Honyaku Star - Search: だが

だが: 1000 Terms and Phrases

だが
but
however
yet
nevertheless
still
for all that

大変だが
It's difficult, however,

だが加筆箇所は不明。
It is unknown, however, which portion he wrote.

シートはひだが伸びた
the sheet came untucked

だが、結局は断念された）。
However, this was abandoned).

阿倍氏出身だが、系統は未詳。
He was from the Abe clan, but his lineage was unknown.

小紫は高位だが、外位である。
Shoshi was a high rank; however, it was only given to those who were not direct descendants of royal families.

無銘だが光世の作と伝えられる。
Although this sword does not carry the maker's name on it, it is believed to have been made by Mitsuyo.

だが、その流通は円満でなかった。
Despite these government efforts, it was difficult to increase the circulation of Dajokan bills.

親任官待遇だが俸給のない名誉職。
This licensee was treated as an official appointed by the emperor, while it was an honorary position without any salary.

理由は不明だが、脱藩の説が高い。
Although the reason is unknown, he most likely left the domain.

だが聞き入れられず、義昭は挙兵。
However, Yoshiaki refused his advice and rose in arms.

だが制止を振り切って帰路についた。
However, they forcibly departed homeward.

だが、その説はほぼ否定されている。
That theory is generally discredited, however.

形式的には直状と同じだが、格式は下。
It is formally the same as a jikijo, but less prestigious.

だが、その実現には紆余曲折があった。
There were, however, twists and turns before it was finally implemented.

だが、桂もこれで黙ってはいなかった。
KATSURA, however, counterattacked.

有力な大伴氏の一員だが、系譜は不明。
He belonged to the powerful clan, the Otomo clan, but his genealogy is unknown.

京都に住んだが、その後大阪へ移った。
He lived in Kyoto, and then moved to Osaka.

だが、不思議とその胸のあたりが温かい。
However, around his chest it is strangely warm.

だが、この弱者連合はすぐに行き詰まる。
However, this coalition of the weak soon had major difficulties.

だが、勝頼は決戦を行うことを決定する。
Katsuyori however decided to go ahead with the battle.

京を制圧した義仲だが、統治に失敗した。
Although Yoshinaka controlled Kyoto City, he failed to govern.

だが、病を得て47歳の若さで急死した。
However, being struck by disease, he died at the age of 47.

だが、間もなく病に倒れて35歳で死去。
Soon after that, however, he fell sick and died at the age of 35.

だが、教景（宗滴）の密告で計画が漏洩。
However the plot was leaked out since Norikage (Soteki) informed secretly.

だが、疫病の流行、富士山の爆発があった。
But there were such events as the prevalence of infectious diseases and eruption of Mt. Fuji.

だが、わずか7ヶ月で辞任に追い込まれる。
However, he is forced to resign just 7 months later.

だが、家禄とともに財政悪化の一因となった。
Premiums together with hereditary stipends brought about financial aggravation.

だが、長期の平和の中で形骸化が進んでいた。
However, the military organizations lost substances due to long peace.

全二十巻、著者は不明だが源順説などがある。
The story consists of twenty volumes, and although the author is unknown, MINAMOTO no Shitago is said to be a likely candidate.

築城は不明だが、概ね室町時代とされている。
Although the actual year of completion is not known, the castle is generally believed to have been built in the Muromachi Period.

だが、やがて尊氏に圧倒され衰退していった。
However, soon he was overwhelmed by Takauji and had been deteriorated.

小紫は高位だが、恵尺が得たのは外位である。
Shoshi is a high rank but the one he was given was Gei (given to those who were from different lineages as theirs).

相当の賞があったはずだが、それも見えない。
He must have received considerable prizes for his achievement in the war, but no description has been found.

だが来独中の山縣有朋に談判して解決させた。
But he solved the problem by having a direct talk with Aritomo YAMAGATA who was visiting Germany at that time.

だが、京都への帰還中に下野国佐野で没した。
However, he passed away in Sano, Shimotsuke Province while trying to return to Kyoto.

だが、そのような物は現在は一つも存在しない。
However, no such books are present today.

だが、上田敏は純粋に芸術面から高く評価した。
However, Bin UEDA highly praised it from an artistic standpoint.

だが、次第にロシア文学に心酔するようになる。
However, he gradually became an admirer of Russian literature.

その後井伊直継が家督を継いだが、幼少であった
After his death Naotsugu II took over as head of the family, but he was too young.

だが、現実にはなかなか引き下げられなかった。
However, in reality, the government was not able to lower the tax rate so easily.

だが、その後の方針を巡って盟主・晴元と対立。
However, he confronted with Harumoto, the leader, over the later policy.

内容は不明だが、前の誓いと同じだと思われる。
The contents is unknown but it is thought that the same as previous oath.
Although the contents of the oath was unknown, it is thought to be the same oath as before.
The details were unknown; however it was probably the same oath as before.

だが、大久保に反対する歌を詠まれて断念した。
However, he dropped the plan in the face of the Okubo's opposing tanka (a Japanese poem) to his plan.

薫の思い人だが、最後まで彼の求婚を拒み通した。
Although she was Kaoru's lover, she continued to turn down his marriage proposals to the very end.

だが帝から勝敗を付けるようにとの仰せがあった。
The Emperor, however, insisted that he should settle on a winner and loser.

公卿としての地位を望んだが果たせずに終わった。
He wanted to become a Noble, but did not go through with it.

だが裁判所は会館の帰属を明らかに出来なかった。
However, the court was not able to decide to which side the Hall belonged.

だが、1881年（明治14年）に肺病に倒れた。
He came down with lung disease in 1881.

だが、シベリヤや中国の出土例から類推されている。
However, it is inferred by analogy from unearthed articles in Siberia and China.

だが、地形などによって空中花粉数は異なってくる。
However, the pollen count varies depending on topography.

全21巻だが第6巻・第21巻は亡失し現存しない。
In all, the work was in 21 volumes, but Vol. 6 and Vol. 21 were lost and are nonexistent today.

だが、「右足の痛み激しきが為」棄権してしまった。
However, he abandoned his right because of 'the intense ache in his right leg.'

上総国介平兼忠の子だが『尊卑分脈』には見えない。
He was the son of TAIRA no Kanetada, Assistant Governor of Kazusa Province, but there is no description about him in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (Bloodlines of Noble and Base).

生母は不明だが祇園女御の妹という説が有力である。
Although the identity of his mother is unknown, there is a widely-accepted theory that she was a younger sister of a Gion no nyogo (Gion consort).

だが、これに対してたちまち政府内で反発が噴出した。
However, objections exploded in the government instantly.

だが、それらが逆に兄弟からも疎まれる要因となった。
However, this had the opposite effect and caused her brothers to be unkind to her.

だが、この記念切手の図案は異例な点が数多くあった。
But there were many unusual things about the design of this commemorative postage stamp.

だが奏覧前に天皇が崩御し勅撰和歌集にならなかった。
This could not become an imperial anthology as the emperor did not live to see it completed.

だがこの公判でも決着はつかず、長く事態は膠着した。
However, in this trial, the situation was not settled but remained deadlocked.

だが、清の朝廷はそれでも水軍の再編を行わなかった。
Nonetheless, the Qing dynasty did not reorganize its navy.

だが、坂本城もそのまま城主となっていたようである。
But it seems that he kept being the lord of Sakamoto-jo Castle as well.

だが、子供に恵まれず末弟の泰邦を養子として迎える。
However, he had not been blessed with children, so he received his youngest brother Yasukuni as an adopted child.

だが翌年退学、11年から東京帝国大学予備門に入学。
However, he withdrew from Keimei School the next year and in 1878 entered the preparatory school of Tokyo Imperial University.

原因は不明だが受領との対立が高じたものと思われる。
Although the origin of the event is unknown, it could be the rising antagonism to Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors).

小錦上は高位だが、稚臣が与えられたのは外位である。
Shokinjo was a high rank, but the one Okida was provided was 'gei' (a quasi-rank).

だが、伊藤の建白が全くの無駄になった訳でも無かった。
However, Ito's petition was not in vain at all.

だが、作中では珍しい艶やかで奔放な気性の女君である。
However, she is a beguiling and uninhibited lady, of a kind that rarely appears in the story.

成立は945年だが、その翌年には後晋が滅びてしまう。
It was completed in 945, and the following year the Later Jin Dynasty came to an end.

だが、どの説も想像の範囲を超えず決定打に欠けている。
However, these theories do not go beyond the range of speculation, and they lack decisive proof.

作者は中山忠親説が有力だが、源雅頼説などもあり未詳。
The prevailing view indicates Tadachika NAKAYAMA as the author, but others favor MINAMOTO no Masayori, and the truth is not known.

年は不明だが東国に下向しており、晩年は九州に下った。
He once went to the eastern region of Japan in an unknown year and went to Kyushu in his last years.

だが、その没落も早く、孝謙天皇の寵愛は道鏡に移った。
However, his fall came quickly after Empress Koken's love moved to Dokyo.

朝敵と同じ意味だが、多く幕末・明治維新以後に用いる。
It had the same meaning as emperor's enemy and in this sense, it was used mainly after the end of Edo period/the Meiji Restoration.

鞘は黒塗りだが反射して目立たないように艶消しされた。
The scabbard of Shinobigatana is coated in black and frosted to prevent reflection and make it inconspicuous.

だが、若手公卿の批判を受けると一転して攘夷派となる。
However, he suddenly changed his position when he was criticized by young Kugyo (the top court officials) and joined Joi-ha (supporters of expulsion of the foreigners).

大納言は3年前と同じだが、この事情はよくわからない。
It is unknown why the same event that happened three years previous was stated once again.

だが、これに弟の大森憲頼が不満を抱き激しく対立した。
However, his younger brother Noriyori OMORI was extremely dissatisfied with this decision and fiercely opposed him.

だが、兼家の車は門前を通過して内裏へ行ってしまった。
However, Kaneie's wagon went past his gate to the Imperial Palace.

だが、高橋房治伍長、紺野市次郎二等卒は救出後死亡した。
However, Corporal Fusaji TAKAHASHI and Private Ichijiro KONNO died after being rescued.

だが、蘭書やオランダの文物・珍品は非常に高価であった。
However, Dutch books, cultural products, and rare articles were very expensive.

現在は「てんか」が普通だが、本来は「てんげ」と読んだ。
It is usually pronounced 'Tenka' at present, but originally it was pronounced 'Tenge'.

表向きは光源氏の次男だが、実は柏木 (源氏物語)の子。
Although he was ostensibly the second son of Hikaru Genji, he was actually the child of Kashiwagi (Genji Monogatari).

だが、そんな源氏の姿に子のない紫の上は密かに嫉妬する。
However, seeing such behavior from Genji, Lady Murasaki, who hadn't had a child of her own, secretly envied Lady Akashi.

はじめ宮廷に出仕し、殿上人に進んだが、早くに出家した。
At first he served the Imperial court and was advanced to tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace), but retired to the priesthood when he was still young.

海津城を落とせば戦局は有利に進んだ筈だが落さなかった。
Taking Kaizu-jo Castle, Kenshin could have fought the battle advantageously but did not take it.

「たいあん」が一般的な読みだが、「だいあん」とも読む。
It is commonly read as 'taian,' but is also read as 'daian.'

だが、この密謀を隣室に居た政子が障子越しに聞きつけた。
But Masako, who was in the next room, overheard this conspiracy through a shoji (paper sliding door).

だが、義経没落後は一条能保・中原親能の支配下となった。
However, after the fall of Yoshitsune the property was put under control of Yoshiyasu ICHIJO and NAKAHARA no Chikayoshi.

子の平維良は鎮守府将軍だが「尊卑分脈」には記載が無い。
His son, TAIRA no Koreyoshi was Chinju-fu shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North), but there is no description about him in 'Sonpi Bunmyaku.'

だが昭和2年（1927年）、多磨霊園へ改葬されている。
In 1927, however, he was reburied in Tama Cemetery.

千家の嫡男だが、利休と折り合いが悪く若い頃に家を出た。
Although he was a legitimate son of the Sen Family, he had disagreements with Rikyu and left home at an early age.

だが、直後に病に倒れて翌年には出家、そのまま病没した。
However, he fell ill soon after that, and he entered into priesthood in the following year, and then died as-is.

だが、さいわいにも伯母だけは殺されずに生き残っていた。
But fortunately, his aunt was alive.

党の誰を指すのかは不明だが、次の項には家長が出てくる。
Although it is not clear who was close to Kanemitsu HIGUCHI in the clan, there is the mention of Ienaga in the following section.

だが、次第に儀礼的なものとなり、重要性が低下していった。
However, this custom of Kanso (submission of reports to the Emperor) decreased its importance and eventually became just a formality.

母は王族の出だが、父とは疎遠になり按察大納言と再婚した。
Her mother came from the royal family, but became estranged from her husband and later married Azechi no Dainagon.

だが、約束の秋になっても、勝四郎は帰ってこないのだった。
However, when the autumn arrives, Katsushiro doesn't come back.

女三宮を望んだが果たせず、降嫁後六条院で女三宮と通じる。
He wants Onna Sannomiya but fails, and after she has become Genji's wife he has a relationship with Onna Sannomiya at Rokujoin.

だが、歴史的に式目は公家法である式条の集成の意味である。
From the historical point of view, however, the shikimoku meant the compilation of shikijo (code), a court noble law.

逆に異姓でも同一の本貫と見なされる場合もわずかだが有る。
On the contrary, there were a few cases where it was considered as the same hongan even if the family names were different.

理由は不明だが父の知行する佐治村の郷司職を継がなかった。
Although the reason is unknown, he did not succeed the position of Goshi shiki (subdistrict headships) of Saji village which his father ruled.

一帝に二后が立つ異例の事態だが、道長は権勢で押し通した。
This was a very rare situation in which an emperor was forced by Michinaga to accept two empresses.

だがこれが発覚し、老中を罷免され、隠居謹慎を命ぜられた。
However, his plot was found out and he was dismissed from the Roju and confined to his house.

だが、彼の持った最大の特技は「人脈作り」の才能であった。
His most remarkable talent among them was `building up a network of connections.'

母については不明だが、『後撰集』に「清正母」の歌が見える。
His mother is unknown, but the poem by 'Kiyotada's mother' was collected in 'Gosenshu' (Later selected collection of Japanese poetry).

藤吉郎はある程度目をかけられたようだが、まもなく退転した。
Tokichiro seemed to be taken a kindly interest but left his work soon.

だが藤原定家はそのような本を改ざんされた本と非難している。
FUJIWARA no Sadaie, however, criticized that they were interpolated.

だが城兵も鉄砲によって防戦し、寄手の損害も大きく撤退した。
But the castle soldiers also fought with guns and the besiegers were greatly damaged and withdrew.

だが、大久保の主張した旧幕臣官吏の追放が認められなかった。
However, the purge of the government officials who were former retainers of shogun, which was supported by Toshimichi OKUBO, was not accepted.

号は無形（むけい）が有名だが、如雲（じょうん）とも号した。
Although Mukei is his well-known alias, he also titled himself as Joun.

事情は不明だが、遺族の申請によるものかと推測する説がある。
Although the reason of the reward is unknown, some scholar surmises this was because his family had applied for it.

どのような伝を辿ったのか不明だが範頼を庇護、養育している。
He took Noriyori under his wing and brought him up, although what their connection was is unknown.

没年は不明だが、正治元年（1199年）以前に死去している。
The year of his death is unknown, but it is certain that he passed away before 1199.

だが、その出自・経歴については広く知られているとは言い難い。
However, his status by birth and his career are barely known.

内容は勅命だが、形式的には弁官や蔵人が発する文書形式を取る。
Although the contents were Imperial orders, as a matter of form, they were documents issued by benkan and kurodo.

既に結婚し子までなした鉄幹だが、晶子の為、妻と離婚している。
Although Tekkan was already married and even had a son, he divorced his wife for Akiko.

だが、秀吉にはそのような戦国時代の「常識」は通用しなかった。
However, Hideyoshi did not have such a 'common sense' in the Sengoku period.

東西、そして北はそれまでとほぼ同じだが「限南小野上大路」と。
While the east, the west, and the north remained almost the same as those in the past, 'the south boundary is Onogami-oji Street (a road from Hitachi Province).'

だが、実際は太政官の因事管隷のもと､充分機能した例は少ない。
But, in fact, there were few cases that the agency functioned well because of the Daijokan's supreme power to control all the departments in the ancient court.

家族は武芸で名を挙げたかったのだが、正一は学問で頭角を表す。
His family wanted to become famous for the military arts, but Masakazu distinguished himself academically.

京都河原町通東に住んだが、文化 (元号)年間は浪華に住んだ。
He lived in Kawaramachi Street Higashi, Kyoto but 1804 to 1817, lived in Naniwa.

だが、義宗を木曽家初代とするのは西筑摩郡誌の考察のみである。
However, it is only Nishichikuma-gun shi (The Records of Nishichikuma-gun County) that regarded Yoshimune as the first head of the Kiso family.

だが、わずか4か月で元に復帰して改めて権少納言に任じられた。
After only four months, however, he came back to the previous position and he was appointed to the Gon Shonagon (provisional lesser councilor of state).

だが、これらは公的な記録がなく建造経緯などは不明なものが多い。
However, there is no official record of those Kogo-ishi castles, therefore, much of the construction process of these castles remains obscure.

だが、義親は出雲国で再び目代を殺害して官物を奪う乱暴を働いた。
However, Yoshichika committed violent actions again by killing the mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor) and plundered kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) in Izumo Province.

だが、院政期に入ると摂関家が弱体化して受領家司は減少していく。
However, in the Insei period (period of the government by the retired Emperor), the Sekkan-ke weakened, which made the number of Zuryo Keishi decrease.

だが夕子には同郷の幼友達であり、恋人である青年僧の正順がいた。
However, Yuko was in love with her childhood friend from the same village, Seijun, a young priest.

だが猪名県の県主は一切資料が現存おらず、詳細は分かっていない。
However, details about Agatanushi of Ina no Agata are unknown because no materials have been kept to today.

国政に発言権の無かった外様大名はよろこんだが、名案は無かった。
The group of tozama daimyo (non-Tokugawa daimyo), who had also been refused the right to express their opinions on national politics, applauded ABE's efforts, though they had no good ideas themselves.

だが、目的地までの里数だけで所要時間がわかるという利点がある。
But this definition had an advantage that people could find the time required only by the number of ri to the destination.

兄の義忠の死後、義時は河内源氏の棟梁を望んだが果たせなかった。
After the death of his elder brother Yoshitada, Yoshitoki hoped to be the leader of Kawachi-Genji but failed.

だが、現在まで、この定期積金等の金融商品を発売した銀行はない。
However, there were no bank released financial products of this regular deposit and others until now.

だが、目安箱は本質的に封建制度の下で将軍が設置したものである。
However, meyasubako was originally established by a shogun under the feudal system.

「いろは」チェーンは養子の荘蔵が引き継いだが、数年で没落した。
His adopted son Shozo took over the 'Iroha' chain, but he ruined the success of the chain in just a few years.

だが、直後の18日になって八月十八日の政変が起きて政情は一変。
However, on 30th (18th in old calendar), immediately after the establishment of Tenchu-gumi, Coup of August 18 happened and political situation has turned around.

剝片から製作する磨製石器はごく少数だが、玉類などがそれにあたる。
There is very few ground stoneware that were made from flakes, and beads are one of them.

和歌数は約1560首だが、増補本ではそのほかに300首余を持つ。
Sankashu contains about 1560 poems, and the enlarged edition has additional some 300 poems.

絵画技法は西洋画と同じ技法だが、絵画道具は日本にあるものだった。
While the same painting techniques as the Western paintings were employed, the tools used were those available in Japan.

名取団の増員後の兵力は不明だが、引き続き胆沢城の守備にあたった。
Although the military strength after increasing soldiers of Natori-dan is unknown, Natori-dan continued to defend Isawa-jo Castle.

だが、6月に入って米仏艦隊が報復攻撃し、長州藩は敗北してしまう。
However, in July squadrons from the United States and France took reprisals and Choshu Domain was defeated.

「藩閥のやつらは、たたいても死にそうもないやつばかりだが...」
Meanwhile, those in domain cliques seem to never die even if they were beaten.'

本名は冽（「きよし」、または「れつ」）だが「洌」との表記もある。
His real name was Kiyoshi (or Retsu) written as '冽' or '洌.'

菟は兔に艸部をのせた字で、兎（兔）とは別の字だが音は同じである。
菟 is a letter composed of a letter 兎 and a radical 艸 on top, and although it is a different letter from 兎(兔), they are pronounced in the same way.

だが、その3年後に父である実行よりも先に急逝してしまうのである。
However, three years later, he died suddenly before his father Saneyuki.

だが、朝廷では三種の神器のない天皇の即位に対して異論が噴出した。
However, there were many objections to the accession of Emperor Gokogon in the Imperial Court because the Northern Court did not have the 'Sanshu no Jingi' (Three Sacred Treasures of Japan consisting of the sword Kusanagi, the mirror Yata no kagami, and the jewel Yasakani no magatama).

だが、文正元年（1466年）暮れ、持清の失脚とともに解任された。
At the year-end of 1466, however, with Mochikiyo's downfall, Takatada was removed from office.

興福寺は藤原氏の氏寺だが、中でも南円堂は藤原氏一門の崇敬が篤い。
Kofuku-ji Temple was the family temple of the Fujiwara clan; in particular the Nanendo hall was greatly revered by the Fujiwara family.

だが、その筆頭であった筈の大納言宗輔には何の処分も下らなかった。
However, Munesuke, who was Dainagon (chief councilor of state) and at the top of such nobles, was not punished.

二代高橋道八なのだが、一般的に「仁阿弥道八」の名前で有名である。
He was Dohachi TAKAHASHI the second, but generally well-known by the name 'Dohachi NINAMI.'

当時の客車は台車や台枠は鉄製だが壁や屋根を含む本体は木造であった。
In those days, wagons and underframes of the passenger carriages were made of iron, and main bodies including walls and roofs were made of wood.

だが、姫君と引き離される明石の御方の心を思いやって悩む源氏だった。
However, Genji was worried about what Lady Akashi would feel when she parted from her daughter.

だが「胸」の章に、乳の形状の説明としてフルヘッヘンドの単語がある。
The word 'verheffen' does appear in the chapter of 'Chest' for explaining the form of a breast.

作者は未詳だが、二条良基説や洞院公賢説、四条家関係者説などがある。
Although the author is unknown, there are various theories holding it to be either Yoshimoto NIJO, Kinkata TOIN or someone related to the Shijo family.

だが虚構の物語を史実に還元するものであるとして強く批判されている。
It has been, however, severely criticized on the ground that it reduces the fictional narrative to a historical fact.

国分寺は東大寺とするのが一般的だが、橿原市の満法院とする説もある。
Todai-ji Temple is generally regarded as the kokubun-ji temple (the provincial temple built under the orders of the Emperor), but Manpo-in Temple in Kashihara City is also said to have been the kokubun-ji temple.

だが、日本美術を中国美術の亜流と見なすことも同様に誤りといえよう。
However, if you regard Japanese art as a poor imitation of Chinese art, it might be wrong as well.

当代の遺品なし（法隆寺西院伽藍は飛鳥時代様式だが7世紀後半の再建）
Nonexistent: Saiin Garan of Horyu-ji Temple has the style of the Asuka period, but it was reconstructed in the later seventh century.

だが、秩禄処分によって武士の生活が苦しくなったのもまた事実である。
But still, after Chitsuroku-shobun, samurai warriors had to struggle against hard living.

しかし、理由は不明だが朝倉義景が前線に出なかったため士気に欠けた。
However, Yoshikage ASAKURA did not move into the front due to unexplained reason, which wore down the morale.

だが、閏4月には小栗城も成氏軍に攻め落として景仲は上野国に逃れた。
However, in May, the Oguri-jo castle was burned down by the attack of Shigeuji's troop, and Kagenaka fled to Kozuke Province.

物静かで飾り気のない性格だが、内面は厚く人望があった事が窺われる。
It seems that we was quiet and honest, big-hearted and respected.

異母兄藤原師通の急死後に摂関の地位を望んだが実現する事はなかった。
After the sudden death of FUJIWARA no Moromichi, his brother from a different mother, he attempted to secure the position of regent, but in vain.

斎藤龍興の叔父だが、早くから織田信長に通じ、美濃攻略に功があった。
Toshiharu was Tatsuoki SAITO's uncle and served Nobunaga ODA from early on, succeeding in conquering Mino.

一般的な読みは「やまたいこく」だが、本来の読みについては諸説がある。
It is generally read 'Yamatai' but there are various theories as to how it was read originally.

だが、三好義興らが摂津国の国人や丹波の国人に檄を飛ばして終結させた。
Yoshitoki MIYOSHI, however, mobilized local lords in Settsu and Tanba Province, issuing a manifesto.

別の日に内務省に150名がなだれこんだが、内務大臣は面会を拒否した。
On the other day 150 demonstrators intruded into the office of the Ministry of Home Affairs but the Minister of Home Affairs refused to meet them.

だが父に恋を反対された中納言は父の決めた相手と結婚し、姫君と別れる。
Met with his father's opposition, he marries the woman whom the father has selected for him and leaves the princess.

なお、『宇治十帖』では紅梅が一族の統領だが、その時代の左大臣は夕霧。
Furthermore, when the story reaches the 'ten chapters of Uji jujo' (the Ten Books of Uji), Kobai is the head of the family and Yugiri has become the Sadaijin.

だが、一部は室町幕府に降り奉公衆に取り立てられて重んじられたという。
Some of them were appointed to the important government post of hokoshu (a military post in Muromachi Shogunate) by the Muromachi bakufu.

だが、「巨大官庁・大蔵省」誕生に対する政府内の反発は収まらなかった。
However, backlash within the administration against the birth of 'mega-government office, Okura-sho' was not settled.

原因は不明だが、受領と在地領主である忠常との対立が高じたものらしい。
Its cause is not clear, but it seems that this was because of the deepened confrontation between Zuryo (provincial governor) and Tadatsune, the resident land holder.

娘は秀次の側室として嫁いで百丸を生んだが、父と共に連座で処刑された。
His daughter became a concubine of Hidetsugu and gave birth to Hyakumaru, but was executed together with her father due to complicity.

だが、その彦五郎が胤光といって陸奥国に住んでいた人物かは問題となる。
However, it is controversial whether the Hikogoro in this description was Tanemitsu of Mutsu Province.

だが、忠俊の異母弟が誕生したためか、のちに忠栄は生家に還されている。
However, as Tadatoshi's younger paternal half-brother was born, Tadahide was sent back to his parents' home later.

いい加減な命名だが、あまり名跡にはこだわらない上方らしい命名である。
It seemed like a sloppy way of naming, but it's like Kamikata naming that doesn't care about professional names so much.

だが後に、これが三田五瀬の詐欺で、御行は騙されていたことが判明した。
However, this turned out to be MITA no Itsuse's fraud later; Miyuki had been cheated by him.

どこの屯田かは不明だが、後述の莬田（大和国の宇陀郡）の近くであろう。
It is not clear as to which Imperial Domain he belonged to, but it is assumed to be somewhere near the later-mentioned Uda (Uda County of Yamato Province).

だが、晴元の重臣三好長慶の氏綱方への離反をきっかけに状況は一変する。
However, the situation changed drastically, triggered by a breakaway from Chokei MIYOSHI, who was of Harumoto, to the Ujitsuna's side.

名前の読みは「ゆきなり」だが、「こうぜい」と有職読みすることが多い。
His name is pronounced as 'Yukinari' but is often called 'Kozei' in Yusoku-yomi (expression of respect).

しかし、ここまで順調であった神泉だが、思わぬ挫折を味わうことになる。
Although his painting life had been smooth until this point, he encountered an unexpected frustration.

狩野益信に画を学んだが中年になって長崎に遊学し河村若芝の門弟となる。
At first he learned painting from Masunobu KANO, went to Nagasaki for the purpose of study in his middle age and became a disciple of Jakushi KAWAMURA.

だが、江戸時代に至り駢儷文が否定されるようになると省みられなくなった。
During the Edo period, however, nobody paid attention to it after the benreibun came to be rejected.

だが、御息所はその後病に倒れ、しばらく会わずにいた源氏も見舞いに赴く。
However, Rokujo no Miyasudokoro fell ill after that, and Genji goes to ask after her although he had not tried to see her for a while.

素朴な構成だが、その分選歌には厳しく、珠玉の詞華選といった感じである。
Although the structure was simple, the poems were selected meticulously, therefore they look like selected gems of written expression.

だが発端である荒木残党の引き渡しについては最後まで合意に達しなかった。
But they did not reach an agreement on the handover of the remnants of the Araki clan which had triggered the conflict.

だが、惨状を目の当たりにして体調を崩し、3ヶ月後に崩御することとなる。
Yet, having witnessed such a horrible sight, the Emperor fell into poor condition and died three months later.

その内容はほぼ内閣職権を引き継いだが、内閣総理大臣の権限は弱められた。
Although in terms of content the Naikaku-kansei largely continued along the same lines as those of its predecessor, the Naikaku-shokken, it did weaken the power and authority of the Prime Minister.

だが200挺の鉄砲や大鉄砲を有しており、抵抗は激しく武田軍を苦しめた。
Equipped with 200 teppo and demi-cannons, it fiercely resisted and tormented the Takeda forces.

だが、復興の果たせないことを悟り、唐に投降し、唐の将軍として活躍した。
He surrendered to the Tang Dynasty, however, after realizing that the revival of Baekje would not be achieved, and later he greatly contributed to Tang as a Tang Dynasty general.

多賀城の略奪は反乱の直接の結果だが、その指揮官が誰かを史料は記さない。
The looting of the Taka-jo Castle was a direct consequence of the rebellion but historical materials didn't indicate who was a commander.

だが、次第に独断専行が見せ始めたために朝廷における信望を失っていった。
However, since he started to make independent decisions on his own the Imperial Court began to lose their trust in him.

だが、皮肉にも直後から同族の昇進が相次ぎ、大臣任命が相次ぐ事になった。
Ironically enough, however, almost immediately afterwards, members of his family began to be promoted, becoming ministers one after another.

だが翌享禄5年（1532年）5月、畠山・三好連合は、木沢長政を再攻する。
However, in May, 1532, the allied troops of Hatakeyama and Miyoshi attacked Nagamasa KIZAWA again.

