's will, while on the other hand he busied himself in establishing Daijo-Kaidan (Mahayana ordination center) at Enryaku-ji Temple.
- 中でも戦乱による寺院の被害が多い一方で僧兵の影響力が大きかった大和には弟豊臣秀長を派遣し、円満にまとめ上げた。
- For example, he dispatched his younger brother, Hidenaga TOYOTOMI, to Yamato Province, where war had caused a great deal of damage to the temples but the warrior monks still held a lot of influence, and was able to bring about a peaceful settlement.
- これによって朝廷は租庸調に代わる安定した財源を確保する一方で、国司による恣意的な徴税に制約を加えることになった。
- This made it possible for the court to obtain a stable income instead of Soyocho and also prevent arbitrary taxation by Kokushi.
- 一方の尼子側は宇山久兼が私財をなげうって購入した兵糧を密かに間道から月山富田城に運び入れつつ、奮闘を続けていた。
- Meanwhile, the Amago side continued the battle by secretly carrying provisions Hisakane UYAMA had bought with his own money into Gassan Toda-jo Castle from a side road.
- 一方、黄砂の影響を受けている韓国や日本なども、木材や農産物の輸入などを通して間接的に関わっているとの見方がある。
- On the other hand, there also exists a view of considering that Korea and Japan, which have been affected by kosa, are responsible indirectly as well, for example, through importation of woods and agricultural products.
- 院政期は、六国史のような官撰の歴史書が編まれなくなった一方、上述のように歴史物語がさかんに著された時代であった。
- During the Insei period, history books officially selected, for example Rikkokushi, were not made while historical tales, mentioned earlier, were actively written.
- 一方、福知山盆地外にあたる夜久野町額田(ぬかた)からは約2億2千万年前の新種のアンモナイトの化石が出土している。
- On the other hand, a new species of fossil ammonite which is approximately 220 million years old was found in Nukata, Yakuno-cho located outside the Fukuchiyama Basin.
- 一方、範頼軍は兵糧と兵船の調達に成功して九州に渡り、同地の平氏方を葦屋浦の戦いで破り、平氏軍の背後の遮断に成功。
- Noriyori's army, on the other hand, having succeeded in being supplied with provisions and warships, crossed over into Kyushu and defeated the Taira forces of that region in the battle of Ashiyaura, and successfully cut off the main Taira clan's army from behind.
- その一方で、同時に旧幕府時代の高札の廃棄も命じているところから、新政府の権威とその支配圏を象徴するものであった。
- On the other hand, the notice boards from the Old Shogunate era were ordered to be disposed of at the same time, which symbolized the power and sphere of control of a new government.
- 一方、それまで土偶の使用が見られなかった九州においては、縄文後期になって九州北部および中部で土偶が登場している。
- On the other hand, earthen figures appeared in the northern Kyushu and Chubu regions during the end of the Jomon period; the use of the earthen figures had not seen in Kyushu until then.
- 復古神道は儒教や仏教の教えを排除したが、一方では、神道と儒教が習合した神儒一致の垂加神道などの儒教神道が現れた。
- Reactionary Shintoism excluded teachings of Confucianism and Buddhism, while there appeared Confucian Shintoism, or the syncretic fusion of Shintoism and Confucianism, such as Suika Shintoism.
- 一方、中国においては銀錠と呼ばれる銀の塊の重量を測り、それに基づいて貨幣としての価値を決定した(銀両/テール)。
- Meanwhile, in China, a mass of silver, called silver sycee, served as the currency, whose value depended on its weight, and its currency unit was ryo (also known as ginryo or tael).
- 普段は農業をしたり、行商をしたりして各地の情報を探る一方、指令が下ると戦場やその後方へ出向き、工作活動に励んだ。
- The people of Koga-ryu were usually engaged in farming or peddling to collect information in various places and, once called, they went to the war fronts or the rear of the battlefields to engage in espionage.
- 一方で、留守政府においては1871年には禄高人別帳が作成されるなど、多元的であった家禄の支給体系の一律化が進む。
- On the other hand, Rusu-seifu made a list of stipend recipients in 1871, thus integrating the stipend payment system, which had been multifactorial.
- 当時、明治政府は政府主導による憲法制定・国会開設を着々と準備する一方で、民権運動に対する弾圧政策を強化していた。
- At that time, the Meiji Government was promoting the preparation of the government-led formulation of a constitution and establishment of the National Diet while it was strengthening an ironfisted policy to democratic movements.
- 以後、南朝 (日本)後醍醐天皇の京都還幸の祈願する一方、北朝 (日本)光厳天皇の祈祷も行い、公武の信仰を集めた。
- Afterward, praying for Emperor Kogen of the Northern Court (Japan) while praying for Kyoto Kanko (the Emperor returning to Kyoto) of Emperor Godaigo of the Southern Court (Japan), he influenced the religious belief of court noble and Samurai.
- しかしながら、その一方で「食物を乞うだけの人」(pindola)は、在家の人々から卑俗な人々として見られていた。
- However, on the other hand, 'people who only beg for food' (pindola) were seen as vulgar people by lay believers.
- 開教活動では北海道などで東本願寺に後れをとる一方で海外への進出をすすめ、アジア、欧米にいち早く布教拠点を築いた。
- For missionary activities, while he was left behind the Higashi Hongan-ji Temple in the Hokkaido region, he promoted going abroad, and built instant bases to conduct missionary work in Asia and western countries.
- 一方、畿内や九州以外の荘園の様子を見ると、数町以上の広い名田、面積が不均等な名田から構成されていることが多かった。
- On the other hand, many manors out of the Kinai and Kyushu regions consisted of extensive myoden larger than several cho and/or unequal-sized myoden.
- 一方では悪いものを寄せ付けない「辟邪」の威力をもつものとも信じられており、経とともに経塚に埋納される例もみられる。
- On top of that, a mirror was also believed to have the power of 'Hekija-e (exorcist scroll),' therefore, in some cases, it was buried with sutra into kyozuka.
- 一方、武家政権においては室町幕府及び江戸幕府が一門または臣下のうち、御所号に匹敵する格式を有する家にこれを許した。
- On the other hand, the samurai governments of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the Edo bakufu awarded the gosho-go to families having eligible social status for the gosho-go among the shogunate clans and retainers.
- 一方、橘繁延は土佐国、蓮茂は佐渡国、藤原千晴は隠岐国にそれぞれ流され、さらに源連、平貞節の追討が諸国へ命じられた。
- Meanwhile, TACHIBANA no Shigenobu, Renmo, and FUJIWARA no Chiharu, were exiled to Tosa Province, Sado Province, and Oki Province respectively, and all provinces were ordered to track down and kill MINAMOTO no Tsuranu and TAIRA no Sadatoki.
- 清盛は武力を背景に国検を断行する一方、寺院勢力の特権もある程度は認めるなど柔軟な対応で、大和の知行国支配を行った。
- While Kiyomori, backed by his military might, did conduct a decisive inspection, he also engaged in softer diplomatic measures, as when he acknowledged that temples did have a certain degree of influence and therefore special privileges, and in this way managed to carry out a survey of the chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) in Yamato that were under state control.
- この事は、容堂が藩内の勤皇志士を弾圧する一方で朝廷に奉仕し、かつ幕府にも良かれという行動を取ったことから来ている。
- This was because of Yodo's attitude in which, although he oppressed kinno (勤皇) activists within his clan, he served the Imperial Court and at the same time took actions for the benefit of Bakufu.
- そのため、藩札の信用は回復される一方、その準備金の適切な投資・貸し出しによって裏打ちされた殖産興業は成功を収めた。
- The credibility of han bills was restored, and the industry of local productions became successful backed by proper investment and loans of the reserve fund.
- 戦国大名は領域の一円支配をさらに推し進める一方、家臣である配下の武士を城下町に集めて強い統制下に置く傾向が始まる。
- While the Sengoku daimyo further pushed to rule the whole region in their territory, they started to gather their vassals, samurai, in their castle town and bring the samurai under their tight control.
- 北部九州を中心とする地域では銅矛や銅剣・銅戈などの武器形青銅器が、一方畿内を中心とする地域では銅鐸がよく知られる。
- Weapon type bronze ware such as bronze halberd, doka (bronze halberd for rituals) and bronze swords are well known in the northern Kyushu region, and dotaku (a bell-shaped bronze vessel) is known from the Kinai region.
- これにより文書の研究は大きく進んだが、一方で写経所文書は断片化されてしまい、かつての形態とは異なってしまっている。
- Although this led to a dramatic advance in the study of monjo, the monjo created by the Sutra copying office has been broken into pieces and has turned into something different from its original form.
- 一方、には大坂の豪商が朱子学を中心に儒学を学ぶ懐徳堂を設立して、後に幕府官許の学問所として明治初年まで続いている。
- On the other hand, a wealthy merchant in Osaka established Kaitokudo school, where Confucianism, mainly the doctrines of Zhu Xi, was taught, and later this school was officially licensed by the shogunate government as gakumonjo (a school) and existed until 1886.
- 一方、朝鮮半島では唐と新羅が666年から高句麗攻撃に入っており、2度の攻勢によって668年についにこれを滅ぼした。
- On the other side, on the Korean Peninsula, the Silla-Tang allied forces started to attack Koguryo in 666, and they successfully destroyed it in 668 at the second attempt.
- 一方、旧天領や旗本支配地等は政府直轄地として府と県が置かれ中央政府から都道府県知事(知府事・知県事)が派遣された。
- On the other hand, bakufu-owned land and hatamoto (bakufu's direct retainer) territory became land directly controlled by the central government and prefectural governors (chifuji/chikenji) were dispatched from the central government.
- 一方、自由民権運動は3月に起きたロシア帝国のアレクサンドル2世暗殺事件の影響で過激な論調が現れるようになっていた。
- On the other hand, in the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, radical opinions were expressed after assassination of Alexander II of the Russia Empire in March.
- 一方、私奴婢は、破産農民などでしめられており、地方の大地主の元で農作業やその他の雑務に従事していることが多かった。
- Meanwhile, Shinuhi mostly consisted of bankrupt peasants, and was often engaged in farming work or other routine tasks for local large landowners.
- 一方、国衙(こくが)・国分寺などに任命された国司(貴族)・官人や僧侶などによって地方にも新しい文物がもたらされた。
- At the same time, various products of the new culture were also distributed to local regions by provincial governors (nobles), government officials and monks, who were delegated to kokuga (provincial government offices) and kokubun-ji (provincial temples).
- 当時は(明暦不動を別とすれば)三不動しか知られていなかった一方で、前述の「五色」に見立てる発想の存在が確認できる。
- While only 3 Fudo (aside from Meireki Fudo) were known in those days, it is confirmed that an idea that related the eye colors of Fudo to 'Goshiki' (five colors) mentioned earlier existed.
- 比叡山で得度し天台教学を学ぶ一方、禅に志し1171年(承安 (日本)元年)法弟の金慶とともに中国(南宋)に渡った。
- While he entered the Buddhist priesthood on Mt. Hiei and studied Tendai teachings, he then aspired to study Zen and journeyed to China in 1171 together with a disciple called 金慶
- 一方で西国では百姓が地縁的な結合を強め、村落を形成し、地頭とは別個に荘園経営を請け負う百姓請も見られるようになった。
- In the meantime, in Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)) as the peasants strengthened their territorial bond and formed villages, Hyakushouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrust a peasant to manage his manor and pay the customs) began to appear in addition to Jitouke.
- 一方で西国では百姓が地縁的な結合を強め、村落を形成し、地頭とは別個に荘園経営を請け負う百姓請が見られるようになった。
- Meanwhile, in Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki), peasants strengthened their territorial bonds, formed villages, and established the hyakushouke system (the contract system where the manor's owner entrusts a peasant to manage his manor and pay the customs) to operate shoen independent of jito's management.
- 一方、地方での「武士」の認定としては、戸田芳実や、石井進 (歴史学者) の国衙軍制論がこの問題に鋭く切り込んでいる。
- On the other hand, theory of the kokuga forces system of Yoshimi TODA and Susumu ISHII (historian) discussed in detail about the qualification of the 'bushi' in districts.
- 一方、召集された側の家系は「朝家の爪牙」として自己をアピールし、その後の時代に「兵の家」としての認識を定着してゆく。
- On the other hand, the family line that was summoned self-promoted as the 'choka no soga' and began to be recognized as the 'house of tsuwamono.' in a later period.
- 一方、西国では国衙領に権利を有する皇室・公家・寺社の影響が依然として強く、守護の国衙介入はさほど進展していなかった。
- On the other hand, in Saigoku (the western part of Japan, particularly Kyushu region, but ranging as far east as Kinki), the Imperial household, kuge (court nobles), and temples and shrines that had a title to the territories of kokuga had invariably maintained a strong influence, which restrained shugo from interfering in kokuga too much.
- 一方島津軍は、この戦いに敗れれば日本軍の連携が崩壊し、多くの味方が逃げ場を失うことを強く認識していたものと思われる。
- On the other hand, the Shimazu army strongly recognized that if they lost this battle, the formation of Japanese army would crumble and many of their allies would lose their escape route.
- 天平時代は華やかな時代というイメージがあるが、一方で天災、凶作、権力者同士の抗争などが相次ぐ不安定な時代でもあった。
- Therefore, the Tenpyo period has the image of a flourishing period, but it was also the period of uncertainty, when many troubles, such as natural calamities, crop failures, and conflicts between influential court nobles, happened one after another.
- 一方、海外において日本美術の装飾性が注目され、ジャポニズムがブームとなり、印象派やアール・ヌーボーへの刺激を与えた。
- Meanwhile, in foreign countries, Japanese art attracted people's attention to its decorativeness, originated the boom of Japonisme (in English, Japanism), and gave artistic stimulation to the impressionists and Art Nouveau.
- しかし、一方では中央政界から遠く辺境にあったが故に確保できた自立性の強さは伊達氏に台頭の機会を十分に与えたといえる。
- However, the geographical merit for the Date clan of being located far from the central authority helped the clan to retain a strong autonomy in the region and gave it a lot of opportunity to gain power.
- 一方、政務決裁には事実上のトップである執権、その補佐である連署、合議機関である評定衆を置く集団指導体制を成立させる。
- At the same time, a collective leadership system for making policy decisions was established that was made up of the regent (who was effectively the leader), rensho (who acted as assistants to the regent), and the Hyojoshu (which acted as a consultative body).
- 一方、岡崎は早くも明治21年(1888年)に京都市上京区(当時)に編入されて京都市の一部として市制確立を迎えている。
- In contrast, as early as 1888, Okazaki was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City and became a part of municipality established in Kyoto City.
- その一方で、円仁が比叡山に伝えた念仏三昧法から源信 (僧侶)の天台浄土教、良忍の融通念仏宗など浄土教の興隆があった。
- Moreover, spiritual tenets shifted away from the Nenbutsu Zanmai (deep prayer to Amida Buddha) passed down to Mt. Hiei by the monk Ennin and towards the monk Genshin's Tendai and Jodo (Pure Land) teachings as well as Ryonin's Yuzu Nenbutsu (Adaptable Prayer to Amida) sect, leading to the ascendancy of Pure Land teachings.
- 一方、三河の松平元康は織田信長の攻略戦に手勢を率いて支援を行いながら三河・遠江の平定を進めて名を徳川家康と改名した。
- On the other hand, Motoyasu MATSUDAIRA in Mikawa, while supporting Nobunaga ODA's battles with his own troops, subjugated Mikawa and Totomi and changed his name to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- 一方、国内は天下統一による平和がもたらされたことなどから、諸大名は領国の経営に力を注ぎ、各地で都市が興隆していった。
- On the other hand, peace came to Japan as the result of unification; various daimyos endeavored to manage their countries, and cities in various parts of Japan prospered.
- 一方で中国思想の影響の下に周の封建国としての箕子朝鮮神話が形成されており、儒教の教えが古くからこの地に根付いていた。
- On the other hand, the mythology of Gija Joseon (allegedly, one of the ancient Korean dynasties) as a nation feudatory to the Zhou dynasty was created under the influence of Chinese philosophy, and the teachings of Confucius had taken root here since a long time ago.
- 一方で、転封によって武士の在地領主的側面が切り離され、地方知行制から俸禄制への移行を促進する役割も担った事実がある。
- On the other hand, it is a fact that Tenpo took away the aspect of zaichi ryoshu (resident landlords) from samurai, playing a role in promoting the transition from the Jigatachigyo system (provision of lands from a feudal government or domains to retainers as salary) to the horoku system (salary).
- その一方で、将門に襲撃されて国司の印を奪われて逃げ出した上野介藤原尚範は純友の叔父(父親の実弟)にあたる人物である。
- However, FUJIWARA no Hisanori, the Kouzuke no suke (Assistant Governor of Kozuke Province), who fled after Masakado attacked and deprived him of the seal of Kokushi (Provincial Governor), was the uncle of Sumitomo (the younger brother of Sumitomo's father).
- この改正によって府県に法人格が与えられて自治体としての体勢が強化される一方で、府県知事の権限規定も整備・強化された。
- This revision gave Fuken a legal personality to reinforce its position as an autonomous body, and it also organized and reinforced the regulations on the authority of the prefectural governor.
- 一方で、弟が政治を補佐したという記述から、巫女の卑弥呼が神事を司り、実際の統治は男子が行う二元政治とする見方もある。
- On the other hand, based on references to her younger brother's support of the government, there is also a view that Yamatai had a binary system of government in which shaman Himiko conducted the rituals and men delivered the real administration.
- 一方、少額貨幣を高額貨幣に両替する場合の手数料が高額貨幣からの手数料より高くなる場合は逆打(ぎゃくうち)と呼ばれた。
- If, however, a commission for changing smaller currencies for a larger one is higher than one for exchanging a large currency for small ones, it was called 'gyakuuchi' (reverse commission).
- 一方、近代化を進める中央政府は明治9年(1876年)3月8日に廃刀令、同年8月5日に金禄公債証書発行条例を発布した。
- On the other hand, for the purpose of promoting modernization, the central government issued Haitorei on March 8, 1876 and Kinrokukosaishoshohakkojorei on August 5 in the same year.
- 一方で、政府の手厚い保護を受けていたとはいえ、日本鉄道が好調な決算を発表すると、各地で私設鉄道設立ブームが起こった。
- Meanwhile, even though Nippon Railway had received a careful protection from the government, the boom to build private railways started across Japan when Nippon Railway announced its positive financial statements.
- 一方、現代の日本人は特定の信仰宗教、宗教観を持っていないものが大多数であり、自らを仏教徒と強く意識する機会は少ない。
- On the other hand, most Japanese these days do not have a specific religion or religious beliefs, and have few opportunities to be conscious of themselves as Buddhists.
- 一方、細かい心の働きを「vicaara」(旧訳では観(かん)、新訳では伺(し))といい、両者は対になって用いられる。
- On the other hand, the delicate action of mind is called 'vicaara' (Kan in the old version and Shi in the new); Vitarka and vicaara are used as a pair.
- 一方でこれは、朝廷の力が低下して坂上田村麻呂の時代のように武力によって夷俘を制圧できなくなっていたことも意味していた。
- This, however, showed that the weakened Imperial Court could no longer forcibly subdue the Ifu as it could in the days of SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro.
- その一方、多くの朝鮮人捕虜が戦役で失われた国内の労働力を補うために使役され、また奴隷として海外に売られたこともあった。
- On the other hand, many Korean captives were roped into working as replacements of lost domestic labor for the war and some were sold overseas as slaves.
- 一方、祇園町南側(とくに花見小路通周辺)は女紅場学園所有であるために乱開発は逃れ、歴史的風景特別修景地区に指定された。
- On the other hand, the south area of Gion around the Hanamikoji-dori Street was spared from rampant development because the area was owned by Nyokoba-gakuen School, and was designated as a Historical Landscape Preservation and Improvement District.
- 一方、姪の飯豊女王は執政はしたが諮問に預かったのではなく、青海皇女の指名に基づいて飯豊女王が執政したのである」という。
- On the other hand, the niece Iitoyo no himemiko administered, but was not asked questions and she administered based on the appointment by Aomi no himemiko.'
- その一方、有識者が勅任により議員となる制度が存在し、良くも悪くも「衆議院のカーボンコピー」という批判は存在しなかった。
- There was also a system for yushikisha (people well-informed about rules of ceremonies and rituals) to become councilors appointed by the Emperor,so for better or worse, there was no criticism towards the Kizokuin for being 'a carbon copy of the House of Representatives.'
- 一方、保守派によって完全な佐幕派となった水戸藩に対し、戊辰戦争が勃発すると、諸生党に対する追討命令が朝廷から出された。
- Meanwhile, when the Boshin War was started against the Mito Domain, which became a complete Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun) due to the actions of the conservatives, the Imperial Court ordered to hunt down and kill shoseito.
- 松平容保による朝廷工作もあって、巧みに攘夷実行を遅らせることに成功した幕府であったが、攘夷派の不満は増す一方であった。
- Although the bakufu cleverly succeeded to delay the execution of the expulsion of foreigners, partly thanks to the maneuver by Katamori MATSUDAIRA against the Imperial Court, the dissatisfaction of the Joi-ha (supporters of expulsion of the foreigners) further mounted up.
- 中央政府から派遣される国司には多大な権限を与える一方、地方豪族がその職を占めていた郡司にも一定の権限が認められていた。
- Kokushi (provincial governor) dispatched from the central government were given substantial authority, while Gunji (local magistrates) whose position was occupied by powerful local clans were also given a certain level of authority.
- 美術院国宝修理所所長、東京芸大教授などを歴任する一方で、55年からは京都・愛宕念仏寺の住職となり、同寺の復興に当たる。
- While he played the role of the Director of the Kokuho Shurijo of the Nihon Bijitsuin and a professor of Tokyo University of the Arts, he became the chief priest of Otagi Nenbutsu-ji Temple in Kyoto in 1955 to restore the temple.
- 東寺勧学会学頭・法印・大僧正を歴任する一方、真言教学の研究に専念し、高野山の宥快とともに真言教学の中興の祖と称される。
- While successively serving as the head priest of a Buddhist service Kangakue in Toji Temple, Hoin, the highest ranked monk, and Daisojo, the highest rank in Japanese Buddhism, he was dedicated to the study of the Shingon doctrine so that he has been regarded as the restorer of the Shingon doctrine together with the monk Yukai in Mt. Koya.
- また鎌倉の無為昭元(むいしょうげん)・約翁徳倹(やくおうとっけん)の会下に入る一方、仁和寺・醍醐寺で密教を学んでいる。
- He also studied esoteric Buddhism at Ninna-ji Temple and Daigo-ji Temple as well as practicing under Mui Shogen and Yakuo Tokken of Kamakura.
- 一方では独自性を保つために、在地の農業経営に専念する名主層や百姓らと連携して、国人一揆を結成する国人層も少なくなかった。
- However, not a few kokujin organized the Kokujin-ikki (union) in cooperation with the myoshu (owner of rice fields) stratum immersed in farm management, peasants and others, in an attempt to keep individuality.
- その子織田信長は、父の没後に起こった織田家の内紛を鎮める一方で、尾張守護の斯波氏をも追放し尾張統一を短期間でなしとげた。
- His son Nobunaga solved internal troubles of the Oda clan that occurred after the death of his father, expelled the Shiba clan that was the Shugo (Military Governor) of Owari Province, and unified Owari Province in a short time.
- 同年、ベックマンらドイツ人技師が来日し、一方日本からは建築家の渡辺譲、妻木頼黄、河合浩蔵及び職人たちがドイツに留学した。
- In the same year, Böckmann and other German architects came to Japan, and the Japanese architects, Yuzuru WATANABE, Yorinaka TSUMAKI, Kozo KAWAI and artisans went to Germany to study.
- 一方、青森では帰営予定日時になっても帰営しない行軍隊を迎えに行くため、川和田少尉以下40名が田茂木野まで出迎えに行った。
- At the same time, from the Aomori side, 40 people including Junior Lieutenant Kawawada went to Tamogino to meet the marching troop, which had not returned by the scheduled date and time.
- 一方で、『玉葉』では義経が一の谷を落とし、範頼が浜から福原に寄せ(生田口)、多田行綱が山の手(夢野口)を落としたとある。
- On the other hand, 'Gyokuyo' describes that Yoshitsune took the Ichinotani fortress, Noriyori approached Fukuwara (Ikuta fortress entrance) from the beach, and Yukitsuna TADA took the hilly section of the city (Yumeno fortress entrance).
- 一方で明治時代に入ると、朝鮮、中国に対して日朝修好条規や下関条約、「日清通商航海条約」など不平等条約を押し付けていった。
- Meanwhile, during the Meiji period, Japan imposed unequal treaties on Korea and China, including the Treaty of Ganghwa, the Treaty of Shimonoseki, and the 'Sino-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation.'
- 一方、日本政府と国内世論は士族反乱や立憲制確立を巡る議論に注目が移り、かつての征韓派も朝鮮問題への関心を失いつつあった。
- Meanwhile, the attention of the Japanese government and domestic public opinion shifted to the issues that related to the Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) and establishment of constitutional system, and gradually former Seikan-ha were losing their interest on Korean issues.
- 翌11月10日滝川一益、明智光秀、蜂屋頼隆、氏家直重、伊賀伊賀守らが茨木城を攻囲する一方、荒木村重軍の切り崩しにかかった。
- On December 18, the next day, Kazumasu TAKIGAWA, Mitsuhide AKECHI, Yoritaka HACHIYA, Naoshige UJIIE, Iganokami IGA and so on seiged Ibaraki-jo Castle on one hand and tried breaking down of the troops of Murashige ARAKI on the other hand.
- 一方で日本海海運の拠点であった小浜市に代官関戸氏を置いていたとの見解もあり、北日本海に止まらない活動範囲も指摘されている。
- On the other hand, there is a theory that the family assigned the Sekido clan as daikan (local governor) of Obama City, where was a maritime trade hub in the Japan Sea at that time, and extended the space of its activities even beyond the northern Japan Sea.
- 一方の宗矩は家康・秀忠・家光の徳川三代に仕えて大名にまで栄進したのだから、相当の信任を受けていたことがうかがえるであろう。
- Considering the fact that Munenori served three Tokugawa shoguns, Ieyasu, Hidetada and Iemitsu, and was promoted to the daimyo class, it follows that he had the great confidence of them.
- この発言では、天皇の地位が憲法に記されたものであることを確認した一方、護憲とも解釈可能なため一部の右翼勢力から非難された。
- Letting people confirm that the Constitution of Japan gives a definition of the Emperor, the remark was criticized by a small group of right-wing organizations for its probability of being interpreted as protecting the Constitution.
- 義満の皇位簒奪説は、一方で皇統の正当性は上皇としての立場ではなく血統により発生するという反論もあり、疑問視する声も根強い。
- There is a persistent opposing view that doubts Yoshimitsu's usurpation of the imperial throne, as the rightness of the imperial line takes place by blood line rather than from a standpoint of the Retired Emperor.
- その一方で、かつての持明院統側では後小松天皇の直系が断絶して、伏見宮家から後花園天皇が迎えられるという事態が起こっていた。
- On the other hand, the direct line from Emperor Gokomatsu ended and Emperor Gohanazono was invited by the Fushiminomiya family to continue the former Jimyoin line side.
- 一方で、頼朝は、義仲に対する牽制として源範頼、源義経らに京都への進軍を命じて範頼・義経軍は11月初めには近江まで到着した。
- On the other hand, to hold Yoshinaka in check, Yoritomo sent MINAMOTO no Noriyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune towards Kyoto and the Noriyori/Yoshitsune forces reached Omi Province in the beginning of November.
- 一方邪馬台国=九州説を主張する研究者は、三角縁神獣鏡全体が(魏の年号が刻まれてはいるが)後世の偽作物であると見なしている。
- On the other hand, researchers advocating the Yamatai-Koku kingdom in the Kyushu region consider the all Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirrors were be forged by future generations (though the name of era in Wei dynasty was inscribed on them.)
- 欧米の諸制度・思想を紹介して、それを文明国標準とする一方で、旧来既存の日本の考え方や制度に批判を加えようとする姿勢である。
- It was a stance to criticize the conventional way of thinking and system in Japan while it introduced the systems and thoughts of Europe and America and considered them as the standard of civilized country.
- 和平成立後、家康は京都から駿府へ戻り、秀忠も伏見に戻ったが、一方で国友鍛冶に大砲の製造を命じるなど、戦争準備を行っている。
- After pacification was made, Ieyasu returned from Kyoto to Sunpu, and Hidetada to Fushimi, however, on the other hand, they ordered blacksmiths in Kunitomo to manufacture cannons to prepare for war.
- 一方「謀叛」はいわゆる天皇に危害を加えるなどの大逆罪を含まない国家(政権)の転覆及び敵国への内通・亡命などが対象となった。
- On the other hand, '謀叛' was a crime of attempting to overthrow the government without damaging the emperor (without high treason crime), as well as betrayal or defection to foreign countries.
- 一方で台湾など海外との合作による大作や70ミリ映画「釈迦」「秦・始皇帝」(2作ともヒット)を制作するなど超大作路線を歩む。
- At the same time, Daiei devoted itself to large-scale productions, such as joint productions with companies in Taiwan and other countries and 70mm film productions such as 'Shaka' (Shakyamuni) and 'Shin no Shikoutei' (Shi Hunagdi), both of which became box office hits.
- だが、律令制が弛緩すると、僧尼令をはじめとする仏教統制の法制は形骸化し、一方で修理料や燈分料規定も空文化するようになった。
- As the ritsuryosei waned, however, regulations and laws that had controlled Buddhism such as 'Soni ryo' (Regulations for Monks and Nuns) lost substance, and regulations on repairmen and maintenance subsidies also lost any meaning.
- 一方、京都一条の清浄華院第4世の住持となり、浄土宗の布教に力を尽くし、然空の法流は一条流(西谷流)と称されるようになった。
- Meanwhile, he became the 4th chief priest of Shojoke-in Temple at Ichijo, Kyoto and made efforts in missionary work of the Jodo sect, and his doctrine was called Ichijo-ryu (Nishitani school.)
- 一方織田信長は石山本願寺と荒木村重の両軍を敵に回すは得策でないと考えたのか、村井貞勝を使者とし石山本願寺に和議を申し入れた。
- On the other hand, Nobunaga ODA might have thought that to make enemies of both of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and Murashige ARAKI and sent Sadakatsu MURAI as an emissary to Ishiyama-Hongan-ji Temple for making overtures of peace.
- だがその一方で、安土城の築城に延暦寺の職人を利用したり、根来寺の鉄砲を戦争に利用するなど、寺社勢力の高い技術力を活用もした。
- However, they used the advanced technological skills of the jisha seiryoku, for example craftsmen from Enryaku-ji Temple were used to build Azuchi-jo Castle, or rifles made by craftsmen from the Negoro-ji Temple were used in the battle.
- その一方で平安時代中期以後には賀表や抗表が形骸化されて行われなくなり、「上表」という言葉が辞表と同じ意味を持つようになった。
- On the other hand, after the mid Heian period, Gahyo and Kohyo lost its significance and people started not to do these anymore, 'Johyo' became the same meaning as Jihyo.
- 広げて持つときは要の少し上を持ち、閉じてからは片手で中心より根元よりの部分を軽く持ち、もう一方の手を下から先の部分に添える。
- To hold an open fan, the user has to hold it by the point slightly above the pivot; to hold an closed fan, the user has to hold it lightly with one hand by the point closer to the bottom from the center and place the other hand from below the fan to the position near the top.
- 武田信賢は若狭国内の一色氏残党や一揆を次々に鎮圧して国内を固める一方、応仁の乱では東軍に属して丹後国に侵攻するなど活躍した。
- Nobutaka TAKEDA suppressed the remnants of the Isshiki clan as well as uprisings in Wakasa Province, and when the Onin War occurred, he sided with the east forces and invaded Tango Province.
- 日本では、関東大都市圏に次ぐ規模を誇っており、三大都市圏あるいは七大都市圏の一つとされる一方、世界6~7位の大都市圏である。
- In Japan, it boasts of a scale second only to the Kanto Metropolitan area, ranked as one of the three major metropolitan areas in the nation and also one of the seven largest, while in the world it is ranked as the 6th to 7th largest urban area.
- 討ち入りに参加した浪士の子弟らは各藩から争って招聘される一方、脱盟者で後に仕官が適った者は大石信興以外には確認されていない。
- Children and brothers of those roshi who took part in the raid were invited from each domain, whereas the only known person who found another lord to serve was Nobuoki OISHI after leaving the domain.
- 一方、外国商人側も文禄・慶長の役の失敗や関ヶ原の戦いの影響によって生じた日本の国内経済の混乱による販売不振に悩まされていた。
- Meanwhile, the foreign merchants' side also had suffered from sales slumps owing to the economic chaos in Japan which resulted from Japan's failure in the Bunroku-Keicho War and the effects of the Battle of Sekigahara.
- 一方、高宗は日本の影響力をあくまでも排除しようと試み、日露戦争中においてもロシアに密書を送るなどの密使外交を展開していった。
- Meanwhile, Gojong tried to thoroughly eliminate Japan's clout, and conducted diplomacy with secret envoys, such as sending secret letters to Russia during the Russo-Japanese War.
- 一方台湾館は、極彩色の楼門及び翼楼をもった建築物であり、中では台湾に関し15部門(農業・園芸から習俗まで)の展示が行われた。
- On the other hand, Taiwan Pavilion, which had a richly-colored romon (two-storied gates) and yokuro (side structures), featured 15 sections such as farming, horticulture, and manners and customs.
- その一方で、この時期までにしばしば浮上しては頓挫した、雄藩連合による公議政体論路線の一つの到達点という面も持ち合わせていた。
- Meanwhile, it also had an aspect as a goal of controversy over the parliamentary regime promoted by major domains, which had repeatedly emerged and broken down by then.
- 一方、それは名目であり、実際は朝鮮を自国の影響下におくことや中国の領土割譲など自国権益の拡大を目的とした戦争とする説もある。
- Some suggest, however, that Japan used this cause as a pretext for the war trying to achieve the purpose of putting Korea under control and expanding its own interests by making China give up its territory.
- 一方、武田軍の支隊が安曇郡の信越国境近くの小谷城(おたりじょう、長野県北安曇郡小谷村)を落とし、別方面から長尾軍を牽制する。
- On the other hand, a branch troop of Takeda's forces took Otari-jo Castle (located in Otari Village, Kita-Azumi County, Nagano Prefecture) in Azumi County, located near to the border between Shinano Province and Echigo Province, indirectly holding the movements of Nagao's forces in check from another direction.
- 一方、日本では隋の制度を基にして大化の改新の際に導入され、大宝律令賦役令にて定められ親王を除く全人民がその貧富に応じて納めた。
- In Japan, this system was implemented in the Taika Reforms based on the system in the Sui Dynasty and set forth in Fuyaku ryo (tax structure) of Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code), and all people excluding Imperial princes made contributions according to their levels of wealth.
- しかしその一方で、鎌倉仏教の普及や、主要寺社の火災による損壊などから、むしろ鎌倉時代後期は、寺社の新築・改築の必要性が増した。
- In the late Kamakura period, however, there were more needs to newly build or rebuild shrines and temples because of the spread of Kamakura Bukkyo (new Buddhist movements of the Kamakura period) as well as damages to major shrines and temples from fire.
- 京都にあって奉公衆三番頭となる一方、御部屋衆、御供衆、申次衆を代々務めるなど、足利将軍家の近臣として幕府の中枢の業務を担った。
- In Kyoto, the family, as a trusted vassal of Ashikaga Shogun family, served not merely as the leader of the third squad of Hokoshu (shogunal military guard) but also as Oheyashu (the person in charge of keeping night watch of the shogun's bed chamber), Otomoshu (attendant group who attended the Shogun Takauji Ashikaga to go up to the ancient capital kyoto), and Moshitsugishu (a civil servant post in Muromachi Shorgunate) for generations.
- 歴代王朝は代々中国皇帝に朝貢をしていたが、一方で皇帝がその諱(本名)を他国に知られてその臣下扱いされることを潔しとしなかった。
- Although successive dynasties had paid tribute to the Chinese Emperors for generations, the Vietnamese emperors were unwilling to be treated as a vassal by disclosing their real names to other countries.
- 一方で華族の私生活も一般の興味の対象となり、柳原白蓮や大山巌の山川捨松逸話など、多くの華族スキャンダルが新聞や雑誌を賑わせた。
- Kazoku's private lives also attracted people's interest, and many scandals including the one by Byakuren YANAGIHARA and the one by Iwao OYAMA and Sutematsu YAMAKAWA were written in newspapers and magazines.
- 藤原氏のような上流貴族の宅地が左京北部へ密集する一方、貧しい人々は平安京の東限を越えて鴨川 (淀川水系)の川べりに住み始めた。
- While residents from the upper nobles, such as the Fujiwara clan, gathered in northern Sakyo, the poor went over to the eastern limit of Heian-kyo and started living next to the Kamo-gawa River (the Yodo-gawa river system).
- 一方、道家的隠逸であるが、倫理(善)のためでなく真理の探求や体得の手段としての隠逸、あるいは隠逸そのものが目的化したといえる。
- On the other hand, the recluse of Taoists can be said as a mean to seek or reach the truth rather than for ethical good, and recluse itself became their goal.
- それらはその地域に「野蛮」という他者表象を与える一方で、「文明」日本という自己表象を構成しようとする明治日本への抗議であった。
- Those protest movement was directed to Japan in Meiji period that tried to make those regions symbol of 'barbarian'and Japan symbol of'civilization'.
- 一方、政元も明応の政変によって将軍足利義稙を京都から追放して管領主導の政権を樹立したために諸国の守護大名達の反感を買っていた。
- Meanwhile, Masamoto banished Shogun Yoshitane ASHIKAGA from Kyoto by the Coup of Meio and established an administration led by Kanrei (shogunal deputy) which caused provincial military governors to hold ill feelings against him.
- 一方の九州説の立場を取ると、邪馬台国は九州の地方王権に過ぎないことになり、3世紀に大和王権が存在していたかどうか疑わしくなる。
- If you take another theory, the Kyushu theory, Yamatai was just a provincial power in Kyushu and it becomes doubtful as to whether Yamato kingdom existed in the 3rd century.
- すると、国司は自己の収入につながる公廨稲の出挙に力を入れたために、結果的に地方財政が増加する一方で正税管理が疎かになり始めた。
- Then, kokushi began to focus on suiko of kugaito connected with their income, leading to the consequence of the growth of provincial finances while the control of shozei began to be neglected.
- 5月24日、別働第1旅団と別働第3旅団は大挙攻勢に出、涙橋付近で交戦する一方、軍艦に分乗した兵が背後を衝き、薩軍を敗走させた。
- On May 24, the detached 1st brigade and the detached 3rd brigade made attacks in full strength: While they fought with the Satsuma army around the Namida-bashi Bridge, soldiers on the warships attacked the Satsuma army on the rear and routed it.
- 一方で国民党や親民党は李登輝の日本評価を売国的であると批判し、日本統治時代についても日本による搾取に過ぎなかったと位置付けた。
- On the other hand, the Kuomintang Party and the People First Party criticized Teng-hui LEE's evaluation of Japan as quislingism and positioned the period of Japanese rule as one being exploited by Japan.
- 一方で、それらは単なる商行為であり、儲けていた朝鮮人も当然におり、また、所得も向上しており問題はなかったとする研究も存在する。
- On the other hand, there exists a study concluding they were only business practices, which means some Koreans also made a profit, and the income increased and no problem existed.
- また、一方では日本人は北海道から沖縄県に至るまで、遺伝学的には大差はなく比較的均一性も高い民族であるという研究結果も出ている。
- On the other hand, the research findings concluded that the Japanese race is comparatively genetically unified, having little variation from Hokkaido to Okinawa.
- 一方、政府は国会開設の必要性を認めるとともに当面の政府批判をかわすため、10年後の国会開設を約した「国会開設の勅諭」を出した。
- In the mean time, the government acknowledged the necessity of establishing the National Diet and issued the imperial instruction that promised to establish the Diet in 10 years, intending to ward off public criticism.
- 一方、中島総裁に反対する鳩山らは病床の鈴木前総裁を動かし、新たに久原房之助・三土忠造・芳澤謙吉の3人を総裁代行委員に任命した。
- Meanwhile, Hatoyama and others who opposed president Nakajima worked on the former president Suzuki, who was sick in bed at that time, and appointed three new members for the acting president committee: Fusanosuke KUHARA, Chuzo MITSUCHI, and Kenkichi YOSHIZAWA.
- それ以後般若台や十三重塔を建立して笠置寺の寺観を整備する一方、龍香会を創始し弥勒講式を作るなど弥勒信仰をいっそう深めていった。
- Thereafter, Jokei further deepened his faith in Miroku by establishing the Ryukokai (literally, gathering of dragon incense) and the Miroku Koshiki (Buddhist rite dedicated to Miroku), while improving the appearance of the Kasagi-dera Temple by constructing the Hannyadai (a monastic building meaning 'Wisdom Heights') and the Jusanjunoto (13-storey pagoda).
- 長距離の遠征になればなるほど、小荷駄隊の重要性が増加する一方、その襲撃を受ける可能性とその損失による軍隊への打撃は大きくなった。
- The further the distance travelled in a campaign, the more important a Konidatai troop became, while also increasing the possibility of being attacked and the damage done to the army due to its loss.
- これらは、本来、農民による生産を促進・拡大を意図したものだったが、一方では、支配者にとって租税収入を確保するという側面もあった。
- These were originally intended to promote and enhance production of farmers, and also ensued tax collection for the rulers.
- そしてもう一方に、加賀一向一揆や紀伊雑賀などの惣国一揆を代表とする大名の支配を排した地域自治体制、いわば「ヨコの連帯」があった。
- Another was the local government framework which eliminated the daimyo's rule such as the Kaga Ikko ikki Revolt and sokoku ikki including Kii Saiga, what was called 'a sideways solidarity.'
- 一方妙顕寺に移った36名は、同年12月13日辰刻(午前九時頃)に妙顕寺を出立し京市中引き回しの上、六条河原で首を討たれていった。
- On the other hand, 36 persons moved to Myoken-ji Temple, departed Myoken-ji Temple around nine o'clock in the morning on January 9, 1580, and after public exposure in the city of Kyoto were beheaded at Rokujogawara.
- その一方、武家や在地においては応仁の乱以後の戦国時代 (日本)に「家」が一般社会の構成単位として認識される傾向が強まっていった。
- On the other hand, for buke (military class) and resident landowners, the concept of 'Ie' became recognized as the basic unit of ordinary society during the Sengoku period after the Onin War.
- その一方で、本来正常に行われていた事柄がが衰退して廃れることを「顚倒」と称したが、鎌倉時代後期になるとそれが深刻になっていった。
- In contrast, as the term 'Tendo' meant declining and dying out of a normally operated thing, the tendo became more intensified during the late Kamakura period.
- 一方で会社法が整備され、他方で旧公家宮武家出身で実業家としての経験がない友純が当主となった明治に入ってからは、一層顕著になった。
- Since the Meiji era, when the Companies Act was established on one hand while, on the other hand, Tomoito SUMITOMO (who had no experience as a businessman since he was from the Miyatake Family of old court nobility) became the family head, this tendency became more prominent.
- その一方でうかつに実施した場合、後任の太子の人選によっては宮廷内外に大混乱、最悪の場合内乱や国家の分裂を引き起こす可能性がある。
- On the other hand, if a prince is disinherited carelessly, the selection of his successor could raise havoc in the imperial court and its environment, or even cause a civil war or disruption of the country in the worst-case scenario.
- 一方で、証如の時代の末期から、北陸をはじめとする地方の本願寺教団では、本願寺の統制を外れて独自路線を歩む者もあらわれつつあった。
- On the other hand, from the end of Shonyo's period the Honganji Buddhist sect in regions like Hokuriku started to become something of a maverick, escaping from the control of Hongan-ji Temple.
- その一方で自己の専売を確立した市場では座外の商人・職人の営業を禁止して座衆による独占を図り、座に属する小規模業者の維持に努めた。
- In the market where a za obtained an exclusive right to sell their merchandise, at the same time, they attempted to monopolize the market by prohibiting merchants and artisans who did not participated in that za from engaging in trade, and thus they sustained small traders belonging to the za.
- 一方、大阪市・京都市・神戸市の3市は、各々昼間人口が1を超えているため、各々が中心市となって都市圏を形成しているとも考えられる。
- more than 10% of its population commuting to a central city
- ところが一方では、株持ち酒屋の中にはこっそりと自分のところの酒造りを無株者酒屋に格安で下請けさせるところもあらわれたのであった。
- Meanwhile, however, some kabumochi breweries stealthily began contracting out their sake production to mukabumono breweries at a low price.
- 村社会は相互互助的な性質を持つ一方で内部には経済的階層や家柄による家格などが存在し、村の秩序維持のための青年組織などが存在した。
- The village community is characterized by a mutual aid system while having an internal economic hierarchy and a rating based on family lines, in addition to a youth organization to maintain the order of the village.
- 一方、義親の子の為義は河内源氏の家督は継いだが、祖父が任じられた陸奥守となる願いも許されず、検非違使判官のまま長く留め置かれた。
- On the other hand, although Yoshichika's son Tameyoshi succeeded the reigns of the family of Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), his request to become Mutsu no Kami (Governor of Mutsu) which his grandfather was, was rejected and he remained as kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) hangan (inspector, third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period).
- さらに小舟での襲撃などにより元軍を悩ませる武士も少なくなかった(一方で河野通有などのように石弓によって重傷を負った武士もいた)。
- In addition, the Yuan army was bothered by many samurai attacking in small boats (while some of them, like Michiari KONO, suffered severe injuries from stone arrowheads).
- 1704年(宝永元年)江戸へ下り、大聖道場で華厳を講義する一方、華厳に対する自らの考えを著し、いろいろな宗の学僧と交流している。
- In 1704, he went down to Edo (the present Tokyo), where he gave lectures on the teachings of kegon at Daisei-dojo (a place of Buddhist practice and meditation) and wrote books on his own theory about kegon while exchanging ideas and opinions with learned monks of various other sects.
- 一方、久保田藩は財政再建のための方策として鉱山開発に着目しており、安永2年(1773年)7月、源内を鉱山技術者として藩に招聘した。
- In the meantime, the Kubota clan, who were focused on mine development as a measure to reconstruct their finances, invited Gennai to be a mine engineer in August of 1773.
- 分国法には、先行武家法である御成敗式目および建武式目の影響が見られるが、一方では、自らの分国支配の実情を反映した内容となっている。
- Bunkokuho was influenced by Goseibai Shikimoku and Kenmu Shikimoku while its contents reflected the actual conditions of control over one county.
- 当時、冷泉天皇は「狂気の病」とされて政務が行える状況には無く、一方、関白太政大臣であった実頼の高齢による健康悪化が懸念されていた。
- At the time, Emperor Reizei had a 'maddening illness' and was not in condition to attend to governmental affairs, while the declining health of Saneyori, who was the Grand Minister of State and Chief Adviser to the Emperor, due to his old age was of concern.
- 一方、兄でありながら治天の地位を逃した後深草は不満を募らせ、後宇多が即位すると抗議のため太上天皇の待遇を辞退して出家しようとした。
- On the other hand, Gofukakusa, who lost the position of Chiten, even though he was the older brother, became frustrated and when Gouda became Emperor, he declined the position of Daijo Tenno (the retired emperor) and tried to become a priest as a sign of protest.
- 一方明王朝の滅亡により本来的には夷狄であるはずの清王朝が中国を支配するという現実世界での華夷の逆転も「天下」概念に大きく影響した。
- The Qing Dynasty, which had been originally iteki (barbarians) for China, began to rule China after the fall of the Ming dynasty, and such reversal in the relation between the Chinese and barbarians in the real world also affected the notion of 'Tenka.'
- その一方で、超然主義を支持する他会派とは違い、自由民権運動系の政党への敵意は弱く、第1次大隈内閣に対しては好意的な中立を維持した。
- On the other hand, it was different from other factions that supported the nonparty principle, and with less hostility toward parties for the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, it favorably maintained neutrality toward the first Okuma Cabinet.
- 一方、都市の美観という発想は、大正・昭和初期の建築家の一部に見られたものの、戦時体制・戦後復興の中でほとんど影をひそめてしまった。
- Meanwhile, apart from some architects in the Taisho and early Showa periods, the concept of scenic beauty in cities was all but lost during wartime and the postwar restoration periods.
- 在地領主化した武士は、在庁官人となって国衙行政に参画する一方で、婚姻関係を通じて党を組み、武士団と呼ばれる結合関係を構築していった。
- The samurai who became local lords participated in kokuga administration as officers in the kokuga office, and at the same time, also established a relationship called a samurai group, through marital relations.
- 一方、貞盛流平氏は小野宮流藤原北家の家司として仕えたが、小野宮流が傍系に追いやられるにつれて、軍事貴族としての地位が低下していった。
- Meanwhile, Sadamori-ryu Heishi (Taira clan of the Sadamori group) served as keishi (household superintendents) of the Onomiya line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan; however, Sadamori-ryu Heishi's position as military aristocrats became lower as the Onomiya line was positioned as an indirect line.
- 一方城の北東には以前から治水及び防御施設として堤(以下これを横堤と呼ぶ)が築かれており、籠城が始まると城方によってさらに補強された。
- On the other hand, another bank (hereinafter this is called the side bank) had been built for flood control and defense before that, and it was reinforced by the castle side after it began to hold the castle.
- 一方、経清(亘理権大夫)以来代々の所領地曰理郷(亘理郡)も清綱(亘理権十郎)の没落とともに頼朝の幕僚・千葉胤盛の支配する所となった。
- Meanwhile, Watari Go (Watari County), which the Oshu Fujiwara clan had controlled for generations since FUJIWARA no Tsunekiyo (Gon no daibu [a provisional master] of the Watari region), was put under the rule of Tanemori CHIBA, a staff officer of Yoritomo, after the fall of Kiyotsuna (Gonjuro WATARI).
- 野州家は将軍近習としての性格を有した一方で、京兆家、典厩家とも密接な関係を保ち、結果として細川氏一門の幕政関与に貢献したと思われる。
- The Yashu family possessed its nature as a shogun attendant, but on the other hand, they maintained the close relationship with the Keicho family and the Tenkyu family, as a result, it is assumed, they had contributed to the involvement of the Hosokawa clan in bakufu.
- 戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、若狭の武田氏と抗争を続く一方で、国内においても反乱・下克上が続発し、さらに一色氏の勢力は衰退してしまう。
- During the Sengoku period, while the conflict with the Wakasa-Takeda clan continued, rebellions and gekokujo (upheavals wherein the inferior defeats the superior) frequently occurred in the area, whereby the power of the Isshiki clan became further weakened.
- その一方で歓楽温泉としても発展し、なかでも風俗街(特殊浴場群。いわゆるソープランド街。)は行楽、観光客誘致の大きな障碍となっていた。
- On the other hand, the area also developed as a hot spring resort with a nightlife district, and especially the red-light area (area of brothels where one can bathe with the prostitutes) had been a major obstacle, which came in the way of the holidaymakers and tourists coming to the resort area.
- 一方、光秀は変後は京の治安維持に当たった後、武田元明・京極高次らを近江に派兵して、数日内に近江は瀬田城(山岡景隆・山岡景佐兄弟在城。
- On the other hand, after keeping public order in post-incident Kyoto, Mitsuhide sent the forces of Motoaki TAKEDA, and Takatsugu KYOGOKU, among others, to Omi and they conquered Omi within a few days except for Seta-jo Castle (held by brothers Kagetaka YAMAOKA and Kagesuke YAMAOKA;
- そのため彼は倹約令で消費を抑える一方、新田開発による米の増産、定免法採用による収入の安定、上米令、堂島米会所の公認などをおこなった。
- Therefore, he dampened spending using laws that regulated expenditures, while taking action to increase the production of rice through development of new fields, stabilizing incomes by adopting a fixed tax rate, establishing a system of the specific tax rice paied to shorten the obligatory stay of one year in Edo to six months (agemai), and authorizing the Dojima Rice Exchange.
- 一方、帰正隊として新政府に編入された残余の伝習隊は房総半島の鎮撫活動に活躍し、明治2年には箱館に向けて出陣し、脱走幕府軍を攻撃した。
- On the other hand, the rest of Denshutai who joined the new government as Kiseitai contributed to the suppression of the Boso Peninsula, and they took the field to Hakodate in 1869 to attack the escaped bakufu army.
- 公文の一部 日本から朝鮮に輸出するものについては日本の税関では輸出税をかけず、一方朝鮮から日本への輸出するものにも輸入税をかけない。
- A part of the official document - The products exported from Japan to Korea will not be imposed export duties in customs in Japan, while the products exported from Korea to Japan will not be imposed import duties.
- いわゆる戦時教学を確立させ、指導的立場にあった僧侶の戦争責任を問う声も根強い一方、時代の流れとして止むを得なかったとする評価もある。
- Priests, who established so called wartime doctrine at the helm of the school, were either accused persistently of their responsibilities for the war, or evaluated that they had no other choice in the circumstances at that time.
- 一方の徳一側の著書は、真言宗の空海(774年 - 835年)への論難である『真言宗未決文』以外現存していないため、詳細は不明である。
- On the other hand, as for the books by Tokuitsu side, there exists only 'Shingon-shu miketsumon' (a collection of criticisms of esoteric teachings) which was criticism against Kobo Daishi (Kukai) (774 – 835) in Shingon sect and thus the details are unknown.
- 一方で江戸時代には、日本古来の葬儀のあり方を見直す運動が起こり、明治になって神道による葬儀を行うことが一般に認められるようになった。
- On the other hand, a movement to review the state of the time-honored Japanese funeral ceremony started in the Edo period and funeral ceremonies by Shinto came to be permitted generally in the Meiji period.
- しかし一方で天桂伝尊などが、道元以来の宗規に拠らず他流(黄檗宗)の清規を当てはめようとした道白を「形式主義」と批判し、論争をよんだ。
- On the other hand, Tenkei Denson and others criticized Dohaku, who tried to apply seiki (regulations) of the other sect (Obaku Sect) instead of traditional regulations established by Dogen, as 'formalism' and there were debates among them.
- 一方、寺院の側からすれば、檀信徒に対して教導を実施する責務を負わされることとなり、仏教教団が幕府の統治体制の一翼を担うこととなった。
- Meanwhile, the system obliged the temple to give religious instructions to its believers, and had the Buddhist organizations play a role in the regime of the Edo shogunate.
- 一方、国司請負制により権限が強化された国司は公領を自領のように扱いはじめ、田堵を在庁官人に任命し、郷司、保司等として地方行政官とした。
- In the meantime, kokushi who strengthened their rights by the contracting system of kokushi began to deal with Koryo as if it were their own property and appointed Tato as Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) who were such as Goji (a local government of official under ritsuryo system) and hoji (an officer governing koryo, or public land) as their local government officials.
- 二つの乱により、それまで京武者のよりどころであった摂関家家政機構の中の武力は解体し、一方の北面武士は平家の一人勝ちにより機能停止する。
- The military power of the political structure of regent families where the samurai in the imperial capital of Kyoto was based, disintegrated after experiencing two wars, and the Hokumen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side) terminated its function due to a single victory of Taira family.
- (一方、賀茂氏側も暦道における自己の立場を主張し、鎌倉時代に入ると本来は陰陽頭が中心となる御暦奏の儀式において安倍氏が陰陽頭の場合には
- (Meanwhile, the Kamo clan also claimed their position in rekido: in the Kamakura period, when a member of the Abe clan was onmyo no kami, the Kamo clan insisted that the ceremony of goryaku no so (the annual presentation of the calendar to the emperor), which had been conducted mainly by onmyo no kami, should be conducted by reki hakase.
- (後、喜村山城他一連の城は滅亡し、一方、松山城は存続し繁栄したことから、後世において、史実が主従逆転し、錯誤して伝えられることになる。
- (Later, because Kimurayama-jo Castle and other related castles were destroyed and Matsuyama-jo Castle continued to exist and enjoyed prosperity, the historical fact was reversed and, as a consequence, incorrect history was passed down to future generations.
- 一方、三好三人衆は義輝の従兄弟にあたる足利義親(後に足利義栄)を淡路国で擁立して摂津国富田 (高槻市)(現在の大阪府高槻市)に入った。
- Meanwhile the three men of the Miyoshi family attempted to bring Yoshichika ASHIKAGA (later Yoshihide ASHIKAGA), a cousin of Yoshiteru, to the Shogunate in Awaji Province, and entered Tonda (Takatsuki City), Settsu Province (today's Takatsuki City, Osaka Prefecture).
- 狂気の父冷泉はもちろん、政治に関心を失い、信仰にのめりこむ一方で、遊興と漁色にふけることも忘れない兄花山もまったく頼りにならなかった。
- Neither his father Reizei, who was mad, nor his older brother Kazan, who had lost interest in politics and dabbled in religion, but also enjoyed taking pleasures and philandering, were able to offer any support.
- まもなく伊藤は侍補の廃止を決断する一方、高まる自由民権運動に対抗するために道徳教育の強化には同意して政府の教育政策の継続が認められた。
- Soon Ito decided to abolish the role of jiho but agreed to strengthen moral education to hold out against the Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right) and decided to allow the continuation of the government's education policy.
- 一方で、縄文時代前期以降は採集・漁撈の充実および定住生活のいっそうの進展とともに落とし穴を利用する待ち伏せ狩猟も増加していくのである。
- On the other hand, since after the early Jomon period, the development of foraging and fish catching as well as the advancement of the settled way of life lead to the increase of ambush hunting with pitfalls.
- 一方、ほとんどのアジア諸国で挫折ないし不可能だった近代化革命が、なぜ日本においてのみ成功したのかについても近年研究が盛んとなっている。
- In a recent historic study of Japan, the scholars try to identify the reason why only Japan's revolution to modernize the country succeeded, whereas most Asian countries failed to modernize, or found it impossible to modernize.
- 一方、外様大名の家老連綿の家系の場合は、将軍に謁見の資格を与えられるのは、万石以上や特別な由緒を持つ者に限られた極めて稀な例であった。
- On the other hand, in the case of families who had been Karo to a Tozama-daimyo (the daimyo who became to belong the Tokugawa side after the Battle of Sekigawara) for generations, only those with a 10,000 koku (approx. 180 litres/koku) or more of rice crop or those of special lineage (of whom there were very few) were entitled to have an audience with shogun.
- 集会を主催した反政府の政党が群集を煽ったのではないか、という見方もあるが、一方、余りの群集の興奮ぶりに収拾出来なくなったとの説もある。
- Some people say the anti-governmental political party which organized the rally might have agitated the people, but the other people say that people were too much excited to be controled any longer.
- 他の公卿についても一方的かつ突然の就任要請だったと見られ、後白河と頼朝の対立の矢面に立たされることに困惑する者も多かったと推測される。
- It seemed that the offers to the other kugyo were one-sided and sudden, many of them were perplexed by the fact that they might be on the firing line between Goshirakawa and Yoritomo.
- 一方、逆説的であるが興亜論(後の時代では「大アジア主義」)の考えこそが、中国・朝鮮への進出を押し進めたという説も有力に主張されている。
- On the other hand, paradoxically, there is a widely-accepted theory that Pan-Asianism (a movement that Asian nations unite and solidify and create a continental identity to defeat the designs of the Western nations to perpetuate hegemony) led Japan to the invasions of China and Korea.
- 一方で、中世陰陽道研究家の小坂眞二の研究によれば、平安時代に実際に使用されていた六壬神課と『占事略决』の六壬神課には齟齬があるとされる。
- On the other hand, Mediaeval Onmyodo researcher Shinji KOSAKA asserts that there is an inconsistency between Rikujinshinka that was actually used in the Heian period and Rikujinshinka explained in 'Senji ryakketsu.'
- その一方で教養部自治会のように大学側の主張に同意する自治会が現れるなど、一時は思想や運動方針の相違に起因する自治会同士の対立も発生した。
- In the meantime, some councils, such as the council of the department of liberal arts, conceded the decision of the university, and confrontation among councils arising from differences in philosophy or policy for movements also became apparent.
- 一方、包囲側の明軍も最低でも数万以上と推測される大軍を長期間展開するだけの食糧は無かった上に、島津軍の奇襲によって食料庫を焼失している。
- On the other hand, Ming army with at least several ten thousand soldiers that surrounded the castle lacked food required to move the huge army and lost the food warehouse from the surprise attack of Shimazu army.
- 1980年代には渡月橋の北側を中心にタレントショップが急増し、修学旅行生など若い観光客で賑わう一方で、雰囲気が破壊されるとの批判もある。
- In 1980s, many entertainers' shops drastically increased around the area on the north of Togetsu-kyo Bridge, and attracted young tourists including students on school excursions, but, some people had an unfavorable opinion because such shops might destroy the atmosphere.
- 三好三人衆は義栄擁立を画策する一方で、旧主三好長慶死後に三好氏の家政を握った松永久秀と対立し、主君三好義継を擁して久秀の排除を画策した。
- The three men of the Miyoshi family, while conspiring to bring Yoshihide to the Shogunate, came to oppose Hisahide MATSUNAGA, who had gained hold of the administration of the Miyoshi clan after the death of former lord Nagayoshi MIYOSHI, and attempted to oust Hisahide under the nominal leadership of incumbent lord Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI.
- 一方、元田の理念はそのままの形では実現されなかったものの、その儒教的・絶対的な天皇中心主義は『教育勅語』という形で実現することになった。
- On the other hand, Motoda's idea was not realized in its original form but his Confucian and absolute Imperialism was realized in the form of the 'Kyoiku Chokugo' (Imperial Rescript on Education).
- 一方日本では遣唐使の廃止以降、鴻臚館での貿易は続けられていたものの、一般の宋の商人は博多や敦賀に来航し、民間レベルでの貿易を行っていた。
- On the other hand, in Japan, after abolishing their envoy to the Tang Dynasty, they continued trade in Korokan and also the commerce with ordinary Chinese merchants continued on the private-sector level at Hakata and Tsuruga.
- 一方、「五行思想」は夏 (三代)の創始者「禹」が発案したものであり、万物は「木火土金水」という五つの要素により成り立つとするものである。
- Meanwhile, 'Gogyo Shiso' was invented by 'U,' founder of the Ka Dynasty (also translated as the Xia Dynasty), and stated that all things consists of the five elements, 'moku, ka, do, gon, sui.'
- 一方、一進会の宋秉畯も、韓日の対等合邦は国力の差から困難であると判断して韓日併合論を展開し、1910年、桂内閣により韓日併合がなされた。
- On the other hand, Song Byung-joon of Isshinkai was convinced that the equal consolidation of Korea and Japan would be difficult if considering the difference of the two countries' national power, so he next rolled out the theory as to Japan's annexation of Korea which was finally concluded by Katsura Cabinet in 1910.
- これに対し、平安時代後期以降の鐘においては龍頭の取り付き方が変化しており、2つの撞座を結ぶ線と龍頭の長軸線とは原則として同一方向である。
- On the other hand, bells made after the late Heian period have a different Ryuzu position and the line connecting the two Tsukiza and the long axis of Ryuzu are usually in the same direction.
- 万一に備える一方で穀物の腐敗の防止と義倉の維持のために古い穀物を安価で売却(出糶)し、また一般に低利で貸し付ける(借放)事も行われていた。
- While holding grain for emergencies, to help maintain the giso warehouses and prevent spoilage, old crops were sold (deseri, 出糶, to be on sale) at a fair price or loaned (shakuho, 借放) at a low interest rate to the public.
- なお工業に関しては倉谷工業団地にケンコーマヨネーズ西日本工場が進出するなど明るい話題がある一方、大和紡績舞鶴工場が生産を中止するなどある。
- As for manufacturing industry, the bright topic is that Kenko Mayonnaise Co., Ltd. branches out the western Japan factory in Kuratani Industrial Park, while DAIWABO CO.,LTD. discontinues its production at Maizuru factory.
- 一方高麗時代の中国的「天下」概念では、中国内部に宋・遼、宋・金が並び立つ情勢のなか、宋を南朝、遼・金を北朝として両属する形を維持していた。
- Under the Chinese notion of 'Tenka' during the era of Goryeo, Sung was called the Southern Court and Liao or Jing was called the Northern Court since Sung and Liao or Sung and Jin co-existed in China.
- 松方は中央銀行を設置する一方で漸進的に紙幣消却を進め、紙幣流通量と正貨保有量が同じ水準となった時点で兌換紙幣に切り替えていく方針を定めた。
- Matsukata established the Bank of Japan, and at the same time, he progressively moved forward with the incineration of paper money, setting a policy of converting the paper money into the convertible paper money when the paper money supply reached the level equal to the specie holdings.
- これは、埋葬姿勢の差異に由来するものと考えられる(縄文時代の土壙墓には屈葬が多く認められる一方、弥生時代の土壙墓は伸展葬が一般的である)。
- This was due to the difference in burial posture (Crouched burial are often found in a hole-shaped grave during the Jomon period, on the other hand full-length burial was common in a hole-shaped grave during the Yayoi period.)
- 一方で連歌師猪苗代兼載から『心敬僧都庭訓』を、茶人村田珠光から『心の文』をうけ、また謡(うたい)・尺八にも優れ、文人としても有名であった。
- On the other hand, he was presented with 'Shinkei Sozu Teikin' by Kensai INAWASHIRO, a renga (linked-verse) poet, and with 'Kokoro no Fumi' (Letter from the Heart) by Juko MURATA, a chajin (master of the tea ceremony), was good at Utai (the chanting of Noh text) and at playing the shakuhachi bamboo flute, and was also famous as man of literature.
- その一方で、いわゆる公家法が形成されるようになると、明法家の法解釈や明法勘文が法源とされ、明法博士などの明法家が院評定に参加するようになる。
- On the other hand, after so called Kugeho (law of court nobles' society) was established, Myoho experts including the doctors of Myoho participated in the council because the law was based on the low interpretations of Myoho experts and Myobokanmon.
- 一方で律令制の変質に伴い、大寺社が所領拡大を図る動きが始まり、地方の神宮寺も対抗上、大寺院の別院として認められることを望むようになってきた。
- On the other hand, as the system of the ritsuryo legal codes changed, major temples and shrines had started to aim at territorial expansion while local Jingu-ji Temples had begun to desire to be approved as a branch temple of main temples.
- 一方で、橘氏傍系の橘逸勢(奈良麻呂孫)が承和の変により排斥される事件も発生したが、嘉智子が健在の時期に橘氏は総じて勢力を大きく伸長している。
- On the other hand, TACHIBANA no Hayanari (Naramaro's grandson) of a Tachibana clan's branch line was cast aside after the Jowa Incident, but during the period in which Kachiko maintained her position, the Tachibana clan widely extended its influence as a whole.
- 一方、之持の子の細川持隆は三好元長の補佐の元で成長すると、澄元の子の晴元や元長と協調し足利義維を擁立し、堺公方とするなど幕府と対立を続けた。
- On the other hand, the son of Yukimochi, Mochitaka HOSOKAWA grew up in the care of Motonaga MIYOSHI, and he continued the confrontation against the bakufu, such as cooperating with Harumoto, the son of Sumimoto, and Motonaga to support Yoshitsuna ASHIKAGA as Sakai Kubo (head of [Sakai-based) municipal governmen]).
- 一方内親王の場合は、叙位自体が珍しくなり、9世紀に生前に一品に叙されたのは、藤原良房を祖父に持つ清和天皇の同母姉妹の儀子内親王のみであった。
- On the other hand, the conferment to imperial princesses became rare, and only the Princess Gishi, sister-uterine of the Emperor Seiwa who was a grandchild of FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, was conferred Ippon during her lifetime in the ninth century.
- 一方、「もって死す」つまり「だから死んだ」と読んだ場合、この前に書かれている、狗奴国との紛争もしくは難升米の告諭が死の原因ということになる。
- On the other hand, under the translation 'so she died,' it can be interpreted that the cause of her death was a conflict with Kunakoku or Nashime's manifesto, which was written before this.
- 一方畠山氏との戦いでも般若野の戦い (戦国時代)で援軍に来た越後国の長尾能景(上杉氏守護代)を討ち取っただけに留まり成果はあげられなかった。
- In the battle against the Hatakeyama clan too, Rennyo only subjugated Yoshikage NAGAO (Shugodai [deputy military governor] of the Uesugi clan) of Echigo Province, who came as reinforcements to the Battle of Hannya-no (Sengoku Period).
- これによって、南朝は大打撃を受ける一方、北朝方の室町幕府は中央のみならず顕家の根拠地であった奥州においても有利な戦いを進めていく事になった。
- As a result, the Southern Court suffered severe damage, while the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which supported the Northern Court, gained advantage in wars not only in areas around Kyoto but also in Oshu, which had been the base of Akiie.
- 一方銅鐸も半島から伝わったと考えられるが、持ち込まれた製品と列島で作られた製品とは形態にやや差があり、列島での生産開始過程はよくわからない。
- On the other hand, although dotaku is thought to have been introduced from the Korean Peninsula, there was a difference in forms of introduced and manufactured products, and the process of manufacturing in Japan Archipelago is not known.
- 清朝は対西欧列強においては条約を締結する一方で、中国と周辺諸国の関係はこれまで同様華夷秩序における宗主国と藩属国の関係であり続けようとした。
- The Qing dynasty concluded treaties with European countries but tried to maintain the suzerain state - hanzokukoku relationship based on Kaichitsujo with neighboring countries.