だが海外流出などで金不足が深刻化しており、兌換制度を止める必要があった。
However, a gold shortage, caused mainly by the outflow, became a serious problem and the conversion system had to be stopped.

主人は怪しんだが、女がいかにも悲しそうな小声で頼むので飴を売ってやった。
Alhough the storekeeper feels suspicion about the woman, she pleads with him to sell some candy to her in such a sad small voice, so he sells her some.

常門吉次の来歴は不明だが、金春流の素人、ないし半玄人であったと見られる。
Little is known of Yoshitsugu TSUNEKADO's career but it appears that he was an amateur or semi-professional writer of the Konparu-ryu school.

だが、それが勤皇思想と結んだ結果において倒幕と言うエネルギーに一転した。
However, at time when this theory was related to the pro-Imperial thought, it led people to shift to the movement to overthrow the Shogunate.

兵部省の長官である兵部卿は正四位下相当だが、大体公卿の兼官となっている。
The minister of Hyobusho was called Hyobukyo and was equivalent to Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) but it was the post held concurrently with the post of Kugyo (the top court officials) in general.

だが、大宰府は平安時代になると機能が消失したわけではないものの衰微する。
However, although the function of Dazaifu did not disappear, the trade decreased drastically.

だが下手な手の付け方をすれば、日本中に反政府の武装蜂起が起こりかねない。
However, if they made a bad job of undertaking some action, an armed uprising of antigovernment forces would have occured throughout Japan.

名高い義経の逆落としだが、一般的には「鵯越」から行われたと言われている。
'Sakaotoshi' by Yoshitsune is famous, and in a general sense it would seem Yoshitsune had executed this from Hiyodorigoe.

だから上記の大石家も、浅野家の家臣だが、徳川将軍家から見れば陪臣になる。
This is why the aforementioned Oishi family was a vassal of the Asano family, but was baishin for the Tokugawa Shogun family.

だが、そのために国例に定められた賦課を上回る官物が徴収されることになる。
However, as a result, Kanmotsu more than that decided in the Kokurei was collected.

だが、嘉祥元年（848年）に親族和気斉之の罪に連座して土佐国に流された。
In 848, however, he was displaced to Tosa Province as joint-punishment for his relative WAKE no Tadayuki's crime.

(だが、重政が築城したという説もあり、さらに重政が城主か定かではない）。
(However, another theory suggests that Shigemasa built the castle.)

だが、楠木・和田方も手落ちなく、松明を出して探索、紛れ込んだ者を調べた。
However, the Kusunoki-Wada side was cautious enough to search for mingled persons by torchlight.

だが、挙兵は失敗して、具行も鎌倉幕府軍に捕えられてしまった（元弘の変）。
But the plot failed and Tomoyuki was captured by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)'s army (Conspiracy of Genko).

詳細は不明だが守護代小笠原氏との間で確執が生じる事情があったようである。
The detailed reasons are unknown, however, it seems there were circumstances that caused conflicts within the shugodai Ogasawara clan.

だが、貴族院 (日本)はこれに消極的であり結果的に要求を貫徹できなかった。
However, Minto could not realize their goal since the House of Peers was reluctant to reduce the tax.

だが同時に、欧米列強による日本に対する不平等条約の集大成とも言われている。
At the same time, it was said to be the achievement of an unfair treaty against Japan by western powers.

姓は直だが、允恭朝に忍坂大中姫皇后に不敬があったため、稲置姓に落とされた。
His surname was Atai, however, he took on irreverent behavior toward Empress Oshisaka no Onakatsu no Hime no Mikoto during the Emperor Ingyo's era, and therefore his surname was demoted to Inagi.

だが、現地における兵粮米の賦課・徴発は兵士による濫妨を招く可能性があった。
However, imposition and commandeering of military provisions in the field could cause solders' act of violence.

(居醒泉でようやく醒めた日本武尊だが、病身となり、尾津から能褒野へ到る。)
(Yamato Takeru no Mikoto at last regained his senses at Isamegai, but became sick and went from Otsu to Nobono.)

何の何の、奴はいるんだが、いとしい女子のおためにと、私田を刈っているのさ。
Oh yes he is there, but he is reaping his own rice field for a girl he loves.

教養高く優雅な貴婦人だが、源氏への愛と恨みから怨霊となって女君たちに祟る。
Although she was a cultivated and elegant lady, she becomes a vengeful spirit and curses Genji's wives and ladies due to both love and resentment for Genji.

この矛の由来は不明だが一説によると奈良時代には既に存在していたといわれる。
The origin of this mallet is not known, but one theory holds that it already existed in the Nara period.

人生最大の栄華に喜ぶ明石の御方たちだが、明石入道の消息文を読み涙を流した。
Although Akashi no onkata (Lady Akashi) and young lady Akashi are in all their glory, they shed tears when they read a personal letter from Priest Akashi.

一宮は桜井市の大神神社だが、神社が自ら一宮を称した文書は見つかっていない。
Ichinomiya (the highest ranking shrine) was Omiwa Shrine in Sakurai City, but there have not been any documents that the shrine calls itself ichinomiya.

だが興福寺側は源氏であって藤原氏ではない義満を放氏することが出来なかった。
In spite of this, Kofuku-ji Temple could not purge Yoshimitsu, because he came from the Minamoto clan, not from the Fujiwara clan.

細長く鋭く尖る形のものが典型的だが、それ以外にも多くの種類の尖頭器がある。
Their typical shape was long, thin and sharply-pointed, but there were many other shapes, too.

だが、城自体は陥落寸前まで追い詰めたものの結果的には撤退することとなった。
However, Terutora cornered the castle to the extent of almost taking over, but eventually, he had to withdraw.

このように上流階級の信望を集めていたようだが、山本権兵衛には嫌われていた。
Thus, he seemed to gain prestige from the upper class people, but Gombei YAMAMOTO hated him.

当時のエリート階級で、大学や政府の要職を務めた外山だが、生活は質素だった。
Although he was a member of the elite who worked at a university and was at an important post in the government, he led a frugal life.

時期が不明だが、御行は三田五瀬を対馬島（対馬国）に遣わして金を精錬させた。
It is known that Miyuki sent MITA no Itsuse to Tsushima Island of Tsushima Province to refine gold, but unknown when it was.

どのような功績があったかは不明だが、大紫は壬申の功臣の中でも高位ではある。
It is uncertain what sort of great achievements he made, however, the rank of Daishi is categorized as most eminent among all the meritorious retainers of the year of Mizunoe-Saru.

だが、義満がこれを政治的に利用して反対勢力を討伐していった事は事実である。
However, it is a fact that Yoshimitsu utilized it for political affairs and used it to suppress opposing forces.

父から寺の住職職を継いだが、還俗して茶道を志すようになり、小堀遠州に入門。
He inherited the position of the chief priest from his father, but he aspired to learn the art of tea ceremony, so he returned to the secular life and became a pupil of Enshu KOBORI.

麁鎌の生年は不明だが、天武天皇と同年代と仮定すると、この時約70才になる。
Arakama's date of birth is unknown, but assuming that he and Emperor Tenmu were close in age, he had to have been around 70 at the time.

姫君は母の縁によって宮中の某所に移り住んだが、そうした姿を帝に見いだされる。
With the aid of her mother, the princess moves to a certain place within the imperial court and is recognized by the emperor.

二条の告白という形だが、ある程度の物語的虚構性も含まれると見る研究者もいる。
It is written in the form of a confession by Lady Nijo, but some scholars think that it also includes elements of narrative fiction.

源頼朝は勲功抜群だが、天下を握ったのは朝廷から見れば面白くないことであろう。
MINAMOTO no Yoritomo had exceptional merit, but when viewed from the perspective of the Imperial Court, which commands all under heaven, he is surely of little interest.

兼盛の生年は不詳だが、篤行王の生没年を計算すると80歳位まで生存したらしい。
Kanemori's date of birth is unknown, but considering his father Atsuyuki's dates of birth and death, he seems to have lived to be around eighty.

だが、各軍（日本の場合は藩）がそれぞれの基準によってバラバラに輸入を行った。
However, individual troops (each domain in Japan) imported weapons according to its own standard.

だが、平氏政権・鎌倉幕府初期の段階では検断権そのものは朝廷・院が有していた。
The right to judge criminal cases was, however, held by the Emperor or the retired emperor, in the period of the Taira clan government through the early Kamakura Period.

だが、社会問題の深刻化は度重なる新制の効力を無力化させて、衰退をもたらした。
However, social problems that were becoming more serious disabled the effect of the series of shinsei and brought about its decline.

「だが、今死を与えれば、後世までこの話は語り継がれていくことになるだろう。」
But if they die now, their stories will be passed on from generation to generation.'

だが、生糸の輸入に関し外国商人が値段決定の主導権を有して利益を独占していた。
However, at that time foreign merchants had the initiative in pricing decisions in importing raw silk threads and they monopolized the profits.

- 本陣に次ぐ武士や公家の宿泊施設だが、空いているときは一般旅行者も泊めた。
It was accommodations for samurai and court nobles that were secondary to honjin, but lodged civilian travelers when rooms were available.

肖像画は現在でもよく知られている謙信像だが、後姿はなんと盃を描かせたという。
Although the portrait showing an image of Kenshin is still well known, it was amazing that the artist was asked to draw a picture of a sake cup in place of his back.

だが、幕府軍は大軍で新手を次々繰り出し、和田勢は疲弊し、次第に数を減らした。
However the army of bakufu was a large force and sent out fresh troops one after another, and army of Wada reduced the number gradually from exhaustion.

子の小平太が家督を継いだが、寛政年間に故有って家禄を減らされ、後に断絶した。
His son, Koheita, took over as the head of the family, but due to the reduction of hereditary stipend during the Kansei era (1789-1801), the family line ended.

名乗りは幸五郎だが、明治7年（1874年）の島津家家令あたりから繁と改める。
He was called Yukigoro after reaching adulthood, but he changed it to Shigeru around the time when he served as a butler for the Shimazu family in 1874.

だが、徳多の死後に倭国は白村江の戦いにおいて唐・新羅連合軍に敗れる事になる。
However, after the death of Tokuta, Wakoku was to be defeated by the combined forces of the Tang dynasty and Silla at the Battle of Hakusukinoe.

だが、箱根・竹ノ下の戦いで足利尊氏方に寝返って、新田義貞敗走の一因となった。
But then he switched to Takauji ASHIKAGA's side in the Battle of Hakone and Takenoshita, which contributed to a rout of Yoshisada NITTA.

だが、3ヵ月後にはその義教当人も嘉吉の変によって暗殺されてしまうのであった。
However, Yoshinori was also assassinated himself just three months later in the Kakitsu no hen (Kakitsu Incident).

黒麻呂の出自は不明だが、鎮圧軍の将だった阿倍虫麻呂と同族の武人と推察される。
Although Kuromaro's origin (roots) was unknown, it is speculated that he was a warrior from the same family as Abe no Mushimaro who was a commander of suppression forces.

こうして開眼供養は終ったのだが、もちろん、これで復興計画が終ったわけではない。
Thus, the ceremony to consecrate the Great Buddha was finished, but this was not the end of the reconstruction plan.

だが恥じ入る余り顔面蒼白となり、声も震えてうまく読むことが出来なかったという。
He was so ashamed, however, that his face lost its color and with a trembling voice he was unable to recite properly.

4段目は、詞書によれば「雨炎火石」だが、「剣林」とするのが正しいとされている。
The text of fourth scene reads 'Uenkaseki' (Rain of Burning Stones) but it should be 'Kenrin' (Forests of Swords).

筆者は不詳だが、足利尊氏の側近とも夢窓国師に関係の深い僧侶とも推量されている。
Although the author is unknown, it has been suggested that a retainer of Takauji ASHIKAGA or a monk closely connected with Muso Kokushi.

だが、遠隔地の統治にまで代官の手が回らなかったために7年後に預地を復活させた。
However, because it was impossible to place a local governor in every remote area, the system of Azukarichi was restored seven years later.

もともとは連歌として詠まれたものだが、発句のみを独立した表現とすることもある。
Haikai was originally composed as a part of renga, but occasionally it has been considered that only hokku became independent from renga.

だが、そのときにはすでに海軍という用語が用いられ、水軍の名は過去のものとなる。
But then the word kaigun (navy) was already being used and the word suigun became history.

だが、疫病は治まらず、その最中の6月14日には今度は内裏が火災にあってしまう。
But the epidemic was not subdued, and there was a fire in the dairi (Imperial Palace) on June 14.

翌年に式部卿というのは同じだが、二箇所で1月7日と4月7日の異なる日付を記す。
Although where it says about him becoming Shikibukyo (the head of the Ministry of Shikibu is the same, it gives different dates, January 1 and April 7, in two parts.

だが、地方豪族出身である男依らが、功によって中央の要職を占めることはなかった。
However, despite of his contributions and achievements Oyori was never given an important post in the Imperial Court since he was from a local ruling family.

天野は男谷派の同門だが、新規お召し抱えの意地もあって「参った」といわなかった。
Amano who belonged to the same Odani school was nevertheless too proud of his new post to say, 'You've got me.'

平賀源内と杉田玄白の交友は有名だが、源内との関係は淳庵の方が長い可能性が高い。
The friendship between Gennai HIRAGA and Genpaku SUGITA is known well, and Junan might have kept a longer friendship with Gennai.

だが、直後に天皇が「病気」を理由に伊藤ら政府要人との謁見を拒む出来事が発生した。
Immediately after his inauguration, however, the Emperor began rejecting audiences with government officials for health reasons.

だが、実際には故意に他人の船を沈めて積荷を寄船の搭載物であるとして奪う者もいた。
However, in fact, there were some people who intentionally sank others' ships and looted the loaded goods as driftage of yorifune.

父似で、親しみやすく愛嬌のある顔立ちだが、育ち故に教養に欠け、非常な早口である。
Although she resembles her father and looks charming and friendly, she is not educated enough due to her upbringing and is an extremely fast-speaker.

「羽々」の意味は不詳だが、「羽のように大きい」もしくは「大蛇」と解する説が有力。
The meaning of 'haba' is unknown, although prevailing theories state that the word means 'big for a feather' or 'a large snake.'

おとなしく実直な性格だが、滑稽なまでに古風で堅苦しく、世間知らずの面を露呈する。
Although she was quiet and honest, her way of thinking was hilariously old-fashioned and formal, so she exposed her naiveness.

だが、伊藤博文の暗殺によって元老間の権力均衡が崩れて山縣有朋の発言力が増大した。
However, the assassination of Hirobumi ITO caused the disruption of the power balance between Genro (elder statesmen), which enhanced the influence of Aritomo YAMAGATA.

中心となる両流造の社殿は後世に再建されたものだが、平氏の時代の様式を残している。
The main building in ryonagare-zukuri (a style of early Shinto shrines that have 'hisashi,' a kind of envelope, in front and behind) were reproduced after ages, an example of the remaining style in the period of the Taira clan.

だが、当時の日本は戦国時代 (日本)にあり、倭寇を取締る体制になっていなかった。
In those days, since Japan was in the midst of the Sengoku period (warring states period), they did not establish a system of arresting wako.

だが、これを最も良く用いて全国的な制度として確立したのは江戸幕府及び藩であった。
It was Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and feudal clans which utilized this method as a nation-wide notification system.

だが、明治7年（1874年）に高札の廃止が決定され、2年後には完全に撤去された。
However, Meiji government decided to discontinue Kosatsu system in 1874, and entire Kosatsu were removed completely from public locations within two years.

だが、この法案では平民の最末尾に元の穢多非人が置かれるなど不十分なものであった。
But this proposal was unsatisfactory mainly because it left old Eta and Hinin at the final end of the status of Heimin.

だが、条約改正の実施に伴って、1899年各地の居留地は一斉に回収（返還）された。
However, with the revision of the treaties, all of the settlements in Japan were restored to Japanese sovereignty together in 1899.

だが、イギリス単独ではイギリスの中国における利権の維持にあたるには限界があった。
However, there was a limit to what Britain alone could do to maintain their rights and interests in China.

四境戦争とも呼ばれている戦争だが、幕府は当初5方面から長州へ攻め入る計画だった。
Although it is known as Shikyo War (Four Borders War), the original plan of the bakufu was to attack Choshu from five directions.

だが、康胤の滅亡後、古河公方足利成氏の介入によってその息子が千葉氏の当主となる。
After the defeat of Atsutane, however, his son became the head of the family due to the intervention of Shigeuji ASHIKAGA, the Koga Kubo (the Ashikaga family based in Koga, the Kanto region).

大伴氏は飛鳥時代の有力氏族だが、孝徳天皇の大臣大伴長徳が死んでから不遇であった。
The Otomo clan had been an influential clan in the Asuka period; however, after the death of Fukei's brother OTOMO no Nagatoko who had served Emperor Kotoku as a minister, the family declined and been in misfortune.

だが11月3日に持病の胸痛を起こしたため指揮系統から外れ、翌4日には本陣を離脱。
However, he was removed from the chain of command because he had a chest pain, his chronic disease on November 3 and then left the headquarters on the following day of November 4.

だが、後に養父・経則に阿固丸（後の穂波経治）・稲丸（後の勧修寺経理）が誕生する。
However, after the adoption, Tsunetoki, Akiteru's foster father, had his biological sons, Akomaru (later Tsuneharu HONAMI) and Inamaru (later Tsuneosa KASHUJI).

警官と農民の証言がかみ合わないのは当然だが、農民同士の証言も全くかみあっていない。
It is no surprise that there were gaps between the police and peasants in their testimonies, but there were gaps in claims between peasants, too.

だが、宗家断絶後も門人らによって継承された二条派が中世を通じて最も影響力を有した。
However, the Nijo school, which was inherited by disciples after the Soke extinguished, had the most influence through the medieval period.

だが、銀錠は民間によって発行されていたため、時代や地域によって形状が異なっていた。
The shape of the silver sycee varied depending on the age and area it was minted as it was issued by private sector.

水戸と彦根を和解させた都市は敦賀市だが、敦賀は天狗党の乱が悉く殺された土地である。
The reconciliation between Mito and Hikone was made possible by Tsuruga City, Fukui Prefecture, although Tsuruga is the place where the Tenguto no Ran (Rebellion of Tenguto) was subdued completely.

だが、信長はこの地を戦地に選定し、小川・連吾川を堀に見立てて防御陣の構築に努める。
Nobunaga nevertheless chose Shitaragahara as the battle field, and proceeded to construct a defense camp, using the stream (Rengo-gawa River) as moat.

だが、史料上にも乏しくなり、中国商人の日本居住が困難になっていたと考えられている。
But the instances of the trade between the two countries became scarce in historical materials, and it is considered that Chinese merchants residing in Japan had been already difficult by then.

だが、この場合の「施し」というものが具体的にどのような痕跡を指すのかが問題である。
The question is, however, what the 'marks' specifically refer to.

出自は不明だが、多くの勤王志士たちと接触を持った挙句、藩内屈指の勤王論者となった。
Although his origin is unknown, he became one of the top loyal advocates in the Domain as a result of having contacts with many loyal supporters of the Emperor.

弾が「重ねて当たる」の意）の銘を用いるのが通例だが、藤兵衛家のみ能当（旧字：能當。
Shigetomi is the commonly-used inscription which means the bullets 'consecutively hit', but only the family of Tobei uses Yoshitomi.

だが、胤通とその子孫は下総で活動を続けており、そこに残された系図に胤光の名はない。
However, Tanemichi and his descendants remained in Shimousa Province and the name of Tanemitsu does not appear in the genealogical tables left behind.

邸内から敵が現れ、勘六は激しく斬り結んだが、手強い相手で泉水に叩き落されてしまう。
An enemy appeared from the residence and Kanroku fiercely fought with swords, but the tough enemy knocked him down into a garden pond.

だが、西園寺は4月末で大臣を退任したために竹越もわずか4ヶ月の在任に過ぎなかった。
However, Saionji retired as the minister at the end of April, his time in office lasted only four months.

だが、信長の大軍に囲まれて軍は潰走したため、藤孝と柴田勝家の説得を受けて降伏した。
However, Yoshiaki's army was besieged by Nobunaga's large army and fled in a disorderly retreat, therefore, Fujihide surrendered after being persuaded by Fujitaka and Katsuie SHIBATA.

だが、この処刑器具には欠陥があり、わずか2年しかつかわれず絞罪器械図式に変更された。
Since the equipment had defect, it was used only for 2 years and later drawing (Kozaikikaizushiki) specification of equipment for judicial hanging was introduced.

この両書は架空の書物だが、実在と信じる人もいるのでその場合は超古代文書の一種となる。
Although the two works are fictional, there are some who believe they exist and in such case they become a kind of chokodai monjo.

初めは拒んだが結局は結婚を余儀なくされてしまう（「横笛 (源氏物語)」～「夕霧」）。
She refused him at first, but eventually she could not help marrying him. ('Yokobue' (The Flute) - 'Yugiri' (Evening Mist))

それで南の方へ回り込んだが、イツセは紀伊国の男之水門に着いた所で亡くなってしまった。
So they moved toward the South, but Itsuse died when they arrived at Onominato in Kii Province.

設置時期は不明だが、和泉国が設置された霊亀2年 (716年) に近い時期と思われる。
The time of establishment was unknown, but it is thought to have been close to 716 in which Izumi Province was established.

だがロシアの近代的要塞の前に死傷者1万5,000という大きな損害を受け失敗に終わる。
However, the seige on a modern Russian fortress ended in heavy casualties of 15,000 for the Imperial Japanese Army.

だが、政友会は代わりに総裁になった西園寺公望の元で党内融和が進んでいくことになった。
The Seiyu party promoted its intra party harmony under the leadership of Kinmochi SAIONJI, who became the president of the party.

だが、選挙後の政権運営の方策が全く見出せなかった松方はその日のうちに辞表を提出した。
However, MATSUKATA could not find any strategy at all for government management after election and submitted a letter of resignation on the same day.

正確な条文は不明だが東寺に伝わる古文書（『東寺百合文書』）によって3か条が知られる。
Although the accurate provisions are unknown, three Articles are known from the ancient documents handed down in To-ji Temple ('Toji Hyakugo Monjo' [100 case documents of the To-ji Temple]).

だが古人は学問以外には無頓着であったため、菅原家は朝廷からの援助を受けていたという。
Furuhito was indifferent to anything other than his academic interests, and therefore, the Sugawara family was financially supported by the court, despite his successful career.

だが、称光天皇が男子を残さずに没し、皇統が伏見宮系統に移ると、政治的に不遇となった。
However, he became politically weak when Emperor Shoko passed away without leaving his son and the imperial line shifted to the family line of Fushiminomiya.

史書というより歴史物語と言うべきだが、幕末の尊皇攘夷運動に与えた影響は甚大であった。
The book should be called historical fiction rather than historical record, but it exerted an immense influence on the sonno joi movement (the movement under the slogan of 'Revere the Emperor Expel the Barbarians') at the end of Edo period.

だが、北朝方主力が近江国から美濃に入った事を知った顕家は伊勢国に逃れて立て直しを図る。
However, having been informed that the main force of the Northern Court's army had advanced from Omi Province to Mino Province, Akiie fled to Ise Province in order to reorganize his army.

だが、顕家に反抗する北朝方の領主に攻められて南陸奥の南朝方拠点である霊山城に追われた。
However, Akiie was attacked by a feudal lord who supported the Northern Court in opposition to him, and was driven to Ryozen-jo Castle located in the south of Mutsu Province, which served as a military base of the Southern Court.

だが、時代の変遷により、将来的に現在の時代区分の枠組みが変化する可能性は否定出来ない。
However, it cannot be denied that the present framework of periodization may change in the future according to changing times.

だが、領家・地頭・百姓間において対立が生じるとその間に挟まれて苦慮する立場でもあった。
However, when the confrontation occurred between ryoke or jito (manager and lord of manor) and peasants, they were put in the difficult position between them.

上記のとおり生年は不詳だが、寺西貞弘らによって天武2年（673）誕生と推測されている。
The year of his birth is unknown as described above, but Sadahiro TERANISHI and other scholars estimated that he was born in 673.

墨の色も今書いたかのように美しく、寂寥の念はひとしおだが、すべて破って燃やしてしまう。
The black ink looks clear and beautiful as if the letters had just been written, so he feels great loneliness but tears them up and burns them.

だが、天平2年（730年）に陰陽寮強化の一環としてうち3名を陰陽得業生として給費する。
In 730, in a bid to enhance the Onmyoryo, scholarships were given to three of the onmyo no sho as onmyo tokugyo no sho (onmyo students).

だが、彼らが守りを固めていた和泉の前衛城砦群は、上方勢の攻撃開始から三日間で崩壊した。
However, the vanguard castles and forts in Izumi Province which they guarded were destroyed in three days after the Kamigata army began to attack.

だが榎本は、この覚書を読むなり「これは便利な文章だ。いかようにも解釈できる」と喜んだ。
But, once Enomoto read it, he was delighted saying 'This is a useful description. We can take it in any way'.

だが、大隈が建議した「全国一致之政体」の確立までにはまだ多くの法制整備が必要であった。
However, many laws were required to be enacted in order to bring about the 'nationally-unified government system' proposed by Okuma.

だが、このような国家の水軍による積極的な海上進出は明清時代を通じてむしろ例外に属する。
But the aggressive advancement onto the sea by the government was rather exceptional during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

だが、豊臣秀吉軍が城を囲む中、明智秀満自身が天守に火を放ち光秀の妻子もろとも落城した。
Surrounded by the army of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Hidemitsu AKECHI set a fire on the tenshu by himself and killed himself and Mitsuhide's wife and children.

だが、超然主義者の前首相山縣有朋を始め、松方自身が率いる薩摩藩藩閥からも反対論が出た。
However, there was opposing argument from the previous prime minister, Aritomo YAMAGATA holding on to the doctrine of superiority as well as Satsuma Domain clique led by MATSUKATA himself.

多田行綱は鹿ケ谷の陰謀で清盛に密告した人物として有名だが、摂津国多田源氏の棟梁である。
Although Yukitsuna TADA was famous in his role as the person who secretly tipped off Kiyomori through the Shishigatani plot, Yukitsuna TADA was toryo (leader) of the Tada-Genji (Minamoto clan) of Settsu Province.

時期は不明だが、朝廷に釆女として貢上され、桓武天皇（山部親王、後の桓武天皇）に仕えた。
Although it was not known exactly when, she was sent to the Imperial Court as Uneme (the ancient court hostess) and served for Emperor Kammu (Imperial Prince Yamanobe).

だが、最終的には刀折れ矢尽き、義澄以下一族を安房国に逃した後、独り城を守って戦死した。
However, ultimately he fought to the limits of his strength, and after having Yoshizumi and all other family members flee to the Awa Province, he alone protected the castle and was killed in action.

7月4日に勝利をあげながら退いた大野果安と交代したものだが、その日付ははっきりしない。
Ikimi took part in the attack of Fukei taking over the place of ONO no Hatayasu who brought the victory in the battle on August 5, but the precise date of the replacement is unknown.

没年は不詳だが、嘉禎4年（1238年）から仁治2年（1241年）の間と推定されている。
While the year of his death is not specified, it is estimated to be around 1238 to 1241.

だが、これによって公債證券に換えられたのはごくわづかで、大部分は新紙幣との交換であった。
However, the amount of Dajokan bills that were redeemed for government bonds was limited and most of the bills were redeemed for newly issued bank notes.

だが、このために近隣同士が監視する五人組 (日本史)の組織が機能しなくなる場合があった。
However, This complicated division sometimes hindered the mutual surveillance system called gonin-gumi (history of Japan) where neighboring families were obliged to watch each other.

史料がないので真相は不明だが、王族のはずの額田王が朝臣姓を賜っている点はやや不審である。
Although the truth remains unknown due to the lack of historical sources, it was somewhat doubtful that Nukata no Okimi, who was a member of ozoku was granted the title Ason (also pronounced Asomi, granted to powerful families descended from the Imperial Family).

だが、明石入道は桂川 (淀川水系)近くの山荘を修理して娘をそこへ住まわせることに決めた。
The Akashi Priest, however, decided to prepare a mountain retreat near the Katsura-gawa River (The Yodo-gawa River system), and to have his daughter live there.

このため、氏郷の嫡男である蒲生秀行 (侍従)が家督を継いだが、まだ13歳の若年であった。
As a result, Hideyuki GAMO (a chamberlain), who was the legal son of Ujisato, succeeded as the family head at 13 years of age.

このため、干城隊三・七番隊、雷撃隊六番隊がこれを防いだが、決着はつかず両軍は兵を退いた。
For this, the 3rd and 7th companies of Kanjotai and the 6th company of Raigeki-tai defended the attack, but both sides retreated without gaining any decisive result.

澄元は義興と和議を結ぶために高国を差し向けようとした。だが、逆に高国は伊賀国に出奔した。
Sumimoto tried sending Takakuni to make peace negotiations with Yoshioki but Takakuni fled to Iga Province instead.

だが、10世紀に入ると丹波氏・和気氏両氏による家学化が進み、内薬司は典薬寮に統合された。
In the 10th century, I-do became almost the hereditary learning of the Tanba clan and the Wake clan, and the Naiyakushi was integrated into the Tenyakuryo.

天武天皇・持統天皇の時代が中心だが、一部その前の天智天皇・弘文天皇時代を含む部分もある。
The culture flourished most at the time of the Emperor Tenmu and the Emperor Jito, but included some of the time of their predecessors, the Emperor Tenchi and the Emperor Kobun.

疲れて出来ないなら、そのまま封筒を返送すればよいのだが、彼女はこの封筒を返却していない。
If she were too tired to do the job, she should have sent the envelopes back; however, she did not do so.

正しくは紹鷗だが、一部の日本語環境では表示できないため、本項では「武野紹鴎」と表記する。
His correct name was written as '紹鷗,' but since some Japanese environment in computers cannot display it correctly, his name would be written as '武野紹鴎' (Joo TAKENO) in this article.

だが義尚が最中に陣没すると、足利義視らと共謀して足利義稙（足利義稙）を新将軍に擁立した。
However, when Yoshihisa died in the war, Masatoyo colluded with Yoshimi ASHIKAGA to back up Yoshitane ASHIKAGA to be a new shogun.

直姓の文氏（書氏）は、東漢氏に属する渡来系の氏族だが、その中での成覚の系譜は不明である。
Although the Fumi clan (written as 文氏 or 書氏) holding Atai as their kabane originated from the Yamatonoaya clan which had been Immigrants to ancient Japan, the detail of Jokaku's genealogy is unknown.