- 一方、鹿児島から帰京した川村中将から西郷軍の問罪出兵の報を得た政府は2月19日、鹿児島県逆徒征討の詔を発し、正式に西郷軍への出兵を決定した。
- On the other hand, Vice Admiral KAWAMURA returned from Kagoshima to Tokyo and reported to the government that Saigo's army was approaching to censure the government; and on February 19, the government issued an Imperial edict to defeat the rebels of Kagoshima and formally decided to dispatch troops against Saigo's army.
- 一方、京都の寺院では、特に賓客用の精進料理を料理屋に一任したことが多かったため、寺院よりも周辺の料理屋に高度な精進料理が存在することが多い。
- On the other hand, many temples in Kyoto relied on outside restaurants for preparing Shojin ryori for important guests and as a result, advanced Shojin ryori are available at such nearby restaurants rather than at the temples.
- このように、真宗門徒としては仏教の教えに従っていると考える一方で、他宗派の人にとっては物知らずだということになり、軋轢が生まれることもある。
- As described above, what is in compliance with the teachings of Buddhism from the viewpoint of monto is taken by the believers of other sects as mono shirazu (don't know anything) and such a misunderstanding sometimes causes conflict.
- むしろ撰銭を「制限」する一方で、混入比率や交換比率など、一定の撰銭行為を「公認した」という面に注目すべきだという意見が、今日では強まっている。
- Rather, the following opinion has been gaining strength today: The erizeni act was restricted actually, but more attention should be paid to the aspect that certain erizeni acts were 'officially permitted,' for example, through the use of a mixing ratio or of an exchanging ratio.
- その一方で農業生産性の低い土地では、連作が不可能なために人為的に耕作と休耕を繰り返す土地利用も現れたこうした土地を片荒(かたあらし)と呼んだ。
- On the other hand, property with low agricultural productivity could not sustain continuous cropping and property that was deliberately cultivated on alternate years was called Kataarashi.
- 一方、学生らの反対運動(後述)により吉田東寮は現在でも存続し、京大生とその家族など約180名が生活している(京都大学の定める定員は147名)。
- On the other hand, Yoshida East dormitory has continued to exist until the present thanks to the opposition movement conducted by the students of the time (to be mentioned later), and about 180 persons, including the students of Kyoto University as well as their families, are living in the dormitory (the predetermined number of personnel determined by Kyoto University is 147).
- これらの荘園整理令はある基準年以降の新立荘園を停止する一方、それ以前に発生していた国免荘を臨時課税の対象として正式に公認化するものでもあった。
- These Manor Regulation Acts prohibited establishment of new shoen after the designated base year, while legalizing these extraordinary taxes that were to be imposed on kokumen no sho created prior to the base year.
- 一方で越前・福井城にあった柴田勝家は雪のため動けずにいたが、これらの情勢に耐え切れず、ついに2月末、残る雪をかきわけつつ近江に向けて出陣した。
- Meanwhile, Katsuie SHIBATA, who had been trapped in Fukui-jo Castle in Echizen due to heavy snows but could no longer stand the situation, finally departed with his army for Omi Province at the end of February, digging their way out of the snow.
- また、正重は文明開化とともに衰微する一方であった京都の民間芸能の保存にも熱心で、祇園祭の長刀鉾の稚児の世話役や壬生狂言の維持会長などを勤めた。
- Masashige was also keen on preserving folk performing arts in Kyoto that had been declining along with the progress of civilization and enlightenment and he took care of children who joined and rode the Naginata (long-handled sword) float in Gion Festival and served as chairperson of the preservation committee of Mibu Kyogen (pantomime performed in Mibu-dera Temple).
- 陸奥国は、金山や良馬に恵まれる一方、その国司は、朝廷の支配に属さない蝦夷を帰服させ、しばしば離反を繰り返した俘囚を服属させる任務を帯びていた。
- While Mutsu Province was a place with good goldmine and breeding of good horses, the governor of it was on a mission of subduing some tribes of Ezo who did not come under the yoke of the Imperial Court, and subsuming other tribes of Ezo who once submitted (Fushu) but often seceded from the Imperial Court.
- 一方、仙台藩主伊達政宗など、宗義成を支持する大名もおり、彼らは、戦国時代が完全に終ったことを印象付けるために、この事件を利用する方向で動いた。
- On the other hand, Masamune DATE, who was the lord of the Sendai Domain, and some other daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) supported Yoshinari SO, and they attempted to take advantage of this incident to convey the impression that the Sengoku Period came to the end completely.
- が、その一方で、中央官僚は科挙による人材登用が本格化して増加し、周辺異民族も不穏な動きを見せているため、軍事費、人事経費が膨大なものとなった。
- On the other hand, however, more central government officials were employed through Kakyo (Imperial Examination) in earnest, and surrounding different ethnic groups were exhibiting disquieting behavior, and as a result, military expenditure and the cost for personnel affairs swelled.
- 一方、江華島条約の第1条には「朝鮮は自主独立の国であり、日本と平等な権利を有する」とあり、朝鮮は従来もっていた華夷秩序との葛藤が起こっていく。
- On the other hand, the first article of the Treaty of Ganghwa stated 'Korea is an independent country having rights equal to Japan,' which caused a conflict with the Chinese hegemony over Korea.
- 一方で守護の権力が強大化し、守護領国制の成立を目指して、在庁官人を含む鎌倉期の地頭、国人を被官化し、国衙や彼らの所持していた領地を掌握し始めた。
- In the meantime, with the strengthened authority of Shugo (provincial constable), aiming for the establishment of the Shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a Shugo dominates a manor), Shugo lowered the social position of jito and kokujin (local samurai) of Kamakura period to hikan (low-level bureaucrat) and began to take over kokuga (provincial government offices) and their territory.
- 一方で勝家は四国の長宗我部元親や紀伊国の雑賀衆を取り込み、特に雑賀衆は秀吉の出陣中に和泉国岸和田城などに攻撃を仕掛けるなど、後方を脅かしている。
- Meanwhile, Katsuie won over Motochika CHOSOKABE of Shikoku and Saigashu (Ikko adherents of Saiga) of Kii Province, the latter of which especially threatened the rear regions through actions such as attacking castles including Kishiwada-jo Castle in Izumi Province while Hideyoshi was on another battlefield.
- 一方神社では社家が荘園を分割支配して安定した収入確保を図ろうとするが、次第に自己の家領として私物化して場合によっては第三者に譲渡する例も現れた。
- On the other hand, in the shrines, shake (hereditary priest at a shrine) divided and ruled the shoen to secure stable income, but gradually privatized the shoen as its own karei (hereditary land), even sold the shoen to the others in some cases.
- 一方憲秀は「北条家に相模の国と伊豆二国の安堵と全員の助命を条件」として開城する事で独自に前田利家、堀秀政と戦後処理についての駆け引きをしていた。
- Meanwhile, Norihide used tactics on the postwar management with Toshiie MAEDA and Hidemasa HORI on his own accord to surrender the castle 'under the condition of securing Sagami Province and two provinces in Izu, and life of all the members for the Hojo family.'
- 一方、白石口を担当することになった伊達政宗は急ぎ京都を発ち、相馬領を経由して帰国し、7月12日に名取郡北目城へ入り、ここを上杉攻めの拠点とした。
- On the other hand, Masamune DATE in charge of Shiraishi-guchi quickly left Kyoto to return to his domain by way of the Soma territory and entered the Kitame-jo Castle in Natori District to establish his base for attacking Uesugi.
- 一方、死んだ小栗と家来は閻魔大王の裁きにより「熊野の湯に入れば元の姿に戻ることができる」との藤沢市の遊行上人宛の手紙とともに現世に送り返される。
- Meanwhile, by the judgment of Enma Diao (the Great King Yama), dead Oguri and his retainers were sent back to the present world together with a letter addressed to Yugyo Shonin (Saint Yugyo) in Fujisawa City saying, 'If they enter the hot spring in Kumano region, they can restore their bodies.'
- その一方で国民協会は独自の院内会派を結成しなかったために、国民協会所属のまま会派だけは中央交渉会に籍をおく議員が存在するなど複雑な状態となった。
- On the other hand, there were some councilors who belonged to Kokumin Kyokai while remaining to be members of the Central Negotiation Committee as a parliamentary group since Kokumin Kyokai didn't organize their own parliamentary group, and situation became very confusing.
- 一方でそれら守護や国人の支配権は無条件に強固になったわけではなく、被官が他の守護に寝返ったり、他の国人と一揆を結んで守護の干渉を防ぐこともあった。
- On the other hand, strengthening the ruling power of a Shugo or Kokujin was not necessarily accomplished smoothly, due to vassals often changing loyalty to other Shugo or rebelled against a Shugo in an alliance with another Kokujin.
- 一方、飛来地側の日本では、春にあたる2月 - 5月の4ヶ月間に年間の約90%が集中し、夏にあたる7月 - 9月は全くと言っていいほど観測されない。
- On the other hand, in Japan where kosa is brought, approx. 90 percent of kosa arriving is concentrated in the four months from February to May corresponding to spring, with almost no kosa observed in July to September corresponding to summer.
- 一方で御家人層では、元寇後も続けられた異国警固番役の負担、元寇の恩賞や訴訟の停滞、貨幣経済の普及、所領分割などによって没落する者も増加していった。
- Contrastingly, an increasing number of those in the gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) stratum were ruined because of the burden imposed on them by ikoku-keigoban-yaku (a kind of military service imposed on the gokenin in which they had to guard areas other than those they usually guarded), which continued even after the Mongolian expeditions against Japan; delays to the provision of rewards and settlement of lawsuits following the Mongolian expeditions; the gradual emergence of a monetary economy; and the division of their territory.
- やがて吉田城 (三河国)を失陥、三河の支配権も喪失すると、同盟関係の武田氏からも侮られて、三国同盟の一方的破棄から武田氏による駿河侵攻に晒される。
- Soon he lost Yoshida-jo Castle (Mikawa Province) and lost the dominion of Mikawa, he was disregarded by the Takeda clan to which he allied, the tripartite alliance was renounced unilaterally, and Suruga was in danger of invasion by the Takeda clan.
- 一方、高宗や両班などの旧李朝支配者層は日本の影響力をあくまでも排除しようと試み、日露戦争中においてもロシアに密書を送るなどの外交を展開していった。
- On the other hand, Emperor Gojong and the yangban elite of the former Yi Dynasty insisted on the removal of Japanese influence, and carried out diplomatic maneuvers such as sending secret letters to Russia during the Russo-Japanese War.
- 一方で畿内においては織田信長が上洛を果たし、反対勢力(信長包囲網)を滅ぼし、将軍足利義昭を追放し室町幕府を滅亡させ、天下統一事業をおしすすめていた。
- In the Kinai region, Nobunaga ODA successfully arrived at Kyoto, exterminated his opposing forces known as the anti-Nobunaga network, drove out shogun Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, put the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to an end, and carried out his task of unification of the whole country.
- また一方で、作者の縁者であり関東管領上杉氏と対立して永享の乱の後に殺された持氏側近一色直兼・上杉憲直らのことは「誠に志の深き者なり」などと称揚する。
- On the other hand, it praises the Mochiuji-side advisors, Naokane ISSHIKI and Norinao UESUGI, who were related with the author and opposed the Kanto kanrei Uesugi clan, as 'very committed people.'
- 一方、清盛は自らの娘を信西の子・成憲に嫁がせていたが、信頼の嫡子・藤原信親にも娘(後の藤原隆房室)を嫁がせるなど、両派の対立では中立的立場にあった。
- Kiyomori, on the other hand, had married one of his own daughters to Narinori, Shinzei's son, yet also married off another daughter (who would later become FUJIWARA no Takafusa's wife) to FUJIWARA no Nobuchika, Nobuyori's son and heir, and took other steps to avoid the conflict between the two factions and achieve a neutral position.
- 台風や熱帯低気圧は、地上付近では周囲から空気を吸い上げる一方、上空数千m~1万mの対流圏上層では、吸い上げた空気を湿らせて周囲に大量に放出している。
- Typhoon and tropical cyclone suck up air from the environment in the space near ground surface on one hand, and on the other hand, in the upper troposphere several thousands to ten thousands meters high, makes sucked air wet and discharges it in large amount into the environment.
- 家財の略奪なども行われたが、一方で正当な制裁行為であることを主張するために、家屋の破壊だけにとどめ略奪や放火は厳に戒められた事例も多く知られている。
- Household articles were also looted, but on the other hand, there are many known cases that Uchikowashi was restricted only to destroying residences and looting and setting fire were strictly forbidden to insist it was a justifiable sanction.
- 一方、江戸城とその堀が幕府から大名に課せられた普請によって整備され、江戸城は巨大な堅城に生まれ変わり、城と武家屋敷を取り巻く広大な惣構が構築された。
- Meanwhile, the Edo Castle and its moats were renovated by daimyo who were consigned to labor by the government, and the castle was reborn as a massive, hardened citadel, and big defense facilities were also constructed in a way to surround the Castle and samurai residences.
- その一方で、1941年(昭和16年)に宗制を改定し、従来神祇不拝を旨としていた宗風を放棄し、「王法為本ノ宗風ヲ顕揚ス是レ立教開宗ノ本源ナリ」と宣言。
- In 1941, he revised the religious system of his community by deserting its conventional custom to deny worship to the Kami or God, and proclaimed, 'one of the principles of founding this religious school is to let the public know our religious style to respect secular laws as standard.'
- 一方で、天皇などが建てる寺院が、あくまでも朝廷内では有効法であった私寺建立禁止の規定に反しないように予め定額寺として建立する例が見られるようになる。
- On the other hand, there emerged cases in which temples promoted by emperors and equivalents were first set up as jogakuji to avoid violating a ban on the introduction of private temples, a law that continued to be in effect within the Imperial Court.
- 聖宝を祖とする当山派修験道においては、一方で『修験恵印総漫拏羅』を通じて表現された不二一乗の世界観をもって大日如来による秘奥の説法を示すものとする。
- Shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism-shamanism incorporating Shinto and Buddhist concepts) in Tozan School, which Shobo was founded, is thought to demonstrate profound preaching by Dainichi Nyorai with Funi Ichijo (most important of the Shingon principles which states to climb the mountain of Ichijo (truth), Mt. Omine, and pray for obtaining the body of funi (a thought that Ri (the innate reason) and Chi (knowledge) are non-two)), which was expressed through 'Shugen Ein So Mandala' (literally, mandala of Shugendo under the teaching of Ein (Dainichi Nyorai's most secret teachings)).
- 正徹に師事して冷泉派の歌人として知られる一方、1433年(永享5年)、「北野社万句」の座に列するなど、連歌作者として次第に時代を代表する存在となる。
- While he studied under another Buddhist priest called Shotetsu and was known as a poet of the Reizei School, he gradually became a renga poet of the time by for example attending the 'Kitano-sha manku' (10,000 linked verses event at Kitano-jinja Shrine) in 1433.
- 一方奥熊野では、新宮の堀内氏善が4月13日以前には降伏したのを筆頭に、高河原貞盛・小山・色川盛直氏らはいずれも上方勢に帰順し、それぞれ本領安堵された。
- On the other hand, in Okukumano, after Ujiyoshi HORINOUCHI at Shingu surrendered before May 12, Sadamori TAKAGAWARA, Koyama, Morinao IROKAWA and others returned to allegiance with the Kamigata army and each of them received honryo-ando (acknowledgment for inherited estate).
- 最終的に勝利した斎藤氏が、守護代を単独で継承して美濃の実権を握るようになった一方、持益は隠居させられ、斎藤利永が擁立する庶流の土岐成頼が守護になった。
- Finally winning in the war, the Saito clan unilaterally took over the position of Shugodai and gained real power in Mino Province, whereas Mochimasu was forced to retire and Shigeyori TOKI, a member of a branch famiy of theToki clan and who was backed up by Toshimaga Saito, became Shugo.
- 一方、江戸後期には幕藩体制の矛盾と対外緊張の高まりの中、庶民の間でも歴史への関心が広がり、『日本外史』『皇朝史略』など通俗的な歴史書が多く出版された。
- On the other hand, during the latter half of the Edo period, as the bakufu-domain system became unmatched with needs at that time and pressure from foreign nations had heightened, interests for history had increased among general public as well, and many popular histories, such as 'Nihon Gaishi' (historical book on Japan) and 'Kochoshiryaku' (brief history book about emperors from Jinmu to Gokomatsu), were published.
- 一方、評論家・作家の金完燮や日本の保守層を代弁する人物として、拓殖大学の教授で済州島出身呉善花などは日本による統治を肯定的に評価する本を執筆している。
- On the other hand, Kim Wansop, a critic and writer, and O Seonhwa from Jeju, a professor at Takushoku University and a representative of the Japanese conservatives, wrote books in which the Japanese rule was positively evaluated.
- 当時の新聞紙上では私学の自由を犯すものであるという見解が出る一方で、そもそもこの思想を教授した方法に問題があったのではないかという擁護論も交わされた。
- On the newspaper at that time there were opinions that the measure would hamper freedom of private schools, but on the other hand, some people supported the measure because they thought there might have been a problem in the way to teach the thought.
- 一方、水稲農耕の流入とともに流入した大陸系磨製石器と呼ばれる石器群には、蛤刃磨製石斧や抉入片刃石斧といった工具や、石包丁や石鎌などといった農具がある。
- On the other hand, there was stoneware called continental ground stoneware that came into Japan with introduction of rice-paddy cultivation, such as tools, including Hamaguribamasei stone axe and Eguriirikataba, stone axe, and farming equipment, including ishi-bocho (a stone implement, sickle) and stone stickle.
- 一方で、征夷大将軍徳川家定の後継者問題を巡る対立で水戸藩が中心となっていた、いわゆる一橋派に加担していた人物への弾圧を強めていった(「安政の大獄」)。
- Meanwhile, the main group of the bakufu also put more oppression to the persons who took part in the Hitotsubashi group (group supporting Yoshinobu from the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family) in which the Mito Domain was playing the central role regarding the problem of a successor of the Seii Taishogun Iesada TOKUGAWA (Ansei no Taigoku [suppression of extremists by the Shogunate]).
- 義介は自ら定めた行持を古規に戻すなど反対派との融和を図るが対立は深まる一方であり、7年後の弘安10年(1287年)永平寺を下山し加賀国大乗寺に移った。
- Gikai tried to reconcile with the opposing group by changing the rules he had made to the old ones and so on, but since the conflict seemed to deepen, in 1287, after seven years had passed, he left Eihei-ji Temple and moved to Daijo-ji Temple in Kaga Province.
- その一方で杲宝の原本が余りにも膨大になってしまったために簡便な抄本版と言える貞治6年/正平22年(1367年)までの『東寺長者補任』1巻も作成された。
- On the other hand, because the original version written by Goho had become too unwieldy, a more convenient abridged version of 'To-ji Choja Bunin' Volume 1, covering up to 1367, was also compiled.
- その一方、室町時代中期以後には高利・日歩による利息で小規模資本で営業を行った日銭屋(ひぜにや)と呼ばれる金融業者が登場して土倉の営業分野を侵食し始めた。
- On the other hand, after the mid-Muromachi period, money brokers called hizeniya, who loaned money at a high daily interest on a small scale, began to encroach on doso's business.
- 一方の東部(草津市・彦根市・米原市・長浜市など)は畿内と東国・北国を結ぶ要地であり、律令制には東山道、江戸時代には東海道・中山道・北国街道が通っていた。
- On the other hand, the eastern part (Kusatsu, Hikone, Maibara, Nagahama Cities) is a key area which connects 'Kinai' and eatstern and nothern regions of Japan; in the days of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) Tosando ran there and in the Edo period, Tokaido, Nakasendo, and Hokkoku Kaido Road went through the area.
- 一方で、網野善彦はこうした武田氏や甲斐源氏中心の研究に対して甲斐中世史において他氏族の果たした役割を強調し、武田氏以外の氏族研究の必要性を主張している。
- Against these studies that focus on the Takeda clan and Kai-Genji, Yoshihiko Amino stressed the role which other clans played in the medieval history of Kai and asserted the necessity to study other clans.
- 平安時代を通じて鎮護国家を担う山門(比叡山延暦寺)勢力は教義の教えや体系的な学問にはげむ一方、加持祈祷や僧兵の武力を通じて、政治権力を持つようになった。
- And while on the one hand Enryaku-ji Temple (the main temple of Mt. Hiei, also called 'Sanmon'), which had shouldered the burden of spiritually protecting the state throughout the Heian period, zealously poured considerable effort into teaching its doctrine and promoting systematic study of its precepts, it also acquired political might through its prayers and incantations coupled with the military strength of its sohei (warrior monks).
- 一方、私学校設立以来、政府は彼らの威を恐れ、早期の対策を行ってこなかったが、私学校党による県政の掌握が進むにつれて、私学校に対する曲解も本格化してきた。
- On the other hand, when Shigakko was founded, the central government had failed in taking prompt action for fear of the schools' influence; however, as the Shigakko faction became powerful in the prefectural government, the central government began to put a false color on Shigakko.
- 一方、表右筆は待遇は奥右筆よりも一段下がり、機密には関わらず、判物・朱印状などの一般の行政文書の作成や諸大名の分限帳や旗本・御家人などの名簿を管理した。
- Meanwhile, the treatment of Omote-yuhitsu was one step lower than Oku-yuhitsu, they did not related to any secrecies but the preparation of Monjo related to general administrative matters such as Hanmotsu (autographic signatures) or Shuinjo(shogunate license to trade), and management of Bugencho (Registers of vassals) of territorial lords and Myobu (identification) of Hatamoto (direct retainers of the Bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by Shogun) or Gokenin (an immediate vasal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods).
- また、政治面においては、江戸幕府が進める長州征伐に反対してこれを止めるように意見書を出す一方で、興正寺門跡を擁して長州藩に赴き、幕府との和議を斡旋した。
- In the political field, he was against the Choshu conquest by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), submitted a report in order to stop it, and went to the Choshu Domain with the title of Kosho-ji monzeki to mediate between Choshu and Bakufu.
- 一方で、「弥陀に救い摂られるには、雑行を投げ捨てよ」とする親鸞、蓮如の言葉の解釈をめぐり、東西本願寺をはじめとする真宗諸派の教学解釈と異なる部分がある。
- On the other hand, the way of interpreting the words of Shinran and Rennyo such as 'You must reject zogyo (miscellaneous practices) to seek salvation by Mida' is different from the interpretation in other schools in the Shinshu Sect, including Higashi and Nishi Hongan-ji Temple.
- 一方で、諸大名中最大の石高を持ちながら、関東移封直後で新領地の整備のために九州への出陣止まりで朝鮮への派兵を免れた徳川家康が隠然たる力を持つようになった。
- On the other hand, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who had the largest Kokudaka (assessed yield; tax system based on rice, measured by reference to the rated annual yield of the domain) among daimyo, but as he had been moved to Kanto just before, he only headed troops to Kyushu, but was exempt from going to Korea to fight in order to consolidate new territory, came to have latent powers.
- その一方で、重商主義から来る金銭崇拝的傾向が瀰漫し、賄賂政治が横行したとされ、また幕府伝統の重農主義を重んずる松平定信ら譜代大名から反撥されるようになる。
- Meanwhile, his mercantilism is said to have caused prevalence of mammonism and graft, and this began to meet a resentment of 'fudai daimyo,' including Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, who put a high value on physiocracy that the Edo bakufu conventionally had taken.
- 一方、『魏志』の記述を元に候補地を探す諸説に対し、「そもそも記述に作為があるため、それをもとに邪馬台国の位置を探るのはナンセンスである」という指摘もある。
- On the other hand, for various views looking for the candidate site based on the accounts of 'Wei chih,' it has been suggested that 'it makes no sense to look for the site of Yamatai based on these accounts because there are biases in the descriptions.'
- 一方、群馬県(上野国)伊勢崎市と神奈川県(相模国)伊勢原市は共に伊勢神宮の分社を当地に建てたことに由来する名称であり、間接的ながらも伊勢国に関連している。
- On the other hand, both of the names of Isezaki City in Gunma Prefecture (Kozuke Province) and Isehara City in Kanagawa Prefecture (Sagami Province) originate in constructing branch shrines of Ise Shrine and therefore they are related to Ise Province although the relation is indirect.
- 一方で士族反乱に参加した士族の大半は金禄公債証書発行以前から政府を批判しており、また決起の趣旨に秩禄処分が挙げられているケースが少ない事も指摘されている。
- However, some people insists that most of the former warriors who joined the revolts had criticized the government since before the issuance of the public bond, and their reason for joining the revolts was not Chitsuroku-shobun.
- 一方、浄土真宗系の隠し念仏の例を挙げると、浄土真宗本願寺教団そのものから異端視されて邪教とされたため、教団に対しても隠さざるを得なかった宗派内異教である。
- Meanwhile, the kakushi nenbutsu derived from Jodo Shinshu could not help concealing their beliefs even from the organization of the Hongan-ji school of Jodo Shinshu, because it was deemed heresy from the organization itself.
- 一方、毛利氏が恵心に帰依していた関係から、早くに毛利家に仕える外交僧となり、元亀元年(1570年)には豊後国の大友氏との和睦を取りまとめることに成功する。
- On the other hand, he became a diplomat priest of the Mori clan relatively early in life because the Mori clan had embraced Eshin, and succeeded in making peace with the Otomo clan in Bungo Province in 1570.
- 前期王朝国家において、田堵負名層は在庁官人として国衙の行政実務に協力する一方で、しばしば一国単位に結集して朝廷への上訴や受領襲撃といった反受領闘争を行った。
- In the early dynastic nation-state, the tato and fumyo class cooperated with kokuga's administrative affairs as local officials but at the same time, they often gathered country by country to appeal to the Imperial Court or to wage anti-zuryo conflicts such as attacks against zuryo.
- 一方、朝鮮の両班階層(支配層)の間では明の援軍のおかげにより朝鮮は滅亡を免れたのだという意識(「再造之恩」)が強調され、明への恩義を重視する思想が広まった。
- On the other hand, among yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea) (ruling class) of Korea, understanding that Korea could narrowly avoid ruin thanks to reinforcements from Ming ('再造之恩') was underscored and the thought to attach importance to gratitude towards Ming spread widely.
- その一方で、時代が転換期を迎えたことを多くの人びとが感じとり、そのなかで歴史を冷静にみつめる視点が育まれて『栄花物語』や『大鏡』などの歴史物語があらわれた。
- A number of people felt that they were in the transition period, and the view point to matter-of-factly see the history was developed among them, thus, historical tales such as 'Eiga Monogatari' (A Tale of Flowering Fortunes) or 'Okagami' (the Great Mirror) appeared.
- その子 伊達晴宗は足利将軍家有力一門 斯波氏の流れをひく大崎氏歴代の職である奥州探題に補任されたが、一方で隠居の稙宗の専制に対する家臣団の反発が蓄積された。
- The son of Tanemune, Harumune DATE, was first appointed as Oshu Tandai, the post successively held by the Osaki clan, a branch family of the Shiba clan (a powerful family of the Ashikaga Shogun Family), while a dictatorship by retired Tanemune caused anti-Tanemune feeling to build up among the vassals.
- 南朝が衰微して、室町時代になると京には室町幕府が置かれたために政治都市として復活する一方で経済発展を遂げ、町衆と呼ばれる有力市民による自治の伝統が生まれた。
- While the establishment of the Muromachi bakufu in Kyo during the Muromachi period following the decline of the Southern Court led to the revival of Kyoto as a political city, it also achieved economic development and a tradition of self-governance by influential citizens called machishu (merchant class) arose.
- 一方、下水については浸水被害の歴史から比較的早くから整備されて来ており、旧福知山市域においては80%の下水道普及率(浄化槽を含む水洗化率は92%)があった。
- On the other hand, owing to its history of flood damage, the city developed a sewage system relatively early, covering roughly 80% of the old Fukuchiyama City area (the usage rate of flush toilet including septic tank was 92%).
- 広大な領地と莫大な石高をもつ大名ならこれも何とかなるであろうが、一方の高家は家格は高いとはいえど所詮旗本に過ぎないので、わずかな領地と石高しかもっていない。
- If it was a feudal lord with large territories and a lot of koku, he would be able to manage; however, koke was only a hatamoto after all with limited territories and koku even though he had a high social status.
- 会計官副知事となった大隈は、とりあえず太政官札と準備中の新貨幣との交換を約束するとの布告を出して強制的に太政官札を通用させる一方、正金との引き替えを禁じる。
- OKUMA, who became the vice governor of accounting, forced to circulate Dajokan-satsu with his edict to promise the Dajokan-satsu could be exchanged for the new currencies to be prepared, whereas he prohibited exchanging Dajokan-satsu for specie money.
- 一方、出家者ではない俗世間の凡夫でもこの利他行を続けてさえいけば、誰でも未来の世において成仏できる(ブッダに成れる)と宣言したのが大乗仏教運動の特色である。
- On the other hand, the defining feature of Mahayana Buddhism is that it declared that ordinary people, those who had not renounced the everyday world and become monks, could become a Buddha in the future world as long as they continued ritagyo.
- 以上から判るとおり、裁判結果が決して一方の主張に偏ることなく、特定の権力者の意向が反映しないよう、透明性と公平性が確保されたシステムが構築されていたのである。
- As explained above, the system ensured transparency and fairness in order to prevent the outcome of a trial to be one-sided or to reflect the inclinations of a particular influential individual.
- 戦国時代 (日本)には、源満快の子孫とされる摂津国宿野城の多田氏や、頼光流とする一方で源満季の後裔であるとの説が存在する多田満頼(甲斐多田氏)などが見られる。
- During the Sengoku (Warring States) period, there existed the Tada clan that is said to have been the descendant of MINAMOTO no Mitsuyoshi, whose foothold was at Shukuno-jo Castle in Settsu Province, and there also existed Mitsuyori TADA (a member of the Kai-Tada clan), who is commonly said to have fallen under the lineage of Yorimitsu; some say he was the descendant of MINAMOTO no Mitsusue.
- 一方、政宗は和賀忠親の南部一揆への煽動関与の件により、念願だった先祖伝来の地の奪還は叶わず、戦後の論功行賞でも自力で占領した刈田郡2万石のみの加増に終わった。
- On the other hand, Masamune was not granted his wish for regaining the ancestral estate due to his involvement in agitating Tadachika WAGA to launch Nanbu Riot, and ended up in increase of only 20,000-koku yielded in Katta District which he occupied by himself as rewards of the battle.
- その一方で、大目付仙石久尚、町奉行松前嘉広、勘定奉行荻原重秀などのようにこの主君仇討ち事件に大いに感激したというる幕閣もいて、その内部でも意見の違いがあった。
- There were differences in opinions even inside the Cabinet since there were, on the other hand, Cabinet officials such as ometsuke Hisanao SENGOKU, town magistrate Yoshihiro MATSUMAE, and commissioner of finance Shigehide OGIWARA who were touched by the revenge for one's lord.
- 日本の武士は、当初は名乗りをあげての一騎打ちや、少人数での先駆けを試みたため一方的に損害を受けたが、昼頃には集団戦術に対応、また増援の到着により反撃に転じた。
- Japanese samurai, in the beginning, suffered damage unilaterally because they tried to fight one to one declaring their names, or led attacks in a small group, but around noon they organized themselves to fight with a large number of soldiers, and following the arrival of reinforcements, started to counterattack.
- 懐奘は道元の遺風を忠実に守る一方で永平寺の伽藍、規矩の整備に着手し、法甥にあたる徹通義介を弘長2年(1262年)に宋に派遣し調査、資料の将来にあたらせている。
- Ejo, on one hand, faithfully complied with the relic of Dogen, but on the other hand he constructed the cathedral and established the rules of Eihei-ji Temple, sending Gikai TETTSU, his priestly nephew, to Sung to collect research and documents in 1262.
- 一方、各地方では国司・郡司・有力百姓などを出自とする「富豪の輩」と呼ばれる階層が登場しており、国衙から名田の経営と租税徴収を請け負って、経済力をつけ始めていた。
- On the other hand, the class called 'fugo-no-yakara' (rich guy) originated from kokushi, gunshi (local government administrator sent from the central government, working under kokushi), leading people, appeared, managed myoden (rice fields as the basic unit for levying taxes) and the duty of tax collection from kokuga and began to be economically stronger.
- また、荘園領主・国司と請負契約を結び、収入の中から領主・国司へ年貢納入する一方で、実質的に荘園・国衙領を支配していく守護請(しゅごうけ)も行われるようになった。
- Moreover, making a contract with the landholders of shoen and the kokushi (provincial governors) to pay them nengu from income, shugo virtually dominated the shoen and the territories of kokuga, which were called 'shugo-uke' (the work undertaken by shugo).
- 忠盛は他の院近臣受領と同じく院への経済奉仕に励む一方で、荘園の預所・受領・追討使の地位を利用して在地勢力を自らの私兵に編成するなど、武士団の増強も怠らなかった。
- As with other In no Kinshin (the retired Emperor's courtier) and Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors), Masamori worked for the In's financial gain but also did not forget to strengthen the bushi group by using his positions as the Azukaridokoro of shoen, Zuryo, and Tsuitoshi to organize local forces into his private troops.
- その一方で、多くの兵力を派遣していたため信長周辺の軍勢は手薄であり、武田家滅亡後は天下統一目前という開放的な雰囲気で、畿内では信長、家康とも小勢で移動していた。
- Under such situations, as a large military force was dispatched, troops around Nobunaga were not many and Nobunaga and Ieyasu moved around with a small military force in Kinai in an open atmosphere under just before unification of the whole country especially after downfall of the Takeda clan.
- 一方、日本では、第1次西園寺内閣が様々な国内事情を抱え、帝国議会、軍部、財界の圧力にさらされており、この局面を挽回しようと南清艦隊を動かして清国政府を威嚇した。
- On the other hand, the first Saionji Cabinet in Japan, which was suffered by various domestic circumstances and under pressure from the Imperial Diet, the military and the financial world, mobilized the Southern-Qing Fleet and threatened the Qing government with the intention of recovering from the difficult position.
- 一方裏門の様子を示した『波賀聞書』では、杉野十平次と三村次郎左衛門が門を破り、一番に突入したのは横川勘平、番人を倒したのは千馬三郎兵衛の半弓であったとしている。
- Meanwhile, 'Haga Kikigaki,' which described the situation of the back gate, explained that Juheiji SUGINO and Jirozaemon MINOMURA broke the gate, and it was Kanpei YOKOKAWA who broke into the property first and Saburobei CHIBA defeated the guards with his small-sized bow.
- 「魏志倭人伝」の記述は北九州の小国を詳細に紹介する一方で、近畿以西に存在したはずの吉備国や出雲国には全く触れられておらず、近畿圏まで含む記述とみなすのは不自然。
- While 'Gishiwajinden' discussed small states in northern Kyushu in detail, it didn't mention anything about Kibi Province or Izumo Province, which should have existed in the west of Kinki Region at this time, so it is questionable as to whether this discussion was describing locations as far away as Kinki Region.