だが、これを不満に思う薩摩藩士有馬新七は過激派藩士と浪士だけで挙兵を決行することを計画。
However, Shinpachi ARIMA, who was a feudal retainer of Satsuma and dissatisfied with the outcome planned to raise an army comprised of only radical retainers and roshi.

文人達の集まる琴会（古琴を愉しむ会）にたびたび足を運んだが、自身は琵琶平家琵琶を嗜んだ。
While Sanyo often participated in koto kai (the gathering to appreciate the sound of guqin [ancient Chinese seven stringed zither]) where literary men gathered, Sanyo himself played Heike biwa (Japanese lute).

源氏を父でありながら臣下としておくことに悩んだが、源氏に帝位を譲ろうとして強く固辞される。
He agonized over the fact that he had his father, Genji, in the position of subject, but Genji refused firmly his offer to abdicate the Imperial throne in favor of Genji.

だが、自然主義文学の口語文小説が一般化すると、その美文がかえって古めかしいものと思われた。
However, once the naturalist literature in colloquial style became popular, its elegant prose was considered as old-fashioned.

為義をかくまっていた義朝だが、鎌田の進言にしたがって勅命のとおりに父を斬ることを決意する。
Although Yoshitomo has hidden Tameyoshi, he decides to kill his father upon the advice of KAMATA.

よって三条天皇の長和年間（1012年-1016年）に没したとするのが通説だが、異見もある。
Therefore it is widely believed that she died between 1012 and 1016, in the reign of Emperor Sanjo, but some people disagree.

常陸宮と呼ばれるれっきとした皇族の一人娘だが、後ろ盾である父親を早くに亡くし困窮していた。
She was the only daughter of Prince Hitachi, one of the descended Imperial Family members, but she lost her father, who could have been her supporter, so was in hard straits.

従来の薩長史観では見過ごされがちだが、この三者が幕末において果たした役割を再評価している。
The three politicians of the government hadn't been considered important by the past historians who had followed the majority viewpoint (appreciating 'Saccho'), however recently the significance of their political works is being reconsidered due to the assistant professor's idea.

城中皆蘇生した思いで喜んだが、後に山川中佐は作戦を無視した独断専行を譴責されたといわれる。
The persons in the castle were pleased feeling that they were brought back to life, but it is said that Lieutenant Colonel YAMAKAWA was later reprimanded for the arbitrary decision and execution that ignored the military strategy.

だが歴史上において「目録」の用例を細かく分類した場合、以下のように分けることが可能である。
However, mokuroku can be categorized as follows based on historical examples.

だが、研究会_(貴族院)の指導者三島弥太郎の工作によって3月25日に修正付きで可決された。
But by the maneuvering of Yataro MISHIMA, the leader of a study group (in the House of Peers), the bill was approved with amendments on March 25.

卑弥呼に下賜された銅鏡は100枚だが、それをはるかに超える数の三角縁神獣鏡が出土している。
Though 100 bronze mirrors were given to Himiko as an imperial grant, many more Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirrors were discovered.

京都も東京も帝都だが、本来首都は京都であり、東京は施政の便宜上天皇がいる場所だというもの。
The view asserting that both Kyoto and Tokyo are regarded as imperial capitals, but Kyoto is originally the capital and Tokyo is the place where Emperor exists for convenience'sake.

だが、それが却って仇となり、太平洋戦争敗戦後には76名の所属議員が公職追放の対象となった。
However, that worked against the group, and after the defeat in the Pacific War, 76 members were purged from public service.

だが、独特の文化が国風文化として花開き、現在まで続く日本の文化もこの流れを汲むものが多い。
However, the peculiar culture blossomed into Kokufu Bunka (indigenous Japanese culture) and many aspects of Japanese culture which still exist now come from it.

だが国民の負担が重いなど実情にあわず、1879年（明治12年）の教育令によって廃止された。
However, because it was inappropriate to the real situation for the heavy imposition on people and so on, the order was repealed and replaced by Kyoikurei (the 1879 Education Order) in 1879.

だが、成氏は事前にこの情報を入手すると、その夜のうちに鎌倉を脱出して江ノ島に立て籠もった。
However, since Shigeuji detected the coup d'etat before its launch, he fled from Kamakura and took refuge in Enoshima.

だが、義懐が元慶寺（花山寺）にて天皇を発見した時には天皇は既に出家を済ませていたのである。
When Yoshichika found the Emperor in Gankei-ji Temple (Kazan-ji Temple), however, the Emperor had become a priest.

だが、明治政府の基盤が固まっていなかったことによって、太政官札ともども偽札が各地で作られた。
But, counterfeit bills of Minbusho-satsu and Dajokan-satsu were forged in various places because the foundation of the Meiji government was not strengthened enough.

だが、こうした改革が余りにも急進的であったために、政府内との保守派や地方官との対立を招いた。
However, since these reforms are so radical that conflicts arose with the conservatives in the government and local officials.

官位に就いていながら精神は隠逸するという方法なのだが、内部矛盾を孕んでいるかのようでもある。
It is a way to become a recluse of spirit remaining in an official rank, which seems to include contradiction.

義綱の容疑は冤罪とされ、真相は不明だが『尊卑分脈』などでは義家の弟の義光を真犯人としている。
It is said that the charge against Yoshitsuna was a false one, and the truth is unknown although 'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), etc. consider Yoshiie's younger brother Yoshimitsu as the real criminal.

尼となった若い宮を源氏は今さらのように惜しんだが、宮はもはや源氏に対して見向きもしなかった。
Things being as they were, Genji was reluctant to let the young princess become a Buddhist nun, but she did not pay the slightest attention to Genji anymore.

一方で、優柔不断で特に女性関係には消極的だが、身分低い女房などが相手の時は積極的に事を運ぶ。
On the other hand, he had indecisiveness and especially passive in relationships with women, but carried things out quickly if his partner was a lower level court lady.

だが匿名での公開によって、読み書きができる者なら誰でも自由に言論活動を展開することができた。
Any literate person, however, could freely engage in discursive activities by anonymously publishing their political views.

だが芳子と秀夫の仲は時雄の想像以上に進んでいて、怒った時雄は芳子を破門し父親と共に帰らせる。
However, the relationship between Yoshiko and Hideo was more than Tokio had thought, thus in anger he expelled her and made her go home with her father.

題簽は『古今百物語評判』だが、単に『百物語評判』（ひゃくものがたりひょうばん）とも呼ばれる。
Although it is entitled 'Kokon Hyakumonogatari Hyoban,' it may be simply called 'Hyakumonogatari Hyoban.'

だが、そこまでの経緯が経緯ゆえにもはや嵐自身も乗り気ではなく、僅か2作品で打ち止めとなった。
But because of these circumstances, Arashi was not very enthusiastic; only two films were made, and that was the end of it.

最初の正妻を愛して死後も懐かしんだが、他にも通う女性や召人なども多かったらしい（「胡蝶」）。
Although he loved his first wife and missed her after her death, he seemed to have many other women to visit and mistresses ('Kocho').

だが、平安時代中期以後に律令制の手続が弛緩すると、補任状の発給によって補任とする例が現れる。
However, after the middle of the Heian Period when the procedures of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) became relaxed, the case that an appointment was made by the issued appointment letter appeared.

筆者については藤原行成の子の世尊寺行経（1012-1050）とする説が有力だが、確証はない。
In terms of identifying the calligrapher, the most prominent theory is that he was FUJIWARA no Yukitsune (1012-1050, also known as Yukitsune SESONJI), son of famed calligrapher FUJIWARA no Yukinari (his first name can also be rendered as Kozei), but there is no definitive proof of this.

だが湯河・山本勢にも上方勢を駆逐するほどの力はなく、この方面の戦いは長期化することになった。
However, the Yukawa and Yamamoto troops did not have the power to drive out the Kamigata army, so that the battle in this direction was prolonged.

これは、理そのものである心は善悪を超えたものだが、意（心が発動したもの）には善悪が生まれる。
They mean that one's mind, which is ri itself, transcends good and evil, and that it is one's intentions (i.e. one's activity of mind) that cause good or evil.

同国の生野銀山が有名だが、幕末の頃には産出量が減少し、山間部のこの土地の住民は困窮していた。
The Ikuno Silver Mine in the province is famous, but by the end of the Edo Period, silver production had decreased and the residents of this mountainous region were poor.

だが、その一方で貴族院の改革を求める声が上がり研究会内部からもこれに同調する動きが発生した。
But on the other hand, people began to call for reform in the House of Peers and some Kenkyukai members made a move to go along with it.

だが現地軍は劣悪な衛生状態の中マラリアに罹患するなど被害が広がり、早急な解決が必要となった。
The field army, however, suffered widespread damage such as malaria infection because of the poor sanitary condition and the urgent solution was required.

頼貞の後は婆娑羅大名で知られる勇猛な頼遠が継いだが、光厳天皇に狼藉を働いて処刑されてしまう。
Yorisada was succeeded by dauntless Yorito, who was known as a basara daimyo (unconventional warrior), but he was executed for running riot against Emperor Kogen.

5歳で父を失い、17歳で隣の千歳村（現南房総市）の平民に嫁いだが、うまくいかず23歳で離婚。
She lost her father at the age of 5, and married a commoner in the neighboring Chitose Village (present Minamiboso City) at the age of 17, however she did not get along and divorced at the age of 23.

だが、一族の指導的な存在であった藤原（中臣）鎌足の死後、一族の中心人物として急速に出世する。
But after the death of FUJIWARA (Nakatomi) no Kamatari who was a leader of the family, he moved up rapidly as a central figure in the family.

だが、戸籍・計帳・班田収授は大宝律令で初めて見られる用語であり、それ以前の文書には出てこない。
However, those terms, koseki (the household registers), keicho (the yearly tax registers), and Handen Shuju (periodic reallocations of rice land) were terms used for the first time in the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code), and they never appeared in documents before that.

だが、中国の歴代の正史では倭についての記述は一貫しており同一の国家についてのことと理解される。
However, descriptions regarding Wa in the official history of China is consistent, and therefore, they can be recognized as descriptions regarding the same government.

明石の姫君は紫の上とは実の母子でないことは承知だが、愛情深い養母に育てられて、美しく生い立つ。
Although Akashi no himegimi knew that Murasaki no ue was not her real mother, she was still a very affectionate adoptive mother and brought up Akashi no himegimi to be a beautiful young woman.

だが、作品によっては江戸・横浜市の関東地方、果ては松前町 (北海道)といった場所も舞台となる。
But some stories took place in the Kanto region including Edo and Yokohama City, and others took place in far-away towns such as Matsumae-cho (Hokkaido).

かぐや姫・老夫婦・御門などは架空の人物だが、実在の人物が登場していることも本作品の特徴である。
Princess Kaguya, the old couple, and Mikado are fictional characters, while there are several characters borrowed from reality, which is one of the characteristics of this tale.

だが、明治維新後に陰陽寮が廃止され、暦道に代わって東京天文台が暦に関する業務を行うようになる。
After the Meiji Restoration, however, the Onmyoryo was abolished and the Tokyo astronomical observatory replaced rekido in all matters relating to the calendar.

だが同月末には再度攻勢に出て、討伐に当たった杉若無心・桑山重晴・宇多頼忠らは苦戦を強いられた。
However, it began to attack again at the end of November, and made Mushin SUGIWAKA, Shigeharu KUWAYAMA, Tadayori UTA and others face an uphill battle.

実用後装ライフル銃としては世界初のものだが、薬莢は紙製で発射ガスの漏れがひどく威力は弱かった。
This was the first practically used breech-loading rifle in the world, but it was not powerful because the cartridge used with this rifle was made from paper that allowed a significant amount of gas to escape when the rifle was fired.

だが、それも廃藩置県を経て明治9年（1876年）の秩禄処分によって完全に廃されることとなった。
However, this system was also completely abolished in 1876 by Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition measure of Hereditary Stipend) after Haihan chiken.

だが、貴族院内に親政友会の会派である交友倶楽部が形成され、次第に貴族院にも勢力を伸ばしていく。
However, Koyu Club, a pro-Seiyukai parliamentary group, was formed in the House of Peers and accordingly Rikken seiyukai gradually expanded its influence into the House of Peers.

だが、3000丁という量と三段撃ち戦法については史料上の問題が多く、否定する学説が大勢である。
The employment of 3,000 teppo and the sandan-uchi tactics based on problematic historical sources has been rejected by most scholars.

秀吉は「豊臣幕府」を開くために足利義昭へ自分を養子にするよう頼んだが断られた、という説もある。
There is an opinion that Hideyoshi asked Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA to adopt him as his son in order to establish 'TOYOTOMI Shogunate', but was rejected.

素性は不明だが、一般的には一字名から武蔵権介の源宛（箕田宛）と同族の嵯峨源氏と推測されている。
His background is unknown, but he is generally considered to have been from the Saga-Genji, the same clan of MINAMOTO no Atsuru (Atsuru MITA), Musashi gon no suke (provisional assistant governor of Musashi Province) because he had a one character name.

だが『新撰姓氏録』は平安時代のもので、後の制度にあわせて改めた位を取り込んでいる可能性もある。
But since 'Shinsen Shojiroku' was made in Heian Period, there is also possibility the changed ranks were adopted for the later system.

仲の悪い兄弟だが見舞いに来たかと思ったところ、兼家の車は門前を通り過ぎて禁裏へ行ってしまった。
While he was thinking that Kaneie came to pay a visit even though they did not get along, the carriage passed the gate and went to Kinri (the Imperial Palace).

だが、緊縮財政によるデフレーションは租税収入の減少を招くという悪循環に悩まされる（松方デフレ）。
However, the deflation caused by the budget austerity led to a decrease in tax revenue, and he was at a loss over how to cope with such a vicious circle (the Matsukata deflation).

5世紀に繁栄した葛城氏は武内宿祢の子孫で、姓も臣で別系統だが、婚姻関係によって同系統化している。
The Kazuraki clan, who prospered in the fifth century, descended from Takeuchi no Sukune with the surname of Omi and with a different lineage, but they were integrated into the same lineage by marriage.

だが、それは逆に将軍足利義晴から晴元へ下された本願寺討伐令という大義名分を与えるだけに終わった。
This adversely ended up in giving a legitimate reason to Shogun Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA's order to Harumoto to suppress Hongan-ji Temple.

だが、そのほかに「奥集落の祭祀複合遺跡」や「大陸渡来氏族が追われて奥地に建造した城」などもある。
Additionally, other Kogo-ishi castles are found as 'the multiunit remain for religious rituals in inmost village community' or 'the castles which were constructed in a backwoods area by exiled clans coming from the Asian continent.'

大日孁貴尊と天照太神は同一のはずだが、別神であるかの様に名前を使い分けていることも注目に値する。
It is notable that the book uses the names of Ohirumemuchi no Mikoto and Amaterasu, which were supposed to be the same, as if they were different gods.

だが、もっぱら新聞等の投稿欄に作品を寄せている歌人も多く、その場合は特に「投稿歌人」などという。
On the other hand, there are many poets who specialize in contributing their poems to the readers' columns in newspapers and so on, and the term 'contributing tanka poets' has gained wide recognition.

だが、またさらに、イザナミは先ほどの8柱の雷神と黄泉の国の兵士達（黄泉軍）にイザナギを追わせた。
In addition, however, Izanami had the aforementioned eight thunder gods and a horde of the soldiers of Yominokuni (the army of the land of the dead) chase after Izanagi.

各篇の並び順は以下の通りだが、これは深い考えのあってのものだ、という説を、高田衛は提唱している。
The stories were arranged in the following order, and Mamoru TAKADA advocated a theory that the order of the story reflected the author's deep thinking.

だが、後者においては本夫が姦夫を「宿世の敵」として討ち取る婦敵討（めがたきうち）が行われていた。
However, in the latter, megataki uchi (revenge on the adulterer) was practiced, in which a husband killed the adulterer as 'sukuse no teki' (fateful enemy).

だが、前述の上平など一部過激派は新政府の近代化政策に反発して横井小楠暗殺事件などを起こしている。
However, the radicals including the above UEHIRA repelled the modernization policy of the new government, which led to the assassination of Shonan YOKOI.

だが、織田・徳川軍の戦死者が名も無き足軽雑兵（特に織田軍はほとんどが領民ではなく傭兵）であった。
The war victims of the Oda-Tokugawa allied forces comprised nameless foot soldiers (especially those of the Oda force who were not territorial people but mercenaries).

言うことを聞かなかった節蔵だが、福澤諭吉はそれでも可愛がり、入牢した節蔵を何度も訪ね面倒をみた。
Yukichi FUKUZAWA still cared for Setsuzo and visited him in jail many times to take care of him, even though Setsuzo had ignored his advices and gone to the war.

だが、1364年には病気を理由に役職を退き、代わりに従一位が与えられてその3年後に死去している。
In 1364, however, he resigned from all official positions by reason of his illness and the Juichii (Junior First Rank) was given to him and he died three years later.

大阪の生まれだが、親のない捨て子であったのを大久保に拾われて「中村太郎」の名を与えられたという。
He was born in Osaka as an orphan but fostered by OKUBO and given the name Taro NAKAMURA.

円融天皇のとき長兄の摂政藤原伊尹が早世すると、次の関白を望んだが、次兄の兼通に奪われてしまった。
When the oldest brother and FUJIWARA no Koretada, who was a sessho, died young during the reign of Emperor Enyu, Kaneie wished to be the next kanpaku, but his second oldest brother, Kanemichi, took that post.

だが、坂本政均・岡本健三郎ら若手官僚より、渋沢がその体制を作る中心になるべきであると説得を受けた。
Young bureaucracy such as Masahito SAKAMOTO and Kenzaburo OKAMOTO convinced Shibusawa that he should play a main role of creating the system.

だが、承久の変からは既に100年以上が経過しており、地域によっては混乱も生じたことが知られている。
However, more than 100 years had passed since the Jokyu War, and some areas are known to have witnessed confusion.

作成単位は原則として国だが、蝦夷地、琉球、小豆島がそれぞれ一単位となり、陸奥国は7つに分割された。
In principle, gocho were prepared per province, but Ezochi (inhabited area of Ainu), Ryukyu and Shodo-shima Island were each treated as one province, and Mutsu Province was divided into seven parts.

だが、律令制の崩壊とともに不動穀の転用・流出が相次ぎ、9世紀終わり頃には有名無実化することになる。
However, with the fall of the ritsuryo system, diversion and run off the fudoso warehouse occurred one after another, and by the end of the ninth century the fudoso warehouse became name only.

位人臣を極め、栄耀栄華を誇った仲麻呂一族だが、孝謙上皇が道鏡を寵愛するようになって運命は暗転する。
Nakamaro's family dominated the highest ranking positions and was surrounded by wealth and power until the Retired Empress Koken began to favor Dokyo.

だが、編纂者の追加が行われなかっために最終的には藤原良房と春澄善縄の２名のみが編纂者として残った。
However, because no one else was provided to help, only FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa and HARUZUMI no Yoshitada remained as compilers in the end.

冷泉院は大喜びだがかえって周囲の者たちから嫉妬を買い、気苦労から大君は里下がりすることが多くなる。
Emperor Reizei was greatly pleased, but Oigimi came to go back home frequently due to mental exhaustion because those around her were jealous.

これに対し、一条経通は一貫して北朝 (日本)側にいた人物だが、長男の一条内嗣が南朝に出仕している。
Tsunemichi ICHIJO belonged to the Northern Court (in Japan), but his eldest son Uchitsugu ICHIJO served the Southern Court.

（信玄の軍師として知名度の高い山本勘助だが、一般的なイメージは江戸期以降の創作物によるものである。
(Kansuke YAMAMOTO is famous as a military strategist for Shingen, but his general images were created in the Edo period and later.

だが、江戸時代に藤原為隆の子孫である坊城俊将が、重隆・朝隆の弟藤原親隆を著者とする説を立てている。
Nevertheless, during the Edo period, Toshimasa BOJO, who was a descendant of FUJIWARA no Tametaka, advanced a new theory that FUJIWARA no Chikataka, who was a younger brother of aforementioned Shigetaka and Tomotaka, was the author.

栄耀栄華を極めた仲麻呂だが、光明皇太后が死去し、孝謙上皇が弓削道鏡を寵愛しはじめたことで暗転する。
Once reaching the prosperity, the fate of Nakamaro turned for the worse after the death of Empress Dowager Komyo and the Retired Empress Koken began to make a favorite of YUGE no Dokyo.

だが、鎌倉幕府は民間貿易を認め、鎮西奉行が博多を統治して幕府からの御用商船を派遣するようになった。
But, Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) allowed private trade and came to have Chinzei Bugyo (Defense Commissioner of the West) govern Hakata and send official merchant ships of the bakufu.

だが、、に廃藩置県が行われると、日本からは領主が一掃される形となり、反対論の大きな理由が失われた。
However, Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) was done in 1871 and landlords in Japan were cleared away and a big reason of objection disappeared.

だが、そもそも鏡を任命書として与えるような権力者、集団が当時日本列島に存在したかがまず問題である。
However, it is doubtful in the first place whether such a powerful person or group as gave a mirror for an appointment letter existed in the Japanese islands at that time.

だが、このころ既にオリンピックに出場できるような肉体を失っていたためか、予選にも姿を見せなかった。
However, Mishima did not appeared even in the preliminary contest, perhaps because his physical ability had already declined from the original level that had enabled him to participate in Olympics.

四男四女を生んだが、そのうちの舂米女王（つきしねのひめみこ）は異母兄である山背大兄王の妃となった。
She gave a birth to four sons and four daughters, and one of them, Princess Tsukishine, married Prince Yamashiro no oe, her older paternal half-brother.

だが、そのような禁断の恋が許されるはずもなく、やがてその乱行不行跡が大久保家の知るところとなった。
Of course, such forbidden love was beyond forgiveness, and their immorality and misconduct became known to the Okubo family.

画は叔父矢野典博に狩野派の画法を学んだが、明の銭穀の「真景山水図」を観て以来、文人画に傾倒する。
As for paintings he learned the method of Kano school under his uncle, Norihiro YANO, but since he saw 'The Spine-Chiller sausui-zu (a painting of the landscape)' by Senkoku during Ming Dynasty, he was very much into literati painting.

画像-3 ：『木曾街道蕨宿戸田川渡場』（きそ-かいどうわらび-の-えきとだがわ-わたしば）
Picture 3 : 'Kiso kaido Warabi no eki Todagawa Watashiba'

だが、後醍醐天皇は経忠を尊重して建武の新政後に再び藤氏長者として用い、続いて左大臣へと昇進させた。
However, Emperor Godaigo respected Tsunetada and after the Kenmu Restoration, he was reinstated as the head of the Fujiwara clan and also promoted him to Sadaijin.

だが、これがパークスを怒らせて1月22日と2月21日に改めて政府に事情説明を求める書簡を送っている。
However, this angered Parkes, and he sent a letter to the government on January 22 and 23 seeking an explanation for the circumstance again.

だが大きな反対一揆は実際に地価の決定などの作業が進められた1875年から1877年にかけて相次いだ。
However, large-scale revolts took place one after another during the period from 1875 to 1877, when concrete procedures such as deciding land prices were carried out.

1月28日には倉石大尉らの一隊では、佐藤特務曹長が下士兵卒を連れ川に飛び込んだが、そのまま凍死した。
On January 28, in the group of Captain Kuraishi, Sergeant Major Sato jumped into a river along with a noncommissioned officer and froze to death.

だが、永正18年（1521年）に円如が死去、4年後の大永5年（1525年）には実如も死去してしまう。
In 1521, Ennyo died and four years later in 1525, Jitsunyo also died.

額田王（『万葉集』）の表記が一般的だが、額田姫王（『日本書紀』）・額田部姫王（『薬師寺縁起』）とも。
Her name is usually written as 額田王 (as described in 'Manyoshu'), while 額田姫王 (as described in 'Nihon Shoki' (Chronicles of Japan)) and 額田部姫王 (as described in 'Yakushiji Engi' (The History of The Yakushi-ji Temple)) are also used.

上記のように伊奈氏を足利氏の庶流と見る説が一般的だが、『寛政重修諸家譜』には藤原氏と記載されている。
Although the Ina clan is generally regarded as a branch family of the Ashikaga clan, as mentioned above, it was described as the Fujiwara clan in 'Kansei Choshu Shokafu' (a record of the family trees of samurai warriors of the Edo bakufu).

謀反しようとしたが人々を動かす能力・威力が欠けていた者は、本人はやはり斬だが、縁座が狭く軽くなった。
A person who attempted muhon but failed for one's insufficient ability or power to mobilize people, would also be decapitated, but the punishment for enza (to be guilty for the relative's crime) charge was lighter and less people were affected.

だが、今度は逆に面積が大き過ぎるために地域間対立が噴出したり事務量が増加するなどの問題点が出て来た。
However, as the size of prefectures increased, various problems, including confrontation between regions and an increase in clerical jobs, came to light.

多く生産されたのは甕等の貯蔵用具だが、9世紀中頃までは坏や皿などの供膳具もそれなりに生産されていた。
Although made mostly as pots and other storage containers, it was also used as bowls, plates and other wares used in making offerings to divinities until the mid-ninth century.

誤解されがちだが、冊封体制下の国、すなわち「朝貢国」とは即、「属国・保護国」を意味するものではない。
It is often misunderstood, but a country under the tributary system, i.e. 'a tributary country,' does not directly imply 'a subject state/protected state.'

家督は子の分部嘉高が継いだが、嘉高は寛文7年（1667年）6月12日に20歳で嗣子無くして若死する。
The family estate was succeeded by his son, Yoshitake WAKEBE, but Yoshitake died young at the age of 20 on August 1, 1667 without having any heir.

だが信雄の企みはいち早く伊賀の人々の耳に届き、放たれた忍者達の奇襲によって信雄は大敗を喫してしまう。
But Nobuo's plot reached Iga people's ears so soon, and Nobuo was driven into a huge defeat by released Ninja's surprise attack.

当初は「殺生を慎め」という意味があっただけのいわば精神論的法令であったのだが、違反者が減らなかった。
At first, it was a spiritual law simply carrying the message 'refrain from taking lives', however the number of offenders did not decrease.

元々1938年阪神大水害直後の代議士時代に提唱したものだが、それは以下のようなエピソードで知られる。
This concept was the one he originally advocated in his Diet member days immediately after the serious flood disaster in the Hanshin area in 1938, and it was known for the following episode.

だが、高知県側は、楠瀬の要求の受け入れを拒否したため、楠瀬は内務省 (日本)にまで意見書を提出した。
However, Kochi Prefecture did not accept Kusunose's request, and thus she even sent a written opinion to the Ministry of Interior (Japan).

安麻呂は壬申の乱で大海人皇子について活躍した人物だが、結婚と乱や配流との時間的前後関係は不明である。
Yasumaro fought and had a great success in the Jinshin War on Oama no Miko's side; however, the chronological order of his marriage to Iratsume, the Jinshin War, and KOSE family's exile is unknown.

だが、後醍醐天皇への旧恩から辞表を提出して吉野朝廷への参加を決意するが、当然辞任は認められなかった。
However, he submitted his resignation to honor his ties with Emperor Godaigo and decided to join the Yoshino Court, but naturally his resignation was not approved.

だが、その後ロシア軍の満洲撤退が行われなかったことから、近衛を中心に対露同志会が結成されることになる。
Later, however, Russia failed to withdraw from Manchuria and KONOE and his group formed a new organization called 'Tairodoshikai (Comrades against Russia)'.

だが、この時期に畿内大和には未だ京と呼べるような都市は無く（飛鳥京跡等は宮殿のみで市街地は持たない）。
However, there was no such city that can be called Kyo (capital) during this period (the site of Asuka no miyako [the capital of Asuka] had only a palace and it didn't have a town).

伽藍が巨大で木造建築ゆえ、というのもそうだが、合せて、東大寺の寺内の自治力が下がってきたこともあった。
This is not only because these were huge wooden buildings, but also the internal self-governing system of Todai-ji Temple began to function poorly.

郷帳は村単位の高を記すものだが、正保郷帳作成にあたり幕府は総計を各大名の表高に一致させるよう指示した。
Gocho generally recorded total yields of each village, but the bakufu instructed to make the total sum equal to omote-daka of each daimyo in preparing Shoho-gocho.

だがこの比率は諸外国にくらべて著しく金が割安であり、諸外国ではおおむね115の交換比率が成立していた。
But in this rate gold was valued very low when compared to the rate in foreign countries where the exchange rate of gold to silver was 1:115.

だが夕子を妾にしようとしていた甚造は、正順が住み込んで修業している鳳閣寺の住職に彼の廓通いを密告する。
Jinzo intended to make Yuko his mistress, so he informed a chief priest of Hokaku-ji Temple where Seijun lived in as a trainee that the young priest was visiting the red-light district.

だがその仕事にはあまり向かず、東京朝日新聞社主筆池辺三山のはからいで東京朝日に移籍し、小説を連載する。
However, that job did not suit him well, and through the good offices of Sanzan IKEBE, the chief editor of the Tokyo Asahi Shimbun Company, he transferred to the Tokyo Asahi Shimbun and published serial novels.

道祖神（さえのかみ、ふなどのかみ）：本来村境にあって外敵や疫病を防ぐ神だが、男女関係・生殖をも司った。
Saenokami/ Funadonokami: it was originally a god of defending villages from external enemies and fending off epidemics, and also of reproduction and relationships between men and women.

だが、次第に年貢の未進・下地中分や半済の進行によって荘園からの収入が途絶える事態が生じるようになった。
However, the revenues from shoen had gradually decreased because of the nonpayment of tribute, shitaji chubun (physical division of the land), and the introduction of hanzei (the system in the Muromachi period where the Muromachi bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] allowed military governors, or Shugo, to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund).

だが、応仁の乱以後は朝廷財政の崩壊とともに朝儀は廃絶し、断絶したまま再興されない公家も少なくなかった。
However, with the collapse of court finances after the Onin War, Chogi was terminated and many aristocratic families were not reestablished once they had no successors.

だが、多くの死傷者と度重なる非常特別税などの増税に苦しんだ民衆の不満は日比谷焼討事件となって爆発した。
However, since many were killed or injured in the war and people suffered from repeated tax increase such as emergency special taxes, their frustration and fury led to the Hibiya Incendiary Incident.