- While 'Gishiwajinden' discussed small states in northern Kyushu in detail, it didn't mention Kibi Province or Izumo Province at all, which should have existed in the west of Kinki Region at this time, so it is questionable as to whether this discussion was describing locations as far away as Kinki Region.
- 一方でアロー戦争後まで中国は中華思想に基づいた唯我独尊的外交姿勢を守り続け、国際法や条約といった近代的国際関係に不可欠な概念を積極的に取り込もうとはしなかった。
- On the other hand, China had maintained until the Arrow War its solipsistic diplomatic attitude based on Sinocentrism and would not adopt vital notions indispensable for modern international relation such as international law and treaty.
- 一方、薩摩藩出身ながら抜本的な財政改革に踏み切らない大隈に不満を抱いていた大蔵大輔の松方正義は佐野の大蔵卿就任と同時に伊藤の後任の内務卿に転じて大蔵省を去った。
- In the meantime, Masayoshi MATSUKATA, from Satsuma Domain, discontent with Okuma who would not carry out a radical financial reform, left the Ministry of the Treasury to take the position of Minister of Interior to replace Ito at the occasion of Sano's assumption of Minister of the Treasury.
- 一方、その中で山口県(旧長州藩)だけは逆にかつての「宿敵」である旧幕臣出身の県令を派遣して成功を収め、その後の地方行政における藩閥の発言力を確固たるものとした。
- By contrast, kenrei who used to be a retainer of bakufu, a former 'enemy 'of the Choshu domain, was dispatched to Yamaguchi Prefecture (former Choshu domain), and contributed to strengthening the influence of hanbatsu (domain clique) in local administration.
- この結果に激怒した信長は勝手に軍を動かした信雄に激怒し絶縁すると脅して諫める一方、2年後の天正9年(1581年)には自らおよそ4万の兵を率いて伊賀に攻め込んだ。
- Nobunaga who was furious at this outcome raged at Nobuo who had moved army without permission and admonished him suggesting breakup of their relationship, but after two years, in 1581, he invaded into Iga Province himself leading about 40,000 soldiers.
- 町においては城下町整備にともなう治安・防火対策の一環として、里がえし政策をとり続けるが、一方ではこれを保護の対象として捕捉し、抱非人として野非人を取り締まった。
- As part of its security and fire prevention measures for upgrading the castle town's structures, the municipal government continued to employ the Satogaeshi system (whereby Nobinin were sent back to their villages) by capturing Nobinin as a protected group and cracking down on Nobinin as Kakae-Hinin.
- しかし一方でこの内容は日本などに留学して近代ナショナリズムを取り入れつつある若者に取って大きな屈辱感を伴わせ、反清・革命運動に取り組む大きな理由の一つとなった。
- On the other hand, the contents gave a sense of great disgrace to young people studying in Japan and elsewhere and trying to take in modern-time nationalism, which became one of reasons that triggered anti-Qing/revolution movements.
- 一方、外国からの開国要求を警戒した江戸幕府により、政治・思想面では抑圧が加わり、シーボルト事件、蛮社の獄などの弾圧事件が起こり、続いて蘭書翻訳取締令が出された。
- On the other hand, the Edo bakufu, on the alert for foreign countries calling for the opening of Japan, started to suppress political and ideological activities, and crackdowns such as Siebold Incident and Bansha no goku (Imprisonment of scholars of Western learning) took place, which were followed by orders to restrict translation of foreign books.
- 1232年(貞永元年)興正寺を源海に譲って下野国高田如来堂(のちの専修寺)を継ぎ、諸国をめぐって浄土教を広める一方、東北では当地で広まっていた異義を正している。
- In 1232, he gave Kosho-ji Temple to Genkai and became the chief priest of Nyorai-do Temple (latter-day Senju-ji Temple) in Takada, Shimotsuke Province; he also travelled around the country to preach Pure Land Buddhism while correcting the wrong teachings that had been spread throughout the Tohoku region.
- 一方、改革派は、光暢が進めていた東本願寺の独立を阻止し、宗派の憲法である「真宗大谷派宗憲」の改定を進め、1981年(昭和56年)6月11日に新宗憲を公布・施行。
- However, obstructing the separation plan for Higashi Hongan-ji Temple encouraged by Kosho OTANI, the reformist group expedited the revision of the 'Constitution of Shinshu sect Otani school' and promulgated a new constitution which came into force on June 11, 1981.
- 一方、中国撰述とされる論書、『大乗起信論』では、阿頼耶識(あらやしき)に不覚と覚の二義があるとし、覚をさらに始覚(しかく)と本覚(ほんがく)とに分けて説明する。
- 'Daijokishinron (the Awakening of Faith in Mahayana),' which is considered to have originated in China, states that there are two kinds of righteousness--Fukaku (blunder) and Kaku (awakening)--is explained by dividing Kaku into Shikaku (acquired awakening) and Hongaku (original awakening).
- その一方で、格式編纂時には同時に交替式と「儀式」が編纂されたと信じられ、古くは「弘仁儀式」・「貞観儀式」・「延喜儀式」からなる三代儀式が存在したと信じられていた。
- On the other hand, it was believed that Kotaishiki (Administrative transition regulations) and 'Gishiki' were compiled at the same time as the compilation of the Kyakushiki, and it was formally believed that there had been the Sandai Gishiki, which was composed of 'Konin Gishiki,' 'Jogan Gishiki,' and 'Engi Gishiki.'
- その一方で、坂上明兼の『法曹至要抄』、坂上明基(明兼の孫)の『裁判至要抄』、中原章澄の『明法条々勘録』、中原章任の『金玉掌中抄』などの優れた明法家の書物も現れた。
- But on the other hand, some great Myoho experts wrote books such as 'Hoso Shiyosho' by SAKANOUE no Akikane, 'Saiban Shiyosho' by SAKANOUE no Akimoto (a grandchild of Akikane), 'Myoho Jojokanroku' by NAKAHARA no Norisumi, 'Kingyoku Shochusho' by NAKAHARA no Norito etc.
- そのため、幕府の公式文書では「来貢使」という用語は一切使われていないにも関わらず、民間では琉球使節と同様に一方的な従属関係を示す「来貢」という言葉が広まっていた。
- Therefore, although the term of Raikoshi (indicating a messenger with an article of tribute from a foreign country) was not used in any official documents, the term of Raiko (coming to pay tribute), which indicated an outright master-slave relationship, came to be used widely among the general public, as for envoys from Ryukyu.
- 一方、田畠の少ない山地河海周辺や都市部では、住屋や宅地に対する地子(賃借料)を名目とした在家地子(ざいけじし)が賦課されて鮎・薪・炭などの非農業生産物が課された。
- Meanwhile, in areas that were scarce in paddies and fields - such as mountainous districts, riverside areas, coastal areas, and merchant districts - 'jishi' (a kind of rent, called 'zaike-jishi') was imposed on a house and its premises, and people were also obliged to provide non-agricultural products, such as sweetfish, firewood, and charcoal.
- そのため、高瀬川が北から鴨川に流入する地点は十条通付近まで移され、また一方で鴨川横断点の下流方向では鴨川からの取水が不可能となり、高瀬川は分断されることとなった。
- As a result, the junction at which the Takase-gawa River flows into the Kamo-gawa River from the north was relocated to an area near the Jujo-dori Street; on the other hand in a downstream area where the Takase-gawa crossed the Kamo-gawa river, it became difficult to carry out water intake from the Kamo-gawa River; as a result the Takase-gawa River was divided.
- 一方、京都で勢力を高めつつあった尊王攘夷派の志士ら過激な下級武士・浪士は、久光の率兵上京を朝廷主導による武力での尊王攘夷実現・幕府打倒の先兵であると誤解していた。
- On the other hand, a radical group of the low ranking samurai, roshi (masterless samurai) and others supporting the Sonno joi movement was expanding its influence in Kyoto mistook that Hisamitsu coming to Kyoto with his troops would take the lead for realizing the Sonno joi and overthrow the bakufu by the military power initiated by the imperial court.
- イギリスや日本が北京の公使館を少しでも早く解放すべきと主張する一方で、北京進攻はかえって公使館に対する清朝・義和団の風当たりを強くするという意見もあったのである。
- While Great Britain and Japan stressed that embassies should be freed before arrival, there was a view that progressing toward Beijing would strengthen the resentment of the Qing dynasty and the Boxers towards embassies instead.
- 日本の統治下で、李朝時代の特権商人が時代に対処できず没落する一方、旧来の地主勢力の一部が乱高下する土地の売買などによって資金を貯め、新興資本家として台頭してきた。
- Under the rule of Japan, merchants privileged in the Yi Dynasty period went to ruin failing to adapt to the trend of the era, while some conventional landlords who raised funds by buying and selling the land of which prices violently fluctuated gained power as emerging capitalists.
- 原価が安い生活必需品に高い専売価格を定めることによって莫大な財政収入を得ることが可能になる一方で、専売の過程において生じるリスクを抱え込む危険性も併せ持っていた。
- While it is possible to gain a huge income by setting monopoly prices higher for daily necessities of low cost, there can also be some risk in the process of monopoly.
- 一方、小栗判官は地獄に堕ち、閻魔大王の前に引きずり出されるが、裁定により地上界に戻されたものの異形の餓鬼阿弥の姿で、皮膚病にかかっており、歩くこともままならない。
- Meanwhile, Ogurihangan was cast into Hell, dragged out before Enma Daio (the Great King Yama) and then returned to the earthly world by his judge, but Oguri was in the shape of an uncanny-looking starving demon suffering from a skin disease and could barely walk.
- また法律キャリアを重ねる一方で、アメリカの駐コペンハーゲン代理公使、駐プロシア代理公使(後に特命全権公使)に任命され、外交官としても活躍している(松隈1992)。
- While building his carrier in the legal world on one hand, he was appointed to U.S. charge d'affaires to Copenhagen and U.S. charge d'affaires to Prussia (later, a minister extraordinary and plenipotentiary) and played active roles as a diplomat on the other (Matsukuma 1992).
- 一方、丁銀から南鐐二朱銀への改鋳が進行するにつれ、市中における秤量銀貨の不足により銀相場の高騰を招き、天明6年(1786年)には金1両=銀50匁をつけるに至った。
- On the other hand, as Chogin was reformed to Nanryo Nishu Gin, the shortage of silver coins by weight standard in market caused a steep rise in the price of silver, 50 monme of silver per 1 ryo of gold in 1786.
- 一方、蘇我稲目は、西の国々はみんな仏教を信じている。日本もどうして信じないでおれようか(「西蕃諸國一皆禮之,豐秋日本豈獨背也」)として、仏教に帰依したいと言った。
- On the other hand, SOGA no Iname said, 'All people in countries to the West believe in Buddhism. How can Japanese people not help but believe in it?' and told him to convert to Buddhism.
- 一方、西日本旅客鉄道や東海旅客鉄道、近畿日本鉄道が乗り入れる京都駅との間を直結する鉄道はなく、バスを利用するか京都市営地下鉄烏丸線と阪急京都線を乗り継ぐ必要がある。
- On the other hand, there is no connecting rail to Kyoto station where West Japan Railway Company (JR West), Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central), or Kinki Nippon Railway Company (Kintetsu Railway) are running, and there is a need to ride a bus or use Karasuma Line, Kyoto Municipal Subway and Hankyu Kyoto Line.
- その一方で、2007年現在も神戸市の福原 (神戸市)と並び、関西では屈指のソープランド街を形成しており、風俗街が温泉街の集客力の一部を担っていることも事実ではある。
- On the other side, the red-light area is one of the biggest special bathhouse (brothel) areas in Kansai region along with the one in Fukuhara, Kobe City, and it is also true that the red-light area plays a role in attracting guests for the hot springs resort area.
- その後、昭和59年(1984年)8月に「専売改革関連法」が成立し、あらたに「たばこ事業法」が制定される一方、「たばこ専売法」および「製造たばこ定価法」が廃止された。
- After that, in August, 1984, 'Monopoly-Reform-Related Law' passed, and while 'the Tobacco Industries Act' was newly regulated, 'the Tobacco Monopoly Law' and 'the Manufactured Tobacco Price Fixing Law' were abolished.
- 一方、東路軍は度重なる日本軍のコマンド作戦により、博多沖の海上で釘付け状態となり、やがて食料や水不足と発生した疫病により「兵糧攻め」と同じ状態になって疲弊していた。
- On the other hand, the Eastern Route Army was forced to stay at sea near Hakata by successive attacks by Japanese commandoes, and soon became exhausted by the situation that would 'drive them into starvation,' due to the shortage of food and water as well as an epidemic.
- 有力な家臣を排除することで自身の権力を強化しようする藩主がいる一方で、家臣にとって不利益だったり、無能な主君を隠居や押込などの手段で廃立しようとする家臣も存在した。
- There were lords who aimed to strengthen power by eliminating top retainers, as well as retainers who sought to do away with lords who behaved against their interests or who were incompetent by means of coercive retirement, house arrest, etc.
- 定説では、日本の武士は名乗りを上げての一騎打ちしか戦い方を知らず一方的に敗退したが、幸運にも暴風雨、いわゆる神風が起きて、元の船団はその夜のうちに撤退したとされる。
- The well accepted theory says that Japanese samurai easily lost, because the only fighting method they knew was one to one battle by declaring their names, but fortunately the Yuan fleet was forced to withdraw within that night because of a storm, the so-called Kamikaze (divine wind).
- 一方、「延喜儀式」についても逸文とされるものは残されているものの、それらが実際の宮中行事に活用されたという当時の記録は無く、未完成あるいは後世の仮託とする見解もある。
- As for 'Engi Gishiki,' although the part believed to be a surviving fragment of it remained, no records existed to prove that it was used for virtual functions in the imperial court; therefore, some say it was an incomplete work or a pretense made in later ages.
- 清盛は、後白河との関係を放棄する一方で高倉天皇との関係を強化し、高倉もまた後白河院政からの独立を志向し、翌治承2年(1178年)、両者は連携して新制17条を発布した。
- Kiyomori dropped his relationship with Goshirakawa, and strengthened his ties with Emperor Takakura, and Takakura was interested in becoming independent of the Goshirakawa cloistered government, leading to a joint issuance of the 17 New Rules in 1178.
- 平氏敗北の要因について、後白河法皇が平氏へ講和の提案を行い、大幅に武装解除させる一方で、鎌倉政権軍と連携して対平氏攻撃を着々と準備した計略であるという説が有力である。
- As for the primary factor for the defeat of the Taira clan, historians and experts are strongly supportive in the theory that Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa strategicly proposed a peace negotiation with the Taira clan, to significantly relax the guard of the militarily defenses for the Taira clan's army while cooperating with the Kamakura Government army that was preparing for the pending attack upon the Taira clan.
- 天皇はこれを聞いて倹約を行うとともに贅沢のための殺生を戒める一方で、山沢の禁を緩めて貧しい者が狩漁によって食を得ることを許したという(『日本三代実録』『元亨釈書』)。
- Based on his answer, the emperor lived in frugality and forbade the taking of life for luxury, and relaxed Santaku no Kin to permit the poor and needy to make their living by hunting and fishing ('Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' 'Genkoshakusho'.)
- しかし信長は「天下布武」をかかげて自らの天下統一を目指し、一方の義昭は上杉謙信や毛利元就らにも上洛を促して幕府政治の再興を目指すという、両者には考えの食い違いがあった。
- Under the slogan 'tenka fubu' (the realm subjected to military power), Nobunaga intended to unite all of Japan by himself; on the other hand, Yoshiaki also invited Kenshin UESUGI and Motonari MORI to Kyoto with the intention of restoring the shogunate government -- there were discrepancies between their opinions.
- これは地方の領主達にとって負担も確かに大きいものの、一方で「ハレ」の場であり、中央の勢力とのコネクションを得る為にもと意気込み、それがまた「武士身分の獲得」ともなった。
- While it proved to be a heavy burden for district lords, it was the place of 'hare' (the non-ordinary space and time of ceremonies), and they were eager to obtain power and connections of the central government, and also attain the 'establishment of samurai social status.'
- その一方で「国王」称号は国内的には天皇をさすため、これに遠慮し次善の策として「大君」を用いたという、もっぱら国内的要因に鑑みての変更にすぎないではないかという論もある。
- On the other hand, there is another opinion as in the following: Since the title of 'King' indicated the emperor domestically, the term of 'Tycoon' was simply used as the second best term hesitating to utilize the term of King, and therefore, the change of the title name was made solely based on a domestic factor.
- その一方、基本的に日本人を「倭人」として見下しながらも古く室町には平仮名、片仮名と言った固有文字の存在に、江戸時代には京都、大阪、江戸といった都市の絢爛豪華さに驚いた。
- On the other hand, while fundamentally disparaging Japanese as 'Wajin' (an older name for Japanese), Koreans were astonished in the Muromochi period by the existence of Japan-original characters of Hiragana and Katakana and by the splendor of cities, such as Kyoto, Osaka and Edo, in the Edo period.
- 幕府は守護大名庶家や足利氏譜代から奉公衆を編成し、在京奉公を課したが、一方で守護大名は国内の在地領主(国人)に対する支配を強め、その所領に応じた軍役を課すようになった。
- The Muromachi bakufu formed the military guard of the shogunate from branch families of the territorial lords as provincial constable and hereditary vassals of Ashikaga clan and imposed service in Kyoto on them; on the other hand, the territorial lords as provincial constable tightened control over the local lords in their provinces and imposed military services on them according to their territories.
- 一方、邪馬台国九州説では、弥生時代後期中葉以降に至っても瀬戸内地域では鉄器の出土量は北部九州と比べて明らかに少なく、また、鉄器製作技術は北部九州と比べて格段に低かった。
- For the Yamatai-Koku kingdom in Kyushu theory, on the other hand, the amount of ironware excavated from the Setouchi region even after the middle of the end of the Yayoi period was very limited when compared to northern Kyushu, and the level of ironware manufacturing technique was very low compared to northern Kyushu.
- ただし、その一方で陸奥国・越後国(後に北部が分離して出羽国)は、この政策の維持のために常に不安定な状況に置かれることになり、事あるごとに対蝦夷政策は揺れることになった。
- On the other hand, Mutsu Province and Echigo Province (later the northern part was separated off as Dewa Province) became unstable as a result of this policy, which led in turn to the Emishi policy being unsettled all the time.
- 一方『金銀図録』および『大日本貨幣史』などの古銭書には一分判金/壹分判金(いちぶばんきん)という名称で収録されており、貨幣収集界では「一分判金」の名称が広く用いられる。
- On the other hand, ancient coin books such as 'Kinginzuroku' (Gold & Silver coin catalog) and 'Dainihon Kaheishi' (Great History of Japanese Coins) called it with the name 'ichibu bankin' 一分判金/壹分判金 and this name was widely used in currency collecting world.
- 山々の間には、著しい蛇行を示す河川と、その作用で形成された環流丘陵や雄大なV字谷が見られ、谷底低地や河岸段丘の発達は乏しいが、その一方で山頂や山腹に平坦面が多数見られる。
- There are meandering rivers, cut-off spurs and great v-shaped valleys formed by the rivers in the mountains; valley plains and fluvial terraces are poorly developed while a lot of flat areas are found on the tops and sides of mountains.
- 一方、外科の第一人者である栗崎道有によって傷口を数針縫いあわせ、軽傷ですんだ吉良上野介は、目付の大久保忠鎮、久留正清らから尋問を受けたが、「拙者は恨みを受ける覚えは無い。
- Meanwhile, after his wounds were stitched up by the leading doctor in surgical department Dou KURISAKI, Kira Kozuke no Suke was also questioned by the bakufu's inspectors Tadashige OKUBO and Masakiyo KUME and said 'I do not remember doing anything to upset Takumi no Kami.
- 一方の武家においては、武士の棟梁として台頭した河内源氏の流れを汲む源頼朝が源氏嫡流を称して、鎌倉幕府を開き、門葉という一族や有力御家人を中心とする武家政治の基礎を形成した。
- Among the samurai class, however, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, a descendant of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) who rose as the leader of samurai, called himself chakuryu of the Minamoto clan, established the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and established the basis of samurai government mainly led by the monyo (clans basically connected by blood) of his clan members and prominent gokenin (shogun's vassals).
- 一方、1月30日、私学校幹部の篠原国幹・河野主一郎・高城七之丞ら七名は会合し、谷口登太に中原ら警視庁帰藩組の内偵を依頼し、同日暮、谷口報告により中原の西郷暗殺計画を聞いた。
- On the other hand, on January 30, seven leaders of Shigakko including Kunimoto SHINOHARA, Shuichiro KONO, and Shichinojo TAKI had a meeting and asked Tota TANIGUCHI to make private inquiries on the homecoming police officers including NAKAHARA; in that evening, TANIGUCHI reported them that NAKAHARA was planning to assassinate SAIGO.
- その一方で、超長期の政権安定、特に前半の百数十年は成長経済基調のもと、町人層が発展し、学問・文化・芸術・経済等様々な分野の活動が活発化し、現代にまで続く伝統を確立している。
- From one point of view, the ultra long-term stable government, especially for the first hundred and dozens of years, enjoyed economic growth, which brought about development of the merchant class, who played active roles in flourishing fields such as studies, culture, art, and business, and accomplished traditions unswerving even today.
- 一方、新政府では、今後の施政の指標を定める必要から、福岡孝弟(土佐藩士)、由利公正(越前藩士)らが起草した原案を長州藩の木戸孝允が修正し、「五箇条の御誓文」として発布した。
- Meanwhile, the new government published 'Charter Oath of Five Articles,' drafted by Takachika FUKUOKA (a feudal retainer of Tosa) and Kosei YURI (a feudal retainer of Echizen), and amended by Koin KIDO of Choshu, as they needed to set the guidelines of the administration.
- 一方、キリスト教(カトリック)においては、贅沢は「七つの大罪」における傲慢の罪にあたり、享楽的な生活に対する神の怒りが黒死病などの疫病や戦乱を生み出していると考えられてきた。
- Meanwhile, in Catholic teaching, luxury is seen as a form of vanity, one of 'The Seven Deadly Sins,' and it has been thought that God's wrath against people's hedonistic lives has caused epidemics such as the black death and wars.
- また一方では、王朝国家と呼ぶべき政治実態は、鎌倉幕府成立後の朝廷にも見られるとして、13世紀の朝廷による支配体制も王朝国家体制期に含める意見(佐藤進一,1983など)もある。
- On the other hand, some people assert that the ruling system adopted by the Imperial court in 13th century should be included in the Dynastic polity period on the ground that the regime which should be regarded as the Dynastic polity was seen after the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Shinichi SATO, 1983 etc).
- 一方、中国語発音を考慮すると、当時の中国が異民族の音を記す時、「呼」は「wo」をあらわす例があり(匈奴語の記述例など)、卑弥呼は「ピミウォ」だったのではないかとする説もある。
- Considering Chinese pronunciations, for example, '呼' can be read as 'wo' (as demonstrated in examples of writing Xiongnu, and so on), so there is an opinion that Himiko might have been pronounced 'Pimiwo.'
- 応仁の乱後、幕府における椀飯は行われなくなり、その一方で一般の武家社会においては家臣が主君を接待する儀式から、年始や節供などに主君が家臣を接待する儀式へと変質を遂げていった。
- After the Onin War, oban was not conducted at the bakufu any more, but within the ordinary buke society, it transformed from a ceremony where vassals entertained their lord into a ceremony where the lord entertained his vassals in the beginning of the year and Sechi (seasonal) times.
- 一方で出羽国に奥州合戦後も御家人として在地支配を許された豪族が多いことから、在地領主の家人化が進んだ陸奥国と押領使としての軍事指揮権に留まった出羽国の差を指摘する見解もある。
- On the other hand, based on the fact that there were many local ruling families which were empowered to rule their local lands as gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) in Dewa Province even after the battle of Oshu, some point out the difference in the influence of the Oshu Fujiwara clan between Mutsu and Dewa Provinces—local lords in Mutsu Province had been vassalized by the Oshu Fujiwara family, while it was merely allowed military command as Oryoshi in Dewa Province.
- 江戸時代も中期に差し掛かると、世の中は平和になる一方で社会が発展するにつれて新たな社会問題も生じ、古い戦国期以来の法体系を継承した従来の幕藩法体系では対応出来なくなってきた。
- By mid-Edo period, while the world became peaceful and as society developed, new social issues emerged that could not be dealt with by the traditional shogunate system of law that succeeded the ancient system after the warring states period.
- 一方、大宝律令の施行から半世紀が経過して律令国家の定着していく中で、より日本の実情に合わせた律令制への再構築の一環として行われたとして積極的評価をする説(春名宏昭説)もある。
- On the contrary, there is also a study which positively evaluates the establishment of Yoro Ritsuryo Code, which says it provided a more suitable and reliable code which adapted to the actual conditions of Japan, through the process of revisions and amendments of Taiho Ritsuryo Code that had been in force for a half century since its enactment (the theory released by Hiroaki HARUNA).
- 平安時代中期に入ると、太政官牒・院庁牒は請印が不要な官宣旨・院宣にその役目を取って代わられる一方で、蔵人所・検非違使庁をはじめとした令外官の増大で牒そのものの発給は増大した。
- In the mid Heian period, daiokancho and innochocho were replaced by Kan senji (an edict from Daijokan [Grand Council of State] which had the status of a binding official document) and Inzen (a decree from the retired Emperor) which did not require shoin (a ceremony to seal documents issued by the government) while the number of cho issued increased due to an increase in number of Ryoge no kan in agencies such as Kurodo dokoro (the Office of Imperial Household Logistics) and Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief).
- その一方で国内政策においては、貧民労働者の保護と立憲政治・普通選挙の実現を掲げて党内に普通選挙期成同盟会、日本労働協会、小作条例調査会を設置して、機関誌「新東洋」を刊行した。
- For it's domestic policies, the party set up an Association for Promoting Universal Suffrage, the Japan Labor Association and the Research Council on Tenant Farming Ordinance, with the goal of protecting poor laborers and realizing constitutional government and universal suffrage, and also published the party newspaper titled, 'New Orient.'
- この軍議では、一旦は篠原らの強襲策続行に決したが、遅れて到着した小兵衛や野村忍介の強い反対があり、深夜に開かれた再軍議で熊本城を強襲する一方、一部は小倉を電撃すべしと決した。
- In the council of war, they once agreed in further storming the castle according to the plan of SHINOHARA and others, but Kohei and Oshisuke NOMURA, who arrived later, strongly opposed that; in the council held again in the midnight, they agreed in storming Kumamoto Castle, while dispatching part of the army to blitz Kokura.
- 一方、安政条約に明記されながらいまだに朝廷の許可が無いため開港されていなかった兵庫(神戸港)問題を巡って、英国公使ハリー・パークスが主導する英仏蘭米連合艦隊が兵庫沖に迫った。
- Meanwhile, a combined fleet led by Harry PARKES, a British diplomat, arrived offshore of Hyogo (current Kobe Port), which was designated as a port by the Ansei treaty, but was not opened because the imperial court refused to give permission.
- 一方、既にプロシア式の憲法導入に積極的であった岩倉や井上毅と違い、政変後の伊藤個人は立憲体制導入の決意は固めていたものの、どの形態を採るかについてはまだ確信は得ていなかった。
- On the other hand, unlike Iwakura and Inoue, who advocated introduction of Prussia style constitution, even Ito had decided on introduction of constitutional government system, but he was still thinking about the style of the system even after the Meiji juyonen no seihen.
- 一方、東映現代劇からは1950年代半ばから1960年代前半にかけ江原真二郎、中原ひとみ、高倉健、佐久間良子、梅宮辰夫、三田佳子、JJサニー千葉、大原麗子らがデビューしている。
- From the middle of the 1950s to the beginning of the 1960s a string of famous actors and actresses of Toei modern drama, such as Shinjiro EHARA, Hitomi NAKAHARA, Ken TAKAKURA, Yoshiko SAKUMA, Tatsuo UMEMIYA, Yoshiko MITA, JJ Sonny CHIBA and Reiko OHARA, made their debut.
- 長州藩のミニエー銃に対し、彦根藩は赤備えに火縄銃という古来より伝わる兵装で挑むが、小瀬川を渡ろうとした所を長州軍石川小五郎率いる遊撃隊のアウトレンジ戦法を受け一方的に敗れる。
- Although Hikone Domain coped in Akazonae and with matchlock gun which came down from the ancient period with Choshu Domain equipped with Minié rifle, they received the tactic of outranging by the commando unit led by Kogoro ISHIKAWA of Choshu Army when they were about to cross the Oze-gawa River, which led to their self-defeat.
- 五色不動が都市伝説だった頃の名残か、一部の不動尊では過去に通称として親しまれたとも語られており、目黄の名の流行が覗える一方で、今となってはこれらの全容を把握することは難しい。
- It is said that Meki was a common name for some of Fudo-son in the past possibly due to remnants from the days when Goshiki Fudo was an urban legend, but it is now difficult to understand the whole truth of these stories while the popularity of the name Meki seemed apparent.
- こうした歴史学の発展の一方で、歴史学と国家主義的な歴史観との衝突も発生していた(「神道は祭天の古俗」事件、南北朝時代 (日本)南北朝正閏論と後世への影響、天皇機関説事件など)。
- While history advanced in this way, collisions between history and nationalistic views of history occurred (for example, the incident of 'Shinto is a remnant of the ancient custom of worshiping heaven,' Nanbokucho-Seijunron (an argument on legitimacy of either Northern or Southern Dynasty) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), and the incident of the emperor-as-organ theory).
- 続いて、3月25日_(旧暦)には五宮の次期皇位継承者(儲君)と鷹司房子の中宮擁立が発表され、その一方で8月16日_(旧暦)に一宮を大覚寺の代わりに勧修寺に入れて出家させされた。
- Then on May 2, the nomination of Gonomiya as Chokun (heir to the Imperial Throne) and of Fusako TAKATSUKASA as Chugu was announced, while Ichinomiya was forced to become a priest at the Kaju-ji Temple, instead of Daikaku-ji Temple, on September 17.
- 前述のように、東西方向に走る山脈はこうした地質構造に支配されており、一方、南北方向に走る山脈には東西方向からの圧力による波状変形が見られるが、断層は乏しく、地質は連続的である。
- As described above, the mountain ranges that stretch east to west are influenced by such geological structures while the mountain ranges that stretch south and north have continuous geology with few dislocations and some rolling deformations by the pressure from the east and the west.
- 第二次木津川口の戦いで敗北した毛利水軍であったが、翌年には三木城へ兵糧を運び入れる等、活発な活動を見せており、信長公記に見られるような一方的大勝利であったかも疑問とされている。
- The Mori navy, which was defeated in the second battle of Kizugawaguchi, started active movements such as carrying army provisions into Miki-jo Castle the next year, which makes the runaway victory recorded in Shincho koki doubtful.
- その一方で、石高が1万石に満たないために旗本とされながら、参勤交代を行い、大名と同様の支配体制を保障された交代寄合は、やや主体性の高い紙幣発行の事情があった可能性も考えられる。
- On the other hand, for the kotaiyoriai (alternate yoriai, a family status of samurai warriors in the Edo period), that were Hatamoto but were obliged to keep Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year residing in Edo) and ensured the control system similar to that of daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) because their earnings were less than 10,000 koku of rice (approximately 180 liters per koku), it is also considered that there might have been slightly more independent situations to issue paper money.
- 一方、大正中期の1920年に日本初の建築デザイン運動として、堀口捨己・山田守・石本喜久治・森田慶一・瀧澤眞弓等の東京帝国大学建築学科出身者が集まり分離派建築会の活動が始まった。
- Meanwhile, in 1920, the mid Taisho era, the first Japanese architectural design movement was beginning with a group of graduates from the Department of Architecture of Tokyo Imperial University including Sutemi HORIGUCHI, Mamoru YAMADA, Kikuji ISHIDA, Keiichi MORITA and Mayumi TAKIZAWA; it was called Bunri-ha Kenchikukai.
- その一方で、大和民族は朝鮮半島やベトナムなど、他の中華文明圏とは違い、中国に直接支配された経験はなく、受け入れた海外の文化(とりわけ中華文明)を独自に消化していく余裕があった。
- On the other hand, the Yamato race could originally afford to assimilate foreign cultures (especially that of China), having had no experience of being controlled directly by China unlike other nations under the Chinese sphere of influence, such as the Korean Peninsula and Vietnam.
- その一方、唯授一人の血脈相承者と称する日興門派の大石寺は総門を黒木の御所造(黒門)、三門は朱塗りで二天門には菊紋を施し勅使門を設けるなど、建築で自派の公家への影響力を主張した。
- On the other hand, Taiseki-ji Temple of the Nikko School, who are the successors of the same kechimyaku (heritage of the Law) of Yuiju Ichinin (succeed everything that the master knows about the art to only one excellent disciple), has installed the So-mon gate (main gate) in Palace-style, made of dark wood (Kuro-mon gate), and a red lacquered Sanmon gate and Niten-mon gate with kikumon (chrysanthemum crest) and Chokushi-mon gate (the gate for the Imperial Envoys) and they showed the power of their religious school to the court nobles with architecture.
- 一方、朝鮮では文禄・慶長の役が終わり、朝鮮を手助けした明が朝鮮半島から撤退すると日本を恐れ、友好関係を何とか結びたいという考えを持っていたようである『明史 列伝 第二百八 朝鮮』
- On the other hand, after the Bunroku-Keicho War ended and the Ming, which had helped Korea in the war, pulled out its troops from the Korean peninsular, Korea began to fear Japan and thought that it should manage to establish a good relationship with Japan (according to 'Korea, the 208th Items of the Itemized Ming History').
- 政府は早急に西洋式の「ファイン・アート」(純粋美術)を導入してヨーロッパ諸国に恥じない芸術の体裁を整えようとし、一方日本の諸派の絵画などは旧弊なものとみなされ存続の危機に陥った。
- The Japanese government hurried to build a façade of geijutsu (art and other artistic skills) that could match the European countries' geijutsu through the introduction of the Western-style fine arts, while the traditional Japanese paintings of various schools faced a crisis of existence because they were deemed old-fashioned.
- 一方、宿敵の徳川家康を臣従させて後顧の憂いを無くしていた豊臣秀吉は、天正15年(1587年)1月に九州征伐の大動員令を発し、畿内や中国・四国の諸大名による大軍を九州に送り出した。
- Meanwhile, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who had brought his old enemy Ieyasu TOKUGAWA into subjection to ensure future security, decreed a large-scale mobilization order in February, 1587 for the Kyushu Conquest, and sent a large army of daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) from Kinai (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), Chugoku and Shikoku regions to Kyushu.
- 平安時代以降、平安京の都市生活者向けの商工業が発達し、特に国内流通が活発化した江戸時代には、全国に製品を出荷する工業都市となる一方、数々の技術者を各地の藩の要請に従って派遣した。
- Beginning in the Heian period, commerce and industry for urban dwellers in Heian-kyo developed; particularly in the Edo period when domestic distribution became prevalent, Kyoto City became an industrial city, shipping goods nationwide and providing technicians to local clans upon request.
- その一方で炭供御人、氷室供御人など様々な手工芸品を扱ったため、貢納物を超える生産物は諸国往来権を持つ彼ら自身により流通経路に載せられ、商人としての活動も行っていたと見られている。
- On the other hand, Kugonin handled various handicraft products such as sumi (charcoal) Kugonin and himuro (warehouse for ice) Kugonin and, therefore, it seems that they also acted as merchants because of the fact that their products, in excess of those presented to the Imperial court, were sold in their distribution networks by themselves utilizing their right to travel to various provinces.
- 一方、東山道を進んだ東山道軍の本隊は、3月8日に武州熊谷宿に到着、3月9日に近くの梁田宿(現・足利市)で宿泊していた旧幕府歩兵隊の脱走部隊(衝鋒隊)に奇襲をかけ、これを撃破した。
- The main forces of the Tosando-gun army advancing along the Tosando arrived at Yanada-juku (currently Ashikaga City) on March 31, and made a surprise attack on a unit (the shohotai) consisting of deserters from the former Shogunate Infantry, and defeated it on April 1.
- 1870年に「藩制」が制定されて藩組織の全国的な統一が強制されるなど、中央政府による各藩に対する統制が強められる一方、多くの藩で財政の逼迫が深刻化し、廃藩を申し出る藩が相次いだ。
- Control of han by the central government was tightened as evidenced by the 'fief system' established in 1870 to force a nation-wide unification of han organizations, and at the same time, since the financial condition of domain administration was worsened, domain governments who requested abolition of 'han' appeared one after another.
- 一方越前では、下間頼照ら本願寺から派遣された坊官らが重税を課した事などにより、越前で一揆をおこした民衆との関係は悪化し、坊官の専横に反発し一揆が起こるという一揆内一揆まで起きた。
- Meanwhile in Echizen, Raisho SHIMOTSUMA and other priests dispatched from Hongan-ji Temple imposed a heavy tax and worsened a relationship with the citizens that had participated in the Ikki, resulting in 'ikki inside ikki,' where another Ikki broke out against the priests' tyranny.
- 反面、優れた曲で作者不明のものについてはほとんど全てを世阿弥の作とする一方、観阿弥・元雅といった重要な作者が掲載されていないなど、同時代以外の曲については不正確な記述も少なくない。
- On the other hand, although outstanding songs whose playwrights are unknown are almost all attributed to Zeami, the major writers Kanami and Motomasa are not included; as such, there are many incorrect descriptions relating to the songs other than those from the same period.
- 一方、城内では水攻めという奇想天外な戦法に動揺し、物資の補給路を断たれて兵糧米が少なくなったことと、小早川隆景、吉川元春ら毛利氏の援軍が来ないことも相まって兵の士気は低下していた。
- At the same time, as the unpredictable inundation tactics stirred the castle, the declining provisions of rice for the army by losing their supply lines, and the fact of not having support troops from the Mori clan including Takakage KOBAYAKAWA and Motoharu KIKKAWA combined to wear down the morale of the troops.
- 一方で鎌倉中期から橘氏の支配を離れた出羽男鹿半島が北条氏の所領となり、安東氏がその地頭代となったのではないかとする説もあり、宗家とは別の安東一族の海を通じた広がりが推定されている。
- On the other hand, there is an assumption that as the Oga Peninsula of Dewa Province became the Hojo clan's territory after the Tachibana clan lost its control over the peninsula in the mid-Kamakura period, the Ando clan took the position of jitodai (provisional jito) of the territory, and supposes the existence of a branch Ando family, other than the head family, which had an extensive influence over the marine area.
- しかしその一方で戦国期に復興した天皇の権威は、鎌倉幕府を模範とした独立型の幕府としたはずなのに、世の中の安定と共に大日本史の編纂を契機にして江戸幕府の朝廷からの委任論が大きくなる。
- On the other hand, authorities of the Emperor, which were restored in the Sengoku period, once turned into an independent-type bakufu which was modeled on the Kamakura bakufu; however, along with the stability of lives and editing of the Great Japanese History, the delegation from the Imperial Court of the Edo bakufu became larger.
- 一方、吉宗の侍医として仕えていた荻生は「大明律例訳義」が原文を載せていないことに批判的で1723年(享保8年)に明律原文に校訂・句読を施した「官准刊行明律(訓点本明律)」を著した。
- Meanwhile, Ogyu who served as the court physician for Yoshimune, was critical of the fact that 'Daiminritsureiyakugi' did not contain the original text, and in 1723, authored 'Kanjunkankominritsu' (kuntenbonminritsu), which added revisions and punctuation to the original Ming code.
- 一方、研究設備や研究成果、教授陣が充実している大学や、関西文化学術研究都市や神戸医療産業都市構想を初めとした産学官連携研究施設が集積しており、経済面の環境が縮小している訳ではない。
- On the other hand, universities with excellent research equipment, research achievements and professors, and research facilities based on industry-academia-government collaboration, including the Kansai Science City and the Kobe Medical Industry Development Project, are concentrated in the area, and it is not the case that the economical environment would decrease their size.
- また、政務の交替とともに朝廷の高官・要職が一斉に入れ換えられ、一方の皇統の治天が下した訴訟の判決が他方の皇統の治天によって安易に覆されるなどの混乱も生じ、朝廷の権威の低下を招いた。
- Since the high officials and important positions were all changed when the heads were changed, confusion such as the judgment of a court cases during a Chiten in one line being easily upturned by the other line's Chiten occurred and this led to a decline in the Imperial Court's authority.
- そのため吉宗は、倹約令で消費を抑える一方、新田開発による米増産、定免法採用による収入の安定、上米令、堂島米会所の公認など、米に関する改革を多く行ったため、「米将軍」の異名を取った。
- Therefore, while controlling people's consumption with sumptuary decrees, Yoshimune implemented many rice-related reforms, such as development of new rice fields for increasing the rice harvest, adoption of 'Jomen ho' (the taxation system whose rate was determined by calculating the average rice harvest over the past 5, 10, or 20 years) for stabilizing the income of the Edo bakufu, issuance of 'Agemai-rei' (the decree ordering 'daimyo' to pay 100 koku rice for every 10 thousand koku it had), and permission for Dojima Rice Exchange, so Yoshimune was given a nickname of 'Rice Shogun.'
- 勅使に屈した幕府をさらに追い込むべく三条実美・姉小路公知ら尊王攘夷派の過激公卿が、長州藩などの勢力を背景に将軍に上洛を命ずる一方、攘夷の勅命を請願するなど、朝政を壟断しつつあった。
- During this period, radical court nobles who advocated Sonno Joi ha such as Sanemi SANJO and Kintomo ANENOKOJI acted as if they were leaders of the country, using the influence of the Choshu clan to further press a government which had already yielded to the imperial messenger, and ordered the shogun to go to Kyoto, while they petitioned the emperor to grant an imperial order to expel foreigners.
- 一方、幕府創設以来の御家人達にとって、一段身分が低く、あくまでも北条家の家臣に過ぎない内管領・御内人が権勢を振るう事への反発は強く、それら外様御家人層の多くが泰盛方に加わっていた。
- On the other hand, Gokenins since the foundation of Kamakura bakufu were offended by Uchi-Kanrei and Miuchibito since Uchi-kanreia holding the reins of power despite they were of lower ranks than Gokenin and, as a result, most of tozama gokenin (nonhereditary lower-ranking vassal in the Kamakura period) joined Yasumori's party.
- 中大兄皇子は筑前や対馬島など各地に水城を築き、防人や烽を設置し、大津宮に遷都する一方、部曲を復活させて豪族との融和を図るなど国土防衛を中心とした国内制度の整備に力を注ぐことになる。
- Naka no Oe no Oji contributed his energy to improvement of domestic systems centered around protection of the country by building Mizuki (water fortresses) at various places such as Chikuzen, Tsushima Island, etc., placing Sakimori (soldiers deployed in Kyushu) and beacons, transferring the capital to Otsunomiya Palace and, on the other hand, getting reconciled with Gozoku by restoring Kakibe (privately owned people).
- 桂の新政策とその意欲の一方で、優詔政策の失敗など護憲運動への対応の迷走、政友会との決定的な対立、貴族院工作の失敗、山縣・寺内正毅ら陸軍内部からの不信が桂を追いつめていくことになる。
- Although Katsura implemented new policies in earnest, a series of blunders in his politics, such as the failure in his Imperial Edict Tactics and countermeasures against the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitution, fierce conflict with the Seiyukai, failure in political maneuvering of the House of Peers, and a growing distrust of him among the people of the Japanese Army including Aritomo YAMAGATA and Masatake TERAUCHI, drove him into a corner.
- 一方、統教権側でも前述の新制をはじめとして鎌倉幕府の御成敗式目や寺社興行法、室町幕府の建武式目や五山に対する規制、戦国大名の分国法などに寺社の保護と統制に関する記述が記されている。
- Meanwhile, in terms of tokyo-ken, there were many statements to protect and regulate temples and shrines in the above-mentioned shinsei, such as Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai), Jisha kogyo ho (temples promotion law) issued by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), Kenmu Code and regulations on gozan (Zen temples highly ranked by the government) by the Muromachi bakufu and bunkokuho (the law individual daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) enforced in their own domain) by daimyo in the Sengoku period.
- 一方で15世紀後半以降、畠山氏の分裂と抗争が長期間続いたことが大きく響き、また複数の強力な寺社勢力の存在もあって、武家勢力の中から紀伊一国を支配する戦国大名が成長することはなかった。
- On the other hand, the split and conflicts among the Hatakeyama clan had lasted for a long time after the latter part of the 15th century, and there were some strong temple and shrine powers, so that any samurai powers could not grow up to Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) who controlled the whole Kii Province.
- しかし元章は各作者付の信頼度については深く検討せず、結果として誤りの多い資料を無批判に採り入れる一方、逆に『申楽談儀』『五音』など根本資料と言える世阿弥の著書も見ていなかったらしい。
- However, Motoakira did not place great emphasis on the reliability of the sakushazuke, on which he based his work and as such, not only did he unquestioningly adopted sources containing numerous mistakes but it also appears as though he did not refer to fundamental sources such as 'Sarugaku Dangi' an 'Go On.'
- 一方、作人や小百姓は一色田や散田など年貢の一部のみの納入で許されたが、1年ごとの更新制が普通で百姓名主や在家住人よりも土地その他に対する権利保障が無く、職が与えられることも無かった。
- Those who belonged to the latter group, such as sakunin and kobyakusho, on the other hand, were given much less rights and security over the land they worked in comparison to hyakusho-myoshu and zaike-junin, as they were usually given a one-year contract and never had a possibility to attain a managerial post, in exchange for the partial payment of nengu for fields such as isshikiden and sanden.
- 京阪神大都市圏は、人口が1864万3915人(2000年国勢調査)を抱え、三大都市圏あるいは七大都市圏の1つとされる一方、世界で十指に入る大都市圏でもある(世界の都市圏人口の順位)。
- The population of Keihanshin Metropolitan Area is 18,643,915 (2000 census), and is considered one of Three Major Metropolitan Areas and one of Seven Greater Urban Areas as well as one of the top ten metropolitan areas in the world (as ranked by population).
- 一方特産品の藍染め品や藍染品などのさまざまな農産品を生産し、それらを扱う商いのまちとして栄えてきた福知山は、後継者不足などの問題によりそれらの産業は衰退しほぼ完全に消滅してしまった。
- On the other hand, while Fukuchiyama used to flourish in the production of specialty goods and various agricultural products such as indigo-dyeing, such industries have declined over time due to a shortage of successors and have disappeared almost completely.
- その一方で、鎌倉時代には地頭による侵食を受け、室町時代には守護(守護大名)によって蚕食されるなど、武士の進出に伴って次第に解体への道を進み、戦国時代 (日本)頃までにほぼ形骸化した。
- The system, however, was encroached on by Jito (lords of the manors) in the Kamakura period and by Shugo Daimyos (provincial constables) in the Muromachi period, and thus gradually dismantled in accordance with the rise of samurais and almost became a mere formality by the time of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan).
- 同一方角に長期間在する神(大将軍・金神・王相)については、遊行の最初の日に1回方違えしただけでは有効とは言えないとして、その期間中、以下のような規則で何度も方違えをする必要があった。
- As for the practice of Katatagae for the Hoi-jin Gods who presided over one direction for a long period (such as Daishogun, Kon-jin God, O and So Gods), it was considered to be ineffective to avoid the taboo if people practiced only one Katatagae on the first day when the Hoi-jin gods moved from one direction to another, so that during that period, they needed to practice Katatagae several times according to the following rules.
- 一方、皇族(大王 (ヤマト王権)の一族)を中心とする支配体制を強化し、血縁や勢力にとらわれない人材登用を進めるため、官位(冠位)の制度(官職と位階を関連づける制度)も取り入れられる。
- The official rank (cap rank) system (the system where a government post was associated with a court rank) was also adopted in order to consolidate the government headed by the imperial families (a clan of okimi [Yamato Dynasty]) and to appoint talented people into government service free from blood relations and influence.
- 一方、栃木県議会は1890年に足尾銅山の調査を求める議決を行っていたが、鉱毒被害地と足尾銅山双方の地元であるという事情から議会が紛糾し、1896年には鉱毒に関する議決は行わなかった。
- Tochigi Prefectural Assembly had already decide to demand the research in Ashio copper mine in 1890, however, because Tochigi was not only the damaged area but also the base of the company possessing Ashio copper mine, the issue became complicated in the assembly, and in 1896 they did not decided anything concerning the mining pollution.
- 昭和14年(1939年)に定められた宗教団体法(法律77号)は、戦時体制強化のための宗教統制のための法規であったが、その一方で寺院に初めて法人格を認めたという意味では画期的であった。
- While the Religious Organization Law (Law No.77) enacted in 1939 was a law which aimed at controlling religions in order to strengthen the war regime, it was also a milestone in that the law recognized the corporate status of temples for the first time.
- だが、皇朝十二銭の廃絶などで貨幣流通が衰退する一方で代納品による租税の物納やそれに伴う交易による中央への上供品の購入が一般化すると、交換の価値基準としての估価が求められるようになった。
- However, with the elimination of Kocho-Junisen (twelve coins casted in Japan), circulation of currency fell, and on the other hand, with the wide-spread use of in-kind tax payments and purchasing goods from the trade related to the in-kind tax payments to deliver to the central government, koka was called for as the standards for prices.
- その一方で半済令を盾に所領を占拠してその年貢収入の全てを握っていた武家に対してもその半分の支配権が公に認められた代わりに残り半分に相当する年貢を必ず本所に供出する義務を負う事となった。
- Samurai families who had occupied territories and monopolized income from nengu, on the other hand, were obliged to contribute half of their income to the honjo without question in exchange for official approval of their supremacy over the remaining half of their territories.
- 西国大名を接待に動員することで大名の勢力削減をおこない、一方で幕府の権威を示し、かつ大坂・江戸間の行列を圧縮することにより幕府の経費を節減できるという一石三鳥の効果を狙ったものである。
- This plan was aimed at producing the following three effects at the same time: Reducing the power of the lords in the west part of Japan through mobilizing them to attend to Tsushinshi, exhibiting the prestige of the bakufu, and reducing the cost burdened by the bakufu through canceling the procession between Osaka and Edo.
- この時、住友家総理人広瀬宰平と大阪本店支配人伊庭貞剛は、友親の妻・登久に14代目吉左衛門を襲名させる一方、友忠の妹・満寿の婿養子として清華家の徳大寺隆麿を迎え、住友家の命脈をつないだ。
- At that time the sorinin of the Sumitomo Family, Saihei HIROSE, and the manager of the Osaka main office, Teigo IBA, decided that Tomochika's wife Toku would succeed to the name of the fourteenth-generation Kichizaemon on one hand and that Takamaro TOKUDAIJI, from the Seiga Family, would be adopted as son-in-law to marry Tomotada's younger sister Masu, whereby the bloodline of the Sumitomo Family could be successfully maintained.
- 一方で第56代清和天皇から派生した清和源氏、特に武家棟梁と呼ばれる畿内の河内国を本拠地とした河内源氏の一族は特権階級(平氏や藤原氏等)の増長を制し、着々と東国にその基盤を広げて行った。
- Meanwhile, the Seiwa-Genji branch of the Minamoto clan (who were descended from Emperor Seiwa, the fifty-sixth emperor) and particularly the Kawachi-Genji branch of the Minamoto clan (which was known as the head of the samurai families based in Kawachi Province, which was located in the Kinai region) prevented the privileged classes (clans such as the Taira and Fujiwara) from assuming power and steadily extended the power base of the Minamoto clan throughout the Togoku.
- 一方、宮方に味方した肥後国の菊池武敏をはじめ、筑前国の秋月種道、肥後国の阿蘇惟直、筑後国の蒲池武久、星野家能など、九州の諸豪族の大半は宮方に味方し、その軍勢は2万騎以上まで膨れ上がる。
- On the other hand, a large number of powerful clans in Kyushu, including Taketoshi KIKUCHI, of Higo Province who had been on the Imperial side, Tanemichi AKIZUKI of Chikuzen Province, Korenao ASO of Higo Province, Takehisa KAMACHI and Ieyoshi HOSHINO of Chikugo Province, all sided with the Imperial side, resulting in a force of over 20,000 cavalry.
- 公開協定では日露間及び両国と清国の間に結ばれた条約を尊重することと、清国の独立、門戸開放、機会均等の実現を掲げる一方で、秘密協定では日本の南満州、ロシアの北満州での利益範囲を協定した。
- While they stated in its public agreement that they would respect treaties between Japan and the Russian Empire as well as those between the both countries and Qing, together with the realization of the independence of Qing, open-door policy, equal opportunity, and the like, they agreed upon respective range of Japanese interests in the south Manchuria and Russian interests in the north Manchuria in its confidential agreement.
- この日は儀式の最中に大雨となり、貴族の中には途中で帰ってしまった者が多くいたが、一方民衆は、大仏の縁にすがろうと、開眼の筆に結び付けられていた七町ものながいながい「善の綱」に群がった。
- Since it started raining heavily on this day, many of the nobles went home in the middle of the ceremony while the common people flocked to the very long 'strings of good' seven-cho (approximately 763.63m) in length, which were tied to the ceremony brush, in order to form a relationship with the Great Buddha.
- 一方、581年に建国された隋は中国大陸を統一し楊堅・煬帝の治世に4度の大規模な高句麗遠征を行ったもののいずれも失敗し、これが有力な原因となって弱体化、618年に煬帝が殺害されて滅んだ。
- On the other hand, the Sui Dynasty, which was founded in 581, unified mainland China, but their failure to achieve any results even after conducting four large scale expeditions to Kyoguryo during the reign of Yo Ken (Yang Jian) and Yo-dai (Emperor Yang) served as a major cause of its decline and finally its demise when Yo-dai was assassinated in 618.
- 一方三条実美ら長州過激派の公家は文久3年8月18日の政変以来、京から追放されたままであり、岩倉ら少数の倒幕派公家は家柄が低かったため影響力はあっても朝廷内の主導権を握れてはいなかった。
- Meanwhile, court nobles belonging to the radical party for Choshu including Sanetomi SANJO had been expelled from Kyoto after a coup on September 30, 1863, and few court nobles of tobakuha such as Iwakura had not been able to hold initiative in the Imperial Court due to their humble family lineage, although they were influential.
- 特に定頼の子・六角義賢からは大攻勢をかけられる一方で、六角家臣の娘を久政の嫡男・浅井長政に娶らされただけでなく、新九郎の名乗りも「賢政」にさせられるなど、徐々に六角氏に臣従化されていく。
- Especially, while the Azai clan received fierce attacks from Sadayori's son, Yoshikata ROKKAKU, Hisamasa's first legitimate son, Nagamasa AZAI, was not only forced to take the daughter of a Rokkaku's vassal to wife, but he, whose name was Shinkuro, was also obliged to change his nanori (the name one refers to himself as when reaching adulthood, in his case, 'Nagamasa') to 'Katamasa'; the Azai clan was gradually cast down to a position of the Rokkaku clan's retainer.
- 江戸幕府は戦国時代_(日本)の戦乱で衰退した朝廷に対しては、禁中並公家諸法度などで統制する一方、朝廷自体の衰亡は征夷大将軍があくまでも朝廷に任命されている以上、望ましい状況ではなかった。
- Although the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) controlled the Imperial Court, which had been weakened in the domestic wars, by means of the Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto, a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and the Kyoto nobles, a weak Imperial Court was not in the interests of the bakufu because it was the Imperial court which appointed the seii taishogun (great general who subdues the barbarians).
- 第二次世界大戦後、愛子内親王などの皇族の女子が誕生する一方で、秋篠宮文仁親王誕生以降は悠仁親王の誕生まで約40年もの間皇族の男子が誕生せず、皇位継承の権利を持つ皇族の男子が不足している。
- After World War II, the Imperial family had princesses such as Imperial Princess Aiko, but no prince was born for about 40 years since the birth of Imperial Prince Akishinonomiya Fumihito and now no one could have the right to succeed to the Imperial throne.
- その一方で、知藩事の家禄は藩の実収石高の十分の一と定められて藩財政から切り離され、藩の職制・禄制・兵制は中央政府が定めた規定に従うこととされており、藩の内情についても強く監督されていた。
- On the other hand, however, the Karoku (hereditary stipend) for the Chihanji was set to 10% of the gross yield of their domain, separated from the domain's finance, and the Chihanji had to follow the rules set by the central government about the systems of office organization, salary and military in their domains, leaving the internal affairs to be under scrutiny.
- その一方で1874年に大蔵省から分離した内務省 (日本)、1881年に内務省から分離した農商務省 (日本)に移管され、1885年に駅逓局そのものが新設の逓信省として独立することになった。
- On the other hand, Ekitei-Kyoku itself became independent as a newly established Teishin-Sho in 1885, after it had been moved to Naimu-Sho (prewar Ministry of Home Affairs), which had separated from Okura-Sho in 1874, and then to No-Shomu-Sho (Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce), which had separated from Naimu-Sho in 1881.
- 一方、鹿児島では、2月9日に県庁に自首してきた野村綱から、「大久保から鹿児島県内の偵察を依頼されてきた」という内容の自供を得て、西郷暗殺計画には大久保利通も関与していたと考えるに至った。
- On February 9, in Kagoshima, Tsuna NOMURA surrendered to the prefectural office and confessed that he was sent by OKUBO on reconnaissance in Kagoshima Prefecture; accordingly, it was concluded that Toshimichi OKUBO was engaged in the plan of assassinating SAIGO.
- 江戸時代には、外様の大藩を除き大名の領地替えがしばしば行われたが、表高は同じとされる一方で、内高で2倍の栄転もあれば、半減の左遷もあった(例、磐城平藩から日向延岡藩に左遷された内藤氏)。
- In the Edo period, daimyo (excluding taihan of tozama) often experienced transfers of the territories, and although omote-daka was supposed to be the same, transfer could be a promotion to the double amount of uchi-daka or a demotion to the half amount (for example, the Naito clan was demoted from the Iwakitaira Domain to the Nobeoka Domain of Hyuga Province).
- 政治制度の改革が進められる一方で、外交面では高向玄理を新羅へ派遣して人質を取る代わりに形骸化していた任那の調を廃止して朝鮮三国(高句麗、百済、新羅)との外交問題を整理して緊張を和らげた。
- While reforms of the political system were carried out, on the diplomatic front, TAKAMUKO no Kuromaro was sent to Silla and, in exchange for a hostage, the tax payment in kind by Minama, which had lost its substance, was abolished to straighten up diplomatic problems with three Korean countries (Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla) and ease the tension.
- 一方では唐の時代には既に経済規模に対して銅銭発行量が追いついていなかったといわれる中での更なる銅銭流出は、結果的には「銭荒」と呼ばれる銅銭不足の状態を恒常化させて中国経済を混乱に陥れた。
- Meanwhile, it is said that the mint output of copper coins was already behind the country's economic scale during the Tang Dynasty and under such circumstances the further outflow of copper coins plunged the Chinese economy into chaos by causing constant lack of copper coins called 'senko'.
- 一方、日本以外の国、特に西欧諸国においては、第二次世界大戦以前においても軍部大臣に文官を任用する例も多く、政治の軍事に対する優位を原則とするシビリアン・コントロールの理念が確立している。
- On the other hand, in many countries other than Japan especially in Western Europe, there were examples of civil officers who were appointed to the position of Military Minister even after the World War II, and the Civilian Control philosophy which claims the superiority of military affairs over politics was established.
- その後は三河国に進出し、弱体化した松平氏を従属させるなど西進政策が次々と実を結ぶ一方、三河に食指を伸ばす尾張国の織田氏と「安城合戦」「小豆坂の戦い」などを戦い、三河から織田氏を締め出した。
- Yoshimoto invaded Mikawa Province later to subordinate the weakening Matsudaira clan and carried out a westing policy successfully, he fought against the Oda clan in Owari Province who was eager to gain Mikawa in the 'Anjo War,' the 'Battle of Azuki-zaka' and so on, and excluded the Oda clan from Mikawa.
- 忠成王、尊忠と親子で同じ宮号を名乗ったことから、岩倉宮を最初の世襲宮家と見る意見がある一方、宮内庁の資料『皇室制度資料』では岩倉宮を宮家の一つとしてみることに対して慎重な見解を取っている。
- From the fact that both Prince Tadanari and Takatada, parent and son, announced the same reigning name, there is a view that Iwakuramiya was the first hereditary court noble, but on the other hand, the material in the Imperial Household Regency 'Koshitsueidoshiryo' takes a cautious view on looking at Iwakuramiya as one of the Miyake.
- 特に戦国時代に入ると、その動きはより顕著となり、庶家の中にも主家に忠実かつ従順な者もいる一方で、主家を圧倒する者や主家の家政を牛耳る者、主家を追放し下剋上を起こす者も登場するようになった。
- When the Sengoku Period started, this movement became more conspicuous, and some shoke were loyal and obedient to the employer's household while some shoke started to overwhelm the employer's household, control the domestic economy of the employer's household, and expel the employer's household and commit Gekokujo (supplanting of a lord by his retainer).
- 御成敗式目では国司や荘園本所、地頭などの支配下にある名主・百姓がその許可なくして鎌倉幕府に直接訴えを起こすことを禁じる従来通りの越訴の禁止を定める一方で、再審制度としての越訴が導入された。
- The Goseibai shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai) banned conventional osso in which nanushi (headmen of a village) or peasants ruled by a kokushi (provincial governor), a shoen honjo (lord of a manor), a jito (agent in charge of a lord's manor) and so on made a direct appeal to the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) without their master's permission, while an osso as a retrial regulation was introduced.
- しかし、現在の研究では双方共に被害を出していることが判明していることから、日本側もある程度まとまった兵力を投入できた局面などでは、一方的に圧倒されたわけではないケースもあったと考えられる。
- However, present studies have confirmed that both parties suffered damage, and therefore, there would have been cases in which Japan could employ a fairly large number of warriors and fought well.
- 一方鷹見安二郎(1940年)は明治初年の華族・士族人口や石高の統計などをもとに、諸藩の在府者と家族の人口を約36万人、幕府配下の武家と家族の人口を約26万人、合計約62万人と推定している。
- On the other hand, Yasujiro TAKAMI (1940) estimated the population of domain-retained samura and their dependents to be approximately 360,000, and the population of samurai and dependents administered by the Bakufu to be approximately 260,000 for a combined total of 620,000 based on an 1864 (meiji 1) census carried out over peerage and warrior classes.
- その一方で長期に渡る鎖国の反動からか文化・風土面においても世界的に類を見ない規模の欧化政策(脱亜入欧)を行い、現代に至るまでの日本人における白人コンプレックスの礎となったと考える者もいる。
- On the other hand, there is also an opinion that the Japanese government introduced a Europeanization policy (leave Asia, enter Europe) into its culture and its natural features on an such an unprecedented scale due to a backlash against its extended seclusionism, that it layed a foundation for the people of Japan to have an inferior complex to the Caucasian that remains even today.
- その一方で、新通貨制度では天保通宝一枚=8厘(寛永通宝一枚=1厘)と換算されたために、新時代に乗り遅れた人やそれに適応するだけの才覚の足りない人を揶揄して「天保銭」と呼ぶ事もあったという。
- On the other hand, as one Tenpo-tsuho coin was converted as eight rin (one Kanei-tsuho coin was one rin) in the new monetary system, it is said that people who were way behind the times or people who did not have ability to do so were sometimes cynically called 'Tenpo sen.'
- 1960年代半ばから映画の斜陽化が顕著になると、ヤクザ映画で観客動員を保つ一方で、1971年二代目社長に就任した岡田茂は、テレビに取り込まれない客層を狙い実録任侠ものやエログロものを量産。
- After the film industry experienced a marked decline from the middle of 1960s, Shigeru OKADA, who became the second president of Toei in 1971, tried to attract audiences with yakuza films and oversaw the production of jitsuroku-ninkyo films and films with sexual or violent content targeting people who didn't watch TV.
- 『日本書紀』には、百済などからの渡来人が製作したの記述がある一方、紀元前1世紀頃、垂仁天皇(垂仁3年)の時代に新羅王子アメノヒボコとその従者として須恵器の工人がやってきたとも記されている。
- In the Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), it is written that Sueki was made by toraijin (settlers) and in the meantime, it is also written that the Sueki craftsman visited Japan as a follower of the Prince of Silla Amenohiboko around the first century B.C. during the reign of Emperor Suinin.
- 以上のような背景から、天海の結界に始まる一連の五色不動伝説は近年作られたものと言われることもあるが、一方で江戸時代にも噂話(都市伝説)として史実とは別に語られていた可能性も指摘されている。
- In view of the above, it has been sometimes said that a succession of the Goshiki Fudo legends including a tale of Tenkai and kekkai were created in recent years; however, it has been also pointed out that such stories were told as gossip (urban legend) irrespective of historical facts during the Edo Period.
- だが、その一方で坂上氏・中原氏による家学化が進んで明法博士の世襲が行われるようになり、中には後世の学者から見ても法解釈の誤りが明らかである拙劣な勘文を残す明法博士が現れるなどの問題もあった。
- On the other hand, there were problems caused by hereditary transfers of doctors of Myoho developed by Sakanoue and Nakahara clans, by which some doctors of Myoho made bad Kanmon response papers with apparently wrong interpretations of law, which future scholars could find.
- その一方で頼朝は、源義広 (志田三郎先生)が上洛したこと、義仲が平氏追討をせず国政を混乱させていることを理由に、義仲に勧賞を与えたことを「太だ謂はれなし」と抗議した(『玉葉』10月9日条)。
- On the other hand, Yoritomo protested Yoshinaka's having been given praise and encouragement as 'totally irrational,' giving reasons that MINAMOTO no Yoshihiro (SHIDA Saburo Senjo) had gone to the capital and that Yoshinaka had disrupted the national administration, instead of searching for and killing the Taira clan ('Gyokuyo,' entry of November 2).
- この計画に対しては、予定地の東側では橋ができると街の活性化につながると賛成する意見がある一方で、西側の先斗町では橋ができて通り道になると街の風情が損なわれると反対する意見が多数を占めていた。
- People on the east side of the planned footbridge are in favor of the plan since the bridge may well energize the area; on the other hand, those in Ponto-cho on the west side are mostly opposed to it, thinking the planned footbridge would crowd the street and destroy the landscape of the town.
- 荘園の増大は摂関家などの有力貴族や彼らに保護された寺社などに莫大な収入をもたらす一方、国司等による税の徴収が不可能(すなわち公領の減少)となってしまうために国家財政に深刻な打撃を与えていた。
- An increase in the number of manors brought enormous income to powerful nobles such as sekkan-ke (regent family), as well as temples and shrines under their protection, but on the other hand, tax collection by kokushi (provincial governors) became impossible (in other words, imperial demesne decreased), causing serious harm to national finance.
- 一方、民党に対峙する吏党もこの方針には一概に反対ではなかったが、地租の削減よりも現実的な地租納期の端境期への変更(米価が高い時期に換金して納税すれば、結果的に農民の負担は軽くなる)を求めた。
- On the other hand, Rito (pro-government political parties) opposing Minto, did not generally disagreed with this principle and demanded to shift the land tax payday to the pre-harvest months (the burden on peasants would be reduced if rice is exchanged to cash while the rice price was high for paying tax), which was more feasible than reducing land tax.
- その一方、一般の御家人層では、異国警固番役や長門警固番役などの新たな負担を抱えるとともに、貨幣経済の普及に十分対応しきれず、分割相続による所領の細分化などもあり、急速に階層分化が進んでいった。
- On the other hand, common gokenin had to shoulder new burdens such as Ikokukeigobanyaku (military service imposed on gokenin in the Kyushu area by the bakufu in order to protect themselves against the invasion force of the Yuan dynasty) and Nagato keigoban (guards to protect Nagato Province against an invasion by a foreign country), which made it difficult for them to cope with the emerging monetary economy; moreover, their territories were broken up due to divided inheritance, so the social hierarchy rapidly diversified.
- これは神物・仏物であった所領を現在の所有者から没収して強制的に寺社に返還させる一方、僧侶・神官の相続が私物化の原因にあるとして僧侶・神官が職の体系を弟子や子弟に無条件に継承させることを禁じた。
- Those Jisha Kogyo forfeited the shoryo, which should have been the god's belongings or Buddha's belongings, from the current holder and forcefully returned the shoryo to the temples or the shrines; besides, based on the reasoning such that the privatization was caused by the inheritance of the positions of the Buddhist monks and shrine priests, the Jisha Kogyo prohibited the monks and priests to inherit the position to disciples and children at their own discretion.
- 一方、政友会内部では鉄道の新規着工を要求する予算を求める声が上がり、それを新しい逓信大臣であった原敬が必死に押止めていたが、そんな折に渡辺国武大蔵大臣が「公債に依存した事業の全停止」提案した。
- On the other hand, within the Seiyu Party, there was a growing claim for commencement of new railway construction and the new Minister of Communication Takashi HARA made a great effort to stop it, but Kunitake WATANABE, the Minister of Finance proposed 'Suspension of all projects depending on public bonds' at such time.
- 一方の信長も、美濃国の斎藤氏と交戦している経緯、そして関東の北条氏康や甲斐国の武田信玄に対する抑えへの対抗策から家康との同盟を考えており、家康の母方の伯父に当たる水野信元らに交渉を命じていた。
- The other party Nobunaga also had an idea of forming an alliance with Ieyasu for reasons of his being at war with the Saito clan of Mino Province and his need to have a countermeasure to keep movements of Ujiyasu HOJO of Kanto region and Shingen TAKEDA of Kai Province in check; therefore, Nobunaga himself already had ordered Nobumoto MIZUNO, who was Ieyasu's maternal uncle, and others.