なお、浪士は全員播磨国赤穂郡出身のように思われがちだが、赤穂出身者は大石内蔵助を含めて半数程度である。
Furthermore, people tend to assume that all the roshi were from Ako County in Harima Province, but actually less than half of them including Kuranosuke OISHI were from Ako.

だが、同時に政府財政が逼迫すると安易な値上げや品質の引き下げなどが行われて、人々を苦しめる事となった。
However, when the income of the government was strained, it easily led to price rise and lowered quality, which caused troubles for common people.

だが、実際に帝国議会が開かれると、「民党」と称された自由民権運動の流れを汲む野党勢力が激しく抵抗した。
When the Imperial Diet actually met, the opposition force called 'minto' (political parties opposing the han-based administration) that was in favor of Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Rights) showed strong resistance.

鎌倉幕府法では禁圧対象となっている「夜討ち」と呼ばれる行為だが、弘安の役では幕府側が積極的に活用した。
It was called 'attack in the night' and prohibited under the laws of Kamakura bakufu, but in Koan no Eki, bakufu proactively used this method.

だが、勝頼の代には有力な勢力だった浅井・朝倉が、長篠城の戦いの前年に長島一向衆が、既に滅ぼされていた。
When Katsuyori came to power, however, the powerful clans of Azai and Asakura had been destroyed a year before the Battle and the followers of the Ikko sect in Nagashima had been already defeated.

だが、議会の開催前に活動を開始したこともあり、その誕生は時代の流れよりも早すぎた、という感は否めない。
Yet given the fact that this party started its political activities before the National Diet was even formed, it cannot be denied that the party was too much ahead of its time.

だが、欽明天皇の代に入ると欽明天皇と血縁関係を結んだ蘇我稲目が台頭して、金村の権勢に翳りが見え始める。
However, in the Emperor Kinmei period, SOGA no Iname who had a blood relationship with Emperor Kinmei gained power so kanamura's ascendancy began to decline.

里村昌琢（しょうたく）に師事して本格的に連歌を学んだが、1632年（寛永9年）主家の改易で浪人となる。
Although he studied Renga intensively under Shotaku SATOMURA, he was demoted to ronin (masterless samurai) after his master forfeited rank of Samurai and properties in 1632.

だが、永禄5年（1562年）に北条軍が古河御所を攻略した際に藤氏は捕虜となって小田原に送られてしまう。
However, in 1562 when the Hojo army conquered Koga Imperial Palace, Fujiuji was taken prisoner and sent to Odawara.

壬申の乱勃発時の地位は不明だが、乱が勃発して間もない6月末には、河内に集結した大軍の総指揮官であった。
His status at the outbreak of the Jinshin War is unknown, however soon after the outbreak, by the end of June (in old lunar calendar), he had become suoreme commander of the large force gathered in Kochi (Kawachi).

だが、渋沢は現状の民部大蔵省のあり方ではとても新しい国家建設に進める体制にはないとして辞退を申し入れた。
However, Shibusawa declined the proposal saying the existing system of Minbu Okura-sho was far from building a new nation.

だが、8世紀初めに編纂された「日本書紀」「古事記」に邪馬臺国についての記述も卑弥呼についての記述も無い。
However, nothing about the Yamatai Kingdom or Himiko was described in the Nihon-shoki (the oldest chronicles of Japan) nor the Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters) compiled during the early eighth century.

これらの御伽草子とは別物だが、太宰治が日本の昔話などを題材に執筆した『お伽草紙』という短編小説集がある。
Independent of these Otogi Zoshi, there is a collection of short stories called 'Otogizoshi' that Osamu DAZAI wrote on the subject of Japanese folk stories.

だが、彼の陰陽道・天文道における長期の活躍と長寿、安倍吉昌・安倍吉平の2人の男子に恵まれたことが大きい。
Regardless, as he played an active role in onmyodo and tenmondo for a long time, enjoyed longevity, and was blessed with two sons, ABE no Yoshimasa and ABE no Yoshihira, a good foundation was established for the family.

だがモンゴル帝国の南下による宋の衰亡により、大陸へ帰還したり日本へ土着する者が現れるなどで縮小していた。
However, the residential area had became smaller because such merchants returned to China or settled in Japan with the collapse of the Sung Dynasty.

だが、長い内乱や半済令の影響で寺社本所領や公領の衰退が著しく、彼らが持っていた職は名目上のものとなった。
Under the influences of the long-lasting civil war and hanzeirei (half-tax decrees), Jisha honjoryo (lands of temples and nobles) and koryo were severely declined, and the shiki associated with the lands became in name only.

ニコライは人力車から飛び降りて脇の路地へ逃げ込んだが、津田はニコライを追いかけなおも斬りかかろうとした。
Nicholas jumped off the rickshaw and escaped to an alley, but TSUDA still ran after him and tried to attack him again.

だが、時代が下るにつれて院の近臣間でも権力闘争が起こり、1159年（平治元年）の平治の乱の一因となった。
However, as times went by, strife over authority arose among In no Kinshin, which was one of the causes of the Heiji War in 1159.

美人画を描かなかった（『万葉の春』の様に例外もある。）松篁だが、松園の影響を受けていることを認めている。
Although Shoko did not draw bijinga (there are exceptions such as 'Manyo no Haru' [A Spring of the eternal world]), he admitted receiving influence from Shoen.

・・・（この後、猪狩生徒隊小隊長のとりなしで退校処分は取り消されるのだが、禁2回10日に処せられる。）」
… (After that, the punishment to expel him from school was cancelled by the intercession of Shishigari, an element leader of the student unit, but the punishment of two prohibitions for ten days was imposed.)'

だが、島津久光の真意は公武合体であり、藤本は薩摩藩邸に軟禁され、ほどなく挙兵計画から離脱して去っている。
However, as Hisamitsu SHIMAZU's real intention was Kobu-gattai (reconciliation between the imperial court and the shogunate), FUJIMOTO was placed under house arrest in the residence of Satsuma Domain, and soon withdrew himself from the plan of raising the army and left.

だが、雅経は頼朝から和歌・蹴鞠の才能を高く評価され、頼朝の息子である源頼家・源実朝とも深く親交を結んだ。
However, Masatusne was admired by Yoritomo for his waka (Japanese poetry) and kemari (Japanese ancient Imperial court game like kick-ball) talent, and also formed an intimate friendship with Yoritomo's sons, MINAMOTO no Yoriie and MINAMOTO no Sanetomo.

だが、阿部・松前はもし諸外国が幕府を越して朝廷と交渉をはじめれば幕府は崩壊するとした自説を譲らなかった。
However, Abe and Matsumae held on to their view that if the foreign countries directly started to negotiate with the imperial court bypassing the shogunate, the latter would collapse.

父は不明だが、下総国の平氏の一族とする系図があり、海道平氏、岩城氏と繋がる家系であったとする意見がある。
His father is unknown but an existing family tree implies that he was from a family of the Taira clan in Shimousa province and there is a view that he was in the family line of the Kaidou Taira clan (the Iwaki clan).

だが、実朝の右大臣就任の祝賀の拝賀の日、鶴岡八幡宮において実朝の甥の公暁によって実朝とともに殺害された。
However, he was killed with Sanetomo by Kugyo who was Sanetomo's nephew at Tsuruoka Hachimangu Shrine on the day of Sanetomo's inaugural celebration of udaijin (minister of the right).

だが、霊元上皇が院政を開始した事によりこれに反対する江戸幕府との確執が生まれ、幕府と上皇の対立が始まる。
However, the Retired Emperor Reigen began his rule, so a discord with the opposing Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) broke out, which heralded a conflict between the bakufu and the retired emperor.

崇神王朝、仁徳王朝、継体王朝の3王朝が存在した可能性は上記で記したとおりだが、それらについて詳しく述べる。
The three dynasties of Sujin, Nintoku, and Keitai were possibly existed as previously mentioned, and details are described follows.

また、乳房を「盛り上がった形」と認識することは自然だが、鼻を「盛り上がった形」と認識するのは不自然すぎる。
In addition, it is natural to recognize a breast as 'a mound' but it is too odd to recognize a nose as 'a mound.'

だが、一方でそのような”無理”を抱えながら、何故当時かようなものが著されたのかは、考えられる必要があろう。
It is yet worth considering the reason why such a book was written at that time although it had 'unreasonableness.'

だが一方で要領のいい本田昇は出世し、一時は文三に気があった従妹のお勢の心は本田の方を向いていくようである。
His friend Noboru HONDA, on the other hand, was shrewed man and making his way in life, so Bunzo's female cousin Osei who once was interested in Bunzo was now keen on Honda.

和歌は広義には長歌・短歌・旋頭歌・片歌及び仏足石歌の総称だが、狭義には31音を定型とする短歌のことを指す。
In a broad sense, Waka means Choka (long poem), Tanka (short poem), Sedoka (head-repeated poem), Katauta (half poem), and Bussokusekika (Buddha's footprint stone poem), but in a narrow sense it designates only Tanka of 31 syllables.

だが俳諧連歌の冒頭の発句が独立した俳句と違い、川柳は付け句（平句）を前句から独立的に鑑賞するようになった。
However, unlike the haiku, which is the hokku at the beginning of a haikai-renga that became independent, the senryu is a form of poetry that appreciates the tsukeku (hiraku) independently from the previous verses.

身分制度では最下層だが、彼らには非人化から10年以内であれば脱出（足洗い）の機会が与えられることもあった。
Though they were at the bottom in the system of rank, occasionally an opportunity to escape (bail out) was given if it was within 10 years after becoming Hinin.

天正19年（1591年）に秀長が没すると、養子の豊臣秀保が後を継いだが、文禄4年（1595年）に急死した。
After Hidenaga died in 1591, Hideyasu TOYOTOMI, his adopted son, succeeded the family but suddenly died in 1595.

だが、幕府はその動向を恐れて6月 (旧暦)、義興追討の綸旨を得て安芸国・石見国の国人らに義興追討を命じた。
The bakufu was afraid of their movements, however, and after acquiring a rinji (Emperor's command) in July, ordered the local lords of the Aki and Iwami Provinces to hunt down and kill Yoshioki.

だが、現実には既に宅嗣の死から3年後に長岡京次いで平安京への遷都が行われ、平城京自体の荒廃が始まっていた。
In reality, however, the capital was moved three years after Yakatsugu's death to Nagaoka-kyo and later to Heian-kyo, marking the decline of Heijo-kyo.

元禄年間建造の屋敷は、一見普通の農家だが、内部には縄梯子・落とし穴・回転戸・地下道などが仕掛けられている。
The residence built during the Genroku era (from 1688 to 1703) looked like an ordinary farmer's house, but the inside has traps such as rope ladders, pitfalls, revolving doors and underground passages.

藩社は藩より奉幣を受ける神社だが、社格は定められたものの廃藩置県により藩が消滅したため列格した神社はない。
Although the shrine ranking of Hansha was established for those to receive hohei from domain, there was no shrines ranked as Hansha, since domains were abolished by Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures).

だが、この内閣は立憲政友会などの政党側のみならず一般国民からも反感を買い、第2次護憲運動によって倒された。
This administration however antagonized not only political parties such as Rikken Seiyukai but also the general public, and was overthrown in the second constitution protection movement.

だが、有力政治家の一人として子孫のために『九条年中行事』という朝廷内の礼儀やしきたりを纏めた書物を残した。
However, he wrote books called 'Kujo nenchugyoji' (Kujo annual events) which explained necessities in the Imperial Court, as one of the powerful politicians for the sake of descendants.

だが、御行の戦功はそれほどでもなく、彼に対する賞は吹負ら大伴氏全体の功に対する部分が大きいと見る説もある。
However, others say that Miyuki was given the title not for his own achievement but for the whole achievements the Otomo clan such as Fukei had produced.

康慶の生没年は未詳だが、仁平2年（1152年）に吉祥天像（現存しない）を制作したことが史料上の初見である。
His birth and death dates are unknown, but it is his first appearance in a historical record mentioning that he built a statue of Kisshoten (Laksmi) (not presently existing) in 1152.

だが、硬六派が第3回衆議院議員総選挙後に内閣不信任上奏案を提出したため、翌1894年に再度解散に踏み切った。
However, the Ko Roppa tabled a no-confidence motion to be reported to the Emperor after the third general election for the House of Representatives, which resulted in the Diet having to dissolve itself in 1894.

---練る飴細工も有名だが、鼈甲飴も溶かした飴を型などに流し込み、様々な形を平面的に作り上げて、売っていた。
Comparable to popular Amezaiku, which was candy craft made from taffy, Bekkoame candy was made by molding melted candy into various flat shapes and sold.

だが、隣国摂津国をはじめ、阿波国や淡路国、讃岐国などの守護であった三好長慶によって圧迫されることが多かった。
The Hatakeyama clan had been frequently oppressed by Nagayoshi MIYOSHI, shugo of the neighboring Settsu Province as well as Awa Province, Awaji Province and Sanuki Province.

だが、自由党元総裁板垣退助は自分が疎外された事から運動から距離を置き、立憲改進党の大隈重信も懐疑的であった。
However, Taisuke ITAGAKI, former president of the Liberal Party, distanced himself from the movement because he was alienated and Shigenobu OKUMA of the Constitutional Progressive Party was skeptical.

琵琶を得意とし、趣味、教養、家柄、能力等、女官として申し分のない女性だが、年に似合わぬ色好みで有名であった。
She was good at playing the biwa (Japanese lute), and a perfect court lady in regards to her hobby, education, social standing among her family, competence, and so on, however, she was known for her lustfulness despite her age.

だが、実際には江戸時代も後期に入ると、都市・地方ともに新興商人の台頭が始まり、活発な展開を見せるようになる。
However, the fact was that, during the late Edo period, up and coming merchants started to actively spread throughout cities and provinces.

形状は小粒の銀塊で、重量は不定だが1匁（約3.75グラム）から10匁（37.5グラム）程度の秤量銀貨である。
Shaped like small silver slugs with a weight of between about 1 monme (approx. 3.75 g) to 10 monme (approx. 37.5 g), Mameitagin are silver coins that were valued by weight.

合戦の詳細は不明だが消極派の成道と積極派の直方は仲たがいしたため討伐軍は苦戦し、乱は一向に鎮圧できなかった。
The details of the battle are unknown, but the relationship between passive Narimichi and active Naokata worsened, the punitive force made a poor fight and could not suppress the rebellion at all.

だが、東国の将門が滅亡したことにより、兵力の西国への集中が可能となったため、朝廷は純友討伐に積極的になった。
However, the fall of Masakado in Togoku made it possible for the Imperial Court to concentrate its military power in Saigoku where it became active in containing Sumitomo.

だが、大江広元のように直接政務に携わるといったよりも、専ら頼朝の個人秘書的な色彩が強かったと考えられている。
However, it is considered that unlike OE no Hiromoto, who directly got involved in governmental affairs, Moritoki acted rather as a personal secretary to Yoritomo.

だが、これを察知した青山景道は1870年(明治3年)1月12日(旧暦)に一連の共謀者を逮捕し流罪、投獄した。
However, Kagemichi AOYAMA detected their attempt and on February 12, 1870, he arrested all co-conspirators and exiled or imprisoned them.

だが、兼通の死後に兼家が右大臣に就任して再び為光を超えることとなり、兼家と将来の摂関の地位を争うこととなる。
After Kanemichi died, Kaneie went over to Tamemitsu once again by assuming Udaijin (minister of the right), and in his later years, Kaneie entered into a struggle with Tamemitsu for the positions of Regent and Chief Adviser to the Emperor.

だが、京都を占領した南朝軍は二条邸に遺された摂関家ゆかりの文書・家宝などをことごとく没収したと言われている。
Most documents and family treasures related to the Sekkan regent family in the Nijo House are said to have been taken by the Southern Court army which occupied Kyoto.

父母は不明だが、祖父の島田清田（斉衡2年9月18日_(旧暦)、77歳で没）は、尾張の地方豪族の出身であった。
Although his father and mother are unknown, his grandfather, SHIMADA no Kiyota, (died November 5, 855 aged 77) came from a powerful local clan in the Owari Province.

とても良くできていたのでもう一度下絵を描いてくれと頼んだが、国周は同じものは二度と描かない、と断ったという。
Danjuro asked Kunichika to draw the same sketch again because the actor liked it very much, but Kunichika refused by saying he would never draw the same thing.

ルートは不明だが、東京までたどり着いたものも数十名から数百名はいたとみられるが、その後の請願は行われなかった。
Several dozens or several hundreds of peasants managed to get to Tokyo, which route is still unknown, however, they made no petition to the government.

生真面目で一途な性格だが、複数の妻を平等に扱うことが出来ないなど、平安貴族としては欠点を多く持つ人物とされる。
He is a character of deeply sincere and straightforward honesty, but considered a person with defects as a noble of the Heian period, namely being unable to treat his several wives equally.

だが、大野の武家故実の研究がその規定に反する疑いが先著である『殿居囊』・『泰平年表』刊行の段階で持たれていた。
However, it had been suspected that Ono's research about the customs and manners of samurai might have violated the regulation at the stage of publishing 'Tonoibukuro' and 'Taihei-nenpyo' (a chronicle of the Edo period).

だが明治44年、佐佐木信綱らによって巻第二、巻第一と口伝集巻第一の断片、口伝集の巻第十一～第十四が発見された。
However, in 1911 Nobutsuna SASAKI discovered the Book 2 and Book 1 of main parts, a fragment of Kuden shu Book 1, and Kuden shu Book 11 to Book 14.

筑紫館と大宰府の間は約16キロメートルだが、そこを最大幅10メートルの側溝を完備した直線道路が敷設されていた。
Tsukushi-no-murotsumi and the Dazaifu was connected by a straight road about 16 km long and was fully equipped with a roadside gutter which was at the maximum ten meters wide.

だが、1792年のロシアのアダム・ラクスマンの来航以来、諸外国の船がたびたび来航して日本への開国要求を強めた。
Since the arrival of the Russian named Adam Kirillovich Laksman in 1792, ships from various foreign countries frequently came and urged Japan to open the country.

だが、中には無謀な計画や投資を誘発したものもあり、それは1890年（明治23年）の経済恐慌となってはね返った。
However, some of the projects induced reckless plans and investments, which resulted in the economic crisis in 1980.

'しがらきぐうし'であれば「紫香楽宮阯」と書くべきだが、紫香楽宮跡で'しがらきぐうし'と読むことになっている。
'Shiragakigushi' must be indicated as '紫香楽宮阯', however '紫香楽宮跡' is used as its indication and also is read as 'Shiragakigushi' irregularly.

だが、石燕はその中にいくつもの隠喩・暗喩を込め、絵解きをすると石燕の本音がにじみ出てきているものが少なくない。
He however included a large number of metaphors and hidden messages in his drawings, and many of them therefore showed Sekien's honest feelings when they were deciphered.

それまであった220戸のうち100戸は壬申の乱のときの功によるものだが、残る120戸はいつのものか不明である。
Out of the existing 220 households, 100 were given for his deed of valor in the Jinshin War, but the details of the remaining 120 were unknown.

だが、家業の暦学において失態があり、元和 (日本)2年（1616年）に賀茂氏系の幸徳井友景に暦学の権限を譲る。
However, as he failed in his family business, the studies on the calendar system, he gave away the authority of the study to Tomokage KOTOKUI of the Kamo clan in 1616.

だが船長は判決を不服としたうえ清国人の「移民契約」履行請求の訴えを起こし清国人をマリア・ルスに戻すように訴えた。
However, the captain was dissatisfied with the decision, taking legal action to execute the immigration contract, and appealed to return the Qing laborers to 'Maria Luz'.

だが、『萬葉集』には8世紀以前の防人の歌は無いので、防人が置かれたのは九州王朝が滅亡した7世紀末頃と考えられる。
Since the waka poems of Sakimori were not contained in 'Manyoshu' (Japan's oldest anthology of poems) before the eighth century, Sakimori is considered to be placed when the Kyusyu dynasty was destroyed at the end of the seventh century.

だが、井伊は桜田門外の変で暗殺され、後に一橋慶喜が将軍後見職を経て家茂の死後に15代将軍に就任することになった。
Ii was assassinated in the Sakuradamongai Incident, and Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI became Shogun-kokenshoku and became the 15th shogun after the death of Iemochi.

だが密かに藤壺を恋い慕う源氏には、后がね（皇后候補）として大切に育てられた深窓の姫とはいえ物足りない心地がした。
However, Genji, who had been secretly in love with Fujitsubo, felt unsatisfied with Aoi despite the fact that she had been brought up with the greatest care in a good family as a candidate for empress.

また女性手紙に仮名使用が多いのはもちろんだが、男性でも、私的文書・内輪向けの文書は、仮名が多い傾向が認められる。
The use of kana in letters written by women was popular, but men increasingly used kana in private or internal documents.

この鹿島神社は鹿島神宮と祭神は同じだが、他の多くの「鹿島神社」と違い、鹿島神宮ではなく塩竈神社からの勧請である。
Although this Kashima-jinja Shrine enshrines the same deity as Kashima-jingu Shrine, unlike in many other 'Kashima-jinja Shrines' however, the deity was transferred not from Kashima-jingu Shrine but from Shiogama-jinja Shrine.

宗達の代表作の一つだが、明治時代後半にアメリカ合衆国に輸出され、1960年代まであまり存在を知られていなかった。
Although it is one of Sotatsu's masterpieces, it was not widely known about until the 1960s because it was exported to the U.S. during the late Meiji Period.

第二の一書では、男神なら勝ちとしている他は古事記と同じだが、どちらをどちらの子としたかについては書かれていない。
In the arufumi of the second volume, the story is almost the same as the one in the Kojiki that they agreed that the one who bore male gods would win, but it is not mentioned which gods are whose offspring.

明治時代の歴史学者星野恒と原勝郎は、範囲にだいぶ隔たりはあるのだが『吾妻鏡』の少なくとも後半は日記だろうとした。
Hisashi HOSHINO and Katsuro HARA, historians in the Meiji period, thought that at least the latter half of 'Azuma Kagami' was a diary, although the way the two defined the term was very different.

だが、江戸時代に入ると、木下勝俊や戸田茂睡によって批判され、後に国学による独自の歌学研究が勃興することとなった。
However, early in the Edo period, it was criticized by Katsutoshi KINOSHITA and Mosui TODA, and later, original study of waka based on the study of Japanese classical literature began its rise.

上垣外憲一は、大和の権威を高めるために編纂されたのは周知の事実だが特に朝鮮半島関係の造作は著しいと指摘している。
Kenichi KAMIGAITO has pointed out that it is common knowledge that it was compiled in order to raise the authority of Yamato and there are many fictional elements related to the Korean Peninsula.

原典の所属先は不明だが、昭和3年（1928年）に北田紫水文庫から刊行された復刻版によって内容を知ることができる。
Although the ownership of the original work is unknown, there is a reprinted edition published by Kitada Shisui Collection in 1928 that shows its contents.

だが、その政権及びその長としての公認はいまだ中央権力としての地位を保っていた天皇による将軍宣下によって行われた。
However, official recognition to hold administrative power as the head was made according to the appointment to Shogun by the Emperor who still maintained the position as the central authority.

その後、執権職は貞時に代わって北条氏支流の4人が次々に受け継いだが、貞時は得宗として幕府を実質的に支配し続けた。
After this, when Sadatoki left the position of Shikken (regent), he was succeeded by four men from the branch line of the Hojo clan in succession; Sadatoki himself retained the position of Tokuso (patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan), however, which means that he held the real power to control the bakufu.

だが、実際には華族制度は家職的な要素を含み、特に公爵・侯爵は原則的に貴族院 (日本)に議席を有することが出来た。
However, in actuality, the Kazoku (peerage) system had elements of Kashoku, and dukes and marquis were in principle eligible for a seat in the Kizokuin.

だが、京都を見なければ我国（日本）が「百王一統（万世一系）」で万国（他国）よりも尊いことを理解できないであろう。
They think that without seeing Kyoto, people will never understand that our country (Japan) is 'a country unified under the one and only legitimate Imperial monarchy' and it is more honorable than any other countries.

国の下に置かれるのが郡だが、大化当時は評（こおり）とも呼ばれていたと、専門家らの間に論争がある（「郡評論争」）。
Although gun (counties) were provided within each province, there is a controversy (called 'Gun-pyo ronso') among some experts about that such a county was called not only 'gun' but also 'koori' in the Taika era.

首都を意味する「京」を地名に付したことから、この詔書によって、東京を首都に定めたと見るのが有力だが、反論もある。
According to the leading view that because of giving the area name 'Kyo' which means 'capital,' Tokyo was established as the capital with this edict, but there are opposing views.

だが、彼らはやはり不偏不党を謳った院内会派・緑風会を構成、一時は参議院最大会派として国政に大きな影響力を持った。
Later they formed Ryokufukai, an Innai group, with an emphasis on neutrality and the group once had great power in the national political scene as the largest group within the House.

その後の広の活躍は不明だが、乱の後、80戸の封を与えられた（『続日本紀』大宝元年 (701年) 7月21日条）。
Although it is unknown what happened to him afterward, it is said that he was given the property with 80 households after the war on July 21, 701 ('Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued)).

だが、その娘源通子と土御門天皇の間から後嵯峨天皇が誕生し、通親の一族は土御門・後嵯峨の2代の天皇の外戚になった。
However, the Emperor Gosaga was born between Michimune's daughter, MINAMOTO no Tsushi and the Emperor Tsuchimikado and the Michichika's family became the maternal relative of the emperors for two generation, namely Emperor Tsuchimikado and Emperor Gosaga.

この御家人と言うのは寛政重修諸家譜にある記述だが、甥と叔父の関係にある綱吉とお目見えできない関係とは考えにくい。
The word gokenin is mentioned in the Kansei Choshu Shokafu (genealogies of vassals in Edo bakufu), but it is difficult to think that he could not meet his nephew Tsunayoshi.

出自は不詳だが、道氏は北陸地方の地方豪族であり、首名はその枝族で阿倍氏との関係から中央に進出したとする説がある。
The place of his origin is unknown, but there is a theory that the MICHI clan is a powerful local clan in the Hokuriku region, and his name, Obitona came from the name of the branch family that entered into the central region taking advantage of the relationship with the Abe clan.

だが、翌年の国会開設の詔書によって憲法は欽定憲法による方針が打ち出されたことによって、国約憲法論は事実上挫折した。
However, the following year, an imperial edict at the opening of the National Diet declared that the constitutions would be created by the Emperor, and the idea of a constitution created by the people's representatives never materialized.

これにより文書の研究は大きく進んだが、一方で写経所文書は断片化されてしまい、かつての形態とは異なってしまっている。
Although this led to a dramatic advance in the study of monjo, the monjo created by the Sutra copying office has been broken into pieces and has turned into something different from its original form.

当時の客車は台車や台枠は鉄製だが壁や屋根を含む本体は木造であり、この改造は練達の日本人大工の手によって実施された。
Although the passenger train's chasis and frame at the time were build with iron, the main structure including walls and roof were wooden built and their modification was done by skilled Japanese master carpenters.

だが、石見国では同国を占領した長州藩軍に、豊前国では香春陣屋で再起を図った香春藩（旧小倉藩）軍によって鎮圧された。
On the other hand, the insurgents in Iwami Province were suppressed by the army of Choshu Domain occupying there, and those in Buzen Province were suppressed by the army of Kawara Domain (former Kokura Domain), which once withdrawn to the regional office, jinya, but succeeded in its counterattack after renewing its offensive.

桐壺帝は最愛の源氏にそっくりな美しい皇子を再び得て喜んだが、それを見る源氏と藤壺は内心罪の意識に苛まれるのだった。
Emperor Kiritsubo was delighted to have a beautiful prince who looked like exactly his beloved Genji, but Genji and Fujitsubo felt guilty in their heart to see that.

成立年代・作者ともに不明だが、永享の乱・結城合戦の諸軍記は全て『鎌倉持氏記』が源流にあることが明らかにされている。
Both the year of completion and the author are unknown, but it was revealed that various war records concerning Eikyo War and Yuki War were based on the military record, 'Kamakura Mochiujiki.'

だがその一方で、『仏祖統記』や宋学（特に「春秋」・「孟子」・「易経」）の影響を受け、血統の他に有徳を強調している。
But on the other hand, he may have been influenced by the 'Bussotoki' (the Record of the Buddhist Founders) and Song-period philosophy (especially that of the 'Spring and Autumn Annals,' the 'Mencius,' and the 'I Ching') into intentionally emphasizing other virtues over Gomurakami's royal lineage.

基本的形状はどの個体も同様だが、大きさや表面の装飾にはバラエティがあり、表面に素朴な絵画表現の見られるものもある。
Every bell is similar in its basic shape, while the size and surface decoration varies, and some bells have a simple drawing on the surface.

だが、『信長戦国近江』によると「姫路城のような大天守と小天守が並び建つ壮麗な城だったのであろうか」と紹介している。
But 'Nobunaga Sengoku Omi' introduces the castle by describing 'it must have been a splendid castle with dai-tenshu and sho-tenshu standing side by side.'

だが、山縣は大日本帝国陸軍と貴族院_(日本)を利用して政友会攻撃を行い、明治天皇の詔書によって漸く事態を収拾した。
However, YAMAGATA attacked the Seiyu Party by making use of the Imperial Japanese Army and the House of Peers (Japan) and the situation was finally settled by the imperial edict of Emperor Meiji.

だが、大坂を見なければ我邦（日本）が「産物多く、船楫便利」で万国（他国）よりも富みたることを理解できないであろう。
They think that without seeing Osaka, people will never understand that our country (Japan) is 'rich with goods and highly accessible by ship' and the country is richer than other countries.

破綻寸前となった上杉家を上杉鷹山が立て直すエピソードが有名だが、そこまで上杉家を傾けたのは上野介とも言われている。
There is a famous story about Yozan UESUGI trying to recover the finances of the Uesugi family when financial ruin was one step away, and it is said that it was Kozuke no Suke who jeopardized the Uesugi family to this extent.

豊島庄犬食名は豊島氏の所領であり、正確な場所は不明だが、足立区堀之内、川口市南平柳、荒川区尾久あたりと推定される。
The disputed land of Toshima was part of the territory of the Toshima clan, whose location has not been specified but is presumed to have been around Horinouchi, Adachi Ward, Minami-hirayamagi, Kawaguchi City, or Oku, Arakawa Ward.

生没年は不詳だが、承安 (日本)元年（1171年）ごろに生れ、建長三年（1251年）以降に亡くなったと推測される。
Though her years of birth and death were unknown, it is guessed that she was born around 1171 and died after 1251.

晩年は茶の湯や俳諧に親しんだが、早世したのは相撲会所での意見の相違や家庭問題での心労が祟ったから、といわれている。
After retiring, he was enjoying Chanoyu (tea ceremonies) and Haikai (writing seventeen-syllable verses), however he died at an early age which has been said that because he had been wasted by the mental stress from the difference of opinions in Sumo Kaisho (meeting place) and his family problems.

だが、後宇多上皇に内緒で常盤井宮恒明親王擁立に動いたことで大覚寺統から忌避されるようになると権力に翳りも見られた。
However, his campaign for the enthronement of Imperial Prince Tokiwainomiya Tsuneaki without telling the Retired Emperor Gouda made the people of the Daikakuji-to shut him, and his power decayed.

だが、俸禄支給のために准位と呼ばれる格付けがあり、准位と同じ位階に属する男性官人と同じ待遇を受ける規定となっていた。
However, there was grading called juni for the payment of horoku (remuneration) and a prescription that a female officer should receive the same treatment as a male officer belonging to the same class in juni.

だが、以上3つの総計が約80万石と大藩1つ分の禄高に相当し、財政基盤の弱い明治政府にとっては大きな財政負担となった。
However, total of above three rewards added up to 800,000 koku (144312.00 cubic meters), which was equal to total rokudaka (stipend) of taihan (large scale domain), and it became huge financial burden to Meiji government, which had a weak financial basis.

だが、この倭国軍に比べ、ヤマト王権の派遣した遣唐使船の航海の成功率は50%程度しかなく、航海技術が極めて稚拙である。
Compared with the Wakoku army, the success rate of voyage for the Kentoshi ship dispatched by Yamato kingship was only around fifty-percent, which shows that their seamanship was very primitive.

だが、8世紀の段階で無品親王家別当や四位・五位を含めて知家事・知宅事と呼ばれる令外の家政職員が出現するようになった。
However, in the eighth century, household management personnel outside of the law called Chikeji and Chitakuji came to appear from Betto (superintendent) of Muhon-Shinno (Imperial Prince without court rank), and the Fourth and Fifth Rank.

だが、生涯に4人の妻と死別して5人の妻を娶り、13男14女を儲けた蓮如の死後、一族間に不協和音が見られるようになる。
After the death of Rennyo who married five wives among whom four died and begot thirteen sons and fourteen daughters in his lifetime, discord erupted between his family.

だが県の役人は江戸時代の刑罰では死刑囚の身体を破壊するものであり、生き返ったなどといった前例があるわけでもなかった。
However the officers of the prefecture had never heard the precedent about a condemned who resuscitated because they considered punishments of Edo Period were supposed to destroy a condemned phisically.

だが、その後も木曜会・清交会ともに分裂と離脱が相次ぎ、まず1911年3月に清交会が解散して無所属団などに分散された。
Yet, both the Mokuyo-kai and Seiko-kai continued to be disrupted and some of those members left from the groups and then the Seiko-kai was dissolved at first in March 1911 and diverged in various factions such as the Independent Party.

（だが、日露戦争以後、技術ではなく大和心を養成するという教育的価値が評価され学校教育にとりいれられて武道となった。）
(However, after the Russo-Japanese War, they were adopted into the school education system for its educational value in fostering Japanese spirit, rather than a mere skill, and were established as Budo [martial arts].)

だが、刊行された書を完全に回収することは出来ず、大正時代に刊行された『江戸叢書』によって全容を知ることが可能である。
However, the books already published could not be recalled completely, and it is possible to know all of the contents through 'Edo-sosho' (Books on the Edo period) published in the Taisho period.

気のすすまぬまま夕霧の婿となった匂宮だが、六の君の美しさのとりこになり、中の君には次第に夜離れ（よがれ）が多くなる。
Although Nioumiya reluctantly got married to Yugiri's daughter, he became enslaved by Rokunokimi's beauty, and gradually forgot to visit Naka no Kimi.

だが、承久の乱で鎌倉幕府が勝利すると、幕府が日本全国の警察力・軍事力を掌握して、朝廷が持っていた検断権は形骸化した。
However, the Kamakura bakufu won the Jokyu War and held the police and military forces, so the Imperial Court's right to judge criminal cases became a mere name.

だが、それは前述のように反対の経路によって幕府側の要望を治天の君もしくは天皇へと伝達する役目を果たすことにもなった。
It, conversely, also meant, as is mentioned above, to convey the bakufu's request to Chiten no kimi or Emperor through the opposite route.

栄耀栄華を極める仲麻呂一族だが、孝謙上皇が道鏡を寵愛して、仲麻呂と対立するようになると、仲麻呂は強い危機感を持った。
The Nakamaro family was at the height of its prosperity, but once Empress Koken began to favor Dokyo and confront Nakamaro, Nakamaro had a deep sense of danger.

だが、義昭と信長が対立したときに弟・藤孝が信長方に付いたことを知って激怒した藤英は藤孝襲撃を計画するが失敗に終わる。
As his brother Fujitaka took sides with Nobunaga in the conflict between Yoshiaki and Nobunaga, Fujihide became furious at Fujitaka and planned an attack against him, but failed.

だが、当時幕府財政は破綻寸前であり、改税約書が結ばれた当時には既に幕府はこれよりも質を落として貨幣を発行し続けていた。
However, the financial affairs of the bakufu at the time were on the verge of collapse, and by the time the kaizeiyakusho was concluded, the bakufu had already lowered the quality of coins even more and continued issuing them.

養賢には吃音以外、身体に何の障害も無かったのだが、それだけのために青春期らしき明るさも恋愛もすべて抛棄して生きていた。
Although Yoken had no physical disability except his stammer, that alone caused him to live out his youth giving up all of his hopefulness and love.

女性の美と金閣とを当初重ね合わせていたのだが、金閣が隔絶した価値を有することに確信し、性的な自己の存在を無価値化する。
At the beginning, he identified the beauty of women with that of the Kinkaku, but he became convinced that the Kinkaku had a loftier value and recognized the worthlessness of his own sexual existence.

老中などの権力を持つ譜代大名は殆ど10万石規模の石高だが、経済の豊富な外様や国持大名には幕府政治に介在を許さなかった。
Hereditary vassal daimyl (fudai daimyo) were allowed to fill a powerful post such as the senior councillor (roju) in spite of their economic strength being an annual stipend of hundred thousand koku in rice at most, while wealthy daimyo, such as outside daimyo (non-hereditary vassal daimyo) and a feudal lord with more than one fief (kunimochi daimyo) were not allowed to participate in the natilnal government.

だが、いまだに関東を中心に旧幕府の勢力圏が広がっている中で、朝廷が真の意味で倒幕を実現させるまでにはなお時間を要した。
But as the former Shogunate's sphere of influence was still spreading out of the Kanto region, it took the Imperial Court more time to overthrow the Shogunate in any real sense.

形状は、ナマコ形と呼ばれるやや不揃いな棒状の銀塊で、量目（質量）は不定だがおおよそ43匁（約161.25グラム）前後。
Chogin were various seacucumber-shaped silver ingots; although their rime (weighed value or mass) were not the same, they were approximately 161.25g.

また山形模様は『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の衣装に採用されて広く認知されるようになったものだが、先行作でも使用が確認されている。
Although Yamagata designs became widely recognized after showing up in 'Kanadehon Chushingura,' the use of its design is seen in works prior to that.

だが、寛政の改革は彼のこの政治理念にもとづいて酒造統制をおこない、そのまま天明の三分の一造り令など制限策が継続された。
Based on this political belief of him, however, the Kansei Reforms were implemented to control the sake production, and the Production Restriction Decree of Sake Brewing to One-third in the Tenmei Era and other restriction measures continued to be in effect.

だが、当時の天保一分銀の品位 (等級)は洋銀に対して高いにも拘らず額面が地金価値よりも高く設定された名目貨幣であった。
However, the Tempo ichibu-gin silver coin was nominal money in that its face value was set higher than its bare metal value, but the grade of the silver coin was still higher than that of Spanish dollar.

だが、海軍大将だった野村吉三郎は1950年代に防衛庁長官に就任させる構想が存在したが、文民統制の観点から断念となった。
There was a conspiracy to appoint Kichisaburo NOMURA, who was the Navy General at that time, to a Chief Secretary of State for Defense; however, it was ceased due to a civilian regulation point of view.

このため「大奥総取締」は大奥を語る上での不可欠な役職だと思われがちだが、実はそうした名称の役職は大奥に存在しなかった。
Head of O-oku tend to be considered the essential posts in O-oku, however, actually such posts did not exist in O-oku.

だが、任国でこの女性が亡くなったことから、寂心（＝出家後の慶滋保胤）のもとで出家し延暦寺三千坊の一つ如意輪寺に住んだ。
However, this woman died in the appointed province, which led him to become a priest under Jakushin (a priest who was YOSHISHIGE no Yasutane before becoming a priest) and live in Nyoirin-ji Temple, which was part of Enryaku-ji Temple, which was said to hold three thousand monks.

また彼女の墓所には壮麗な八角塔が建てられていたのだが、この発掘のどさくさに紛れ、この墓塔は行方不明になったままである。
Also there was a magnificent hakkaku (star anise) at the burial ground however during the excavation confusion, it disappeared and remains missing since then.

はじめ宇多天皇の中宮藤原温子に仕え、藤原仲平・藤原時平兄弟と交際の後、宇多天皇の寵愛を受けその皇子を生んだが早世した。
At the beginning, she served FUJIWARA no Onshi, who was a chugu (second consort) of the Emperor Uda and after going around with FUJIWARA no Nakahira and FUJIWARA no Tokihira, she was in the Emperor Uda's favor and gave birth to a Imperial Prince who died young.

だが、金貨の国外への流通が激しく、明治8年（1875年）には新しくアメリカ合衆国の貿易ドル銀貨と同等の貿易銀を発行した。
As huge amount of gold coins fled outside the country, Japan had to issue silver trade coins equivalent to silver trade dollars of the United States in 1875.

だが、公家法・武家法問わず他人和与の悔返を認めることは取引関係の不安定をもたらすことから、法理としては認められなかった。
Wayo to others, however, was not allowed to be canceled by the principle of either court noble law or bukeho (the law system for the samurai society and the military government) out of fear that if permitted, cancellation of wayo to others would destabilize a transactional relationship.

だが折から澎湃として沸き起こった尊王攘夷運動の志士たちから反撥を受け、坂下門外の変により安藤が失脚、公武合体は頓挫する。
However, royalists in the movement of 'Sonno Joi' (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners), which was then rising like a flood tide, went against 'kobu-gattai,' and some of them attacked Ando in the Sakashita Mongai Incident, so Ando lost his position and 'kobu-gattai' came to a sudden stop.

だが、南都の大衆は兼康勢60余人の首を切り、猿沢の池の端に並べるという挙に出て兼康は命からがら帰京し、清盛を激怒させた。
However, Nanto Daishu (monks residing in Nanto) decapitated more than 60 of Kaneyasu forces and placed them along the edge of Sarusawa-no-ike Pond, and Kaneyasu returned to Kyoto with his bare life, which made Kiyomori furious.

だが、律令政府は「化外」の民との対立の際には蝦夷征伐というかたちで軍事力を行使して、その勢力圏を北へと広げることになる。
Under the pretext of fighting social outcasts the Ritsuryo-seifu Government used military power to conquer Emishi and expand its power to the north.

1213年（建保元＝建暦3）12月19日条から翌20日条なのだが、『金槐和歌集』では1212年（建暦2年）12月とある。
The entry is dated December 19 and 20, 1213, but in 'Kinkai Wakashu' it is dated December, 1212.

筒井勢などは傘下の大和衆・伊賀衆を合わせて八千人で戦闘に臨んだが、城兵の銃撃の前に死傷者は数千人に上り、進撃を阻まれた。
Among the 8,000 soldiers of the Tsutsui troops including its followers Yamato shu and Iga shu, several thousand soldiers were killed or injured by the shooting of the castle soldiers and could not progress.

北方開拓を重視する政府の姿勢の表れだが、初めの数年は力不足で、内実が伴いはじめるのは明治4年（1871年）からであった。
It reflected the government's focus on the development of the northern island, but the reclamation of Ezo did not work for the first few years due to the inadequate system and it was not until 1871 that the government effort finally paid off.

だが鉄砲隊をある程度集中した部隊として機能させていれば、1度の射撃で部隊単位の戦力を大きく消耗させる事は不可能ではない。
It would not have been impossible for single firing to do considerable damage to an army if the teppo units had been deployed reasonably intensively.

これは、同年の青函トンネル開通記念博覧会にあわせたものだが、博覧会の後に豊治の子孫が復元船を買い上げ、函館市に寄贈した。
This was intended for the Commemorative Exhibition of Opening the Seikan Tunnel held in the same year, and Toyoji's descendants purchased the restored ship after the exposition, then presented it to Hakodate City.

だが、皮肉にも宗輔の大臣昇進という頼長の希望は保元の乱で左大臣であった頼長が討ち死にした事で初めて実現される事になった。
Ironically enough, however, Yorinaga's wish to promote Munesuke to Daijin was realized only by the death of Yorinaga, who was Sadaijin (minister of the left) and died in battle in the Hogen War.

生まれは下野宇都宮氏だが、当代の清和源氏流塩谷氏当主塩谷朝義に子が無かったことから、朝義の養子となり塩谷氏の名跡を継ぐ。
Though his birth was in the the Shimotsuke-Utsunomiya clan, since Tomoyoshi SHIONOYA, the family head of the Shionoya clan which was in the line of Seiwa-Genji of the day, was childless, he became the adopted son of Tomoyoshi and succeeded to Shionoya clan's family name.

大阪瓦斯の設立は1896年（明治29年）だが、その後に襲った経済不況によって経ち行かなくなり名義だけの存在となっていた。
Osaka Gas Company was founded in 1899, however due to the following deflation it dissolved and existed in name only.

だが、下関条約と三国干渉に対する反発から民党との連携路線に転じ、1896年の進歩党 (明治)結成に合流するために解散した。
However, Teikokuzaiseikakushin kai shifted its policy to cooperate with minto due to the opposition to the Treaty of Shimonoseki and the Triple Intervention, and dissolved to join the formation of the Shinpo-to (Progressive Party of the Meiji Period) in 1896.

同年、箱館戦争終結後、箱館府がこの契約を引き継いだが、翌1870年にガルトネルに対して賠償金を支払うことで契約を解除した。
Later that year, in the aftermath of the Battle of Hakodate, the contract was taken over by the Hakodate government, which terminated the contract by paying a penalty fine to Gaertner in 1870.

これを「大坂一乱」または「河内国錯乱」と呼ぶ（石山御坊（大坂）は摂津国だが、実賢支持者に河内出身者が多くいたためである）。
This is called 'Osaka ichiran' (A Disturbance in Osaka) or 'Kawachikoku sakuran' (Kawachi Province Disturbance) (this is because many supporters of Jitsugen were from Kawachi while Ishiyama Gobo [Osaka] was located in Settsu Province).

だが、徳川家康はその挙動に不信感を抱き本領の近江朽木は安堵したものの、その総石高は9550石に留まり、大名の資格を失った。
However, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA remained suspicious of him, so that while Ieyasu acknowledged Kutsuki's main domain of Omi Kutsuki, he left the clan's total crop yield 9550 goku, being taken away their status as daimyo (Japanese feudal lord).

だが、平安時代末期になると、大学寮の衰退、穀倉院自体の機能低下に伴って、試験のみならず、学問料自体も名目化することとなる。
In the late Heian period, however, not only examination, but also Gakumonryo itself became the nominal ones due to the decline of Daigakuryo as well as the decrease in the function of Kokuso-in.

だが、足利義満の時代に室町幕府が京都市中の支配権を完全に掌握すると、検非違使は事実上廃止されて地奉行に権限が一本化された。
But once the Muromachi bakufu took total control of the city of Kyoto in Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA's day, the post of kebiishi was virtually abolished and the authority was granted to jibugyo exclusively.

だが、義詮の将軍就任後は父・尊氏生存中から進めてきた将軍親裁権強化の方針に合わせて将軍自身に宛先が変更されるようになった。
However, after Yoshiakira assumed the position of shogun, the address was changed to the shogun himself in accordance with the bakufu's policy to reinforce the shogun's power, which had started to be taken when Yoshiakira's father Takauji was alive.

だが、永徳2年（1382年）将軍である足利義満が左大臣に加えて院司の長である院執事に就任して伝奏以下を指揮することになった
But in 1382, as the shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA took the post of In no shitsushi (steward of the retired emperor), which was the chief of Inshi (official of In no cho, or retired emperor's office) in addition to the post of Sadaijin (Minister of the left), he took the charge of administrating people of tenso status or below.

だが、同年7月16日に正統派（66名）と統一派（10名）が、7月30日には革新派（97名）が解党して大政翼賛会に合流した。
However, on July 16 of the same year, the orthodoxy faction (66 members) and the unificationists (10 members) dissolved and on July 30, so did the reformists (97 members) and they all joined the Imperial Rule Assistance Association.

鉄製のものをイメージしがちだが、使い捨ての道具としては重く、かつ、高価で持ち運びに不便であるため、個人の使用には向かない。
A makibishi made of iron may be often imagined, but it is too heavy as a disposable tool, expensive and inconvenient for carrying and therefore it is not suitable for personal use.

だが伊賀の場合、実力者である上忍三家（服部氏・百地氏・藤林氏）の発言力が強く合議を開いても彼らの意見に従うことが多かった。
In case of Iga, however, the forcefulness of speech by powerful Jonin Miyake (Hattori clan, Momochi clan, and Fujibayashi clan) was so strong that people followed their opinion most of the time when a reunion took place.

だが、尊義独立の際の争いはしこりを残し、室町時代を通じて西条・東条両吉良氏は事あるごとに対立・抗争を繰り返すこととなった。
However, since some ill-feelings were left even after the battle, Saijo Kira and Tojo Kira clans constantly faced confrontation and struggle during the Muromachi period.

この時は義材の越前進発が噂になるなど、義寛に有利に事は進んだが、結局幕府は朝倉氏の軍事力を怖れて、越前回復はならなかった。
At that time, it was rumored that Yoshiki departed for Echizen to take back and the things advanced in his favor, however, because bakufu feared the Asakura clan's military force, they couldn't get back Echizen after all.

行忠の嫡子・二階堂行宗は引付衆まで進んだが行忠より早く没しており、行忠の没後は孫の二階堂行貞が22歳で政所執事に就任した。
Yukimune NIKAIDO, a legitimate child of Yukitada, became Hikitsukeshu (Coadjustor of the High Court), but died earlier than Yukitada, and after the death of Yukitada, his grandson Yukisada NIKAIDO was assigned to Mandokoro Shitsuji at the age of 22.

だが、忯子の急死と花山天皇の出家、続く一条天皇の即位とその外祖父・兼家の摂政就任によって、為光の野心は挫折することになる。
However, Yoshiko's sudden death caused Emperor Kazan to become a priest, and afterwards, Emperor Ichijo ascended the throne and Kaneie, who was the new emperor's maternal grandfather, became Regent, frustrating Tamemitsu with his ambition.

だが、そうした公家社会の慣習に囚われない実力者・義満についていく方が自身と一族の将来のためにも有望であると考えたのである。
Ariyo came to think that he would follow Yoshimitsu who had great influence and was free from the customs of the court noble society to benefit himself and his family in the future.

だが、一方で改暦の実質上の中心であった渋川晴海が江戸幕府に召されて天文方に入ったために改暦の中心が江戸に移る結果を招いた。
However, Harumi SHIBUKAWA who was virtually the head of kaireki work was nominated by the Edo bakufu and to become a Tenmonkata (astronomer appointed by the bakufu), the center of kaireki work had been moved to Edo.

だが、財政的な事情などから天和 (日本)2年（1682年）4月には役料を廃止して在職者の役料をそのまま当人の知行高に加えた。
However, because of financial circumstances and so on, in April 1682, the yakuryo system itself was abolished and became included into the chigyo daka.

だが、宣戦布告後2ヶ月も経たないうちに欧米列強国軍は首都北京市及び紫禁城を制圧、清朝は莫大な賠償金の支払いを余儀なくされる。
However, the forces of allied western powers took over the capital Beijing as well as the Forbidden City within two months of the proclamation of war, and the Qing dynasty was forced to pay an enormous amount of reparations.

成立年次は不明だが、宗尊親王を「鎌倉宮」としているところから、将軍宣下（建長四年、1252年）以降に成ったものと推測される。
It is unknown when the thirty-six poets were selected, but Imperial Prince Munetaka was called 'Kamakura Prince' in the book, which suggests that they were designated after his appointment to Shogun in 1252.

だがその一方で、安土城の築城に延暦寺の職人を利用したり、根来寺の鉄砲を戦争に利用するなど、寺社勢力の高い技術力を活用もした。
However, they used the advanced technological skills of the jisha seiryoku, for example craftsmen from Enryaku-ji Temple were used to build Azuchi-jo Castle, or rifles made by craftsmen from the Negoro-ji Temple were used in the battle.

だが、弘仁年間に編纂されたのは、「内裏式」及び「内裏儀式」であり、「弘仁儀式」という題名の儀式は存在しなかったとされている。
Nevertheless, it was considered that 'Dairi shiki' (Palace regulations) and 'Dairi Gishiki' (Book on outline of ceremonies) were compiled during the Konin era and the Gishiki titled 'Konin Gishiki' did not exist.

だが、イギリスからイギリス軍人を司令官とする艦隊を清の海軍とするよう提案されたのを拒否し、近代海軍の設立は再び先送りされた。
However, the dynasty refused the suggestion from Britain that it should establish a Chinese navy fleet that would employ a British military officer as the commander, and the establishment of modern navy was again postponed.

「女論」の詳細は『将門記』に欠落があって不明だが、前常陸国大掾源護の娘、もしくは良兼の娘を巡る争いであったと考えられている。
The details of the dispute are not clear due to a missing part in the 'Shomonki' (The Chronicle of Masakado), but the subject of the dispute is believed to be either the daughter of MINAMOTO no Mamoru, the former Daijo (an official of the Third Rank) of Hitachi Province or the daughter of Yoshikane.

だが、研究会主流派は1927年に研究会規則を緩めて決議拘束主義の適用除外特例を定めたものの、根本的な改革については拒絶した。
The mainstream group in the Kenkyukai relaxed regulations of the group in 1927 to admit special cases to which Ketsugi kosoku shugi was not applied, but refused radical reform.

だが、受刑後に宦官として重用されることが多くなると、後の世には自宮、すなわち自ら性器を切り落として宦官となる人間が増加した。
However, the Courts gave important posts to those punished criminals as eunuchs to work in the Court, and the number of people who cut off the genitals by themselves increased in later periods in order to become eunuchs.

だが、成氏も上杉氏救援に駆けつけた今川範忠によって鎌倉を追われて下総国古河城を根拠として「古河公方」を名乗った（享徳の乱）。
On the other hand, Shigeuji was also attacked by Noritada IMAGAWA, who sided with UESUGI clan, and had to leave Kamakura, and then took refuge at the Koga-jo castle in Shimousa Province and used the name 'Koga Kubo' (the Kyotoku War).

だが、1月21日 (旧暦)、武蔵国分倍河原の戦い_(室町時代)にて惨敗し、扇谷上杉家当主上杉顕房ら名だたる武将を多く失った。
However, on February 16 (the old calendar), Kagenaka was defeated at the Battle of Bubaigawara-Musashi-Province and lost leading warlords including the head of OGIGAYATSU-UESUGI clan, Akifusa UESUGI.

だが越後国人たちの離反には度々悩まされているように、謙信も信玄同様、国人衆の連合盟主という地位から脱することができなかった。
But, often being troubled with rebellions by powerful families in Echigo Province, Kenshin as well as Shingen could not escape from the leader of the alliance among powerful local lords in the province.

大紫は壬申の功臣の中でも高い位だが、書紀の壬申の乱のくだりに星川麻呂の名は見えないので、どのような活躍をしたかは不明である。
Daishi was a relatively high rank among ranks given meritorious vassals of Jinshin, however there is no description of HOSHIKAWA no Maro in the article of the Jinshin War in Nihonshoki, therefore how well he had performed is unknown.

大紫は壬申の功臣の中でも高位だが、書紀が壬申の乱を述べるくだりに摩漏の名は見えないので、どのような活躍をしたかはわからない。
Daishi was a relatively high rank among ranks given to meritorious vassals of Jinshin, however there is no description of Maro in the article of the Jinshin War in Nihonshoki, therefore how well he had performed is unknown.

だが、翌年になって信長によって突如所領を没収されて明智光秀の元に預けられて、嫡男・三淵秋豪とともに自害を命じられるのである。
However, the next year, his territory was suddenly confiscated by Nobunaga and afterwards he was sent to Mitsuhide AKECHI, and ordered to commit suicide together with his son and heir Shugo MITSUBUCHI.

同母兄の藤原伊周・藤原隆家らは皇子誕生を願って喜んだが、里に退出した彼女は幼き宮たちの身の上を案じながら、身重のまま没した。
Her older brothers, FUJIWARA no Korechika and FUJIWARA no Takaie with the same mother were looking forward to the birth of a prince, but she left the Emperor and died pregnant caring about the future of the young Prince and other children.

だが、忠国の心境は複雑であり、山田らにやむなく討ち取って首を刎ねるとしても義昭の貴人としての名誉に配慮するように命じている。
However, Tadakuni was distressed and ordered YAMADA and his fellows to treat Gisho well and give some consideration for his status as a noble man even if they were obliged to catch him and cut his head off.

だが、後宇多法皇次いで邦良親王が没すると、後醍醐天皇から疎まれていた経継は宮廷から追われて嘉暦元年（1326年）に出家した。
When the Cloistered Emperor Gouda, and then the Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi died, Tsunetsugu, who had been hated by the Emperor Godaigo, was purged from the court, and in 1326, became a Buddhist monk.

これが当時の歌壇に新風を吹き入れたのは確かだが、のち藤原俊成に批判される通り、「戯（ざ）れの様」が過ぎて格調を欠く歌もあった。
It is true that this ushered in a new phase among poetry circles, but FUJIWARA no Toshinari later criticized that many of the poems lacked a refined style or contained too many 'jokes.'

だが、北東の人吉からの別働第2旅団の攻撃、北西の山野からの別働第3旅団の攻撃により、郡山・坊主石山が別働第2旅団の手に落ちた。
Nevertheless, Koriyama and Bozuishiyama were seized by the detached 2nd brigade, as the detached 2nd brigade made attacks from Hitoyoshi in the northeast and the detached 3rd brigade made attacks from Yamano in the northwest.

だが、皇位継承と徳政実施の過程において幕府との対立が表面化するようになり、朝廷内に再び反幕府の動きを潜在化させる遠因となった。
However, during the processes of imperial succession and implementation of Tokusei, discord with the bakufu arose and became the underlying cause of a resurgence of the latent anti-bakufu sentiment within the Imperial Court.

正式名称は不明だが当時の法令を収集した政府刊行の法令全書の目録には、「穢多非人ノ称ヲ廃シ身分職業共平民同様トス」と書かれいる。
In the catalogue of a complete works book of laws published by the Government whose formal title is not known, it is stated that 'names of Eta and Hinin are to be abolished and their status and trades are to be the same as Heimin (commoner)'.

豊之が家督を継いだ時期は不明だが享徳2年（1453年）7月に「屋形六郎」と見えることからこの頃には家督を継いでいたと思われる。
Though it is not known when Toyoyuki succeeded the family estate, it is assumed he had by around July 1453 when his name appeared as 'Yakata Rokuro'.

安政4年（1857年）、お世継ぎの春若を生んだが、その三年後に土佐守は44歳の若さで逝去し、二人の新婚生活に終止符が打たれた。
In 1857, she gave birth to an heir child, Haruwaka-gimi, but three years later, Tosa no kami died young age of 44, giving an end to their newly married life.

だが旧態依然な歌舞伎の世界に飽き足らず、1923年（大正12年）、マキノ映画製作所結成にあたり、スカウトをされて入社をする。
However, he was not satisfied with the kabuki world, which was very traditional and Tsumasaburowas scouted by the newly established Makino Film Studios upon its founding in 1923.

だが、研究会の台頭に対して衰退を続けたために、1901年には三曜会の後継会派である朝日倶楽部と合併して新会派・土曜会を結成した。
However, the Koushi-kai fell into a decline due to the rise of the Kenkyu-kai, so in 1901 it tied up with the Asahi Club which was a subsequent faction of the Sanyo-kai and then formed a new faction, the Doyo-kai.

だが、11月に入ると、美作国津山藩や豊後国杵築藩、播磨国龍野藩でも軍役などの負担に耐え切れなくなった農民らによる一揆が発生した。
But in November, Tsuyama Domain in Mimasaka Province, Kitsuki Domain in Bungo Province, and Tatsuno Domain in Harima Province saw the uprisings of peasant and others who could not bear heavy burdens such as military service, any more.

だが、パークスや能勢らの尽力にも関わらず、家茂死去の混乱によって話が進まないうちにヴァン・ヴォールクンバーグ公使の事件が起きた。
In spite of the efforts of Parkes as well as Magistrate Nose and other officials, their recommendation was set aside amid the confusions after Iemochi's death, and it was not long before the assault against the U.S. envoy Van Valkenburg occurred.

一方、義親の子の為義は河内源氏の家督は継いだが、祖父が任じられた陸奥守となる願いも許されず、検非違使判官のまま長く留め置かれた。
On the other hand, although Yoshichika's son Tameyoshi succeeded the reigns of the family of Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), his request to become Mutsu no Kami (Governor of Mutsu) which his grandfather was, was rejected and he remained as kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) hangan (inspector, third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period).

主人公源氏の政敵の中でも、とりわけ源氏を苦しめる悪役と見られがちだが、物語当時の後宮や摂関家のありかたを示す典型的人物でもある。
She tends to be regarded as a villain who tortured Genji the most among his political opponents, but she is also a typical character to depict the empress's residence and Sekkan-ke, the families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor, at the time of the story.

このように一見家柄以外に取柄のない彼女だが、頑迷さは純真な心の裏返しであり、源氏に忘れられていた間も一途に彼を信じて待ち続けた。
As mentioned, she had no particular outstanding feature except her family line, but her obstinacy derived from her pure mind, and she kept waiting for Genji while he forgot about her.