- これに対して政府は同年12月26日に保安条例を制定して活動家の弾圧を始める一方、翌1888年2月には大隈重信を第1次伊藤内閣の外務大臣 (日本)として入閣させて立憲改進党を運動から離脱させた。
- Against this movement, the government enacted hoan jorei (regulations for the preservation of law and order) to oppress those activists on December 26 of the same year, whereas Shigenobu OKUMA was appointed to the First Ito Cabinet as a Minister of Foreign Affairs in February, 1888 (the following year) to separate the Constitutional Progressive Party from the movement.
- 一方、造幣博物館に展示保存されている万延二分金の金品位の標準となる手本金は「止め分」であるが、「六箇之三」と記されており、他のものの現存が確認されていないことから決め手にならないとされてきた。
- The example of standard karat of Manen nibukin in Mint Museum is 'tomebu', however it was engraved 'rokko no san' (the third of six) and the others are not existing, therefore it is not considered as the evidence.
- 一方で文永年間には京で延暦寺の僧と結び借上を営んでおり、文永8年(1271年)には幕府の禁制を犯し近江国堅田浦で仁和寺の年貢運上船を差し押さえ、醍醐寺領越中国石黒荘山田郷の雑掌から訴えられた。
- On the other hand, with the assistance of priests of Enryaku-ji Temple in Kyoto, he was running a money-lending business during Bunei Era; in 1271, he violated the Bakufu's kinzei (prohibition) by seizing ships of the Ninna-ji Temple to transport tribute at Katata-no-ura, Omi Province, and therefore was sued by zassho (a person in charge of miscellaneous tasks) of the territory of the Daigo-ji Temple in Yamadago Ishigurosho, Etchu Province
- 徳川幕府を代理する立場ではあるが、江戸を離れた京都にあって天皇の信任を得る一方、必ずしも江戸の幕閣の意向を代弁するわけではなく、相対的に独自の勢力を形成していたとする見方からこのように呼ばれる。
- Originally they were to represent the Tokugawa Shogunate, however, in Kyoto, far from Edo (present Tokyo, the hub of the Shogunate), they gained the Emperor's trust and didn't always speak for the Shogunate, but instead formed an original force of politics; for that reason recently there is a historian saying that they should be called the 'Ichikaiso Government.'
- 一方、イギリス公使ハリー・パークスは九州旅行中に大坂の打ちこわしの知らせを聞き、民衆の動きが攘夷派と結びついて第二の太平天国の乱になると、長崎奉行能勢頼之らに説いて清国からの外米輸入を提言した。
- Meanwhile, the then envoy from Britain, Harry Smith Parkes, who heard the news that destructive riots occurred in Osaka while he was traveling in the Kyushu region, anticipated that the public movement, if and when converged with Joi-ha (supporters of expulsion of the foreigners), would be the second Taiping Rebellion (the widespread civil war in China from 1850 to 1864), so he recommended Nagasaki bugyo (Nagasaki magistrate) Yoriyuki NOSE and others to import rice from Qing Dynasty of China.
- 忠邦はまた、阿片戦争における清の敗北により、従来の外国船に対する異国船打払令を改めて薪水給与令を発令して柔軟路線に転換する一方、江川英龍や高島秋帆に西洋流砲術を導入させて、近代軍備を整えさせた。
- In response to the defeat of Qing Dynasty in the Opium Wars, Tadakuni shifted his foreign policy to more flexible one by amending the conventional edict to repel foreign vessels to the law to provide water and fuel for foreign ships, while he ordered Hidetatsu EGAWA and Shuhan TAKASHIMA to introduce the western style gunnery and the modern military buildup.
- 一方政府は事件が広がったのは新聞が誇大に報道したためであるとし、8月7日に『高岡新報』を発禁処分にしたのをはじめ、8月14日には米騒動に関する一切の報道を禁じる記事差止命令を報道各社へ通達した。
- In contrast, the government insisted that the movements were spread since newspaper had reported them exaggeratedly, so they shut down 'Takaoka Shinpo' (newspaper) on August 7 and issued an injunction against articles about the rice riots to media organizations on August 14.
- 基本的には、朱墨の半印がされた文字と、筆記の漢数字(一方は朱:赤で記載)のある大きめの縦長(縦:82cm 横:36cm)の紙で、裏面には献上物、数、付帯貨物、正使以下の乗船者数などを記入したもの。
- Basically, the Kangofu was a long sheet of paper, large in size (82 cm long by 36 cm across), on which the matching seals with letters in red ink and handwritten Chinese kanji numbers (one of which was written in red ink) were printed, and on the other side of the document the type and number of articles for presentation, supplementary cargo, the number of passengers including the chief delegate were listed.
- また秀吉の222万石というのは多くの直臣に所領を分け与えた残りであり、一方の家康の250万石は直臣に分け与えた所領もあわせての数字であり、家康自身の蔵入地は約100万石であるので秀吉の方が大きい。
- While Hideyoshi, after having given some of his territory to his greatest vassal, directly owned 2,220,000 koku-land, Ieyasu's 2,500,000 koku-territory included the lands given to his vassal, and Ieyasu's directly-controlled land was one million koku-territory; therefore, Hideyoshi's territory was in fact much bigger than Ieyasu's.
- 一方で、法皇は義家の対抗馬を用意し、弟の源義綱を積極的に起用し、同7年(1093年)に出羽国で平師妙・平師季が叛乱を起こすと起用して鎮圧させ、義綱は師妙・師季の首を掲げ堂々行列して京都へ凱旋した。
- On the other hand, the Cloistered Emperor created a rival to Yoshiie by making active use of his brother, MINAMOTO no Yoshitsuna, to crush the insurrection led by TAIRA no Morotae and TAIRA no Morosue in Dewa Province in 1093; the outcome of this saw Yoshitsuna return to Kyoto in triumph, proudly parading the severed heads of Morotae and Morosue.
- これは、カリスマ的指導者である西郷に対抗して権威のある貴種を旗印として用いるためと、どちらか一方を総司令官にせずに、同じ中将の2人を副官に据えることで、陸軍と海軍の勢力争いを回避するためであった。
- This is because the government needed a person of noble birth with authority as their symbol to oppose the charismatic leader SAIGO and also had to avoid causing a power struggle between the Army and the Navy by appointing Lieutenant General and Vice Admiral to the seconds-in-command instead of appointing one of them to the supreme commander.
- 一方、律令的戸籍制度も次第に行われなくなり、 10世紀には、地方豪族で実力を蓄えた者は、有力な貴族の家人となり、その氏姓を侵すようにさえなり、いわゆる冒名仮蔭(ぼうめいかいん)の現象が一般化した。
- On the other hand, family registration system based on the ritsuryo system was gradually phased out; in the tenth century, people who became strong among powerful local clans became the retainers of the influential nobles and invaded clan names and hereditary titles; in essence, the phenomenon of so-called Bomei Kain (misrepresentation of one's clan name and hereditary title) became quite commonplace.
- 足利尊氏が後醍醐天皇の建武の新政を打倒し、持明院統の光明天皇より征夷大将軍の宣下を受け正式に幕府を開く一方、後醍醐天皇は京都を脱出して吉野に吉野朝廷を開き、北朝と南朝が両立する南北朝時代がはじまる。
- Takauji ASHIKAGA crushed Emperor Godaigo's Kenmu Restoration, and after being appointed Shogun by Emperor Kogon of the Jimyoin lineage, he formally established his bakufu; Emperor Godaigo, on the other hand, escaped from Kyoto and established a new imperial court at Yoshino, ushering in the Northern and Southern Courts period--the period during which both the Northern and Southern Courts existed simultaneously.
- しかし、1864年(元治元年)の下関戦争を契機として、列強各国は幕府へ同法令の撤回を強く迫り、一方幕府内部からも生糸の輸出に税金をかける形で抑制した方が幕府財政の改善にも繋がるとする意見も出された。
- However, prompted by the Shimonoseki War in 1864, powerful countries heavily pressed the Edo bakufu for the abolition of the law while there were opinions within the Edo bakufu that it would lead to improved financial affairs of the bakufu and be wiser to keep trading under control by imposing tax on exports of raw silk thread.
- 一方で、現役の貴族院議員の首相は伊藤博文を始め、松方正義、大隈重信、桂太郎、西園寺公望、高橋是清、清浦奎吾、加藤高明、若槻禮次郎、近衛文麿、東久邇宮稔彦王、幣原喜重郎、吉田茂などかなりの数に上った。
- On the other hand, serving Kizokuin councilors who became the Prime Ministers were Hirobumi ITO, Masayoshi MATSUKATA, Shigenobu OKUMA, Taro KATSURA, Kinmochi SAIONJI, Kirekiyo TAKAHASHI, Keigo KIYOURA, Takaaki KATO, Reijiro WAKATSUKI, Fumimaro KONOE, Prince Higashikuninomiya Naruhiko, Kijuro SHIDEHARA, Shigeru YOSHIDA and more.
- これにより、江戸幕府の財政難に拍車がかかったことは否めないが一方で、同時期に出された服忌令、捨子禁止令からも見られるように、道徳観を民衆に扶植することで、文治政治を強化する狙いがあったともいえよう。
- It cannot be denied that this law accelerated financial difficulties of the Edo bakufu, but it was designed to strengthen bunchi seiji by establishing a sense of morality among the common people, as seen in the law of mourning or the prohibition of abandonment of children issued around the same time.
- 22歳から23歳のころ京都大原に隠棲して念仏三昧の一方で、来迎院 (京都市左京区)・浄蓮華院を創建し(寂光院も良忍による創建説がある)、また分裂していた天台声明の統一をはかり、大原声明を完成させた。
- When he was 22 or 23 years old, he entered a secluded life at Ohara in Kyoto and devoted to praying to Buddha but in the meantime, he founded Raigoin Temple (Sakyo-ku Ward, Kyoto City) and Jorengein Temple (some assert that Jakkoin Temple was also founded by Ryonin) and completed Ohara Shomyo (Buddhist liturgical chant) by unifying the divided Tendai Shomyo.
- 一方の沼田家でも、大内氏と尼子氏の影響下で活動しているが、1539年(天文8年)には、尼子方に内通しようと画策し、逆に大内氏によって居城の高山城 (安芸国)を占拠され、城番を置かれるという事態に陥る。
- On the other hand, the Nuta family were living under the influence of the Ouchi and Amago clans but when they were planning to hold secret communication with the Amago clan, their residence of the Takayama-jo Castle (Aki Province) ended up with being occupied by the Ouchi clan and a guard was placed over them.
- 一方で、北部(福知山市、舞鶴市、宮津市など)は北近畿とも呼ばれ、旧但馬国(現在の兵庫県北部)や旧若狭国(現在の福井県嶺南地方)との交流が深く、京都市との交流は旧但馬国や嶺南(旧若狭国)に比べると浅い。
- On the other hand, the northern area (including Fukuchiyama City, Maizuru City and Miyazu City), which is sometimes called the Kita Kinki region, is closely related to former Tajima Province (the present northern area of Hyogo Prefecture) and former Wakasa Province (the present Reinan area of Fukui Prefecture), but is not so closely related to Kyoto City, compared with the areas of the two former provinces described above.
- 親王ながら、皇位を望めない場合や、諸王にあって親王宣下を望めない皇族が自ら降下を求める場合と、朝廷から一方的に降下させる場合とがあり皇別氏族を取り巻く状況は朝廷の財政事情と常に連動する要素が強かった。
- There were cases in which even princes did not want to become emperor, in which the imperial families who had no chance to be a prince or princess asked him themselves to allow them to become his subject or in which the Imperial court asked them unilaterally to be his subject, thus the environment surrounding the clans separated from the Imperial household were always linked with the financial situation of the Imperial court.
- 一方、公家の乱脈ぶりを憂慮した幕府は、公家統制の重要性を悟り、慶長18年(1613年)の「公家衆法度」の制定を招き、さらに慶長20年(1615年)の「禁中並公家諸法度」制定につながっていくこととなる。
- Meanwhile the Bakufu, worried by the lax morals of court nobles, realized the importance of controlling them more strictly, resulting in the institution of Kugeshu hatto (the regulatory law for court nobles) in 1613 and further leading to that of Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto (the regulatory laws for the Emperor and court nobles) in 1615.
- 合戦が行われた時間については『吾妻鏡』は午の刻(12時ごろ)に終わった記しており、一方、関白九条兼実の日記である『玉葉』には午の刻(12時ごろ)に始まり、申の刻(16時ごろ)に終わったと記されている。
- Regarding the time the battle is thought to have taken place, the 'Azuma kagami' has it as ending by the hour of the Horse (around noon), while the 'Gyokuyo,' the diary of the Kampaku (Chief Advisor) Kanemitsu KUJO, records it as beginning at noon and ending by the hour of the Monkey (around 4 PM).
- まず、原石(母岩石材)を輪切り状に大きく荒割りして打面を準備し、石核の素材をつくり出したのちに調整加工を加えて石核を作り、これを連続的に同一方向から加撃してほぼ同じ大きさの縦長剥片を打ちはがしていく。
- First, a raw stone (base rock material) is cracked roughly into round slices to prepare the preform for the lithic core, after which the raw material is processed to form a lithic core, which is then struck consistently from the same direction to remove all same-sized vertical lithic flakes from the core.
- しかしその一方で、官選である郡長・区長が戸長の上に位置し、また郡長・区長が同じく官選である府県知事の指揮下に置かれ、その府県知事を内務省 (日本)が指揮することで、中央集権の体制維持も図ったのである。
- Meanwhile, it aimed to maintain the centralized government system by placing the Guncho and Kucho, who were appointed by the government, in a higher position than the Kocho, while putting them under the control of the Prefecture governor, who was appointed likewise and directed by the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs.
- 一方、資本主義の急速な発展と成長は日本の一般市民に政治的・市民的自由を自覚させ、様々な課題を掲げた自主集団が設立され自由と権利の獲得、抑圧からの解放に対して声高に叫ばれる時代背景ができ上がっていった。
- Simultaneously, Japan's rapid development of capitalism and economic growth raised political and civic awareness in the general public and resulted in the formation of various voluntary groups to address a variety of issues and cultivation of a social climate that encouraged action to win freedom and human rights and to liberate people from suppression.
- 儒教、とりわけ朱子学を重んじる政策をとった江戸幕府も、その一方で、寺領を安堵し、伽藍の整備をも推進していたが、それと同時に僧侶の統制をはかる目的から、各宗の僧に対して設けられたのが、寺院諸法度である。
- While the Edo bakufu (the Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) adopted a policy to respect Confucianism, particularly Neo-Confucianism, it promulgated the Jiin Sho-Hatto for Buddhist priests belonging to each sect with the aim of controlling those priests, as well as approving the ownership of temple estates and promoting the maintenance of Buddhist temples.
- 室町幕府は主に御料所などからの収入で財政を維持してきたが、全国的な内乱のために年貢輸送が途絶えたり、あるいは南朝_(日本)軍に占領されたり、自軍への恩賞に回されたりしてその範囲は小さくなる一方であった。
- The Muromachi bakufu managed to finance its budgets by the income from goryosho (the Imperial or shogunate's estate), whose areas were dwindling because the transportation of nengu (land tax such as rice) was disturbed by civil wars across the country, and some goryosho were occupied by the Southern Court's army which were used to reward their soldiers.
- 一方、西国では承平 (日本)年間(930年代)に瀬戸内海で海賊行為が頻発し(「承平南海賊」)、936年(承平6)、追捕南海道使に任命された紀淑人とその配下の藤原純友らによる説得が功を奏し、海賊が投降した。
- On the other hand, piracy occurred frequently in the Seto Inland Sea in the Johei era (in Japan) (in the 980s) ('Joheinankaizoku' [literally, pirates in the southern area in the Johei era]), and in 936, KI no Yoshito, who was appointed Tsuibu Nankai Doshi (the officer to capture criminals in the southern area), and FUJIWARA no Sumitomo, his subordinate, succeeded in convincing the pirates to submit themselves to surrender.
- 一方において任官制度にも変化が生じ、「道挙」と呼ばれる在学中の学生が教官の推薦によって無試験で判官・主典級官職に任官される制度(紀伝道では9世紀中期、紀伝道・明法道・算道では9世紀末期以後)が導入された。
- Meanwhile, there was a change in the government official appointment system; the system called 'Dokyo' was introduced (in the mid-ninth century for the Kidendo department and after the late ninth century for the Kidendo, Myobodo [study of Codes], and Sando [study of mathematics] departments), whereby Daigaku-ryo students, by the recommendation of professors, were appointed as government officials of the jo (inspector [third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period]) and sakan (secretary) ranks without examination.
- 室町時代にも荘園は存続したが、中央貴族・寺社・武士・在地領主などの権利・義務が重層的かつ複雑にからむ状況が生まれる一方、自立的に発生した村落=惣村による自治が出現し、荘園は緩やかに解体への道を歩み始めた。
- Also during the Muromachi period shoens continued, but while the rights and duties of central aristocrats, temples and shrines, samurais, local lords and so on began to be complicated in a multi-layered way, the autonomous control by the independently emerging village = soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) started and shoens began to disappear slowly.
- その一方で妃の存在は、外戚としての政治参加を期待する藤原氏のような貴族にとっては障害となる制度であり、実際に藤原基経の娘藤原穏子の醍醐天皇への入内が為子内親王が妃であることを理由に阻まれたと言われている。
- On the other hand, the presence of Hi was an obstacle to nobles like Fujiwara clan who were expecting to participate in politics as a maternal relative, and actually a daughter of FUJIWARA no Mototsune, FUJIWARA no Onshi was blocked to enter into the court because the Imperial Princess Ishi was Hi.
- 折りしも、覚慶が興福寺を脱出して越前に逃れたことが発覚したため、三人衆が守護である久秀の責任を追及し、一方の久秀も三好氏当主である義継が三人衆と対立するとこれを煽り、逆に三人衆討伐を計画するようになった。
- As the escape of Kakukei from Kofuku-ji Temple to Echizen became known, the three men blamed Governor Hisahide's for his oversight, while Hisahide, agitating Yoshitsugu, incumbent head of the Miyoshi clan, who had come to oppose the three men, on his part planned to subjugate the three men.
- 欧米諸国とは条約を基礎とした関係(外交を担う役所総理衙門の設置や公使の相互派遣)を結ぶ一方で、清朝は朝鮮やベトナム、琉球といった周辺のアジア諸国とは旧来の華夷秩序を温存し、それを恒久的に維持しようとした。
- The Qing dynasty built relationships based on treaties between European countries and American; on the other hand, the Qing dynasty maintained relationships based on Kaichitsujo with Asian countries around China such as Korea, Vietnam and Ryukyu and tried to keep the relations on a permanent basis.
- 白河法皇は義家の武力を身辺警固に大いに活用する一方で、前陸奥国受領のまま昇進はさせず、あまつさえ寛治5年(1091年)には諸国の百姓に義家への田畑の寄進の禁止を命じる宣旨を出し、その力を抑え込もうとした。
- While the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa was utilizing Yoshiie's military power to guard himself, he did not allow the promotion of Yoshiie from zuryo (provincial governor) of Mutsu Province, and moreover he tried to suppress the power of Yoshiie by issuing the senji (imperial decree) prohibiting peasants in various districts from donating the fields to Yoshiie in 1091.
- 一方、同じ大元朝時代にパスパ文字と漢字音を対応させた朱宗文 撰の韻書『蒙古字韻』(1308年)によると、「日」は ži の入声、「本」は bun の上声、「国」は guų の入声にそれぞれ分類されている。
- Meanwhile, 'the Menggu-Ziyun (蒙古字韻, Mongolian Letters arranged by Rhyme)' edited by Zhu Zongwen (朱宗文) in late Great Yuan Dynasty (in 1308), which was a rhyming dictionary of Chinese ideographs arranged according to phonetic syllables written in the Phags-pa script, categorized '日' as the entering tone of ži, and '本' as the rising tone of bun, and '国' as entering tone of guų respectively.
- 一方このときの福知山藩の財政状態は朽木家二代目朽木稙元を始めとして苦しいもので、その建て直しをはかってたびたび財政改革を行おうとするものの、たびたび百姓による強訴が起きるなど失敗に終わってしまうのであった。
- On the other hand, the financial situation of the Fukuchiyama clan at the time was dire ever since the rule of the second domain head of Tanemoto KUTSUKI in the Kutsuki family, and while the domain head repeatedly carried out fiscal reforms in order to improve the situation, these reforms resulted in failure due to frequent riots by farmers.
- 一方、九州説で用いられる「放射説」(放射読み)は、伊都国までは連続読みと同じだが、その先は伊都国から奴国、伊都国から不弥国、伊都国から投馬国、伊都国から邪馬台国というふうに、伊都国を起点にする読み方である。
- On the other hand, although 'the radial journey theory' (reading the journey radially), which is used in the Kyushu theory, takes the same route as the contiguous reading until the state of Ito, after that it takes Ito as the starting point, such as Ito to Na, Ito to Fumi, Ito to Toma, and Ito to Yamatai.
- 一方、北に目を転じれば、北海道函館市中野B遺跡からは縄文早期中頃の500棟以上の竪穴住居跡、多数の竪穴住居跡、土壙墓、陥し穴、多数の土器、石皿、磨石、敲石、石錘などが出土し、その数は40万点にも上っている。
- Meanwhile in the north, at the Nakano B remains from the middle of earlier Jomon period in Hakodate City, Hokkaido Prefecture, the remain of tateanajukyogun with over 500 dwellings, many remains of tateanajukyogun, hole-shaped graves, pitfalls, many pieces of earthenware, stone dishes, mill stones, hammer stones, stone sinkers were excavated; the total number of items reached over 400,000.
- 一方、二朱銀については一分銀の半分の額面にもかかわらず、約4/3倍の含有銀量であり、出目獲得を目的とした悪貨の発行に慣れた幕府にとって良貨は多量に発行できるものでなかったため、貿易取引に限定するものとした。
- Meanwhile, as Nishu gin silver coins contained about four thirds of silver in spite that its face value was half of ichibu-gin silver, the bakufu decided to limit the use of those coins to international trade because it could not emit a large quantity of good money, accustomed to emitting bad money for the purpose of acquiring marginal gain.
- 江戸時代の本末制度に代わる教団独自の宗制・寺法などを定め、本願寺を頂点とする真宗教団の引き締めを行う一方、いち早く側近や有望な若手僧侶らを海外留学させて、西洋文明に対抗しうる宗教教団のありかたを切り開いた。
- While he determined the own systems of sect and rules for temples which replaced the Honmatsu seido (the system of head and branch temples) in the Edo period, and sought to strengthen control of the religious community of the Shin Sect headed by the Hongan-ji Temple, he made his aides and young priests study abroad and developed a new religious community policy which could oppose the Western civilization.
- その一方で、オオクチバスやブルーギルをはじめとする外来種の侵入や1992年の琵琶湖水位操作規則の改訂、内湖の消失、水田とのネットワークの分断等によって固有の生物相が大きく攪乱を受け、漁獲高が激減した種も多い。
- On the other hand, the catches of many species have been significantly reduced by the disturbance of native species, caused by the invasion of introduced fish such as the largemouth bass and bluegill, the amendment of the Ordinance on Control of Water Level (琵琶湖水位操作規則の改訂) in 1992, the loss of lagoons and the disconnection of the lake from the network of paddy fields.
- 区南部は住宅地や文教地区になっている一方(岩倉地区などの北寄りの地域は市街化調整区域に指定されているため、高層建築物などの大規模開発が制限されている影響で、田畑も多く残る)、区北部は山間地で林業が盛んである。
- The southern part of the ward is mostly occupied by housing areas and school zones (however, in the northern area of the part, such as Iwakura area, fields still remain because large-scale development, such as constructing a high-rise building, is restricted due to the designation as an urbanization-restricted area), and its northern part is mountainous and the forest industry flourishes there.
- 一方、長慶の傀儡として君臨していた将軍・足利義輝は長慶の死を好機と見て、かねてから親密な関係にあった上杉謙信・武田信玄・朝倉義景など諸大名に上洛を呼びかけ、幕府再興を目指して積極的な活動を行なうようになった。
- Meanwhile, the shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, who was playing a puppet of Nagayoshi, took advantage of Nagayoshi's death, asked Kenshin UESUGI, Shingen TAKEDA, Yoshikage ASAKURA and other daimyo who had been close to Yoshiteru to go to Kyoto, and began to aggressively act for the restoration of the bakufu.
- 一方、西村茂樹は国民が「半開」(文明と野蛮の中間)にあるから時期尚早というのは理由にできない、むしろ議院を設立することで民衆を「文明」へと導くべきと主張し、民撰議院を設立することに積極的な賛成を表明している。
- On the other hand, Shigeki NISHIMURA showed a strong approve of the establishment of democratic representatives, with insisting that the thought that it was too early because the people were in the stage of 'hankai' (middle of civilization and barbarity) was irrational and that they should be led to 'civilization' by the establishment of parliament.
- 一方、当時の日本に「元に勝ったのは、公家などの貴族たちが、勝利や平和についての歌を作って詠んだ、言霊の結果である」あるいは「僧侶や神官らの折伏(しゃくぶく)や祈祷による結果である」との認識が広く存在していた。
- Meanwhile, people in Japan then commonly believed, 'what brought us the victory over the Yuan Dynasty was the power of language in poems created by nobles for victory and peace' or 'it was shakubuku (to correct another's false views and awaken that person to the truth of Buddhism) and prayers performed by Buddhist and Shinto priests.'
- 日本側は従来の冊封体制的な交隣関係から、条約に基礎づけられた関係へと、日朝関係を変化させることを企図したのであるが、一方朝鮮側はこれまでどおり冊封関係にとどまり、その中で日本との関係を位置づけようとしていた。
- Japan attempted to change the style of the relationship with Korea from that of peace and amity based on the conventional tributary system to that based on a treaty, whereas Korea intended to maintain the conventional tributary system and establish a relationship with Japan under its framework.
- 最澄はさらに同じく入唐した空海に師事して、密教への理解を深める一方、六所宝塔院(比叡山寺(後の延暦寺)を中心とする)の造立計画を立て、弘仁5年(814年)には九州へ、同8年には東国へ赴くなど精力的に活動する。
- Furthermore, while Saicho studied under Kobo Daishi (Kukai) who visited the Tang dynasty likewise and deepened his understanding on Mikkyo (Esoteric Buddhism), he created the construction plan of Rikusho Toto-in Temple (centering on Hieizan-ji Temple (later, Enryaku-ji Temple)) and in 814 went to Kyushu and in 817 to Togoku and energetically maintained his activities.
- 一方の金剛頂経は7世紀末から8世紀始めにかけてインドで成立したもので、大日経が訳されたのと同じ頃に、インド出身の僧・金剛智(671年 - 741年)と弟子の不空(705年 -774年)によって漢訳されている。
- On the other hand, Kongocho-kyo Sutra is believed to have been established in India during the period from the end of 7th century to early 8th century and was translated into Kanji characters around the same time with the translation of Dainichi-kyo Sutra by Kongochi (671 - 741), a native Indian monk, along with his disciple Fuku (705 - 774).
- この過程で信西とその一族の台頭は目覚ましく、高階重仲の女を母とする俊憲・藤原貞憲は弁官として父と共に実務を担当する一方で、藤原朝子(後白河の乳母)を母とする藤原成憲・藤原脩憲はそれぞれ遠江・美濃の受領となった。
- During this process Shinzei and the his family (the Fujiwara) each rose to remarkable prominence; FUJIWARA no Toshinori and Sadanori (sons of Shinzei and their mother was the daughter of TAKASHINA no Shigenaka) worked as Controllers with their father at running the Records Office, while FUJIWARA no Shigenori and Naganori (sons of Shinzei and their mother was FUJIWARA no Asako, who was also known as Emperor Goshirakawa's wet nurse) were awarded control over Totomi and Mino Provinces, respectively.
- 冬の間、本州付近を支配していた大陸高気圧の張り出しや、移動性高気圧の通り道が北に偏り、一方で、その北方高気圧の張り出しの南縁辺に沿って、冷湿な北東気流が吹いたり、本州南岸沿いに前線が停滞し易くなるために生ずる。
- This phenomenon occurs because of the fact that a front tends to become stationary along the southern shore of Honshu as expansion of continental anticyclone which was dominant during winter in the vicinity of Honshu or the path of the migratory anticyclone leans to the north, and on the other hand, cold and wet northeast airstream flows along southern edge of the expansion of anticyclone from the north.
- 一方、師直は、武士たちが幕府に敵対したり南朝側についたりしないよう、十分な恩賞を与える必要を感じ、守護・地頭やその配下という形で公家や寺社の荘園を実際に管理している武家が土地支配者となるべきであると考えていた。
- On the other hand, Moronao felt it necessary to give sufficient reward to bushi to prevent them from confronting the bakufu or supporting the Southern Court, and thought that buke who had been the actual managers of the shoen of kuge, temples and shrines as shugo (constable) or jito (land steward) should become the landlord.
- 一方、贈賄側の日本製糖取締役は、瀆職法、文書偽造罪、委託金費消違反に問われ、東京地方裁判所第四部刑事部が担当で1909年(明治42年)12月6日に判決言い渡しがあり、磯村は重禁固4年、秋山が同3年6ヶ月の実刑。
- On the other hand, the board members of Nihon Seito, the bribery suspects, were charged with violating laws for crimes of corruption, counterfeiting of documents, and consumption of a trust fund (Fourth Criminal Affairs Department of the Tokyo District Court was in charge for this), and Isomura was sentenced to a minimum term of 4 years in prison, and Akiyama was sentenced to a minimum term of 3 years and 6 months in prison on December 6, 1909.
- 一方、東日本は藩の規模が大きかったため、(急傾斜)棚田をつくる経済的インセンティブが働かず、棚田はあまりつくられないか、つくられた場合でも畔や土手は傾斜が緩やかな土盛りとなり、西日本とは対照的な棚田風景となった。
- On the other hand, there was little economic incentive for making Tanada (on a steep slope) in eastern Japan where most domains were large, so they rarely made Tanada, and when they did, dikes and mounds were mild land elevations and the sights of Tanada were quite different from those in western Japan.
- これに対して一介の御家人から室町幕府を創設した足利氏の場合は、南北朝の内乱の中で敵から奪った所領の増加がある一方で恩賞や敵からの略奪による所領の喪失もあり、その御料所の規模は鎌倉幕府のそれよりも遥かに乏しかった。
- On the other hand, the Ashikaga clan, which raised from a mere gokenin to found the Muromachi bakufu, gained the shoryo by depriving the enemies of the shoryo during the Nanbokucho civil war, but lost their shoryo when their shoryo was taken as rewards to the others or was deprived by the enemies -- Consequently, its goryosho (shogunal domain) was far less than that of the Kamakura bakufu.
- だが、その後、同党からの入閣の約束を一方的に反故にして、文官任用令改正を行い、続いて文官分限令・文官懲戒令・治安警察法の制定、軍部大臣現役武官制の導入などで、政党を政府から排して超然主義による国家運営を目指した。
- However after that, he unilaterally broke the promise to take the members of this party into the Cabinet and implemented revision of the Civil Service Appointment Ordinance followed by enactment of the ordinance on the status of civil servant, the ordinance on reprimand of civil servant and the Security Police Law, as well as introduction of Military ministers to be officers on active-duty rule to eliminate political parties from the government and aim for running the country by the doctrine of superiority.
- キリスト教の(半ば黙認という形での)禁制解除、社寺に於ける女人結界の解除など近代宗教政策を実施する一方で、神祇官が為し得なかった国民教化を実現する為に教導職制度を設け、大教院による国民教化・大教宣布運動を行った。
- While implementing modernistic religious policies including the cancellation of a ban on Christianity (in reality a tacit permission) and the prohibition against woman entering a sacred area at temples and shrines, Kyobusho also established a system called the kyodoshoku (evangelist) system, and propagated national edification and the Imperial Edict (of 1870) for Establishment of Shinto under Daikyoin (Great Teaching Institute) in order to realize the edification and enlightenment of citizens after the failure of the Jingikan department.
- 一方、国庫準備正貨高は1270万円から4227万円に増加し、金融市場にて正貨1円に対して紙幣1円80銭に換算されていたものが1円8厘となって、正貨と紙幣の価値がほぼ均しくなり、兌換紙幣発行の条件が整う事となった。
- By contrast, the national treasury reserves in specie increased from \12.7 million to \42.27 million, and since \ 1 in specie, which had been equivalent to a \1.80 note, came to \1.008 in the financial market, which meant that, with the specie money and the paper money being almost equal in value, conditions for issuing convertible paper money were established by then.
- ただし、この時以外の実際の運用はまったく広田が言うようにはなっておらず、もう一方の当事者寺内はこの時南方軍司令官で海外出征中であり、小磯にしても「話が違う」と思っても指摘するわけがないので真偽不明の話ともいえる。
- However, the authenticity of this story is doubtful for two reasons: the first, except this time the actual operation totally contradicted Hirota's remarks, the second was that the other party, Terauchi, was a Southern troop commander in the field abroad at that time and Koiso would not point out 'the story is wrong' even if he thought so.
- 柳元景・薛安都・龐法起らの本軍は連戦連勝して潼関を陥れたが、一方、淮北に別軍を進めた王玄謨(おうげんぼ)は、碻磝を陥れ、滑台を包囲したにもかかわらず、北魏の太武帝の親征軍が大挙して渡河したため敗走に追い込まれた。
- The main army consisting of Liu Yuanjing, Xne Andu, 龐法起, and others achieved a series of victories and took Tong Gate; however, Wang Xuanmo, who proceeded his army in Huaibei, took Qiao'ao and seized Huatai (geographical names) but was forced to take flight in the face of the imperial expeditionary force led by Taiwudi of the Northern Wei Dynasty crossing a ford in great number.
- 一方、この上杉家との合戦(伊達家では「松川合戦」との呼称は用いない)の出兵の時期と戦いの経緯について、伊達家では、慶長6年(1601年)4月26日ではなく、慶長5年(1600年)10月6日だとする記録を残している。
- Regarding the date and details of dispatch of troops to the battle against the Uesugi family (which is not called 'the Battle of Matsukawa' in the Date family), the Date family keeps the record that it broke out on October 6, 1600, not April 26, 1601.
- 伊藤は天皇に対して立憲君主制など西洋の制度・文物を導入することが天皇の権威を損ねるものではないことを説く一方で、天皇が閣僚の仕事ぶりに疑問や不満を抱いた時にはその意向を閣僚に伝え、時には天皇と閣僚の仲裁にあたった。
- Ito explained to the Emperor that the introduction of constitutional monarchy and other Western systems and products of culture would not hurt the Emperor's authority, and in order to mediate between the Emperor and bureaucrats, he communicated to bureaucrats Emperor's questions and dissatisfaction about their works.
- 一方で東大寺に東南院を建立して三論教学の拠点を築いたが、これは聖宝の中観/般若空重視の態度という観点からだけではなく、宗祖空海によって実施された南都大寺における儀礼の真言密教化という観点からも見落とすべきではない。
- He also made a base of San-lun (Three Shastras) Teachings by establishing Tonanin Temple in Todai-ji Temple, which should not be overlooked by the two following viewpoints; Shobo's high evaluation of Chugan (Intermediate) or Hannya-ku (the truth that nothing is substantial, void, taught in the Heart Sutra) and Kukai's adjusting ceremonies to Shingon Esoteric Buddhism at major temples at Nanto.
- この権限拡大を背景として、受領たちは租税収取・軍事両面において統治を強化するため、旧来の補佐官で同一階層出自ゆえに一方的に使役しがたい掾(じょう)、目(さかん)に替えて、国内の豪族・有力者らを国衙の体制に組み入れた。
- Through the empowerment of zuryos, they incorporated the local ruling families leading the people into a kokuga government system, instead of the jo (the third-ranking local administrator) and sakan (the fourth-ranking local administrator) who were reluctant to accept the one-sided orders they issued because jo and sakan were also old administrative aides from the same class, in order to strengthen the governance of both tax collection and military affairs.
- 一方、高師直は翌1348年(正平 (日本)3年/貞和4年)の四條畷の戦いにおいて楠木正行ら南朝 (日本)(吉野朝廷)方を撃破し、更に勢いに乗じて南朝の本拠地吉野を陥落させ、南朝を賀名生(奈良県五條市)へ逃げ込ませた。
- On the other hand, Ko no Moronao destroyed the Southern Court (Yoshino Court) forces led by Masatsura KUSUNOKI in the Battle of Shijonawate in 1348, and with the momentum, succeeded in attacking Yoshino, the main headquarters of the Southern Court, leading to the escape of the Southern Court to Ano (Gojo City, Nara Prefecture).
- 一方、京都でも久光の行動と寺田屋事件などの影響により、薩摩藩・会津藩などを中心とする公武合体(幕政改革)派と、長州藩や真木和泉らの志士などを中心とする尊王攘夷派の間で、京都政界の主導権を巡る対立が激しさを増していく。
- On the other hand, due to the influence by Hisamitsu's actions, the Teradaya Incident and so on the confrontation intensified over the initiative of the Kyoto government between a party of Kobu gattai (reformists of the shogunate government) led by Satsuma, Aizu and other domains and a party of Sonno joi advocators led by the Choshu Domain, Izumi MAKI and other samurai.
- (訳;秀吉が死に(明と日本は停戦したため)、我が軍(明の軍隊)が全て撤退すると、朝鮮は日本を甚だしく恐れ、日本と友好関係を結びたいと考えたが、その一方で(日本と国交を結ぶことで)明の機嫌を損ねるのではないかと恐れた)。
- A translation: Hideyoshi died (and the war between the Ming and Japan stopped), and all of our troops (Ming troops) had been pulled out, and then Korea came to fear Japan exceedingly and came to consider establishing a good relationship with Japan, but on the other hand, Korea feared that the establishment of diplomatic relations might anger the Ming.
- そこで本来ならば口減らしのために出家させるのが通例だった公家の嫡男以外の男子に家禄を授けて新しい家を興させ、こうした公家の不満をそらす一方で公家の減少を防いで朝廷運用に必要な最低限の人員を確保しようとする意図があった。
- In this context, the bakufu granted hereditary stipends not just to the heirs but to other sons of the nobility (who would otherwise have become priests to reduce the burden on their families) and permitted these other sons to establish new families, thereby placating the nobility while at the same time avoiding a decline in the number of court nobles and retaining the minimum number of people required for the operation of the Imperial Court.
- しかし一方では権限を越えて条約改正交渉を行おうとしたことによる留守政府との摩擦、外遊期間の大幅な延期、木戸と大久保の不仲などの政治的な問題を引き起こし「条約は結び損い金は捨て 世間へ大使何と岩倉」と狂歌の題材にされた。
- On the other hand, they caused political problems such as a conflict with Rusu-seifu due to their attempt to negotiate for treaty revision which was beyond their authority, long delay of their return from overseas and a quarrel between Kido and Okubo, which became the subject of the kyoka (comic [satirical] tanka) that went like this, 'Failed in signing a treaty, threw out money, how can you explain to the world.'
- 五代には貴族層が没落し、宋 (王朝)初には科挙制度が整備される一方で武人の勢力が抑圧されるようになったために、地方の豪族から官僚が生み出され、その庇護によって当人及び一族の荘園が発展するという構図が描かれるようになった。
- During the Five Dynasties period the class of aristocrats was impoverished and during the early Sung dynasty, while kakyo system (the Imperial Examination System) was streamlined, the strength of warriors was oppressed and so the bureaucracy was born from the local ruling families, who protected the bureaucrats to develop the shoens for them and their families.
- 日本による、韓国施政忠告権や臨検収用権など、日本側に有利な条項もあるが、反面、日本政府は、李王家、韓国の独立及び領域 (国家)を確実に保障し、片務的防衛義務を負うなどとしており、一方的に日本に有利なものとはなっていない。
- There were some Articles which were advantageous to Japan, such as the right of the admonishment of the Korean administration and also the rights of visitation and expropriation; however, by contrast, it was not always a one-sided treaty because there were some Articles which didn't benefit Japan; the treaty said the Japanese government shall certainly guarantee the independence and territories of the Korean Imperial family Ri, the sovereign of Korea; nevertheless, the government had the one-sided obligation to defence of the Korean territories.
- こうした武家の棟梁に対する恩賞は、所領を棟梁から家人へ分け与える一方、棟梁自らはさらなる勢力拡大のために収入の多い国の国司職や、中央政界における地位向上につながる位階の昇叙、御所への昇殿などを獲得するよう積極的に運動した。
- While Buke no toryo distributed territories to their kenin, they actively sought to become kokushi, which would provide them both handsome income, or to obtain a higher rank, which would lead higher grade in the central government, or to access to the Imperial Palace to advance their political status in the Imperial Court.
- その一方で景勝地としては、明治時代より天皇・皇后を始めとする皇族が好んで訪問してきた仙酔島や弁天島を含む東岸の景観が、沼隈半島の西部に隣接する磐台寺観音堂(阿伏兎観音)と並んで高い評価を受け、いち早く国立公園に指定された。
- On the contrary, as the place of extraordinary scenic beauty, the landscape of its east coast, consisting of Sensuishima and Bentenshima islands which had attracted a number of imperial families visits since the Meiji period, had been as highly esteemed as the Kannon-do of Bandai-ji Temple (Abuto Kannon [Buddhist goddess of Mercy]) located adjacent to the western Numakuma peninsula, thereby being chosen uppermost as a national park.
- 一方、京都にいる藩主慶篤の名代として宍戸藩藩主松平頼徳が幕命により内乱鎮静のため水戸へ下向するも、一行の中に武田耕雲斎ら激派の要人が加わっており、尊攘派の士民が多く同行していた為、市川らは戦備を整えて一行の入城を拒絶する。
- Meanwhile, the lord of the Shishido Domain Yorinori MATSUDAIRA was ordered by the bakufu and went to Mito to suppress the domestic conflict on behalf of the lord of the Mito Domain Yoshiatsu TOKUGAWA who was staying in Kyoto, but the core members of the extremists, including Kounsai TAKEDA, joined him and many of the samurai of the sonjo party also accompanied him, so Ichikawa and others prepared to fight against them and refused to let them go into the castle.
- 興利倭は倭寇の転身したものであり、明で倭寇を働きその略奪品を持って朝鮮へ交易に訪れる、あるいは船中に武器を携帯し防備の厚い所では交易を行う一方、防備の薄い所では倭寇と化す者もあり、朝鮮王朝にとって油断のならない相手であった。
- Koriwa were originally wako; therefore, they were cunning fellows to the Korean kingdom such that some of them raided Ming and brought their pillage to Korea to trade with Koreans, or were on board bearing arms and traded in their pillage at strictly guarded places and conducted raids as wako on the poorly guarded places.
- 後光厳、後円融天皇、後小松天皇、称光天皇と4代にわたって後光厳系が皇位についた一方、兄筋の崇光上皇の子孫は嫡流から排されて世襲親王家である伏見宮家として存続し、北朝内部でも皇位継承をめぐる両系統間の確執があったとされている。
- The 4 emperors of the Gokogon line, Emperors Gokogon, Koenyu, Gokomatsu, Shoko were on the throne, whereas descendants of Emperor Suko who were the elder brothers, were eliminated from the succeeding line and existed as the hereditary Imperial Prince line, the Fushiminomiya ke, and there is said to be a conflict between the two lines within the Northern Court regarding Imperial succession.
- 一方で五色不動を歴史的に研究したいくつかの報告によると、実際に『五色不動』という名称が登場するのは明治末または大正始めであり、江戸時代の史実とは考えにくいとしているが、伝説自体は江戸時代から伝わる噂話に原型が見られるという。
- On the other hand, according to the findings of some historical studies performed on Goshiki Fudo, it was not until the late Meiji Period or early Taisho era when the term 'Goshiki Fudo' actually began to emerge, and hence it is difficult to consider that the Iemitsu TOKUGAWA legend concerning Goshiki Fudo being a historical fact which took place in the Edo Period; however, the basic gist of that Iemitsu tale was found in a gossip which has been around since those days.
- 一方、新政府側でも19日大久保と寺島宗則が、新政権の諸外国への承認獲得と外交の継続宣言をすべく、アーネスト・サトウ(英国公使館付通訳)やシャルル・ド・モンブラン(フランス貴族)と協議し、新政権から諸外国への通達詔書を作成する。
- The new administration, in the meantime, issued an imperial edict to foreign countries which was written by Okubo and Munenori TERASHIMA upon consultation with Ernest Mason Satow (interpreter of the British legation) and Charles de Montblanc (French nobleman) in order to win recognition for the new administration from foreign countries and to declare the continuation of diplomacy.
- 身分制度については、江戸幕府下の「士農工商」の別を廃止し、旧武士階級を士族、それ以外を平民とし、「四民平等」を謳う一方、旧公家・大名や一部僧侶などを新たに華族として特権的階級とすると同時に、宮内省の支配の下に置くことになった。
- Regarding the class system, the government advocated equality of all people, abolishing the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants under the Edo Shogunate, and changing former samurai class to the warrior class and the rest of classes to commoner class, whereas they gave the privileges of nobility to former court nobles, feudal lords, and some of the Buddhist monks so as to put them under the control of the Ministry of the Imperial Household.
- 一方で、林野庁は花粉症対策の重点をスギの選択的な間伐に求めてきたが、2006年、花粉の抑制効果について誤解を招く発表をしていたことがマスコミの指摘により明らかになり、従来からの植え替えに消極的な姿勢に疑問が持たれることもあった。
- On the other hand, the Forestry Agency focused its pollinosis countermeasures on the selective felling Japanese cedar trees but in 2006 the media brought to light an announcement that caused misunderstanding regarding the suppressive effect on pollen, and there is doubt surrounding the passive stance toward conventional transplantation.
- 一方、研究会側も1919年に伯爵議員が多い甲寅倶楽部を合併して伯爵議員のほとんどを押さえ、続いて1922年には将来の貴族院指導者と目されていた近衛文麿公爵(後の内閣総理大臣)の入会させて筆頭常務委員につけるなど勢力拡大を続けた。
- Kenkyukai, on the other hand, merged Koin Club, to which many count members belonged, to control most count members in 1919, and in 1922, received count Fumimaro KONOE, who was regarded as a future leader in the House of Peers (and became a prime minister later), as a member and appointed as the leader of the standing committee, and kept expanding powers.
- 東北地方は度重なる冷害、飢饉にあえいだ一方で鉱山が多く金属資源は潤沢であったことから、幕末期に盛岡藩および久保田藩を中心に銀判および當百文銅銭および鉛銭など、数多くの貨幣が密鋳されたが、幕府には既にそれを取り締まる力はなかった。
- The Tohoku region suffered from cold-weather damage by the cold-weather and famine repeatedly, but on the other hand, there were many mines in the region and metal resources were abundant, so at the end of the Edo period, the Morioka Domain and the Kubota Domain secretly minted many coins of silver, copper, and lead without a permission from the bakufu because the bakufu no longer had enough power to control these activities.
- 1968年、看板俳優の田宮二郎が映画『不信のとき』(原作:有吉佐和子)に主演したが、クレジットが4番目であることを抗議すると激怒した永田社長により一方的に解雇され、五社協定にもかけられ他社の映画・テレビドラマにも出演できなくなる。
- In 1968, top star Jiro TAMIYA submitted a protest to Daiei for his name being listed fourth in the credits for the film 'Fushin no Toki' (When in Doubt; written by Sawako ARIYOSHI) in spite of leading actor and was summarily fired by Daiei's president Nagata, unable to make appearances in motion pictures or TV dramas under the five-party agreement among the film companies.
- 一方関東地方や東北、九州南部などの地域においては、既に中央の統制下から離れた状態のまま、各地域内部において有力武家間の大規模な紛争が発生しており、この戦いとは全く無関係に戦乱状態に突入していた(関東については享徳の乱を参照のこと)。
- On the other hand, in some regions including Kanto, Tohoku and Southern Kyushu, large-scale conflicts had already begun among influential samurai families within individual territories already out of central control, and these areas were already in a state of war irrespective of the battle in and around the capital region (for further information on Kanto, see the article on Kyotoku Incident).
- 一方清朝や義和団側の死傷者は統計としては正確性を欠かざるをえないが、上で引用したように天津城攻防戦だけで4000名ほどの遺体があったと日本軍が書いていることから考えて、一年ほどの戦争期間に多大な死傷者を出したことは容易に想像できる。
- Meanwhile, the number of casualties of the Qing Dynasty and the Boxers lacks valid statistics, but it can be assumed a huge number of casualties were produced over the one year war period because the Japanese army stated that there were about 4000 dead bodies just from the attack of Tianjin.
- その一方で、摂関政治や検非違使、名田制など現行の律令制度から乖離した政治システムが形成されながら、新規の法体系を形成するだけの政治力を喪失しつつあったこの時代において、明法家がそれを律令的に合法に導く法的解釈を行う事も期待されていた。
- While government systems were created away from the existing ritsuryo system such as regency, Kebiishi and Myoden land control system, Myoho experts were expected to interpret those as legal systems in ritsuryo because the government was losing its power to create a new law system at that time.
- 一方で、不平等条約上、有利な側にある国の国民が、不利な側にある国で犯罪を犯した際に、その国の裁判所にて裁くことができない状態となるため、治安問題が増大するという問題や、関税率の操作で貿易において不当に利益をあげ得る、などの問題がある。
- Meanwhile, there are some problems such as security matters are increased, or the people can gain unreasonable profits in trade due to manipulation of tariff rates, since the people of a country standing in a favorable position under the unequal treaty cannot be put on trial in the court of a country in an unfavorable position when the people have committed a crime in the latter country.
- 承暦4年(1080年)3月29日 (旧暦)には六波羅蜜寺で勧学会が開かれているが、以後同寺が勧学会会場として確定する一方で、毎年3月もしくは9月の15日と定められていた開催日が記録上初めて破られており、以後開催日の遅延が続く事になる。
- On April 27, 1080, a Kangakue was held in Rokuharamitsu-ji Temple, making the temple the site of Kangakue in the future, but the rule for the opening day of Kangakue, which was decided to be the 15th day of March or September, was broken for the first time, and the opening day of Kangakue continued to be delayed.
- 一方家康は武田・北条などの強敵に阻まれてそれ程の勢力拡大こそは果たせなかったものの、苦境においても愚直にも西の信長への信義・忠誠を貫いた姿勢が内外における名声を高めて後年の天下取り(具体的には征夷大将軍の宣下)に役立ったと言われている。
- Meanwhile, prevented by strong enemies such as the Takeda clan and the Hojo clan, Ieyasu could not expand his power as much as he wanted, however, even in the difficult situation, his consistent and stubbornly honest attitude of being faithful and loyal to Nobunaga in the West raised his reputation tremendously within and beyond his territory, which is said to have helped him taking position in reigning the Japanese government (in the concrete terms to have Imperial Proclamation of seii taishogun [literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians']).
- 古代の有力豪族であった物部氏の末裔(仏教反対派として有名な物部守屋の弟の5代目の子孫だとされる)である石上氏に生まれた宅嗣は藤原仲麻呂討伐などで活躍をして大納言にまで昇る一方で当時を代表する知識人・文人であり、熱心な仏教信者でもあった。
- Born into the Isonokami clan that is descended from the powerful ancient clan of Mononobe (alleged to be the fifth-generation descendant of the younger brother of MONONOBE no Moriya who opposed the introduction of Buddhism), Yakatsugu is famed for his military accomplishments defeating FUJIWARA no Nakamaro and rising to the rank of Dainagon (chief councilor of state) but at the same time was a leading figure in literature and arts and an avid Buddhist.
- 一方江戸幕府は御定相場として慶長14年(1609年)に、金1両は、銀50匁(約187グラム)、銭4貫文(4,000文 (通貨単位))に等価と布告し、後の元禄13年(1700年)に、金1両は、銀60匁(約225グラム)、銭4貫文と改正した。
- Meanwhile, Edo bakufu set the mint par of exchange, proclaiming in 1609 that 1 ryo of gold was equalized to 50 monme of silver (about 187 grams), or to 4 kanmon (or 4000 mon) of copper, then later in 1700, proclaimed again that 1 ryo of gold became 60 monme of silver (about 225 grams), or 4 kanmon of copper.
- 一方、第1次山本内閣への入閣という形で利益を得る事になった立憲政友会に対して、国民はもちろんの事、立憲国民党や政友会内部からも反発が噴出して尾崎行雄は岡崎邦輔らとともに政友会を離党する(岡崎は後に復党するが、尾崎はそのまま中正会を結党した)。
- On the other hand, the Seiyukai was benefited by gaining the ministerial posts in the first Yamamoto Cabinet, which enraged not only the general public but also the Rikken Kokuminto members, and even some of the Seiyukai members including Yukio OZAKI, who resented it and left the Seiyukai together with Kunisuke OKAZAKI (although Okazaki returned to the Seiyukai later, Ozaki established a new party 'Chuseikai' [Centrist Justice Party]).
- そして、日本一の美女と言われ、美人の代名詞であった看板女優・山本富士子が他社出演の許可と出演本数を少なくするという約束を守ってほしいと頼んだところ永田社長の怒りを買い、一方的に解雇され、五社協定にかけられ他社の映画や舞台にも出演できなくなる。
- In addition, Fujiko YAMAMOTO, a top actress who was known as the most beautiful woman in Japan, requested permission to appear in films produced by other companies and to reduce the number of films required under contract, angering Daiei president Nagata and resulting in her dismissal and a ban on appearing in any film or theatrical production under the five-party agreement among the top film companies regarding management of film cast and crew.
- 一方、奴婢は自らの公認された自立的な共同体を持たず、個人別に良民や朝廷の所有物とされるなど、穢多頭に統率されるなどの形で一定の権利保障の基盤になる共同体組織の保持を保証された江戸時代の被差別民と比べると、権利保障の基盤は脆弱であったとも言える。
- On the other hand, nuhi did not have any official independent community for themselves and were individually treated as property of the Ryomin or the Imperial court; therefore, their basis to secure their rights was probably more fragile when compared to others who were discriminated in the Edo period who found some security in their communities headed by Etagashira (head of eta (discriminated people) which secured their rights.
- 一方で、通り名をもつ2つの道路の交差点であっても、例えば、四条通と東大路通の交差点は「祇園」、西大路通と丸太町通の交差点は「円町(西ノ京円町とも呼ぶ)」、今出川通と東大路通の交差点は「百万遍交差点」であるなど、通り名の合成で表さない場合がある。
- Meanwhile, there are some intersection names that do not use the names of their crossing streets; for example, the intersection of Shijo-dori Street and Higashi-oji-dori Street is 'Gion,' that of Nishioji-dori Street and Marutamachi-dori Street is 'Emmachi' (or Nishinokyo Enmachi), and that of Imadegawa-dori Street and Higashi-oji-dori Street is 'Hyakumanben Crossing.'
- 一方、旧自由党系内部でもとりあえず選挙に備えた新党の母体となる政治結社を結成しようとする(政社系)河野広中らと立憲改進党系が離脱した以上は新党ではなく自由党再興を目指すべきで今は政治結社を考える時ではないとする(非政社系)大井憲太郎らが対立する。
- At the same time, within the former Liberal Party, there was a confrontation between two groups: one led by Hironaka KONO (seisha group) who aimed to form a temporary political organization to prepare for the election which would be a parent organization of a new political party and the other led by Kentaro OI (hi-seisha group) who aimed to restore Liberal Party rather than form a new political party now that the Constitutional Progressive Party left and emphasized that it was not a time to think about a new political party.
- この時点では、まだ両統迭立が完全には定着しておらず、貴族たちもいずれか一方の皇統にのみ仕えて派閥を形成するということはなかったため、それまで大覚寺統の治天に仕えていた貴族たちはそのまま持明院統の治天に仕えることになり、大覚寺統は一気に勢力を失った。
- At this point, Ryoto tetsuritsu had not yet completely embedded itself, and the aristocracy did not yet create factions so the aristocrats who served the Daikakuji line Chiten worked for the subsequent Jimyoin line Chiten, leading to the sudden decline of the Daikakuji line.
- 家元制度は家学宗家の権威を高める一方で家元である宗家当主は門人を免許の発給を通じて家学を支配していく役目に転化していったため、勿論家元に相応しい技能を有した宗家当主も存在したものの、それに相応しい能力を有しない継承者の隠蔽の役割も果たすことになった。
- While the iemoto system enhanced the authority of the head family of the iemoto, because the role of the family head changed into the one ruling kagaku through issuing a license to the pupils, the family head also assumed the role in hiding the successor who was not competent even though some family heads themselves were not competent to the iemoto.
- こうした動きは、院と深く連携して院政の軍事警察部門を担当することを平氏政権の基盤に置くものであり、その中心には重盛がいたが、その一方で清盛は、西国に築いた強固な経済・軍事・交通基盤によって院政とは独自の路線を志向するようになっていたと考えられている。
- Such actions required a close relationship with the Retired Emperor and left the Taira clan administration, with Shigemori at its center, in charge of the military guard division of the cloister government, while on the other hand, Kiyomori is thought to have pursued a route independent of the Retired Emperor and established strong financial, military and transportation foundations in the west.
- 門脇が提唱したのは応神天皇の代に渡来した、百済の高官、木満致(もくまち)と蘇我満智(まち)が同一人物とする説で、鈴木靖民や山尾幸久らの支持を得た一方、加藤謙吉や坂本義種らが指摘したように、史料上の問題点が多く、蘇我氏を渡来人とみなす根拠は薄弱である。
- Yasutami SUZUKI and Yukihisa YAMAO both supported Kadowaki's assertion that the Baekje high official Machi MOKU, who is said to have arrived during the reign of Emperor Ojin, is one and the same individual as SOGA no Machi; but, as Kenkichi KATO and Yoshitane SAKAMOTO have pointed out, there are many historical discrepancies and little evidence to prove the migrant origins of the Soga clan.
- また5世紀末から6世紀初めにかけて、それまで首長墓を造営してきた古墳群の多くが衰退し、新興の古墳群が出現していることから、ワカタケル大王の王権強化策は成功したが、その一方で旧来の勢力からの反発を招き、その結果として王権が一時的に弱体化したとの説もある。
- Furthermore, since towards the end of the fifth and the beginning of the sixth centuries many of the old burial mounds where chiefs were entombed went into decline and new types of burial mounds emerged, it is thought that King Wakatakeru's strategy for strengthening sovereignty succeeded, although his power was temporarily weakened by rebellions from the former powers.
- 第1次山本内閣の時代を含めることにより、この時期の民衆が一方では憲政擁護運動以来の反閥族感情を保ちながらも、他方では1913年7月の辛亥革命の混乱に際しては、革命派擁護を名目とする対中出兵論に容易に乗るような大正デモクラーの一側面が視野にはいってくる。
- By including the era of the first Yamamoto Cabinet into the Taisho Seihen, we can see another side of Taisho Democracy; since the out set of the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism, the public in this period retained the anti-clique sentiment, however on the other hand, they easily agreed on dispatching troops to China in the name of supporting the revolutionary group in the turmoil of the Republican Revolution when it broke out in China in July 1913.
- その一方で「富国」を推進する大蔵省(大隈重信・井上馨・渋沢栄一ら)に深い不信感を抱いていたため、正院や他の省庁との財政を巡る対立で井上・渋沢が辞任に追い込まれた際にもこれを止めなかった(井上の場合には尾去沢鉱山尾去沢銅山事件を巡る疑惑もあったとしても)。
- At the same time, he had deep distrust toward Ministry of Finance (led by Shigenobu OKUMA, Kaoru INOUE, Eichi SHIBUSAWA and others), that promoted 'fukoku (rich country),' and did not stop letting INOUE and SHIBUSAWA resign at their crisis of being forced to step down when they were opposed to the Central State Council and government offices over financial affairs (INOUE was also looked at suspiciously due to his involvement in the scandal of Osarizawa copper mine).
- しかし一方では、最澄の教法に対する価値論に対し徳一は仏法理解の先天的素質論を述べており、両者の論争の焦点があまり噛み合っておらず、議論そのものも詳細というよりは瑣末的であり、時折相手側への罵倒に近い表現も見られる(後述)など、すれ違いの印象も与えている。
- However, on the other hand, Tokuitsu stated the theory of inherent disposition to understand Buddhist law against value theory for doctrine by Saicho, and the focus of the dispute on both sides was not in the right ballpark; as for the dispute itself, it was trivial rather than detailed and sometimes the expressions near to the abuse against the other were seen (as below) and gives an impression of not interlocking.
- その一方で、朝廷では大覚寺統と持明院統が対立しており、相互に皇位を交代する両統迭立が行われており、1318年(文保2年)に大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇が即位し、平安時代の醍醐天皇、村上天皇の治世である延喜・天暦の治を理想とし、鎌倉幕府の打倒をひそかに目指していた。
- In the Imperial Court, on the other hand, conflict had arisen between the Kameyama (Daikakuji) and the Gofukakusa (Jimyoin) branches of the Imperial line; a system of alternating Emperors from each lineage was in place, and in 1318 Emperor Godaigo of the Daikakuji lineage became Emperor, taking the Engi and Tenryaku eras, the reigns of Emperors Daigo and Murakami in the Heian period, as his ideal, he aimed in secret to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.
- 一方、南西諸島を経由した中国大陸との交流が活発化しており、朝廷は覓国使(べっこくし、くにまぎのつかい)と呼ばれる調査隊を組織して九州南部と南西諸島の調査を行っていたが、700年(文武天皇4年)に覓国使が九州南部各地で現地住民から威嚇を受ける事件が発生した。
- On the other hand, trade with Chinese continent via Southwest Islands was increasing, and the Imperial court organized an investigative team called Bekkokushi or Kunimagi no Tsukai to conduct research on the southern Kyushu and Southwest Islands but, in 700, Bekkokushi encountered threatening attacks by indigenous people in various places of southern Kyushu.
- 沈没したノルマントン号にはイギリス人、ドイツ人、中国人、インド人、日本人らが乗船していたが、事故の際、船員であったイギリス人、ドイツ人らコーカソイドはほぼ全員が生存した一方で、乗客であった日本人25名全員が死亡した(また、インド人の乗組員も全員死亡した)。
- Those on board the sunken Normanton included Britishers, Germans, Chinese, Indians and Japanese, and almost all the Caucasian crew, such as Britishers and Germans, survived the accident, while all 25 Japanese passengers were killed (all of the Indian crew members were also killed.)
- これは紀伝道教育が盛んであった当時の世相の反映であるが、その一方において、こうした行為は私的な師弟関係の形成と言う要素を含む事になり、菅原氏の学閥と反対する諸博士の学閥という対立抗争を生んだ他、大学寮制度の形骸化や家学の形成促進につながったと考えられている。
- It reflected the social conditions at the time when instruction on the Kidendo was widely offered; on the other hand, such an act was obliged to involve a private relationship between master and disciple -- It was considered that the latter fact introduced a conflict between the academic clique from the Sugawara clan and those from the hakase who opposed the Sugawara clan, and that the latter made the Daigaku-ryo system only in name and promoted the formation of hereditary learning.
- 当時、三菱の海運事業「郵便汽船三菱会社」(国有会社であった「日本国郵便蒸気船会社」と三菱商会が合併して設立された)が大規模な値下げ攻勢で勢力を広げ、欧米系の船会社に握られていた日本の航海自主権を取り返したが、一方で日本国内の中小の船会社も追い出されてしまった。
- At that time, Mitusbishi's marine transportation business 'Yubin Kisen Mitubishi Kaisha' (which was established with the merger of a government-owned marine transportation company 'Nipponkoku Yubin Jokisen Kaisha' and Mitsubishi Shokai) extended power by offering huge discounts and deprived western companies of Japan's navigation autonomy, but at the same time, they squeezed out other small-and-medium-sized shipping companies in Japan.
- 吉左衛門を「家長様」と呼んでいた事に象徴されるように、上は総理事から下は一般社員までに至る吉左衛門に対する敬愛の念はすこぶる高く、歴代吉左衛門もまた、一方では文化事業を通じて住友の名を高め、他方では家長・財閥本社社長として企業モラルの引き締めの任に当たっていた。
- As symbolized by the fact that Kichizaemon was called 'Kacho-sama,' extremely high respect was accorded to the Kichizaemon, from the high-ranking position of head of the directors down to the rank and file, and the successive Kichizaemon elevated the Sumitomo name through the cultural enterprise on one hand while on the other hand trying to raise the corporate morale as the family head and president of the Zaibatsu main company.
- 鉄道国有化や第3次日韓協約・日露協約・日仏協約の締結など、山縣有朋ら元老や桂の意に沿った政策を遂行する一方で、山縣の支持基盤である内務省 (日本)改革のために郡制の廃止を計画して失敗したり、貴族院議員の入閣を実現させるなど、政党政治実現に向けた努力は続けられた。
- While the cabinet pursued the policy complying with Genro like Aritomo YAMAGATA and Katsura, such as making The Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty, Russo-Japanese Agreement and French-Japanese Agreement, it continued to make efforts in order to realize party politics; in order to reform Ministry of Home Affairs, which was the power base for Yamagata, the cabinet tried to abolish the County system, only to fail; the cabinet succeeded in taking members of Kizokuin (the House of Peers) into the Cabinet.
- 一方、橋本治はこれについて高倉天皇が立太子式を挙げた場所が藤原家の中でも最も格の高い邸宅であった東三条殿であったことに注目し、しかもこの東三条殿の当時の所有者が清盛の娘の盛子であった(藤原基実はこの立太子式の3ヶ月前に死去)ことが強く影響したという説を立てている。
- Osamu HASHIMOTO proposed an alternative hypothesis that focused on the fact that Emperor Takakura held the ceremony for becoming Crown Prince at the Higashi Sanjo-den, the noblest of all residences within the Fujiwara family, and that the owner of this residence was Kiyomori's daughter, Moriko (FUJIWARA no Motozane had died 3 months before the ceremony), who could have strongly affected his position.
- 一方、讃岐に配流中の日堯と備前倉敷の日指庵の日通を中心とするグループは、佐土原に流刑中の日講を引き合いに出し、「流罪とはいえ命を狙われる心配もなく安穏な生活をしている日講には、絶えずビクビクして信仰を守っている内信者の気持ちは分るまい」(除講記)を草して反論した。
- On the other hand, a group headed by Nichigyo, who was in exile in Sanuki, and Nitsu at Hisashi-an of Kurashiki in Bizen referred to Nikko who was in exile in Sadohara and refuted by saying 'Although he is in exile, Nikko is spending a peaceful life without worrying about assassination and he cannot understand the feelings of naishin people who are keeping faith while constantly worrying about their lives' (Jokoki (writings about removing Nikko)).
- 一方、当時の公家社会では、公家達のほとんどが北朝方公家の末裔であったために(多くは家督を巡って南北に分裂した)北朝正統論が強く、柳原紀光ら公家出身の歴史家の多くが北朝正統論を支持した、また皇室も永く現皇統につながる北朝を正統と考えていたとされ祭祀もその方針で行われていた。
- On the other hand, most of the court nobles at that time were descended from court nobles of the Northern Court (many families divided into Southern and Northern based on the family head), and strongly supported the Northern Court legitimacy theory, together with many aristocratic historians such as Norimitsu YANAGIHARA, and the Imperial Line also considered the Northern Court as legitimate because it was directly connected to the current imperial line, so rituals were also conducted following those policies.
- 一方、中央の朝廷(律令政府)もこれを抑止するどころか、8世紀末期の平安京造営と蝦夷討伐の費用の捻出のために不動穀の一部を中央に上供させたり、不動穀の財源である田租の中から国税にあたる年料租舂米・年料別納租穀を抽出したため、結果的に貯蔵に回す稲穀の量は減少することになった。
- On the other hand, the Imperial Court in the capital, which was the government based on ritsuryo system, did not suppress this use of fudokoku; the government itself needed funds to build Heiankyo (ancient capital in curent Kyoto) at the end of the eighth century and to send an expedition to subjugate Ezo (northerners), so that it ordered a part of fudokoku to be delivered to the capital; also the government extracted the national taxes of nenryo soshomai (milled rice to be provided to officials) and nenryo betsuno sokoku (rice in the husk to be provided to officials) from the rice field tax that should have been stored as fudokoku; it resulted in a decrease in the amount of rice in the husk to be stored.
- 一方、公家の岩倉具視や薩摩藩の大久保利通ら討幕派は、親徳川派の摂政・二条斉敬や久邇宮朝彦親王(維新後久邇宮)が主催する下で徳川中心の朝廷政府が成立することを阻止するため、満15歳の明治天皇を手中にして二条摂政や朝彦親王を排除し、朝廷を掌握するためのクーデター計画を進めた。
- On the other hand, in order to prevent establishment of an Imperial Government centered on Tokugawa under the sponsorship of Nijo and the Imperial Prince, members of the anti-Shogunate group including Tomomi IWAKURA, a noble, and Toshimichi OKUBO of the Satsuma Domain manipulated the 15-year-old Emperor Meiji, expelled pro-Tokugawa members of the court such as Nariyuki NIJO (the Imperial Regent) and Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko (Kuninomiya after the Meiji Restoration) and planned a coup to seize control of the Imperial Court.