だが、西園寺が総裁である立憲政友会が会期末であることを理由に全く同一の修正案を可決したために、同一の法案が成立したとみなされた。
However, since Rikken Seiyukai Party (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO) whose president was Saionji passed the amended bill with completely same contents because it was the end of the Diet session, the same bill was recognized to be passed.

この時、家康の本隊や豊臣恩顧大名などの先発隊は東海道を進んだが、徳川秀忠率いる3万8000人の軍勢は中山道を進んで西に向かった。
At this time, the main force of Ieyasu and the advance party of daimyo who were assisted by Toyotomi proceeded on Tokai-do Road, but 38,000 troops led by Hidetada TOKUGAWA went west on the Nakasen-do Road.

だが、その後も惟時-惟澄-阿蘇惟村のラインが北朝方、阿蘇惟武（惟村の弟）のラインが南朝 (日本)方について争うなど分裂は続いた。
However, the clan remained split because the family line including Koretoki, Korezumi, and Koremura ASO allied with the Northern Court, and the family line including Koretake ASO (younger brother of Koremura) allied with the Southern Court and fought against each other.

だが、大隈の密奏も岩倉・井上毅の意見書も他の政府首脳には詳細が明かされなかったために、伊藤がこの事情を知ったのは6月末であった。
However, because the details of the secret proposal made by Okuma and the written opinions by Iwakura and Inoue were not disclosed to government leaders, Ito finally came to know the situation at the end of June.

義藤の最期について、『西尾町史』は西条吉良氏の領地に攻め込んだが、義真に迎撃され敗軍となり、上方へ逃走し消息不明となったとする。
As for Yoshifuji's last moments, 'Nishio choshi' (the history of Nishio cho) said that he attacked on the territory of the Saijokira clan, but he sustained counterattacks by Yoshizane and was defeated, and then ran away to the Kyoto-Osaka area and vanished.

また、「高速道路は駄目だが、生活や産業のための道路はどんどん建設する」との方針がだされ、地元建設業者に工事の仕事が割り振られた。
He worked out the policy of 'rejecting construction of expressways but keeping on approving construction of community roads and industrial roads' and assigned construction works to local road building contractors.

だが、無骨で雅さに欠ける髭黒と心ならずも結婚することになった当の玉鬘はすっかりしおれきり、恥ずかしさに源氏とも顔を合わせられない。
However, Tamakazura, who reluctantly got married to boorish and graceless Higekuro, was so downhearted that she felt ashamed and could not even face Genji.

現存流布本で全40巻だが、16世紀の時点で22巻は既に欠落しており、前後の巻より素材を抜き出して補完しているものと考えられている。
The extant circulating text has 40 volumes in total, but Vol. 22 had already been lost by the sixteenth century, and it is believed that the present one was completed by taking material from the volumes before and after it.

だが、公事宿の経営者の中には公事師と同様の業務を行ったり、公事師の斡旋業を行ったりする者もおり、実態としては大きな違いはなかった。
However, some owners of kujiyado also provided with the same service as kujishi or ran a placement agency of kujishi, so there was no big difference between them.

人材を効率よく使おうという秀吉らしいやり方と言えるのだが、それは秀吉没後に加藤清正ら武断派と、石田三成ら文治派の抗争へと発展した。
Although it can be said that it was typical of Hideyoshi's way of using people effectively, it resulted in the conflict between Budan-ha including Kiyomasa KATO and Bunchi-ha including Mitsunari ISHIDA after Hideyoshi's death.

だが掛かる費用に対し効果が薄かったため、明治5年（1872年）には募集や新規移民優遇をやめ、既に定着した移民への援助に切り替えた。
However, as the aid was not effective compared to the costs incurred, the government stopped recruitment and preferential treatment for new immigrants and shifted its support to already settled immigrants.

だが、荘園公領制が解体する14世紀に入ると、生産力の上昇や農民層の抵抗、更に荘園内部でも上級層の没落と下級層の上昇などが発生する。
However, during the fourteenth century, many factors, such as the improvement of the productivity, the resistance of the class of peasants, and the downfall of the upper-class together with the advancement of the lower-class, contributed to the eventual demise of the shoen-koryo sei.

だが、ほぼ確実に長坂はこの戦に出陣していなかったと見られることや、史料中での3人の扱いが不当に貶められていることから信憑性は低い。
However, this theory is not so credible in that Nagasaka almost certainly did not participate in the battle and the historical source does not do justice to the three vassals.

一時狩野派にもついたようだが、博学であり漢文を解したことで、伝来した元 (王朝) 明の典籍・図譜より文人画・南画を独学で会得する。
It appeared that he had once belonged to the Kano School, but since he had extensive knowledge and understood kanbun (Chinese classics), he mastered literati painting and nanga through studying by himself, of the books and sketches introduced to Japan from the Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

生没月日に関しては資料が無いので現時点では不明だが、グレゴリオ暦に於ける誕生日によっては満で数えた場合だと享年が0の可能性もある。
Her dates of birth and death are unknown due to lack of material but, her age at death could be 0 on the basis of Gregorian calendar.

だが、恕庵の本草学はそれまでの薬学に重きを置くものに収まらず、積極的に多種多様の動植物、鉱物を収集し博物学的なものに発展していた。
However, Joan's study in herbalism could not be contained within the conventional herbalism to focus on pharmacy, and he developed his study toward natural history by actively collecting a wide range of sample animals, plants and minerals for further investigation.

だが『日本書紀』には、天武天皇13年（684年）12月2日に50氏に宿禰の姓を与えたという記事があり、その中に尾張連も入っている。
According to 'Nihonshoki,' however, on January 15, 685, fifty clans were given Sukune and Owari no Muraji was one of them.

だが、後宇多上皇の希望により、同年6月28日_(旧暦)に突然、一条内経が内大臣を更迭されて既に危篤状態であった有房が後任とされた。
On July 24 of the same year, however, at the request of the retired Emperor Gouda, Uchitsune ICHIJO was suddenly dismissed from the post of Naidaijin (Minister of the Interior) and Arifusa, who had fallen into critical condition, was named as the successor.

だが、清露間で満洲還付の交渉が成立し、日英同盟が結ばれたことによって世論の危機感が一時的に沈静化したため、1902年4月に解散した。
The society, however, dissolved in April, 1902, after successful negotiations led to the return of Manchuria to China and the Anglo-Japanese Alliance was formed, which calmed down the sense of danger among the public.

だが源氏は、美しく気品があり、教養も知性も人に優れているために矜持の高い彼女をやがて持てあますようになり、逢瀬も間遠になってしまう。
She was beautiful, elegant, intelligent and well educated but acted superior to others and when Genji eventually found it difficult to deal with her, the intervals between their meetings became longer and longer.

また、飛騨国一之宮である水無神社は位山を神体山とするのだが、祭神ははっきりしていないことから、両面宿儺が隠された祭神とする説もある。
Minashi-jinja Shrine, which is the ichinomiya (the highest-ranked shrine in the area) in Hida Province, has been worshipping Kuraiyama Mountain as shintaizan (a mountain worshiped as the sacred dwelling place of a deity or deities), but its enshrined deity is unknown, so a theory states that Ryomen-sukuna is a hidden deity of the shrine.

だが、住民からは旧幕府軍に対する反感が増し、新政府側のゲリラ組織「遊軍隊」に参加したり、新政府軍に内通する者も出てくる始末であった。
However, residents' antipathy to the Old Bakufu was increasing, and some of them joined the 'Yuguntai', a guerrilla standing on the new government side, or worked as spies for the new government army.

だが、桂と元老は人事や政策に条件を付けて制約をかけ、西園寺も自分の両腕と言える原敬と松田正久の2人だけを入閣させる条件で折り合った。
Katsura and Genro restricted Saionji's power by making conditions on policies and personnel affairs; Saionji came to terms with them on the condition that Takashi HARA and Masahisa MATSUDA, the two most trusted assistants, would be in the cabinet.

グラバー邸は長崎の高台に築かれ、グラバーの指示に従って日本人が建設したものだが、来日した外国人技師によるものも見られるようになった。
The Glover Mansion, standing on a high point in Nagasaki, was built by Japanese people under instruction from Glover, but there were also some structures that were constructed by visiting foreign engineers.

だが、明和2年（1765年）9月の五匁銀発行を皮切りに明和9年(1772年)9月の南鐐二朱銀発行以降は計数銀貨の鋳造が主流となった。
However, currency based on value stamped on the coin became mainstream with the issue of Gomommegin in September 1765, followed by others such as the Nangyo nishu-gin of September 1772.

事情は不明だが、高市皇子と大津皇子はそれぞれ別々の集団を作って脱出し、高市皇子は翌25日に伊賀の積殖山口で大海人皇子一行に合流した。
Although it is unknown how Prince Takechi and Prince Otsu came to create different groups and escaped separately, Prince Takeichi joined Prince Oama's party the next day on the 25th at the entrance of Mt. Tsumue in Iga.

山陽はその後も文筆業にたずさわり『日本政記』『通議』等の完成を急いだが、天保年間に入った51歳ごろから健康を害し喀血を見るなどした。
Though Sanyo continued his writing and tried to complete such works as 'Nihon Seiki' and 'Tsugi', his health condition began to deteriorate with persistent hemoptysis since he turned 51 years old or so at the beginning of Tenpo era.

だが上洛も家康面会の資料も存在せず、事実は家中の統制を強めていた輝元により、要地でもある三刀屋を我が物とするべく追放されたと思われる。
Since no documents proving that Hisasuke visited Kyoto or met Ieyasu exists, Hisasuke was supposed to be expelled by Terumoto, who had strengthened control over his retainers and had ambitions to own Mitoya which was a strategic point.

だが三国干渉、続く乙未事変と露館播遷によって日本の朝鮮半島への影響力はむしろ低下し、戦時中の政府と民党の協調関係は次第に崩れていった。
However, the Triple Intervention, followed by Itsubi Incident and Rokan Hansen (Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation), rather weakened Japan's influence on the Korean Peninsula, and cooperative relationship between the government and minto during the war was gradually disrupted.

こういった相性では、しばしばあることだが、理知的には説明できないながらも明らかに所定人物同士の関係性が多とは決定的に異なることもある。
In this type of aisho, the nature of the relationship between the given people is often fundamentally different from that of others even if this cannot be explained rationally.

こうした内紛は大名家のなかで解決するのがならわしだが、問題を幕府や家制度、親族の大名に訴え出ることで仲介や裁定をたのんだ当事者もいた。
It was usual that such feuds were resolved within the lord's household, but there were feuding parties who sought mediation or arbitration by appealing to the shogunate or other feudal lords of the same family system or of relatives.

だが、実質的には騎馬武者に率いられたその従者(武家奉公人)及び徴集された農兵による歩兵部隊であった（これは当時の一般的な軍制である）。
The cavalry was in fact the infantry comprised of mounted warriors and their attendants (buke hokonin or servants of a samurai family) as well as conscripted peasant soldiers (which was a common military organization of the time).

そのとき五寸釘の刺さった板を足で踏んだが、そのままついに捕まるまで十数キロ逃げたという伝説が生まれ、それが五寸釘寅吉の名の元となった。
A legend was created from this runaway: he stepped on a Gosun-kugi long nail stuck in a board, but he continued running away for over 10 kilometers until he was finally arrested; then this became the origin of the name of Gosunkugi no Torakichi (Torakichi Long-Nail).

配置についてから敵軍と盛んに戦ったのは坂本財らの部隊で、鴨蝦夷の部隊が戦闘に加わったかどうかは不明だが、5日には敵に圧倒されて退いた。
In the records, the description of the fight between Emishi's troop and the enemy is not found; one of the troops sent by Fukei was led by SAKAMOTO no Takara, and they had a bitter fight with the enemy, then, on July 5 (in old lunar calendar), all the troops sent by Fukei had to retreat once, so Emishi's troop is considered to have retreated at the same time.

このとき累世の家の嫡子で五位以上のものに絁（あしぎぬ）が10疋加えられたのだが、調淡海と大倭五百足は高齢のため一緒にこの特典に浴した。
On this occasion, 10 units of ashiginu (thick silk fabric) were given to the legitimate child who belonged to a family of successive generations and who held a ranking higher than Goi (Fifth Grade), but due to their old age, TSUKI no Omi and YAMATO no Iotari received this privilege together.

明確な時期は不明だが、帝国議会が設置された1890年11月から程なく谷干城・曾我祐準・鳥尾小弥太・山川浩・島津忠済らによって結成された。
It's not known exactly when the faction was formed; however, Tateki TANI, Sukenori SOGA, Koyata TORIO, Hiroshi YAMAKAWA and Tadanari SHIMAZU formed it shortly after setting up Imperial Diet in November 1890.

だが、名体制が解体し始める室町時代以後になると、負担者と被負担者の区分が不明確となった結果、彼らに対しても公事が賦課されるようになった。
However, after Muromachi period when the myo system began to dissolve, the distinction between tax bearers and non-tax bearers became unclear, so even non-tax bearers began to be imposed kuji.

『申楽談儀』同様に世阿弥自身の発言であり極めて重要な資料だが、「○○作」「××曲」の定義については議論が分かれており、注意が必要である。
Like 'Sarugaku Dangi,' this is an extremely important resource, as it contains the words of Zeami himself; but it should be used with caution because the opinion is divided regarding the definition of 'written by XX' and 'composed by XX' notation.

だが、戦後の財政難から師団増設は順調にはいかず、18師団を20師団にすることの是非を巡って有名な2個師団増設問題が発生することになった。
However, the plan to increase the number of divisions did not go well due to post-war financial difficulties, leading to the famous debacle over whether to increase the number of divisions from 18 to 20.

だが、次第に見識よりも天皇との血筋関係が任官において重要視されるようになると、式部卿である親王に代わって式部大輔が実質的な長官となった。
However, as the blood relationship with the Emperor became more important in appointment than the political discernment, the Shikibu no Taifu (Senior Assistant Minister) came to be recognized as the substantial Secretary instead of the Imperial Prince appointed to the Shikibu-Kyo.

当初は有力守護大名による衆議によって政治を行っていた義教だが、長老格の三宝院満済、山名時煕の死後から次第に指導力を発揮するようになった。
Yoshinori, at first, handled the affairs of state by public discussion of dominant shugo guardian feudal lords but he gradually started to show leadership after the death of Mansai SAMPOIN and Tokihiro YAMANA who were regarded as patriarchs.

だが、最終的には811年（弘仁2）以降、左右近衛府（このえふ）・左右衛門府（えもんふ）左右兵衛府（ひょうえふ）の六衛府制として定着した。
Finally from 811 onward, the organization was fixed in the rokuefu system which consisted of Left/Right Konoefu (headquarters of the inner palace guards), Left/Right Emonfu and Left/Right Hyoefu.

宗偏流茶道を興した茶人として茶道界でも高名だが、一般には元禄赤穂事件（忠臣蔵事件）の際に大高源五に吉良邸茶会の日を教えた人物として有名。
In the tea ceremony community, he is famous as a chajin who founded the Sohen school, but in general, he is known as the person who instructed people on the date of the tea ceremony at Kira's residence to Gengo OTAKA during an occasion known as Genroku Ako Incident (the Chusingura incident).

だが、それから一月も経たないうちに高倉上皇、次いで平清盛が亡くなり、通親は上皇の喪中を表向きに次第に平家との距離を取る様になっていった。
Not before one month since then, however, the Retired Emperor Takakura and TAIRA no Kiyomori died in succession, and Michichika gradually distanced themselves from the Taira family, officially using an excuse that they were in mourning for the Retired Emperor Takakura.

乱が勃発した時点での満義の居所は不明だが、以降、建武3年/延元元年（1336年）の南北朝の分裂までの間、尊氏・直義に従い各地を転戦する。
The whereabouts of Mitsuyoshi at the time when the war broke out was unknown, but afterwards, he took part in various battles following Takauji and Tadayoshi until the split of Northern and Southern Dynasties in 1336.

だが、騎馬隊を巧に用いた戦略が功を奏し、その年の12月25日 (旧暦)（1338年1月16日）には、斯波家長を攻め滅ぼして鎌倉を占領した。
But due to his clever strategy of using cavalry, he already defeated Ienaga SHIBA and occupied Kamakura on January 16, 1338 of the same year.

だが、当時、国民は紙幣に不慣れで、また政府の信用が強固でなかったため、流通は困難で、紙幣100両をもって正金40両に交換するほどであった。
However, since the Japanese people were not used to paper currency at the time and the new Meiji government had not yet gained public trust, the circulation of these bills was seriously restricted, and 100 ryo of Dajokan bills was often exchanged for 40 ryo of hard currency.

窮地に立たされた信長だが、1578年に包囲網の最大勢力上杉謙信が急死し、危機を免れ、1580年の石山本願寺明け渡しによって事実上崩壊した｡
Although Nobunaga faced a predicament, he was saved by the death of Kenshin UESUGI, the strongest leader of the anti-Nobunaga network, in 1578; the anti-Nobunaga network collapsed in 1580, when Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple surrendered to Nobunaga by opnening its gate.

だが、正安2年（1300年）には得宗北条貞時の御内人5名が越訴を担当するように命じられるなど、越訴を含めた得宗の訴訟権限支配が模索された。
However, Tokuso tried to control lawsuits including direct appeals; for example, five Miuchibito (private vassals) of Tokuso Sadatoki HOJO were ordered to take charge to a direct appeal in 1300.

だが、最後の関東申次であった西園寺公宗は建武政権によって処刑されて、後醍醐天皇の家門安堵を受けて親南朝派の弟西園寺公重が西園寺家を継いだ。
But Kinmochi SAIONJI, who was the last Kanto moshitsugi, was executed by the government of the Kenmu Restoration, and on kamon ando (providing authorization for family lineage) by Emperor Godaigo, the Saionji family was succeeded by Kinshige SAIONJI, who was on the Southern Court side and the younger brother of Kinmochi.

だが、同時にその原因は追討使であった平直方や諸国兵士、すなわち朝廷軍による収奪であったと明言している（『左経記』長元7年10月24日条）。
But, at the same time, it is clearly stated that it was caused by plundering by the tsuitoshi TAIRA no Naokata and country soldiers who formed the imperial court army ('Sakeiki' (A Diary of MINAMOTO no Tsuneyori, the section of October 24, 1034)).

だが、成氏が永享の乱・結城合戦で鎌倉公方家に殉じた武将の遺児達を側近として登用するようになると、上杉氏やその家臣団の反発も高まっていった。
But Shigeuji started using bereaved children of warlords who died for Kamakura Kubo during the Eikyo War and Yuki War as his close aides, and it provoked antipathy among UESUGI clan and their vassals.

実子はなく、養子に河鰭実清（権大納言飛鳥井雅威の子だが、17歳で夭折）・河鰭実利（右近少将持明院基敦の子。1800年－1850年）がいた。
He didn't have a biological child, but had adopted children including Sanekiyo KAWABATA (a son of Masatake ASUKAI, Gon Dainagon, but died at the age of 17) and Sanetoshi KAWABATA (1800-1850, a son of Motoatsu JIMYOIN, Ukon no shosho [minor captain of the right division of inner palace guards]).

だが、仁治3年（1242年）四条天皇が急死すると、定通は密使を鎌倉に派遣して義理の兄に当たる執権・北条泰時に邦仁王の天皇擁立を働きかけた。
However, when Emperor Shijo suddenly died in 1242, Sadamichi sent a secret messenger to Kamakura for the Regent Yasutoki HOJO who was his brother-in-law and worked towards the ascension of Prince Kunihito.

だが、後醍醐天皇が大覚寺統嫡流である邦良親王を廃して自分の子に皇位継承させようとすると、後宇多上皇の意を受けて邦良親王擁護の為に奔走する。
When the Emperor Godaigo intend to have his son succeed the throne by removing the Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi, who was in the main branch of Daikakuji-to (imperial lineage starting with Emperor Kameyama), Tsunetsugu worked hard to defend the Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi in order to conform to the wishes of the Retired Emperor Gouda.

だが、憲法において議会に予算議定権および立法権が認められている以上、現実には政府が議会の多数党を無視して政権運営にあたることは困難であった。
However, under the circumstances where the Constitution approved of parliament's power to decide a national budget and also to legislate, practically, it was difficult to ignore the opinions of the majority party while running the government.

室町時代に栄華を極めた山口市のことを「西の京都」という意味で西京（さいきょう、にしのきょう）と呼んだが、東京に対比させた呼び名ではなかった。
Yamaguchi City, which flourished the most during the Muromachi period, was called '西京' (Saikyo or Nishi no kyo), meaning Kyoto in the West, but it was not named in contrast to Tokyo.

だが、そうした公事宿・公事師の中には悪質な者も存在しており、そうした公事宿・公事師に騙されて却って財産を失うケースも頻発して人々を苦しめた。
However, there were also some bad kujiyado and kujishi, and they often caused distress to people by cheating and taking away their property.

当時、小式部内侍の歌は母が代作しているという噂があったため、四条中納言は小式部内侍をからかったのだが、小式部内侍は見事な歌で答えたのだった。
In those days, there was a rumor that the poems by Koshikibu no Naishi were in fact composed by her mother, so Shijo Chunagon made fun of Koshikibu no Naishi, but she replied to him with an excellent poem.

四十歳を過ぎた頃、後鳥羽院に再出仕し、再び九重の月を仰いだが、「今はただしひて忘るるいにしへを思ひ出でよとすめる月かげ」と詠んで昔を偲んだ。
When she was past forty, she became a lady-in-waiting for Gotoba in, and looked up at the moon at court again, but recalling the old days composed the poem 'The past that I force myself to forget even now, the clear moon calls me to remember.'

だが、信玄は上杉氏諸将の不安をあおるために行動を起こしただけで本気で戦をする気はなかった（事実、上杉軍が動きを止めた後すぐに撤退している）。
However, Shingen just took actions to make the warlords of Uesugi clan uneasy, and had no intention to fight seriously (in fact, Shingen withdrew immediately after the Uesugi army stopped the action).

巡察使の報告により国司に与えられた賞の一部だが、他の二人、因幡国守の船秦勝や遠江国守の漆部道麻呂と異なり、御主人と御行には任地の国名がない。
Regarding the part of awards given to kokushi (provincial governor) which was based on the reports of the Junsatsushi (circuit inspector), it is known that Miyuki and Minushi served as kokushi but unlike FUNE no Hatakatsu and NURIBE no Michimaro, known to have been made the governors of Inaba Province and Totomi Province, respectively, no indication is given as to which provinces Miyuki and Minushi governed.

なお余談だが、弥生時代の名称の起源となった、弥生町で出土した一群の土器は、現在の土器編年上では古墳時代前期に属するとの説が有力になりつつある。
In addition, today's most convincing theory classifies the earthwares excavated from Yayoi-cho, which was the origin of the name Yayoi period, as earthware of the early Kofun (tumulus period) period in present earthware chronology.

だが、当時の記録を見るともう一つの目的として公事方御定書にはない恩赦の法令を定める事によって同法の事実上の改正を意図していた事が知られている。
One more intention can be known by looking at the records of that time: by establishing a law on pardon, Abe intended to actually revise the law of the Edo Shogunate, the Kujigata-osadamegaki (literally, 'book of rules for public officials').

露伴は学者としても充分な素養があったのだが、官僚的で窮屈な大学に嫌気が差して夏季休暇で東京に戻ったまま、僅か一年足らずで大学を辞してしまった。
Erudite scholar as he was, he was so bored with the bureaucratic and straitjacketed university that he did not return to Kyoto from Tokyo after his summer holidays, and he resigned from the university only a year later.

実に感動的なのだが、「頌云」の「業鏡高懸、三十七年、一槌撃砕、大道坦然」は『増集続伝燈録妙堪』の伝記にある遺曷の年齢を変えただけのものである。
Although it sounds very impressive, the words '業鏡高懸,三十七年,一槌撃砕,大道坦然' in '頌云' were entirely copied from '増集続伝燈録妙堪,' though only the year appearing in the poem composed on his deathbed was changed.

だが、一方で公事に応じることによってそこの共同体（町や村）の構成員としての権利を保障される上での必要な義務として考えられるようになっていった。
On the other hand, however, it began to be considered that accepting kuji was an obligation to protect their right as a constituent member of the community.

余談だが、頼長が稚児や舞人、源義賢ら武士や貴族たちと盛んに男色を嗜んでいたことが書かれており、当時の公家の性風俗を知る上で貴重なものとされる。
Incidentally, this diary is also considered a valuable material to study the sexual mores of court nobles at that time, because it reveals that Yorinaga was quite active in sodomizing chigo (boys who served noblemen), maibito (dancers), samurai and court nobles including MINAMOTO no Yoshikata.

見方によっては、永衡に反逆の意図があったかどうかは（事実は不明だが、物語の文脈としては）不明であって、頼義の猜疑心が永衡を討たせたともいえる。
Depending on the viewpoint, it is uncertain whether or not Nagahira intended to betray Yoriyoshi (the facts are unknown but judging from the context of the story), but it can be said that Nagahira's death was caused by Yoriyoshi's suspicion.

だが次第に質量と額面が乖離するようになり鎌倉時代には金一両は5匁、銀は4.3匁となり、鎌倉後期には金一両が4.5から4.8匁へと変化している。
But as times went by, the weight of ryo became far apart from the value of ryo; in Kamakura period 1 ryo of gold was equivalent to 5 monme and that of silver 4.3, then in the late Kamakura period, 1 ryo of gold turned to be 4.8 monme from 4.5.

だが、鎌倉時代に入ってその流通はますます加速して、嘉禄2年（1226年）に鎌倉幕府が、その4年後には朝廷が旧来の政策を改めてその使用を認めた。
However, as its circulation rose even more in the Kamakura period, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) changed their policies and allowed its use in 1226 and the Imperial Court, four years after that.

だが、竪穴自体が浅く、地上部分のある竪穴式住居についてもこのように呼ぶ研究者がいるので日本語の『竪穴式住居』と、ある程度置き換えが可能である。
However, the name is used by some researchers also for the type of dwelling that is built on a shallow depression, with much of the house above ground and is therefore used to describe such dwellings to some extent.

だが、失意のうちに旧幕臣の授産施設である横内勧工所に務めながら息子の愛山に手習いや英語を教えてその教育に務めつつも酒に浸るようになっていった。
However, while working in despair at Yokouchi Kankosho, a vocational aid center for former retainers of the shogun, he educated his son Aizan through teaching practice of calligraphy and English, but simultaneously Ichiro began to give himself over to drinking.

だが、最末期には幕府自らが諸色（生活物資）の流通機構を半国営化する「諸色会所」構想を推進した（もっとも、江戸幕府の滅亡によって実現しなかった）。
However, the bakufu itself promoted a concept of 'shoshiki-kaisho' (daily commodity kaisho) in order to establish semi-nationalized distribution system of shoshiki (daily commodities) in the very last years of the Edo period (although the concept was never put into practice due to the collapse of the Edo bakufu).

では何故赤橋家庶流の普音寺家北条時兼の出産記事があるのかということだが、あるいは出産した母が北条政村の娘であることが影響しているのかもしれない。
This raises the question of why Tokikane HOJO of the Fuonji family, a collateral line of the Akahashi family appears in the birth record, although it might be influenced by the fact that his mother was a daughter of Masamura HOJO.

そしてこれも現存していないのだが第四部は、全巻が揃っていた時代の無名草子の作者の書評などから、母として生きる女君が書かれていたものと推量される。
Also, although it does not exist now, chapter 4 is thought to describe the woman living her life as a mother, based on a review by the author of Mumyozoshi (Story without a Name, critique of tales) from the time period where all chapters did exist.

元興寺塔は高さ5.5メートル、海龍王寺塔は4メートルほどの小品で、当初から屋内に置かれたものだが工芸品ではなく建造物として国宝に指定されている。
The Ganko-ji Temple pagoda stands 5.5 meters tall, while the Kairyuo-ji Temple pagoda is truly miniature at just 4 meters; despite the fact that they are both placed indoors, it was as structures, not as craft works, that they were designated national treasures.

寛永3年（1626年）に常陸国水戸の富商・佐藤新助が、江戸幕府と水戸藩の許可を得て鋳造したのが始まりだが、この時はまだ、正式な官銭ではなかった。
In 1626, Shinsuke SATO, a rich merchant in Mito, Hitachi Province, started minting this coin upon obtaining the permission of Edo bakufu and Mito Domain, but this coin was not a coin officially permitted by the government yet at this time.

だが、明治政府は全ての土地から地税を徴収する（免税地を認めない）方針を打ちたて、明治4年（1871年）に地租改正に先立って地子免除が廃止された。
However, the Meiji government formulated the policy of collecting land tax from every tract of land - in other words, permitted no tax-free land - and in 1871, it abandoned the jishi menkyo before the Land Tax Reform.

だが、江戸を見なければ我邦（日本）の「人口衆く（多く）、諸侯輻湊（集中）」して万国（他国）よりも繁華なることを理解できないであろう。と、述べた。
They think that without seeing Edo, people will never understand that our country (Japan) has 'a large population and is more prosperous than any other countries, with concentrated information and goods.'.

この法令は日本国憲法のみならず大日本帝国憲法も制定されていない時代のものだが、最高裁判例により現在も法律と同一の効力があることが確認されている。
In spite of having been established before the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, let alone before the Constitution of Japan, this act is determined by the Supreme Court of Japan to retain the same effect as laws and ordinances today.

最終的に改易を強行したのは2代将軍・徳川秀忠だが、利勝や正純ら幕府首脳はむしろ正則の改易が諸大名の反抗に繋がることを恐れ、処分に及び腰であった。
It was the second shogun Hidetada TOKUGAWA who forcefully conducted Masanori's kaieki (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties), and leaders of the bakufu, such as Toshikatsu and Masazumi, were actually hesitant as they feared that it may cause rebellion of daimyo.

アニメ『一休さんキャラクター・キャスト』の主要登場人物・蜷川新右衛門のモデルとなった人物だが、実際一休宗純と交流があったのは出家後の晩年である。
He was the model for one of the main characters in the animation 'Ikkyu san,' or Shinemon NINAGAWA, however, the relationship between them started in his late years after entering priesthood.

姓は直だが、天武天皇10年(681年)に倭竜麻呂が連姓に、12年に一族が連に、14年に忌寸姓に、さらに奈良時代には大和長岡と水守が宿禰に昇格した。
Although his surname was Atai, Yamato no Tatsumaro's surname became Muraji in 681, the surname of the entire clan became Muraji in 683 and became Imiki in 685, and Yamato no Nagaoka and Mizumori were promoted to Sukune in the Nara period.