- その後新渡戸稲造がアメリカ人に紹介するために書いた『武士道 (新渡戸稲造)』が、日清戦争以降、逆輸入され広く受け入れられ、大日本帝国の軍人が持つべき倫理と接合して、軍人の倫理の骨格をかたちづくり、また一方では、美学として文学や芸能の世界でさまざまなかたちとなってあらわれた。
- Later, Inazo NITOBE wrote 'Bushido (Inazo NITOBE)' to introduce bushido to American people, but after the Sino-Japanese War, it was reimported to Japan and formed the ethical framework for military officers, mixing with the ethics which the military officers of the Empire of Japan should have, and on the other hand it appeared as aesthetic in various forms in the world of literature or entertainment.
- なおこういった業態は後に輸送技術や保存技術の発達、また都市部の消費拡大にも伴い次第に定位置に店を構える業態になっていったものもある一方、明治時代初期に生まれた牛乳の行商(量り売り)のような、新規産業に伴う新しい種類の行商も、しばしば時代と共に発生した模様である(→牛乳瓶)。
- Whereas these types of businesses later became stores at fixed locations gradually in accordance with development of transportation and storage technology and increasing consumption in urban areas, the new types of peddling due to new industries, such as peddling milk (selling milk by measures) starting in the beginning of the Meiji period, seemed to be sometimes seen with the times (refer to 'Milk bottle').
- その一方で道長自身は自らが示した新儀(御堂流)の作法を小野宮流など他家の公卿にも強要しようとしていたことが藤原実資の『小右記』(長和2年正月2日条及び治安 (日本)元年7月25日・26日条など)に記されており、御堂流の手法で公家社会の故実を統一しようとする意図も有していた。
- On the other hand, it was written in 'Shoyuki' (in the article on February 20, 1013, or the article on September 10 and 11, 1021 and so on of the diary) by FUJIWARA no Sanesuke that Michinaga tried to force his new style (Mido-ryu) on Kugyo (court nobles) of other families such as Ononomiya family, so he had an intention of unifying ancient practices in the court noble society with Mido-ryu.
- 一方、明治8年(1875年)に大蔵省が刊行した『新旧金銀貨幣鋳造高并流通年度取調書』の中で、世上流通高を10万両、海外流出高を410万両と見積もり、元禄小判などへの改鋳高を10,527,055両として推定した数値によれば、小判および一分金の合計で14,727,055両である。
- On the other hand, Koban and Ichibukin were cast 14,727,055 ryo in total,estimating the amount of circulation in the country 100,000 ryo and in the foreign countries 4,100,000 ryo and the amount of the reminted coin such as Genroku Koban 10,527,055 ryo, according to ' The Book of interrogation copy about the year and old high gold and silver coinage'.
- 『古事記』敏達段の押坂彦人大兄皇子の系譜に百済王の名は見えず、妃糠手姫皇女所生の多良王(たらのみこ、舒明天皇同母弟)である可能性(「久多良王」の「久」が脱落したか?)が大きいと推察される一方、妃大俣王所生の茅渟王(ちぬのみこ、皇極天皇・孝徳天皇の父)と同一人と推定する説もある。
- In 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters), there was no name of Kudara no Okimi in Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oenomiko's genealogy in the Emperor Bidatsu's section, it is highly possible that the Kudara no Okimi was Tara no miko (a younger brother-uterine of the Emperor Jomei) who was born to Nukadehime no himemiko ('Ku' in 'Kutara no miko' may have been dropped?); on the other hand, there is another theory saying that he was Kinu no miko (the father of the Emperor Kogyoku and the Emperor Kotoku) born to Omata no miko.
- 足利義満の死後には天皇が家門安堵の権限を回復するようになるが、その一方で軍事力を持たない公家社会においては室町幕府や守護大名の軍事力に依存しなければ家領の保全が不可能であったために、天皇が家門そのものを安堵し、将軍が家領の実質面での安堵を行うという共同体制が長く続くことになった。
- After his death, the emperors regained the authority to approve families, but since there was no military force in the court nobles' society it was impossible to maintain family estates without depending on the military force of the Muromachi bakufu or the Shugo (Military Governor) Daimyo; thus the cooperative system in which emperors approved of the names of families and shoguns literally approved of family estates continued for a long time.
- まず、1882年(明治15年)から3年間、前年度(1881年/明治14年)の歳出額で据え置くこと、その一方で煙草税・酒造税などの増税を行い、そこから生み出された歳入の余剰分を2分割して半分を紙幣消却に、もう半分を正貨形式で保有して、然るべき兌換紙幣への切替時の準備金とすることとした。
- First, he proposed that the government held the expenditures expected during the three years starting in 1882 at the level of the previous year (1881), and that at the same time it raised taxes on cigarettes and brewery and evenly divided the excess of revenue from those taxes so that it could spend half of the excess on the incineration of paper money and hold the other half in the form of specie to keep as reserves for the future when it would be converted into convertible paper money.
- その一方で明治4年(1871年)に中央政府に復帰して下野するまでの2年間、上京当初抱いていた士族を中心とする「強兵」重視路線が、四民平等・廃藩置県を全面に押し出した木戸孝允・大隈重信らの「富国」重視路線によって斥けられた事に対する不満や反発が西郷の心中に全く無かったとも考えられない。
- Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that SAIGO might have resentment and antagonism toward the incident that a policy of placing a great importance on 'military buildup' mainly with the warrior class, which he had fostered during his early days in Tokyo for two years from his comeback to the central government in 1871 until he left the government, was defeated by a policy of placing a great importance on 'national enrichment' by Takayoshi KIDO and Shigenobu OKUMA, which emphasized the equality of all people and the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures.
- 1998年が「日本におけるフランス年」にあたり、また京都市とパリ市の友情盟約締結40周年にあたることから、その記念事業としての構想であったが、この計画が公表されると「新たな名所になる」と歓迎する意見がある一方で、「フランス風のデザイン」が景観を損ねるとの批判も起こり、世論は二分された。
- As the year 1998 marked 'The Year of France in Japan' and the 40th anniversary of Kyoto-Paris Friendship Pledge, the president's proposal was intended as part of the anniversary celebrations; once the plan was made public, however, public opinion was divided into two opposing groups: some welcomed the plan because the planned footbridge would attract more visitors while others criticized the French-style architecture, for it would ruin the landscape.
- これは、有名な近世城郭の多くは、少なくともその状態での実戦を経験していないために現在まで良く保存された遺構が残されている一方で、戦国時代の城が没落し、あるいは近世城郭に生まれ変わることのできなかった原因の1つは、陥落を経験し、その後、放棄されてしまったためであることを示すものでもある。
- This means that many of the famous modern castles have not experienced actual fighting, at least in their current conditions and therefore they have structural remains which have been well preserved and, on the other hand, one of the reasons why castles in the Sengoku Period were ruined or could not be changed to a modern castle is that they experienced falling and then were abandoned.
- 一方、後期後半期の近畿の高地性集落(大阪府和泉市観音寺山遺跡、同高槻市古曾部遺跡などは環濠を巡らす山城)については、その盛行期が、上述の理由から北部九州・畿内ともおおよそ史書に記載された倭国大乱の年代とほぼ一致することから、これらを倭国大乱と関連させる理解が主流を占めているようである。
- On the other hand, upland settlements in the Kinki region in the latter half of the end period (Kannonjiyama site at Izumi City, Osaka Prefecture and Kosobe site at Takatsuki City, Osaka Prefecture are mountain castle with moat) are considered to hold some relationship to the Wakoku War, as its prospered period in both northern Kyushu and Kinai matches to the period of Wakoku War described in history books, after the correction of the period described earlier.
- 一方で、三角縁神獣鏡と同じようなものは中国では出土しておらず、中国で既に改元された年号や実在しない年号の銘が入ったものもあることから、日本製、あるいは中国から渡来した工人の製であるとする説、また、中国製で船で日本に運ばれた舶載鏡とする説、日本で中国の鏡を真似てつくった倣製鏡説などがある。
- On the other hand, because of the fact that no mirror similar to the Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror was ever discovered in China and that some mirrors had the name of eras already changed in China or had nonexistent eras, there are theories that they were made in Japan or produced by the craftsmen that came from China, or they were made in China and loaded on a ship destined to Japan or they were modeled on Chinese mirrors and produced in Japan.
- 新田一郎 (法学者)は頼朝以来の先例や武家社会の道理を記した部分、特に律令法・公家法と相違・対立する部分の多くは直接条文としては盛り込まれず、細目や例外事項などの形式によって触れられており、一方で条文本文に記されている幕府関係以外の事項の多くは鎌倉時代初期の公家法に依拠する部分が多いとする。
- According to Ichiro NITTA (legal expert), the part which wrote about the precedents since the time of Yoritomo and the morals of samurai society and especially most of the part which opposed to Ritsuryo law and kugeho were not included in the articles, but were only mentioned in the forms of details and exceptions, while most of the matters not related to bakufu in the articles were based on the kugeho in the early Kamakura period.
- 大日本帝国憲法、衆議院議員選挙法が公布された翌日(1889年(明治22年)2月12日)、黒田は鹿鳴館で開催された午餐会の席上において「超然主義演説」を行って政党との徹底対決の姿勢を示したが、その一方で立憲改進党前総裁(実質は党首)で外務大臣 (日本)の大隈重信を留任させて条約改正の任にあたらせた。
- The day after the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the election law of the members of the House of Representatives were issued (February 12, 1889), KURODA made the speech called 'speech of the doctrine of superiority' in order to show his attitude to cope with the political parties to the bottom in the luncheon held at Rokumeikan, and on the other hand, he had Shigenobu OKUMA, who was also the former president of the Constitutional Progressive Party, stay in the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan) to assign the mission to revise the treaty.
- ところが、1793年にインドの植民地化を進めるイギリスは北インドにおいてザミンダーリー制を導入して領主・地主を土地の近代的な土地所有権者と認める一方で、従来現地住民が持っていた土地所有権・耕作権を強制的に剥奪して領主・地主の小作人として所属させ、領主・地主を通じて恒久的に現金を徴税する制度であった。
- However in 1793, the United Kingdom, which tried to colonize India, introduced the Zamindari system in the north of India, admitted the lords and landowners as those who had a modern landownership, but forcibly deprived the traditional local people of landownership and the right to cultivate and made them tenant farmers who belonged to the lords and landowners and systematically collected tax as cash money through the lords and landowners permanently.
- しかし、長行や勝静らが函館まで転戦し、最後まで幕府に忠義を尽くしたのとは違い、この正邦は慶応4年(1868年)の戊辰戦争において藤堂高猷の裏切りにより敗走する幕府軍兵が淀城に入城しようと保護を求めてきたとき、淀藩ではそれを一方的に拒否して城門を開こうとすらしなかった(藩主・正邦はこの時江戸城にいた)。
- However, when Nagamichi and Katsukiyo fought in the Battle of Hakodate, faithful to the Tokugawa shogunate to the end, the Yodo Domain under the rule of Masakuni refused point blank to open the gate of Yodo castle when the shogunate troops who had been betrayed by Takayuki TODO and routed in the Boshin War of 1868 asked for shelter (Masakuni was in Edo Castle at the time).
- だが、その一方で西南戦争以後民権派に反政府運動・民党の主導権を握られてきた国粋主義者を中心とした外交問題を軸とした政界再編構想の一環とも言え、本来親政府の吏党である筈の国民協会から普通選挙を掲げる急進民権派である東洋自由党までを巻き込んで、ゆくゆくは国粋主義を軸とした統一政党化も視野に入れた動きでもあった。
- Meanwhile, however, the movement was also, in a sense, part of the plan to create a national political realignment focusing on foreign affairs among nationalists in particular, who allowed popular rights groups to take the initiative in the anti-government movement Minto (political parties including the Liberal Party and the Progressive Party) since the Seinan War (a local war by Satsuma ex-samurai against the Meiji government); In other words, it also represented a political trend to unify all political parties with nationalism at the core in the future by involving the parties from the Kokumin Kyokai, a Rito which was fundamentally a pro-government political party, to the Toyo Jiyuto, a radical popular rights party which advocated universal suffrage.
- 兒玉源太郎総督の下で1898年に民政長官に就任した後藤新平は、土地改革、ライフラインの整備、アヘン中毒患者の撲滅、学校教育の普及、製糖業などの産業の育成を行うことにより台湾の近代化を推進し、一方で植民地統治に対する反逆者には取り締まりをするという『飴と鞭』の政策を有効に用いることで植民地支配の体制を確立した。
- In 1898, Shinpei GOTO assumed the post of Chief of Home Affairs under the direction of Gentaro KODAMA, the governor-general, and GOTO established Japan's approach to its rule of Taiwan through the effective use of a 'carrot and stick' policy; that is, he promoted the modernization of Taiwan by carrying out land reform, providing utilities that were essential to people's livelihoods, eradicating opium addiction, making school educational more accessible to all, and developing industries such as sugar manufacturing, while at the same time cracking down on those who opposed colonial rule.
- その一方で、近年では宇多天皇が醍醐天皇に譲位して法皇となった後に天皇の病気に伴って実質上の院政を行っていた事が明らかになった事や、円融天皇が退位後に息子の一条天皇が皇位を継ぐと政務を見ようとしたために外祖父である摂政藤原兼家と対立していたという説もあり、院政の嚆矢を後三条天皇よりも以前に見る説が有力となっている。
- On the other hand, the view that insei started before the reign of Emperor Gosanjo has become more prevalent in recent years, since it is increasingly apparent that Emperor Uda conducted virtual insei after he abdicated to Emperor Daigo to become Hoo (法皇) as the result of the new Emperor's illness, and based on the view that Emperor Enyu was opposed to Kaneie FUJIWARA, a regent and his maternal grandfather, since Enyu tried to participate in political affairs after his abdication and succession of the throne by his son, Emperor Ichijo.
- 『鉄炮記』には「天文 (元号)癸卯」(1543年)と記されているが、一方でポルトガル側の史料には鉄砲の伝来を記さないものや、イエズス会の『日本教会史』には1542年(天文11年)の出来事、フェルナン・メンデス・ピントの『東洋遍歴記』には1545年(天文14年)の出来事であると記されているなど年代には諸説が存在する。
- While 'Teppoki' records firearms that were introduced into Japan in 1543, several theories about the date exist including some materials from the Portuguese side do not even cover the event and 'Nihon Kyokai Shi' (História Da Igreja Do Japão) compiled by the Society of Jesus mentions that it was in 1542 and the 'Toyo Henreki Ki' (Peregrinacao) by Fernão Mendes Pinto states that it was in 1545.
- 一方、釈迦の教えを忠実に実行し、涅槃(輪廻からの解脱)に到ることを旨とした上座部仏教に対し、それが究極においてみずからはどこまでも釈迦の教えの信奉者というにととどまるもので、自身が「仏陀」(如来)として真理を認識できる境地に到達できないのではないかという批判的見地から起こった仏教における一大思想運動という側面もある。
- On the other hand, it can be seen as a major thought shift in Buddhism occurring from a standpoint of criticism against Theravada Buddhism, which includes the principle of devoted practice of the teachings of Shakyamuni in order to attain nirvana (deliverance from the wheel of life); as the practitioner ultimately remains no more than a believer of the Buddha's teachings, one cannot reach the state of recognizing the truth as a 'Buddha' (Nyorai (Tathagata)).
- だが、次第に研究会との勢力争いによって摩擦が生じるようになり、鰻香内閣騒動や研究会と立憲政友会との連携などを経て茶話会と研究会は次第に対立し、政友会の原内閣に研究会が閣僚を送ると、茶話会も超然主義を放棄して反対党である憲政会と連携する一方、研究会以外の他の貴族院の各会派と連携して研究会を包囲する動きを見せた(幸四派)。
- But the struggle for power with the Kenkyukai gradually began to produce friction, and after the turmoil of the Manko cabinet, the cooperation between the Kenkyukai and the Rikken Seiyukai (the Friends of Constitutional Government Party, or 'Seiyukai' for short) and other challenges, the struggle for influence between the Tea Party and the Kenkyukai gradually developed into open hostility, and when some of the members of Hara's Seiyukai cabinet were chosen from the Kenkyukai, not only did the Tea Party abandon the doctrine of transcendence and join forces with the opposition Kenseikai (Constitutional Government Party), they also formed links with the various other factions among non-Kenkyukai House of Peers members in an effort to isolate and surround the Kenkyukai.
- 私度僧は違法であり取締りの対象ではあったが、実情においては2本立ての方針が存在し、課役忌避を目的とした私度僧に対しては厳しい取締りが行われた一方で、僧侶としての実態のあるものについてはある程度までは容認されており、その中の優秀者は処罰の対象ではなく、むしろ得度させて体制の中に積極的に取り込む方針があったと考えられている。
- Shidoso was illegal and was an object to be regulated, but actually, it is believed that there were two different policies; on the one hand, strict regulations were made against those that became shidoso for the purpose of exemption from labor, but on the other hand, to some extent, those that held actual activities as monks were approved, and those that had excellent results were not objects to be punished, but rather were objects to be approved as tokudo and actively taken into the system.
- また、1990年代後半からは主に考古学的側面から、卓淳(昌原)・安羅(咸安)などの諸地域の研究が推進される一方で、1983年に慶尚南道の松鶴洞一号墳(墳丘長66メートル)が前方後円墳であるとして紹介されて以来相次いだ朝鮮半島南西部での前方後円墳の発見これまでのところ全羅南道に11基、全羅北道に2基の前方後円墳が確認されている。
- And, from the late 1990s, studies of Tokujun (卓淳, in Changwon), Alla (in Haman) and other regions were promoted mainly from the archeological aspect and since the Songhakdong No. 1 tomb in Gyeongsangnam-do (66 meters in length) was announced as a large keyhole-shaped tomb mound in 1983, the same type of tombs have been unearthed one after another in the southwest part of the Korean Peninsula, totaling eleven in South Jeolla Province and two in North Jeolla Province so far.
- 一方で政府と軍の各部署の間の有機的な連係が藩閥によって形成されていたという側面もあり、昭和に入り試験や育成機関から採用された官僚や軍人が部署の実権を掌握するようになると縦割り的弊害が甚だしくなり国家の方針が定まらず迷走することになり、藩閥の消滅による緊張感の低下が政党の腐敗を招き、官僚や軍部に迎合するようになったと見る説もある。
- On the other hand, an organic tie between the government and departments of the Army was formed by the domain clique, so there is a view that when bureaucrats and military men who were employed through examinations and training institutions in the Showa period held actual power of their departments, red tape swelled causing the national policy to keep straying unsettled and decreased sense of tension without domain clique brought corruption of the political parties and made them pander to bureaucrats and the military.
- なお、「三行り半」の名前の由来には、奈良時代の律令に定められた棄妻(婿入婚における、夫からの一方的な離婚。放妻とも言う。)の際に用いられた書状七出之状(しちしゅつのじょう)の「七」を半分に割って三行り半というとする説や、婚姻の際に妻の親元が出す婚姻許可状が7行の文書であることが多かったため、その半分の3行半にするという説などもある。
- About the origin of the name 'three lines and a half,' there are opinions that 'three and a half' is a half of 'seven' of the document title 'seven grounds for husbandly repudiation of the wife,' which was one-sidedly issued by the husband in repudiating his wife in uxorilocal marriage as defined in Ritsuryo code during the Nara period, or that 'three and a half' is a half of 'seven,' which is the number of lines customarily written in the permission of marriage issued by the wife's parents.
- 一方、山科小野の地に曼荼羅寺を建立して密教修行の活動拠点を築いた東密小野流の開祖/仁海、御室仁和寺で宇多天皇に灌頂を授けた益信の後進にして、広沢池ほとりに遍照寺を建立した東密広沢流の開祖/寛朝らが事相面の法孫として対照されるが、広沢流/益信とともに、後世野沢三十六流と呼ばれる真言事作法分流における重要な基点を創った法匠として捉える。
- Ningai, the founder of the Ono School of Tomitsu (Shingon Sect's esoteric teaching), established Mandala-ji Temple at Ono, Yamashina and founded the base for Esoteric Buddhism's practice, and Kancho, younger than Yakushin, who received the kanjo (a ceremony to be the successor) from Emperor Uda at Omuro-Ninna-ji Temple, founded the Hirosawa School of Tomitsu and established Hensho-ji Temple along the shores of Hirosawa-no-ike Pond, and others are thought to have been successors in practical training and contrasted with Shobo, however, it should be interpreted that Shobo as well as the Hirosawa School of Yakushin made important foundations in Shingon-ji Saho Bunryu (branch schools in manners of Shingon Sect), which was later called Yataku Sanjuroku-ryu (thirty-six schools of yataku (Ono School and Hirosawa School)).
- その一方で、パークスが談判を仕切ったためにフランス公使によって出された損害賠償要求は事実上無視され、大隈の通貨改革についての異論は公使達からも三条・岩倉ら太政官首脳からも出されること無く、内外からの承認を得る形となり、結果的には明治政府による自主的な通貨改革そのものについては、大隈案に沿った形での方針が認められることになったのである。
- On the other hand, because Parkes ran the negotiation, the claim for loss put out by the French minister was virtually ignored, and objections to OKUMA's currency reform did not occur by the ministers or the heads of the Daijokan, such as SANJYO and IWAKURA, leading to an agreement from both Japan and foreign countries, and as a result the independent currency reform by the Meiji Government itself was accepted to take the shape of a policy in accordance with OKUMA's proposal.
- 戦国時代になると、大名は主従関係の安定化のため、寄親となった有力武士の権利を保障し、寄子が濫りに寄親を変えることを禁じたり、大名への訴訟は寄親を通じて行うことを命じて、強制力を持たせる一方、寄親が寄子に恩給を与えなかったり、その他寄子に対する不当な扱いを行った場合には寄親を変えさせるなど、寄子を自己の軍事力として確保する政策が取られた。
- In the Sengoku period, in order to stabilize the master-servant relationship, daimyo guaranteed the rights of the dominant samurai who had become Yorioya, prohibited Yoriko from changing Yorioya, and gave Yorioya a legal force by ordering that lawsuits against daimyo should be filed through Yorioya; on the other hand, they adopted a policy to secure Yoriko as their military force by allowing Yoriko change Yorioya if Yorioya didn't give Onkyu (rewards from master to a vassal) or if Yorioya mistreated Yoriko.
- だが、銅銭を多く保有して多額の取引を行う大商人には実質上の資産価値の増大に繋がる一方、短陌を外してしまうと銅銭本来の公定価値に戻ってしまう(宋代の公定価値を元にすると、短陌を外した銅銭を全て合わせても77枚分の価値しか有しないために、23枚分の損となる)ために、日常生活において小額の取引がほとんどである庶民にとっては大変不利な制度でもあった。
- However, while it led to the increase in property value of merchant princes who owned a lot of copper coins and carried out trading, it was a very unfavorable system for ordinary people whose trading was mostly with a small amount of money in daily life because if tanhaku wasn't adopted, the value returned to the primary official value of the copper coin (if it was calculated based on the official value in the age of Sung, the total value of coppers without tanhaku would be just the value of 77 coins, thus it resulted in a loss of 23 coins).
- その第6条には「内地の事務は大使帰国の上で大いに改正するの目的なれば、其内可成丈新規の改正を要す可らず」として留守中に大規模な改革を行わないことを約する一方で、次の第7条には「廃藩置県の処置は内地事務の統一に帰せしむべき基なれば、条理を逐て順次其効を挙げ、改正の地歩をなさしむべし」として廃藩置県の後始末については速やかに行うように指示されていた。
- Article 6 of the treaty stipulated that large-scale reforms should not be carried out during the absence of government leaders, saying 'A big reform for inland business is to be made after taishi (commander-in-chief) returns to Japan, so it is not necessary to pursue a new reform immediately,' while Article 7 stipulated that affairs of Haihan-chiken should be wound up quickly, saying 'Since accomplishing Haihan-chiken is essential to carry out inland business, it should be done reasonably and effectively.'
- 一方、自治体としての東京都が公式に用いている「東京都」の英称は ' Tokyo Metropolis' (metropolisは首都・首府・大都市、あるいは主要都市・中心市)で、都知事は 'Governor'(知事)として国際会議に出席するなど、東京都という1つの自治体で都市の扱いになっており、対外的に23区と多摩地域や島嶼部を分離する意味はない。
- On the other hand, the common name that Tokyo officially uses, is 'Tokyo Metropolis' (note, metropolis means capital, metropolis, big city or main city, central city), and the Governor of Tokyo attends the international conferences as 'Governor,' so Tokyo is treated as a single autonomous body and there is no meaning to separate the Tama area and islands area from the 23 boroughs.
- その一方で、称徳天皇や道鏡が清麻呂を流した事で2番目の神託を否認した以上、最初の神託に基づいて道鏡への皇位継承を進めることも可能であった筈なのに事件以後に全くそうした動きを見せていない事や逆に藤原氏らの反対派がこの事件を直接の大義名分として天皇や道鏡排除に積極的に動いていない事から、道鏡がこの事件に深く関わっていたとする証拠を見出す事は困難である。
- On the other hand, it is difficult to find the evidence that Dokyo was deeply involved in this incident because of the following reasons; Empress Shotoku did not proceed with the move to let Dokyo ascend the throne based on the first oracle although she could have done so after she and Dokyo denied the second oracle and exiled Kiyomaro; furthermore, there was no active movement in the opposition factions such as Fujiwara clan concerning the removal of Empress Shotoku or Dokyo using this incident as a legitimate reason.
- 一方、南西諸島と樺太・北海道には水田が作られず、南西諸島では貝塚時代、ついでグスク時代、樺太・北海道では続縄文時代、ついで擦文時代(さつもん)が続いた(また、本州東北地方では、青森県垂柳遺跡のように弥生時代前期の水田の事例もあるものの、一般的には中期後半前後まで水稲農耕は完全に受容されたとはいえず、北海道に準じ続縄文文化が展開したとの見方もある)。
- On the other hand, rice-paddies did not spread in the Nansei Islands and Sakhalin/Hokkaido, therefore, the Shell mound period and then the Gusuku period followed the Jomon period in the Nansei Islands and Post Jomon period then Satsumon period followed after the Jomon period in Sakhalin/Hokkaido (Although there was an example of a rice-paddy during the early Yayoi period shown in the Tareyanagi site in Aomori Prefecture, rice-paddy cultivation also did not widely spread in Tohoku region in Honshu until the middle to the late Yayoi period and some theoretical views that Post Jomon period followed as in Hokkaido.)
- 一方、社名やその他の語を付けて区別することもあり、群馬県の上信電鉄では旧国名の「上野(こうずけ)」を冠した場合に上野 (台東区)や上野市の「上野(うえの)」と混同する恐れがあるため上州富岡駅のように「上州」を冠しているが、旧国鉄及び東日本旅客鉄道では前述の例に倣って「上野」と「上州」のいずれも用いず群馬藤岡駅のように現在の県名を冠する駅名を付けている。
- On the other hand, there were cases in which station names were distinguished through means of adding company names or some other words; in the case of Joshu Dentetsu in Gunma, 'Joshu' is added to Tomioka Station and the station name is made to 'Joshu Tomioka Station'; the reason for this naming lied in that if the provincial name of 'Kozuke' is added, there is a possibility of being confused with 'Ueno' (Taito-ward in Tokyo) or 'Ueno' of Ueno City; Japanese National Railways and East Japan Railway Company used neither 'Kozuke' nor 'Joshu,' following the examples cited above and made a new station name by adding the current prefecture name Gunma.
- ところが、国民協会の中で国粋主義者の占める割合が強くなると、次第に政府との関係は悪化し、特に第2次伊藤内閣期に入ると、民党の中核であった自由党_(日本)が政府と接近して共同歩調を取る一方で、逆に国民協会が同内閣が進める条約改正を批判して立憲改進党と共同して硬六派を組織するなど、吏党・民党がそれぞれ「親政府」・「反政府」を意味するものではなくなっていった。
- However, their relationship with the government gradually soured as the Kokumin Kyokai had the highest percentage of nationalists, and especially during the Second Ito Cabinet, the Kokumin Kyokai conversely organized the Koroppa (hard-line six parties) cooperating with the Rikken Kaishinto by accusing the Cabinet of forwarding the revision of a treaty while the Jiyuto (Liberal Party of Japan), the hard core of the Minto party, approached the government and took concerted action, and thus the Rito party and Minto party were no long entirely 'pro-government' or 'anti-government'.
- 1260年にモンゴル帝国の第5代皇帝(ハーン、ハーン)に即位した後のいわゆる「元 (王朝)」(大元ウルス、大元朝、元朝)の皇帝クビライは、1268年(日本の文永5年・大元朝の至元 (元世祖)5年)に第2代皇帝オゴデイ以来の懸案であった南宋攻略を開始する一方、既に服属していた朝鮮半島の高麗を通じて、1266年に日本に初めて通交を求める使者を送ろうとしていた。
- Kublai, who in 1260 became the fifth emperor (Khan) of the Mongol Empire that was later called 'Yuan' (the Great Yuan Ulus, Great Yuan Dynasty or Yuan Dynasty), in 1266 planned to send the first envoys to establish diplomatic relations with Japan, through Goryeo in the Korean peninsula, which had already become its subject, while starting to conquer the Southern Sung Dynasty in 1268, which had been its long-standing aim since the reign of the second emperor Ogodei.
- アメリカ合衆国での火葬率は、プロテスタント保守派の間で禁忌が強いこともあり20%強にとどまるといわれるものの、一方で、同じキリスト教圏にあるともいえるイギリス、及び同国の影響下にある、あった国々の多くでは、いずれの70%強、ないしこれに準ずるの火葬率を示していることから、火葬と、これを禁忌とする素因を宗教的側面については、一定の留保をもって臨む姿勢が求められるであろう。
- In the United States the cremation rate only reaches a little more than 20%, because there is a strong taboo among the conservative Protestants, but on the other hand, in the United Kingdom, another Christian country, and many of the countries which were or have been under British influence, the rate is around 70% and therefore, looking to religious aspects for reasons against cremation may not necessarily be correct.
- 一方、本能寺から200mの近辺に教会のあったルイス・フロイスの『日本史』(Historia de Iapan)では、「(午前3時頃と言われる)明智の(少数の)兵たちは怪しまれること無く難なく寺に侵入して(6月2日に御所前で馬揃えをする予定であったのを織田の門番たちは知っていたので油断したと思われる)、信長が便所から出て手と顔を清めていたところを背後から弓矢を放って背中に命中させた。
- According to 'Historia de Iapan' by Luis Frois whose church was only 200 meter away from the Honno-ji Temple, '(Around three o'clock in the morning), (a small number of) warriors of the Akechi clan invaded the temple without being suspected (It seems that Oda's gatekeepers lost their sharpness because they knew that umazoroe (a troop review) in front of the Imperial Palace was planned for the next day.), and shot Nobunaga, who came out from the toilet and was washing his hands and face, in the back using bows and arrows.
- 一説に、こうした鈴鹿王の立身の背景には、無念の思いを抱いて死んだ長屋王の霊を鎮めたいという朝廷の意図が込められていたといわれているが、その一方で天平9年の疫病によって議政官級の皇族・貴族のほとんどが死去してしまい、大臣に就任できる要件を満たした人材がいなくなってしまったために、大臣と同格で皇族であることが唯一の条件であった知太政官事を急遽立てなければならないという切迫した事情も介在していた。
- While there is a theory that such speedy promotion of Suzuka no Okimi was the results of the Imperial Court's influence, who intended to appease the spirit of Nagayao, who died feeling mortified, another theory says that as a plague in 737 killed most members of the Imperial Family and nobles working in the Giseikan (Legislature), leaving very few princes and nobles meeting the requirements to fill ministerial positions, there was a desperate need to quickly fill in the position of Chidaijoikanji whose only requirement was being a member of the Imperial Family and in a position equivalent to the ministers.
- 17世紀前半はソーマ銀(佐摩、石見国)、ナギト銀(長門国)、セダ銀(佐渡国)およびタジマ銀(但馬国)等といわれる灰吹銀が多量に輸出され、幕府は慶長14年(1609年)令で良質の灰吹銀の輸出を原則禁止とし、決済は慶長丁銀で行うよう定め、その一方で不正な灰吹銀の密輸出が横行し、丁銀および灰吹銀の輸出高の比率は不明であるものの、当時世界有数の産出高を誇った石州銀などは、その多くが慶長銀に鋳造されて輸出されたことになる。
- In the first half of 17th century, a large amount of cupellated silver such as soma silver (Sama, iwami Province), nagito silver (Nagato Province), seda silver (Sado Province) and tajima silver (Tajima Province) was exported, and bakufu, in principle, prohibited export of good quality cupellated silver by the Order of 1609 and decided that settlement was made by keicho-chogin whereas although ratio of export of cho-gin and cupellated silver was unknown by frequent illegal export of cupellated silver, many of ishu-gin that had been proud of producing largest amount in the world was minted to keicho-gin and then exported.
- その一方で、平安時代中期の著作である『政事要略』が書名を『貞観儀式』とせずに『儀式 貞観』としているのは、当初からこの書名は『儀式』と称されており、『政事要略』は単に脚注として編纂年代である元号の「貞観」を付記したに過ぎないこと、『本朝法家文書目録』は今日では存在が疑問視されている三代儀式の存在を前提に書いており、実際には存在しなかった弘仁儀式を掲げるなど正確性に疑問があるとして、正式な書名は『儀式』であるとする森田悌らの説も存在する。
- On the other hand, Tei MORITA etc. asserted the official book title must be 'Gishiki' arguing that the author of 'Seiji yoryaku,' compiled during the mid-Heian period, used 'Gishiki Jogan' instead of 'Jogan gishiki' in order to add the era name of 'Jogan' in which the book was compiled while acknowledging the title of the book was 'Gishiki' from the very beginning, and that the credibility of 'Honcho hoka monjo mokuroku' is doubtful because it was written on the premise of the existence of Sandai gishiki whose existence is questioned at present and it listed Konin gishiki (ceremony in the manner of the Konin era) which, in reality, did not exist.
- 辛亥革命後、五・四運動を経て不平等条約破棄を求める中国国民の声が高まると、規定上の改訂期間が訪れた1926年10月に北京政府が条約改訂を日本側に打診するが、1928年7月19日、当時北京政府に代わって中国を掌握していた蒋介石の南京国民政府が一方的に破棄を通告、日本側はこれを拒否して継続を宣言したが、その後日本側からも対立悪化を懸念する声が上がり、改訂交渉が行われ、1930年5月6日に日華関税協定が結ばれて中国側の関税自主権が回復された。
- After the Xinhai Revolution, the demand to abrogate the unequal treaty increased among Chinese people in the May Fourth Movement, the Beijing Government offered the revision of the treaty to Japan in October 1926 when the term of revision started, but the Nanjing Government led by Chiang Kai-shek who controlled China at that time one-sidedly notified the abrogation of the treaty on July 19, 1928, on the other hand, Japan denied the notification and declared the continuation of the treaty, however, the concern was raised in Japan that the relationship between Japan and China might deteriorate, the two countries negotiated about revision of the treaty, and finally the Sino-Japanese Tariff Agreement was concluded on May 6, 1930, and the Chinese tariff autonomy was restored.