だが、条約改正の本格化とともに漸進的改正論を唱える自由党との距離を置いて、対外硬派の立場から国民協会_(日本)や新興の大日本協会との関係を強める。
With the treaty revision under way in earnest, however, the party distanced itself from the Liberal Party, which advocated the idea of gradual treaty revision, and because of its hard-line stance toward foreign nations, it strengthened the ties with the Kokumin Kyokai (National Association [Japan]) and burgeoning Dai Nihon Kyokai (Society for Greater Japan).

だが、農地の生産力向上に伴い、石盛の算定額より実際の収穫量が上回る事が多くなっていくが、算出方法はほぼそのまま明治の地租改正まで引き継がれている。
As productivity advanced in farmlands, actual harvest yields often exceeded the calculated amount of Kokumori, but this calculating method continued until the land-tax reform during the Meiji period.

保安条例で東京を追放され横浜市に住んだが、国会が開かれると第1回衆議院議員総選挙で当選して衆議院となり、1894年に貴族院 (日本)に勅撰された。
Though he lived in Yokohama City after he was expelled from Tokyo due to hoan jorei (regulations for the preservation of law and order), he became The House of Representatives elected in the first general election of members of the House of Representatives in Diet and was selected for the House of Peers (Japan) in 1894.

だが、兼家は左大臣源雅信に対抗するために為光との連携を図り、寛和2年（986年）右大臣に任じられて、翌987年（寛和3年）には従一位に叙せられた。
However, Kaneie tried to cooperate with Tamemitsu to counterbalance MINAMOTO no Masanobu who then Sadaijin (minister of the left), so Tamemitsu was appointed to Udaijin in 986 and received the investiture of Juichii (Junior First Rank) the next year.

時期は不明だが、泰時の後妻である安保実員の娘が泰時の次男北条時実を建暦2年（1212年）に産んでいる事から、それ以前には離縁したものと考えられる。
It is not known when they were divorced, however it is presumed to be before 1212 since his second wife, who was the daughter of Sanekazu ABO had her second son, Tokizane HOJO in the same year.

だが、陰陽道においては土御門家_(安倍氏)が、暦学においては江戸幕府天文方が圧迫を加えたために、後世の幸徳井家は専ら暦注のみを担当するにとどまった。
However, the Kotokui family were suppressed both in Onmyodo (the way of Yin and Yang, an occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements) by the Tsuchimikado family (Abe clan), and in rekigaku by the Tenmonkata (Astronomical Institute) of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun); therefore, the Kotokui family was, in later ages, limited to the preparation of rekichu (assorted information recorded in the almanac).

だが扶余豊（扶余豊璋）には王の資質はなく、倭国で安穏とした豊かな生活をすごしてきたため、戦場での非常事態の篭城戦という緊迫した状況に馴染めなかった。
However, Buyeo Pung (Hosho FUYO), who had lived in peace and abundance in Japan, was not apparently qualified as a king, as he was ill-fitted to live in tense circumstances including holing up in a castle at a battlefield.

その後、上京して明治法律学校において法律を学んだが、同時に牛込教会に通い、内村鑑三、巌本善治らの宗教家、宗教教育者に会い、教育の道に進む決心をした。
After that, he moved to Tokyo and studied law at Meiji Law School, and at the same time, he went to Ushigome Church where he met religious people as well as religious educator such as Kanzo UCHIMURA and Yoshiharu IWAMOTO, leading him to be a teacher.

だが、元和3年8月（1617年）に5万石をもって高崎城に転封され、続いて翌々年の元和5年（1619年）10月には更に篠山城に移されて伊豆守に転じる。
However, in August, 1617, he was transferred to Takasaki Castle with fifty thousand Goku, and two years later, in October 1619, he was transferred to Shinoyama Castle and became Izu no kami (Governor of Izu Province).

だが、寛延3年4月23日 (旧暦)（1750年5月28日）桜町上皇が31歳の若さで急死すると、兼香の長年の宮廷主導に対する風当たりが一気に強まった。
However, after the Retired Emperor Sakuramachi died suddenly at a young age of thirty one years old on May 28, 1750, Kaneyoshi came under a hail of criticism for his long-time leadership of the court.

同年、伊尹が重病で辞表を提出すると、兼家は関白を望んだが、兼通は「関白は、宜しく兄弟相及ぶべし（順番に）」との円融天皇の生母藤原安子の遺言を献じた。
In the same year, when Koretada resigned from this post due to a serious illness, Kaneie wished to become a Kanpaku, but Kanemichi presented the will of FUJIWARA no Anshi, who was the biological mother of Emperor Enyu, that 'the kanpaku post must be given in order of age among the brothers.'

だが、慶長13年（1608年）に永楽通宝の使用を禁ずる法令が幕府から出されている事から、永楽通宝に代わる然るべき銅銭が存在したと考えるのが妥当である。
However, considering the act enacted by the government in 1608 that banned the use of the Eiraku Tsuho coins, it is reasonable to think that other appropriate copper coins would have existed.

だがかねて協力体勢にあったはずの甲賀忍者の1人・多羅尾光俊の手引きにより伊賀忍者からさらに2人の離反者が発生し、織田方の蒲生氏郷の道案内をおこなった。
However, Mitsuo TARAO, one of Koka Ninja who were supposed to be in cooperative relationship with Iga, withdrew another two dividers from Iga Ninja in order to put them in service as guide for Ujisato GAMO on Oda side.

いずれも謙信の電光石火・神出鬼没ぶりや戦術眼の高さがうかがえる逸話だが、家臣団の反対で中止せざるをえなくなっている所に謙信の限界があるとの意見もある。
The above anecdotes show Kenshin's lightning-fast, elusive characters and excellence in strategy, his limiting point was that he had to call off due to an objection from vassals.

だが、建久3年（1192年）に後白河法皇が崩御すると、一転して兼実が提案した頼朝への征夷大将軍任命に真っ先に賛同して頼朝への「貸し」を作ったのである。
However, when the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa died in 1192, he changed his stance quickly and agreed to Kanezane's proposal to appoint Yoritomo to the Seii taishogun to let Yoritomo owe him one.

だが、どの藩も財政難は深刻化する一方であり、藩側による蔵元・掛屋の解任や証文の破棄などによる一方的な債務破棄（踏み倒し）やこれに伴う商人の破産が起きた。
However, every domain's financial difficulty got worse and worse and some domains started to repudiate their debt by dismissing their kuramoto or kakeya or abandoning their bonds, which made merchants bankrupt.

だが、管領細川政元はこれに強く反対し、間もなく義尚自身も病死したために本願寺討伐の件は中止されて幕府から要求されていた加賀門徒の破門も有耶無耶とされた。
However, since Shogunal Deputy Masamoto HOSOKAWA objected to it and also Yoshihisa died from a disease, subjugation Hongan-ji Temple was canceled, and the excommunication of the Kaga-monto (Kaga-sect) was left up in the air.

関連については今のところ不明だが、近畿地方の和歌山市千塚古墳群にある大日山35墳（6世紀前半）から前後両面の人物埴輪（頭部のみ）が出土して話題となった。
Although its relevance is still unknown, it was in the news that a man-shaped haniwa (clay figure) (only its head) with two faces, on front and back, was excavated from Dainichiyama No.35 Mound (early 6th century) from the Senzuka burial mounds in Wakayama City, Kinki region.

これらは、従来とは異質の統治体制を築こうとするものであり、律令制の再編成とする見解が多数派だが、桓武天皇の時代期をもって、律令制の終焉とする論者もいる。
It is generally accepted that the aim was to establish a system of government different from the one that had existed up till then by reorganizing the Ritsuryo system, although there is another opinion that Emperor Kanmu's reign marked the end of the Ritsuryo system.

だが、これを政権復帰の好機と見た桂・「桂園時代」により政権から遠ざかっていた薩摩閥両者の思惑が上原を強硬な態度へ導いたことで大きな問題となったのである。
However, Katsura, who regarded the situation as an opportunity for him to return to the government, and the Satsuma clique, which had been swept away from power during the Kei-En era, set out to take advantage of this situation and obliged Uehara (the minister of army) to take the hard line, provoking serious repercussions.

双方酔っていた上、中井は重傷を負った土佐脱藩士を担いで戦線離脱しているのだが、十津川郷士の個々の戦力と胆力、普段からの武道研磨の度合いがわかる話である。
Both sides were intoxicated and NAKAI needed to stop the fight to carry his friends, who bore a serious wound, on his shoulder; however, this episode reveals us individual Totsukawa goshi's fighting power, courage, and the level of the technique in martial arts.

だが、1893年頃から国民協会_(日本)と結んで対外硬路線を唱えて、現実路線に転じた自由党と対決姿勢を示し、星亨衆議院議長不信任問題で全面衝突に至った。
However, around 1893 onwards, the party started to take the hard-line policy to tackle with foreign affairs, along with Kokumin Kyokai (National Association), and this conflicted with the Liberal party, who had shifted its position to a realistic stance, to lead a full scale confrontation by both parties, over a non-confident vote to Toru HOSHI, the chairman of the House of Representative.

足利将軍の中では三代足利義満に比肩しうる権力を振るった義教だが、猜疑心にかられて過度に独裁的になり、粛清の刃は武家だけでなく公家にも容赦なく向けられた。
Among Ashikaga shuguns, Yoshinori had exercised his power on par with the one of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Shogun, but he was very suspicious, which excessively led authoritarian behaviors, and his purge directed unrelentingly at not only samurai families but also court nobles.

基本的に室町幕府もこの制度を引き継いだが、次第に右筆の中から奉行人に任じられて発言力を増大させて、奉行衆（右筆方）と呼ばれる集団を構成するようになった。
The Muromachi bakufu basically took over the system, and some people worked as Yuhitsu were appointed to be Bugyonin (a magistrate) increasing their influences in the government and formed a group called Bugyoshu or Yuhitsukata.

だが、無所属や独立倶楽部、立憲革新党といった比較的少数政党を渡り歩いた庸之助は自由党の候補者によって第3回・第5回の総選挙において苦杯を嘗めさせられた。
But Yonosuke was once an independent statesman or otherwise belonged to the relatively small parties like the Dokuritsu Kurabu (Independent Club) or the Rikken Kakushinto (Constitutional Reformist Party) and roved from one party after another, he was made to drink a bitter cup in the third and the fifth general election by the candidates of the Jiyuto (Liberal Party).

だが、安政6年（1858年）、家定が重態となると、南紀派の譜代大名は彦根藩井伊直弼を大老に据えて、6月に家定の名で後継者を徳川慶福とすることが発表された。
However, when Iesada fell into a critical condition in 1858, the fudai daimyo of the Nanki group appointed Naosuke II of Hikone Domain as a tairo (chief minister) and announced in June in the name of Iesada that the successor was Yoshitomi TOKUGAWA.

だが皮肉なことに、この朱子学の台頭によって天皇を中心とした国づくりをするべきという尊皇論と尊王運動が起こり、後の倒幕運動と明治維新へ繋がっていくのである。
Ironically, however, the rise of Neo-Confucianism triggered the sonnoron (the thought respecting the Emperors) and the movement to show reverence for the emperor for establishing an Emperor-centered nation, which led to the movement to overthrow the Shogunate and the Meiji Restoration.

だが、慢性的な財政難に苦しむ借手側の藩も勿論のこと、既に多額の貸付を抱えてしまった貸手側の商人も全ての大名貸から手を引けるような状況ではなくなりつつあった。
However, it was very difficult for merchants to walk away from daimyogashi because they already arranged large amount of loans, and it was also hard for domains who were suffering from chronic financial difficulty.

だが、『続日本紀』769年の記事で大宰府の役人が都に「大宰府言。此府人物殷繁。天下之一都會也。」と報告しているように北部九州では既に通貨経済が活発であった。
As the article in 769 of 'Shoku Nihongi'(Chronicle of Japan Continued) states that an official of Dazai-fu reported 'this city is lively with people and blooming as a trading center. It is the most prosperous place in Japan' to the capital, in the northern Kyushu, the economy using currency was already active.

現在の県は廃藩置県時の諸県を統廃合して生まれたものだが、国主の格式を持っていた大藩の場合はかつての藩の領域と現在の県の領域がほぼ一致する場合がごく稀にある。
Today's prefectures were formed by integrating the prefectures at the time of the Haihan-chiken, but in the cases of large scale domains which had social status of landed daimyo, their territories are rarely identical with those of today's prefectures.

だが、そのためには紙幣消却を進める為の財源捻出のために大幅な緊縮予算とデフレーションの発生を覚悟しなければならず、伊藤博文ら政府首脳や明治天皇に同意を求めた。
To do this, however, Matsukata had to prepare himself for a drastically austere budget to come up with the finances needed for moving forward with the incineration of paper money and for a possible outbreak of deflation, for which he sought the approval of the senior government officials including Hirobumi ITO and the Emperor Meiji.

だが、ここで新法主の保護者・後見人の地位が与えられたことで一躍北陸の兄弟を上回る権力を持つ事となった蓮淳は孫である法主・証如の権力拡大に乗り出すことになった。
But given the position of protector and guardian of the new hoshu, Renjun now gained the power exceeding that of his brothers in Hokuriku and began to expand the authority of the hoshu Shonyo, grandson of Renjun.

説話の大部分は善をなして良い報いを受けた話、悪をなして悪い報いを受けた話のいずれか、あるいはその両方だが、一部には善悪と直接かかわりない怪異を記した話もある。
The anecdotes were predominantly broken down into the 3 categories including: a good deed was rewarded by a favorable compensation, someone suffered the consequence of their evil deed or the both but there are some anecdotes concerning monstrosities with no direct relation to good or evil.

だが債務の大半、特に大名貸の大半は天保以前からの債務が繰り延べられて来たものであり有名な薩摩藩の調所広郷による「250年分割」などが尽く無効とされたのである。
As most of debts, especially the majority of daimyo-gashi, were made before the Tenpo era, all of them became void including the famous debt of '250 years installment' made by Hirosato ZUSHO of Satsuma domain.

だが、戦争の絶えて久しい平和な時代にあっては領内の海上交通を管理したり、領内巡察や参勤交代などで大名が船旅するときに船を出したりする程度の役割でしかなかった。
However, during peacetime when war did not exist for a long time, the roles of suigun navy were only to control the marine traffic in the domain or to offer the ship when their lord patrolled their domain and took a boat trip for sankin-kotai (daimyo's alternate residence in Edo).

蘇我蝦夷、蘇我入鹿親子は死んだが、大化の改新で、いとこの蘇我倉山田石川麻呂は右大臣になっており、蘇我氏は、大化政権にとっても未だ無視できない勢力を保っていた。
SOGA no Emishi and SOGA no Iruka, parent and child, died but through the Taika Reforms, SOGANOKURA-YAMADA no Ishikawamaro, a cousin of Iruka, became Udaijin, indicating that the Soga clan still maintained influence not negligible for the Taika regime.

だが、徳川家康による都市改造によって大きく成長し、加えて旗本・御家人の定府政策、諸侯に対する参勤交代政策によって、大勢の武士が常時江戸に居住することとなった。
The city grew dramatically under Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's urban development initiative, combined with government policy requiring shogunal retainers including hatamoto (direct retainers) to set up residence in Edo and the Sankinkotai scheme imposed on feudal lords, and these policies lead to the presence of a large samurai population in Edo on a permanent basis.

だが、こうした姿勢に貴族院の他会派からは「権力志向」と看做され、研究会の膨張に不満を抱く茶話会・同成会・公正会が連携してこれに対抗する姿勢を見せた（幸三派）。
However, such an attitude was seen as 'power oriented' by other groups, and Sawakai, Doseikai and Koseikai, which were dissatisfied with the expansion of Kenkyukai, cooperated to counter it.

母親は不明だが、応永13年（1406年）に日野重光の養子として養育されていたとされる義満の3歳になる男子「妙法院殿」が年齢的に義昭と同一人物と考えられている。
The mother is unknown, however, 'Myohoin dono' thought to be a three-year old boy nurtured as an adopted child of Shigemitsu HINO in 1406 is thought to be the same person as Gisho when their ages are considered.

実朝の横死後に仏門に入っていた妻と頼家の子の禅暁の将軍擁立を望んだが、執権北条氏の画策で将軍後継者には摂関家から三寅が迎えられ、その上に禅暁も殺されてしまう。
Taneyoshi wanted to install Zengyo, the biological child between his wife, who had become a priestess following the violent death of Sanetomo, and Yoriie, as Shogun but Mitora from Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor) was brought in to succeed the post of Shogun by the scheming Hojo clan which held the position of Shikken (shogunal regent); furthermore, Zengyo was murdered.

だが、西南戦争に伴う不換紙幣増発によって生じたインフレーションで金貨・銀貨ともに国外への流出や退蔵が深刻化して, 本位貨幣としては名目上の存在となってしまった。
However, due to the inflation caused by the overissue of inconvertible currencies accompanying the Seinan War, both gold and silver coins fled Japan or were kept as dead storage to a great extent and came down to just nominal stanrdard money.

だが、実際には大学・国学誕生当初には存在しなかった紀伝道が主要科目として重んじられるようになり、大学・国学も紀伝道中心の教育システムに変化していくことになった。
However, in fact Kidendo (the study of the histories), which did not exist at the birth of daigaku and kokugaku, came to be valued highly, and the educational system of daigaku and kokugaku was changed into Kidendo-oriented one.

補給路を断つためか、烽火城を潰すためかは不明だが、『信長公記』によると、「御断わりも申し上げず曲事」と織田信長は激怒し兵を六甲山中や神呪寺城、鷲林寺城に向けた。
It is not known whether it was for blocking the supply route or destroying castles for signal fire, but, according to 'Shinchoko-ki,' Nobunaga ODA got angry and said 'It is an outrageous thing to do the act without permission' and sent troops to Rokko mountains, Kannoji-jo Castle and Jurinji-jo Castle.

だが、この事態に危機感を抱いた薩摩藩の暗躍に幕府側の強硬派が乗せられ、慶応4年1月3日 (旧暦)（1868年1月27日）に鳥羽・伏見の戦いに突入することになる。
However the clandestine activities of the Satsuma Domain, who felt very much threatened by this development, successfully agitated the hard-liners of the Shogunate supporters, leading to the Battle of Toba and Fushimi on January 27, 1868.

これは生産者に課税を行い、これを販売・輸出業者に対して価格転嫁させようという意図の下に導入されたものだが、これに反発した生産農家による「世直し一揆」が勃発した。
Although the aim of this system was that imposing tax on producers would lead them to shift the increased burden for taxation onto salespeople and exporters for prices, this provoked agricultural producers into raising a reform riot.

壬申の乱勃発時に廬井鯨がどのような地位にあったかは不明だが、大友皇子（弘文天皇）の側の将犬養五十君が倭（大和国）の敵軍に向けて南に進んだとき、その別将であった。
The rank of IOI no Kujira at the outbreak of the Jinshin War is unknown, however, he was Suke-no-Ikusanokimi when INUKAI no Ikimi, Ikusanokimi (commander) of the army of Otomo no Miko (Emperor Kobun), advanced south to capture Yamato (Yamato Province) the enemy's troops had camped.

だが、次の黒田内閣でも外務大臣に留任した大隈が爆弾テロに遭遇して条約改正に失敗すると、たちまち欧化主義は衰退し、対外硬派に支えられた国粋主義が台頭することになる。
Nevertheless, after OKUBO, who stayed on as foreign minister in the following KURODA Cabinet, had failures in the revision of a treaty as he encountered terrorist explosions, Europeanism declined in an instant and Nationalism gained power.

だが、豊臣政権・徳川政権によって不法行為の取締が強化される一方、分一などの発見者・救出者への法定による一定の権利保障が定められて問題の解決が図られるようになった。
Toyotomi and Tokugawa governments tightened control of unlawful acts, but at the same time they tried to solve problems by instituting such laws as to assure Buichi and other particular rights of a finder or rescuer of drifting/drifted ships.

だが、この命令を実施するために旧雑戸籍の調査を命じているのは、廃止以後公民に編入された旧雑戸の人々に関する把握が行われていなかったことを反映していると考えられる。
It is believed, however, that old zakkoseki was ordered to be investigated to implement this order, reflecting the fact that the situation of those who were formerly members of zakko and became citizens after the abolishment of zakko was not grasped.

両法令は公地公民制の基盤を覆す性格をもったことは確かだが、動機としては班田（口分田）を確保することによって律令体制の立て直しを図ったものであったことも事実である。
These two laws were no doubt intended to undermine the basis of the kochi komin system, but it was a fact that they aimed to rebuild the ritsuryo system by securing handen (also known as kubunden - the land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system).

だが、応仁・文明の乱により散逸した物や諸大名に下賜されたり、幕府財政難のために土倉に売却されるなどして、地方に移ったものやそのまま行方不明になった物も少なくない。
However, quite a few works were moved to various provinces or gone missing, because they were scattered and ultimately lost during the Onin-Bunmei Wars, given away to territorial lords, or sold to doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) due to the economic difficulties of the bakufu.

だが、承和 (日本)5年（839年）を最後に遣唐使が中絶（寛平6年（894年）廃止）されると、漢音を日本国内で用いる必要性がほとんど失われ、音道は急激に衰退する。
But after the Japanese envoy to the Chinese Tang Dynasty ceased in 839, there were hardly any need for the Han pronunciations of Chinese characters in Japan, and as such, Ondo's popularity declined rapidly.

だが、『日本書紀』によれば、法隆寺は670年に一度焼亡しており、現存する同寺の伽藍はその後（7世紀末頃）の再建であることは発掘調査の結果等からも定説となっている。
However, according to Nihonshoki, Horyu-ji Temple burned down in A.D. 670 and the existing Saiin Garan was reconstructed later (around the end of the seventh century), and this depiction is now widely accepted, partly because the excavation and research proved the truth of the depiction.

だが、当時の将軍は13歳の足利義満であり、後見である管領細川頼之は「可為聖断」「武家更難申是非」と慎重な態度を示し、あくまで天皇の聖断によるべしとの態度を示した。
However, as the shogun at the time was Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA who was 13 years old, kanrei (shogunal deputy) Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, the guardian of the Imperial Prince, repeatedly insisted that the Emperor make a decision over the matter, saying 'the Emperor should make a decision' and 'don't allow samurai intervention.'

その前年（673年）には百済から帰属してきたものを新羅の官制に取り込んだが、百済での官制の序列に従って新羅官制の序列に組み入れ、両者の連続性を継承させようとした。
In 673, those who transferred from Baekje were integrated into the official rank system of Silla by properly giving ranks according to their ranking in the official rank system of Baekje in order to maintain the consistency between the two systems.

子供を身ごもったようだが、のち内蔵助は江戸へ下向することになったので、内蔵助は、彼女に金銀を与えて二条の実家に戻して、浅野家の藩医だった寺井玄渓を派遣したという。
Reportedly, she was pregnant, but, as Kuranosuke was determined to go down to Edo, Kuranosuke gave her money and let her return to her parent home in Nijo and sent Genkei TERAI who was a doctor of the Asano family, to her.

だが、それからすぐ同行名古屋支店において100万円の横領事件が発覚し、同年8月、臨時総会にて北浜銀行の事業継続は困難との理由を以て臨時休業を発表し解任を申し出る。
Soon after, a one million yen embezzlement scandal erupted at the Nagoya branch of the bank and he proposed his dismissal from the president position due to its difficulty to remain as a going concern during the emergency shareholder meeting held in August of the same year.

大衆の行動は興福寺の平氏に対する敵意の大きさを物語る出来事だが、結果的に興福寺攻撃に対する公卿たちの反対を封じ込め、興福寺への大軍派遣の大義名分を与える事になった。
Actions of Daishu revealed the incident which showed the magnitude of hostility of Kofuku-ji Temple to the Taira clan, but consequently, contained opposition to Kofuku-ji Temple attack by Court nobles and gave a legitimate reason to dispatch large force to Kofuku-ji Temple.

越智氏は多武峰に籠もり敗れたものの以後も抗戦を続け、斯波持有率いる幕府軍は永享9年5月22日 (旧暦)（1437年6月25日）に大合戦に及んだが決着がつかなかった。
The Ochi clan barricaded itself in Tonomine, and though having been defeated, continued to resist so much that the army of bakufu led by Mochiari SHIBA was unable to settle the battle even when it went all the way to fight a great battle on June 25, 1437.

また後で真相を知った織田信長も黒田長政を殺害したことに対して「不明であった」と大変悔やんだが、竹中重治の気転によって生きている事が解ると大いに喜んだと言われている。
Nobunaga ODA, who knew the truth later, regretted very much that he killed Nagamasa KURODA telling that 'he lacked insight,' and he was very glad to know that Nagamasa KURODA was alive thanks to ready wit of Shigeharu TAKENAKA.

だが、婦敵討が行われた場合、本夫が姦夫の不正の証拠を出そうにも肝心の相手を討ち取ってしまったために自白させることが不可能であり、殺人罪として処罰されることがあった。
But when megataki uchi was practiced, sometimes the husband was punished for the crime of murder because it was impossible for the husband to produce evidence by having the adulterer confess because he had killed the adulterer.

漢城に集結して和平交渉を始めていた日本軍だが、本土から釜山までの海路の補給は維持していたが、釜山から漢城までの陸路の治安が悪化して食糧などの補給が滞りがちであった。
The Japanese army that had assembled in Hancheng and commenced peace talks, maintained the route for supplies by sea from Japan to Busan, but the security of the land route from Busan to Hancheng had deteriorated and, therefore, supplies of food etc. were stacking up.

以上は主に鎌倉幕府後期に得宗専制の立場から編纂されたと考えられる後代史書『吾妻鏡』の記述によった事件の経過だが、事件の背景としてはさらに次のようなことが考えられる。
The above is the progress of the incident described in the history book 'Azuma Kagami', assumedly compiled in the last years of the Kamakura bakufu from the viewpoint of the tyrannical Tokuso, but the further background of the incident was considered as follows.

だが、土地の賦課の是非は大名などの領主の権限と考えられていたこと、従来の検地に代わる大規模な測量の必要性があることから、政府内でも賛否両論があってまとまらなかった。
However, this proposal was not put into practice because there were arguments for and against within the government; the main reasons for the opposition lied in that at that time it was believed that the authority to impose land tax or not lied in the feudal lords such as daimyo and that it was necessary to conduct a large scale land survey replacing the existing nationwide land survey before getting into the land-tax reform.

だが、享徳3年12月27日 (旧暦)（1455年1月15日）、景仲が長尾郷の御霊宮に泊りがけで参詣に出ていた夜に、憲忠は成氏の御所において、成氏軍に討たれてしまう。
But, on January 24, 1455, during the night when Kagenaka stayed at the Goryo-gu shrine for prayer, Noritada was killed by the troop of Shigeuji at Shigeuji's residence.

エルトゥールル号の遭難はオスマン帝国の国内に大きな衝撃を呼んだが、専制君主アブデュルハミト2世のもとでは人災としての側面は覆い隠され、天災による殉難と位置付けられた。
The distress of the Ertuğrul made a great impact on people in the Ottoman Empire; however, under the rule of the absolute monarch Abdülhamid II, the incident was regarded as martyrdom due to a natural disaster and the aspect as a man-made calamity was concealed.

だが、尊攘派と長州藩の動きを嫌う天皇の意を受け、京都守護職の会津藩と薩摩藩が密かに手を結び、8月18日、三条実美ら尊攘派公家とを京都から追放した（八月十八日の政変）。
However, the Emperor disliked the strong connection between the Sonno Joi group and the Choshu clan, he suggested a purge to Kyoto-shugoshoku Katamori MATSUDAIRA (Aizu clan), then the Aizu clan and the Satsuma clan privately joined hands and on August 18 (according to the old lunar calendar) expelled the Choshu clan and sympathetic court nobles to Sonno Joi including Sanetomi SANJO from Kyoto (the August 18 Coup).

それが何年分の未進というのかは不明だが、おそらくは、過去に遡ってのものであったろうといわれる（ただし、領地の囲い込みについては単純に善玉・悪玉とは出来ない面もある）。
It is unknown for how many years the unpaid tributes were, but it is said to be probably retrospective (it should be noted, however, that there is an aspect that the enclosure of the estate cannot be simply judged as good or bad).

清洲城の普請奉行、台所奉行などを率先して引き受けて大きな成果をあげた草履取りのエピソードは有名だが、この辺りは史実の裏づけがあるわけではなく、俗説・伝説の域を出ない。
There are several famous episodes in his sandal-bearer period, such as, he had voluntarily taken the position of the construction director of Kiyosu Castle, or food procurement director, and achieved great success with all of them; but these episodes have no historical evidences and seem to be just a legend.

宇田川玄随（うだがわげんずい宝暦5年12月27日 (旧暦)（1756年1月28日） - 寛政9年12月18日 (旧暦)（1798年2月3日））は医学者、蘭学者。
Genzui UDAGAWA (January 28, 1756 - February 3, 1798) was a physician and Rangakusha (a person who studied Western sciences by means of the Dutch language).

また、問題になった鉛管実験の時、千鶴子は二つの鉛管を持っていたわけだが、千鶴子本人は、山川から預かった方は判らなかったので、代わりに練習用の方を透視したと語っている。
In a lead pipe experiment which raised a controversy, Chizuko had two lead pipes, she herself said that she did not know the object in Yamakawa's pipe, so tried toshi on the object in the pipe for practice.

海軍軍人としてはマイナーだが、舞鶴市出身で爵位を受けたのは最後の丹後田辺藩主牧野弼成（すけしげ）と伊藤の2人だけであり、地元では稀代の偉人として尊敬されているという。
Although Ito may be minor as a military man, it was only Ito and Sukeshige MAKINO, the last lord of Tanabe Domain of Tango Province, who were granted the peerage among people from Maizuru City, and thus Ito is said to be respected as a rare great figure in the district.

だが、この頃の朝廷では関東申次である祖父の公経が道家を上回る実力を持っていたこともあって、後嵯峨天皇が即位した1242年には公経の推薦で関白に任じられるまでに至った。
But, his grandfather, Kintsune who was a Kanto moshitsugi (a liaison with the east), held greater power than Michiie, thus he was assigned to serve as a Kanpaku (a chief advisor to the Emperor) at Kintsune's recommendation in 1242 when Emperor Gosaga ascended the throne.

だが、明治政府の立憲国家建設に真っ向から反対して天皇親政を唱える元田に対する明治天皇の信任は増すばかりであり、伊藤らは政府の方針と天皇の意向の乖離に苦慮することになる。
However, with the deepening of the Meiji Emperor's trust for Motoda who insisted on direct rule by the Emperor and raised frontal objection to the Meiji government's plan to establish a constitutional state, Ito struggled with the dissociation between the government's policy and the Emperor's intention.

だが、鎌倉時代以後朝廷の実権低下に伴って、朝廷における各種公事を維持するための政治的・財政的な裏づけを失っていき、多くの公事が縮小・簡略化され、あるものは廃絶に至った。
However, as the Imperial Court losing its power after the Kamakura period, the political or financial support to maintain the events of the Imperial Court began to lessen, then, many kuji were downscaled or simplified and some of them were abolished.

将門が両者の調停仲介に乗り出し、興世王と武蔵武芝を会見させて和解させたが、どういう経緯か不明だが、武芝の兵がにわかに経基の陣営を包囲し、驚いた経基は逃げ出してしまった。
Masakado began mediation efforts and succeeded in reconcilation between Prince Okiyo and MUSASHI no Takeshiba, but Takeshiba and his army unexpectedly laid siege on Tsunemoto's camp, catching Tsunemoto by surprise and causing him to flee.

頼家近習であった中原能成は、比企氏滅亡直後に北条時政から与えられた「比企能員の非法のため、所領を奪い取られたそうだが、とくに特別待遇を与える」という文書が残されている。
There is a remaining record that describes how Yoshinari NAKAHARA, one of Yoriie's kinju, was 'given special treatment because he had been deprived of land by being cheated by Yoshikazu HIKI' which was written by Tokimasa HOJO soon after the ruin of the Hiki clan.

だが、有脩は在高の貢献であるという名目で勘解由小路家を掌握し、在高が夭折すると、そのまま勘解由小路家の諸権利を継承したとして同家を廃絶に追い込んでしまったとされている。
Arisue, however, grabbed onto the Kadenokoji family under the excuse that he was the guardian of Aritaka and, after Aritaka died young, it is told that Arisue forced the Kadenokoji family's extinction saying that he inherited all rights of the Kadenokoji family.

だが、一方で元寇（日本遠征）の失敗後、元の官吏の中には日本商船に高い関税をかけたり乗員に不当な圧迫をかけたりしたため、日本側も武装してこれに抵抗、初期倭寇の原因となった。
On the other hand, because some Yuan Dynasty's government officials imposed high tariffs on Japanese merchant ships and put unjustified pressures on Japanese crews after Mongol failed to invade Japan, Japanese armed and rebelled against them; thus, they turned into the early wako (Japanese pirates).

だが、中世以降次第に百姓の本分を農とすべきとする、実態とは必ずしも符合しない農本主義的理念が浸透・普及し、明治時代以降は、一般的に農民の事を指すと理解されるようになった。
However, a principle of agricultural fundamentalism stating that the sphere of hyakusho should be agriculture, which did not always match the reality, was gradually passed through and spread since the medieval period, and the term was begun to be understood generally as a person engaged in agriculture.

そこで義尚は本陣を栗太郡に位置する鈎の安養寺へ移し、甲賀城を攻めてこれを落城させるのだが、脱出した六角父子は配下の甲賀武士達に命じ、山中でゲリラを展開して頑強に抵抗した。
Then, Yoshihisa moved the headquarter to Magari no Anyo-ji Temple located in Kurita-gun County and attacked the Koka-jo Castle, and the Koka-jo Castle fell, but the father and the son Rokkaku escaped and ordered the Koga warriors who followed them to resist adamantly against Ashikaga by guerrilla warfare in the mountains.

だが、メンバーも多彩で慶應義塾系や自由党_(明治)結成時に分裂した嚶鳴社系、東京専門学校（現早稲田大学）の設立メンバーとなった小野梓のグループなど複雑な人脈が形成された。
Among them, whose backgrounds were different in many ways, complicated webs of personal connections had eventually been formed to provide some groups, such as Keiogijuku group, Omeisha group (later divided when the Liberal party was established), and Azusa ONO (one of the founding members of Tokyo Senmon Gakko, current Waseda University) group.

だが、この問題以後、立憲政友会内部に陸軍への反発から、帷幄上奏を廃止して陸軍省官制および海軍省官制を再改正を行って、文官の軍部大臣就任を認めさせるべきとの主張が出された。
However, after this matter, an assertion to abolish Iaku-joso, revise the government regulations of Army and Navy, and admit the civil officers to become the Minister of military was given inside Rikken seiyukai due to the opposition to the Military.

だが、謙信が藤氏を残し越後に帰国すると、直ちに北条氏康が反撃を開始し、その年の10月には古河を攻撃したので、藤氏は上総国の多賀信家（蔵人・高明、里見氏家臣）の元へ逃れた。
However, when Kenshin returned to Echigo without Fujiuji, Ujiyasu HOJO immediately launched a counterattack and attacked Koga in October of the same year, which resulted in Fujiuji escaping to Nobuie TAGA (Kurodo, Takaaki, vassal of the Satomi clan) in Kazusa Province.

だが、当代随一の歌人・藤原定家は個人的には通親の次男で撰者の1人・堀川通具と親しかったが、通親の政治的な振る舞いには激しく憎み「道鏡の再来」と憤っていたと言われている）。
However, FUJIWARA no Sadaie, who was the top waka poet at that time, was personally a close friend to Michitomo HORIKAWA, who was the second son of Michichika and an anthologist, hated Michichika's political behavior and it is said that he Sadaie was extremely angry and called Michichika 'the second coming of Dokyo.')

正確な成立年は不明だが、内容の下限は安政3年（1856年）であることと、著者とみられる飯田が万延元年（1860年）に死去していることから、この時期に成立したとみられている。
The precise year in which it was compiled is unknown, but since the earliest date is 1856 and the presumed author Iida died in 1860, it is considered that it was completed during this period.

それまでも、知的な「浮浪子」（なまけ者などの意味の上方語）であった秋成だが、美樹からのてほどきからは、思想的深化、古典学の体系的だった智識の整理、という重大な影響をうけた。
Akinari had been an intelligent 'Noramono' (means a lazybones in Kansai dialect) until then, but after he was taught by Miki, his thought was deepened and knowledge of the classics was organized systematically, which meant a lot to him.

だが、作業が芳しくなかった事から村上天皇の天暦8年（954年）に、時の最高実力者藤原実頼を総裁とし大江朝綱を別当として朱雀天皇時代の追加を命じるとともに作業の促進を図った。
Because so little progress had been made on the work during the reign of Emperor Murakami in 954, the most powerful person at that time, FUJIWARA no Saneyori, was appointed as its president and OE no Asatsuna was appointed as superintendent, and they were ordered to add Emperor Suzaku's reign while they tried to accelerate the progress of the work.

だが、平安時代中期に官司請負制の進行とともに官職が一種の利権として認識されて世襲が進むと、こうした教官（博士）の地位を世襲する特定の氏族（「博士家」）が出現するようになる。
However, in the midst of Heian period, as hereditary government office system developed and the government post, regarded as a kind of interest, became taken over by heredity, particular clans ('hakase family') that took up the post of instructors by heredity emerged.

だが、専売制実施前には1斗あたり10銭であった塩の価格が専売制実施後には110銭に引き上げられ、更に財政逼迫の度に値上げされた事から人々の生活は困窮して黄巣の乱が勃発する。
However, the price of salt, which had been 10 sen per 1 to (about 18 liter) before the monopolization, was raised to 110 sen after the monopolization, and since it was raised everytime the government income was strained, people became more and more poverished, which led to the War of Chao HUANG.

宇田川玄真（うだがわげんしん、明和6年12月28日 (旧暦)（1770年1月24日） - 天保5年12月4日 (旧暦)（1835年1月2日））は、江戸時代後期の蘭方医。
Genshin UDAGAWA (January 24, 1770 - January 2, 1835) was a Ranpoi (a person who studied Western medicine by means of the Dutch language) who lived during the late Edo period.

行貞の父・二階堂行宗は引付衆まで進んだが、父親の行忠に先立って1286年（弘安9年）に没しており、1290年（正応3年）の行忠の没後は孫の行貞が22歳で政所執事に就任した。
The father of Yukisada, Yukimune NIKAIDO, was promoted to hikitsukeshu (Coadjustor of the High Court), but he died before his father, Yukitada, in 1286, and after the death of Yukitada, his grandson, Yukisada, became Mandokoro Shitsuji (chief of Mandokoro, the Administrative Board) at the age of 22.

これについて、元々揃っていたのだがあるとき欠けてしまい、別人の手になる巻で補ったとする考え方と最初に作られた時から別人の手になる写本とセットになっていたとする考え方とがある。
There are two theories about this: one says that although the set was originally complete, some chapters got lost later and were supplemented by manuscripts written in other hands; another says that the chapters written in other hands were paired with the set when it was made in the first place.

だが、鎌倉時代末期以後公武政権の失墜に伴って徳政そのものが衰退していき、有力武家による自身にゆかりのある特定寺社への保護を例外として寺社興行法も有名無実化していくことになる。
As the imperial court administration and the bakufu declined, the edict of tokusei decreased, and the Jisha Kogyo became in name only except that influential samurai families became patrons of specific temples or shrines which they were closely tied with.

この源護の三人の娘の誰かを将門が妻に望んだが叶わなかったためという説、または、良兼の娘を将門が妻にし、その女を源護の三人の息子（源扶、源隆、源繁）が横恋慕したという説がある。
There are two theories about the dispute: one theory is that Masakado wanted to marry one of MINAMOTO no Mamoru's daughters, but was denied; the other theory is that Masakado married the daughter of Yoshikane, but she had affairs with MINAMOTO no Mamoru's three sons (MINAMOTO no Tasuku, MINAMOTO no Takashi, and MINAMOTO no Shigeru).

国分氏の本流は陸奥国にあって、胤通から胤茂に伝えられるというのが佐久間編の系図のいうことなのだが、下総側の系図にも、陸奥側で古内氏が蔵した系図にも、こうした人名は出てこない。
The family tree edited by Sakuma shows that the mainstream of the Kokubun clan originated in Mutsu Province started with Tanemichi and succeeded by Tanemochi, however, these names are not referred to neither in the family tree prepared in Shimousa Province nor in the family tree owned by the Furuuchi clan in Mutsu Province.

だが、3年後の文永8年（1271年）既に前年に正三位権中納言に昇進していた忠方は、同じ正三位権中納言でも宮中の序列が低い中御門経任が従二位に任じられた事で先を越されてしまう。
However, in 1271 three years after that, Tadakata who had been promoted to Shosanmi Gon Chunagon (Senior Third Rank provisional vice-chief councilor of the state) in the previous year fell behind Tsunetada NAKANOMIKADO who was also Shosanmi Gon Chunagon but ranked lower than him in the Imperial Court, due to an event that Tsunetada was conferred to the Junii (Junior Second Rank).

雅信は倫子を后がねにと考えていたようだが、花山天皇は在位短くして退位、続く一条天皇も年齢が不釣合いであり、また母藤原穆子の強い勧めもあって、永延元年（987年）に道長と結婚。
Masanobu was planning to make Rinshi as the prospective Empress, but Emperor Kazan retired with a short career, and the following Emperor Ichijo did not match in age with her therefore, she married Michinaga in 987 with a strong support from her mother, FUJIWARA no Bokushi.

だが、この規定が難解で分かりにくかったためか、現存の辞は残されておらず、辞が適切と思われる内容に関する公文書でも解 (公文書)などの他の形式が用いられているのがほとんどである。
However, probably because this prescription was difficult to understand, mostly other forms such as ge (a form of an official document) were used in issuing an official document which ought to have been made as zi, and thus zi does not remain today.

『OAHSPE』『モルモン経』『アカーシャ年代記』は古代から伝来した書物ではなく神の啓示とか、霊感や自動書記などになるものだが、それは古史古伝の定義上問題ないことは上述の通り。
OAHSPE, 'The Book of Mormon' and 'Akasha Chronicle' are not books handed down since ancient times but documents the revelation of God, inspiration or automatism but there is no problem in defining them as koshi koden as described above.

だが、南北朝時代 (日本)を経て、室町幕府が京都を支配して朝廷・院庁の政治機能を吸収するようになると、形骸化していくようになり、有職故実の学問として命脈を保つに過ぎなくなった。
However, after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Muromachi bakufu dominated Kyoto and took over the government function of the Imperial Court and Innocho, and Myohodo became a mere name and survived only as a study of historical precedents.

だが、平安時代中期に入ると、文章生の学科である紀伝道が他の学科を圧倒するようになり、明法道は紀伝道・明法道よりも下位に置かれるようになって一時的に衰退の時期を迎えるようになる。
However, in the mid Heian period, Kidendo, a Monjo subject, exceeded the other departments, therefore Myohodo was positioned lower than Kidendo and declined temporarily.

だが、開国の反動から攘夷鎖国への傾向が出てきたことを背景に、1863年（文久3年）から、幕府は同法令の本格施行を強め、その結果、生糸輸出が減少するなど次第に実効が現れていった。
However, supported by the trend toward expulsion of foreigners and national isolation arising in reaction to the opening of Japan to the world, the bakufu promoted full-fledged enforcement of the law from 1863, and as a result it began to produce material results slowly such as the decreased exports of raw silk thread.

だが、信長が出陣した時点で既に退却か長篠城強襲かを決定する必要があるため（信長の岐阜出陣は5月13日、三河牛久保から設楽原へ向かったのが5月17日）その可能性は低いことになる。
This is however unlikely because they had to decide whether they would retreat or raid Nagashino Castle when Nobunaga set off with his troops (from Gifu on July 1 and left Ushikubo in Mikawa for Shitaragahara on July 5).

だが、9月13日に薩摩藩からの自訴状が集議院（公議所の後身）で明らかにされると、諸藩の代表からは薩摩や土佐が自らの不祥事を告白した潔さを評価して穏便な処分を求める意見が相次いだ。
However, when the jisojo from the Satsuma Domain was made known at shugiin on September 13, opinions from domains' representatives came up one after another asking for a gentle punishment appraising the honorable way the Satsuma and Tosa Domains confessed their misconduct voluntarily.

だが、酒造業者の経営不振はやがて税収減少に跳ね返ることとなり、政府はどぶろくなどの自家醸造禁止などの酒造業者保護策を打ち出して酒造業者との妥協策を探る方向に転換することになった。
Breweries' financial difficulties, however, eventually brought declining tax revenues back to the government and thus the government turned in another direction to seek compromise with the breweries by developing breweries protection measures such as the ban on home-brewing of doburoku (unrefined sake).

だが、攻撃の主要な対象が今まで徴税を行ってきた幕府や諸藩及びこれと結びついた村役人・御用商人などに向かったことによって、結果的には幕府・諸藩の軍事行動の足を引っ張る結果となった。
However, these revolts resulted in hindering the military action of the Edo bakufu and the domains, because the main targets of the revolts were directed to those who had been the authority of taxation until then, such as the Edo bakufu and the domains, as well as the people related to the authorities, such as village officers and chartered merchants.

だが、『正保日本図』刊行以後、交通手段や測量技術の発達などもあって、より緻密な日本地図が作成・刊行されるようになり、行基図は実用利用・商業出版の場からは姿を消していくことになる。
Nonetheless, after the publication of 'Shoho Nihon-zu' (Japanese map in Shoho era), more accurate maps of Japan began to be created and published due to the advancement of transportation means and surveying techniques, and Gyoki-zu eventually disappeared from the fields of practical use and commercial publications.

だが、復古的な攘夷論がこれによって一掃されたわけではなく、大楽源太郎の反乱計画や二卿事件、久留米藩難など明治政府を倒して攘夷を断行しようとする事件が暫くの間継続されることとなる。
However, the revival of the joi ron did not completely disappear; some incidents that tried to decline the Meiji government and force the Joi movement, such as Gentaro DAIRAKU's rebellion, Nikyo Jiken (The Incidents triggered by two court nobles), and the Kurume Domain incident continued for a certain period of time.

だが、明治政府も予期しなかったような革新的な提言も出されるなど、独自の発言力を持ち始めたことに危機感を抱いた政府によって権限の縮小が図られて、1869年7月8日集議院と改称した。
However, the Kogisho was renamed to the Shugiin in order to clip its power on July 8, 1869 by the Meiji Government who feared the Kogisho because it began to hold independent influence like such innovative proposals that the Meiji Government didn't anticipate at all.

壬申の乱で大海人皇子に味方した氏族は中小のものが多く、馬来田は大伴氏を率いる立場にあって非常な高位にあったはずなのだが、『日本書紀』が記す天武朝の事績の中に馬来田の名は現れない。
There are no achievements of Makuta during the Tenmu dynasty reported in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) even though he was the leader of the Otomo clan and a very highly ranked person, while many of clans who supported Prince Oama in the Jinshin War were small and medium sized.

だが、扱っていた時代が短く、かつ『平家物語』などの同時期を扱った物語などが多く存在した事やその後の戦乱の影響もあったためか、今日では現存しておらず「幻の歴史物語」となってしまった。
However, this book is not extant today becoming 'the illusory historical tale' because it covered only short period of time and there were many narratives which dealt with the same period as 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike), in addition to the influence of the disturbances of wars.

また、上杉氏も謙信没後は養子の上杉景勝が継いだが、景勝は信長の敵ではなく、また御館の乱という御家騒動から勢力が減退したため、謙信死去により、信長の天下布武はさらに前進したといえる。
After Kenshin's death, the Uesugi Clan was headed by his adopted son, Kagekatsu UESUGI, who was no threat to Nobunaga, and their power declined due to family trouble called the Otate War, therefore it can be said that the death of Kenshin facilitated Nobunaga's Tenka-fubu (a slogan meaning that the samurai rules the whole world).

だが、後に紀伝道の家学化が進むと、紀伝道の教官が世襲を確かなものとするために自分の子弟を給料学生に推挙するようになり、試験を行う場合でも譜第の家以外からの受験が困難になっていった。
Later, Kidendo became hereditary learning and instructors of Kidendo recommended their sons for Kyuryo gakusei in order to make heredity sure and as a result, it became difficult for the sons of families other than hereditary families to apply for the examination even though examinations were conducted.

だが、10世紀中期に書かれたと考えられている源高明の『西宮記』には弘文院は既に荒廃に帰している事が記されていることから、道真の時代からそれ程時間を置かずに廃絶したと考えられている。
From the description in 'Saikyuki' (record of court practices and usage written in Chinese style) written by MINAMOTO no Takaaki supposedly written in the mid tenth century that the Kobunin had been already ruined, it was estimated that the Kobunin was defunct shortly after the days of Michizane.

だが、同書は注釈部分が全部で約2,800字であり、鄭玄注釈の約2,000字よりは多いものの、孔安国注釈の約8,800字よりは遥かに少なく注釈書として決して十分なものといえなかった。
Although the commentary of this edition had 2,800 characters in total, and had more than Teigen's 2,000 characters, it was much fewer than Ko Ankoku's, which was about 8,800 characters, and was far from being an adequate commentary.

なお、藩というと幕藩体制というように江戸幕府下の制度と思われがちだが、厳密には、江戸幕府下の体制で公式に「藩」という呼称はなかった（一部の学者などが書などで使用するのみであった）。
When referring to han, the 'shogunate system' is associated and it tends to be considered a system under the Edo bakufu, but strictly speaking, there was no official naming, 'han,' under the Edo bakufu system (only some scholars used it in their literary works).

だが、黒木本人がお飾りだけの名誉職としての元帥位を嫌い、最後まで現場の指揮官としての地位を好んだと云う事もある（同僚に書いた手紙の中に、その様な内容が記されている物が残っている）。
However, Kuroki himself disliked the title of marshal, which he considered as a mere painted honorary position, and he was satisfied with the status of a commander in the field until the end of his career (In a letter directed to one of his colleagues, his words of such meaning can be found.)

だが、同家と嫡流の地位を争っていた後小松天皇が伏見宮家から所領を悉く奪い、室町幕府を巻き込んだ内紛となるが、後小松系統の断絶と伏見宮家への皇位継承（後花園天皇）によって漸く安定した。
Although Emperor Gokomatsu had fought against the Fushiminomiya family, aiming to deprive them of their shoryo (territory) and triggering a conflict with the Muromachi Bakufu, the conflict ultimately resulted in the extinction of the Gokomatsu line and the succession of the Fushiminomiya family to the Imperial throne (Emperor Gohanazono).

だが、『増鏡』によれば他に『弥世継』（いやよつぎ）と言われる「鏡物」（世継とは『大鏡』の別称）が存在していた事が明記されており、『今鏡』以後『増鏡』以前の歴史を扱ったと見られている。
However, 'Masukagami' cites another 'kagami-mono' book called 'Iya-yotsugi' ('yotsugi' is another name for 'Okagami'), and it is believed that this book covers the history between that of 'Imakagami' and that of 'Masukagami.'

徳川家康が征夷大将軍に任ぜられたのは1603年だが、美術史上の区分では、大坂の役で豊臣氏が滅亡し、江戸幕府の支配体制が確立した1615年を桃山時代と江戸時代の区切りとすることが多い。
Though it was in A.D. 1603 when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was appointed seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues the barbarians), the boundary between the Momoyama period and the Edo period is commonly thought to have been in A.D. 1615, when the Toyotomi clan fell in Osaka no Eki (The Siege of Osaka) and the ruling system of the Edo bakufu was established.

こうした贋作は文体や語彙の齟齬から比較的容易に見抜かれてしまうものだが、中には『ガルガンチュワとパンタグリュエル』の「第五之書」のように、現在でもなお完全な決着をみていない例もある。
While these forged writings can be detected relatively easy based on their literary style and inconsistency in vocabulary, 'the fifth book' of 'Gargantua and Pndagruel ' is an example where it is hard to draw a conclusion whether it is a fake or an original even to this day.

だが、後に厭魅蠱毒事件の続発によって呪禁そのものが危険視されたこと、同様に道教の呪術を取り入れた陰陽道の台頭によって8世紀末頃には事実上廃止され、9世紀には呪禁師の制度自体が消滅した。
But with the later occurrence of the Enmi kotoku jiken (an incident in which a witch doctor committed murder), jugon itself began to be seen as dangerous, and furthermore the practice of jugon was abandoned by the end of the eighth century due to the rise of onmyodo (the yin-yang arts of magic and divination), which also derived from Daoist incantations; by the dawn of the ninth century, even the institution of jugonshi had disappeared.

だが、これによって衆議院を敵に回した山縣の政権運営は次第に困難になり、北清事変後に憲政党が解党して伊藤博文らと立憲政友会を結成すると、政友会潰しを策して伊藤博文を後継に推して辞任した。
But this gradually made YAMAGATA's government control difficult by making enemy of the House of Representatives, and after dissolution of the Constitutional Party and formation of Rikken seiyukai with ITO etc. after the Boxer Rebellion, he recommended ITO as his successor and resigned to aimed for dissolution of the Seiyu Party.

だが、マリア・ルース号事件や台湾出兵の影響で批准の必要性が高まり、一連の事件の始末のために清を訪れた外務卿副島種臣によって1873年（明治6年）4月30日に批准書交換がされて発効した。
But, the María Luz Incident or the Taiwan expedition increased the necessity of the ratification, so Taneomi SOEJIMA, a Chief of Foreign Ministry who had visited Qing to deal with the sequential issues exchanged the instruments of ratification which came into effect on April 30, 1873.

陸奥国の国分氏は南北朝時代 (日本)から戦国時代 (日本)末まで宮城郡南部を領したことが確かだが、系図によれば鎌倉時代に国分氏の祖国分胤通が同郡の国分荘を領したのがはじまりだとされる。
It is certain that the Kokubun family of Mutsu Province reigned over the southern area of Miyagi County from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Sengoku period (Japan) and, according to the genealogical table of the family, their reign over the Mutsu Province is said to have started when their ancestor Tanemichi governed the Kokubun-sho estate of the region in the Kamakura period.

日本文学における第一級の資料である事は勿論だが、方言による歌もいくつか収録されており、さらにその中には詠み人の出身地も記録されていることから、言語学の資料としても非常に重要な資料である。
The Manyoshu is unquestionably an outstanding source within Japanese literature, and as it contains poems written in dialects from the places the composers were from it is also a very important source within linguistics.

美濃国の斎藤龍興との戦いのなかで、墨俣一夜城建設に功績を上げた話が有名だが、『武功夜話』などを典拠とするこのエピソードは当時の史料に関係する記述がなく江戸時代の創作であるとする説が強い。
There is a famous episode that he achieved to construct Sunomata Castle in one night in the middle of the battle with Tatsuoki SAITO of Mino province; this episode was described in 'Buko-yawa' and others, but there is no description of historical data in the document, so it is considered to be a fiction in Edo Period.

だが、天正4年（1576年）に押小路烏丸殿を気に入った信長は二条晴良に迫って退去させ、村井貞勝による修繕工事の後に天正7年（1579年）儲君誠仁親王の御所として提供してしまったのである。
However, Nobunaga, who was pleased with the Oshikoji Karasumadono residence, forced Haruyoshi NIJO to move out, and used it as a palace of Crown Prince Sanehito in 1579 following repair work by Sadakatsu MURAI.

最初の前方後円墳は3世紀前葉～中葉に出現しているのでヤマト王権の成立をこの時期に求める説が有力だが、この時期はまだヤマト王権に先立つ王権の段階（プレ・ヤマト王権）だったとする見解もある。
As the first keyhole-shaped mounds appeared between the beginning and middle of the third century, the most widely believed theory claims that the Yamato Kingdom was established around this time; however, there is also a theory that this was a different kingdom (the pre-Yamato Kingdom) and that the Yamato Kingdom emerged after this.

だが、後に厭魅蠱毒事件の続発によって呪禁そのものが危険視されたこと、同様に道教の呪術を取り入れた陰陽道の台頭によって8世紀末頃には事実上廃止され、9世紀には呪禁博士の制度自体が消滅した。
But with the later occurrence of the Enmi kotoku jiken (an incident in which a witch doctor committed murder), jugon itself began to be seen as dangerous, and furthermore the practice of jugon was abandoned by the end of the eighth century due to the rise of onmyodo (the yin-yang arts of magic and divination), which also derived from Daoist incantations; by the dawn of the ninth century, even the institution of the jugon hakase had disappeared.

だが、この見解も日本の律令制社会をヨーロッパ的な発展史観に当て嵌め、欧米列強がかつて行った植民地支配の実態と重ね合わせているだけで、本末転倒な見方とする意見が現在では多くなってきている。
Recently, the most popular current theory is that the above-mentioned view emphasizes the wrong points because it adapts Japanese society based on the Ritsuryo system to the historical view of European development, merely to match that Japanese society with the realities of the Western powers' colonial rule.

徳川家康らによって、長盛に書状を書かせるまで城を守り通した後に、無事に開城もすませ、その忠義と力量に仕官の誘いが相次いだが、同郷でもあった藤堂高虎に2万石の破格の待遇で仕えることとなる。
His effort of protecting the castle compelled Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and others to write to Nagamori to surrender and he finally surrendered the castle to the enemy without incident, and as a result there were many offers to retain him because of his loyalty and competency however he decided to serve under Takatora TODO who was from the same village for an extraordinary pay of 20,000 koku.

初期の軍団の配置は不明だが、その当時陸奥国の国府が名取郡の郡山遺跡に所在したと推定されること、後述する2軍団時代に名取団が残された事からも、名取団が古くから置かれたと見るのが自然であろう。
Although the deployment of initial Gundan is unknown, it is natural to consider that Natori-dan was deployed from old times because Kokufu (ancient provincial office/capital) of Mutsu Province was located at Koriyama Ruins in Natori County at that time, and Natori-dan remained in the era of two Gundan stated below.

その後の彼女の人生の詳細は不明だが、家集など断片的な資料から、一旦再婚相手・藤原棟世の任国摂津に下ったと思われ、『異本清少納言集』には内裏の使いとして蔵人信隆が摂津に来たという記録がある。
The details of her subsequent life are unknown, but according to fragmentary materials (such as collections of poetry) she seems to have married FUJIWARA no Muneyo and gone to his place of assignment at Settsu Province, and there is a record in the book of 'Ihon Sei Shonagon Shu' that Nobutsune, Kurodo (staff of Kurodo Dokoro), visited Settsu as a messenger of the Dairi (Imperial Palace).

会社自体は大手の中では後発だが、戦前の日活の製作機構を主に引き継いでいる（発足時に合併で得た新興＝帝キネの製作部門は戦後に分離し東映の母体となる）ため伝統ある老舗として語られることが多い。
Although a late starter among the leading motion picture companies in Japan, Daiei was regarded a respected, longstanding company because it mainly inherited Nikkatsu Corporation's prewar film-making organization including the production division of Shinko Cinema (formerly known as the Teikoku Cinema) which was merged at the time of establishment and was split in the postwar period to become a parent organization of Toei Company, Ltd.

だが、1928年に茶話会が無所属派と組んで同和会を結成し、同年に公正会も幸倶楽部内にあった事務所を引き払うと、自然消滅することとなり、交友倶楽部なども参加した昭和倶楽部がその役割を継承した。
However, when the Tea Party group formed Dowa-kai group with maverick in 1928 and Kosei-kai group pulled up its office from the Saiwai-club building in the same year, Saiwai-club went into liquidation and Showa-club group, which Koyu-club group joined, succeeded the role.

だが、得宗の権力が訴訟制度にも及ぶようになると、得宗の信任した引付の（原）判決に異議を唱えることを抑圧する動きが現れ、越訴方が一時廃止されたり、御内人が越訴方に登用されるなどの変化があった。
However, when the authority of the Tokuso (patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan) was extended over the litigation system, changes such as the following occurred: objections to judgments delivered by hikitsuke whom the Tokuso trusted tended to be suppressed, the ossokata was temporarily abolished, and Miuchibito (private vassals of the Tokuso) were posted in the ossokata.

同時に仏教系の大学に通い始めるのだが、そこで足に内反足の障害をもち松葉杖をつきながら移動する、いつも教室の片隅でひっそりとたたずんでいる級友柏木と、美しい心を持っていると信じた鶴川に出会う。
At the same time, he began to study at a college mainly for Buddhist trainees, and there, he met Kashiwagi, a classmate who walked on crutches due to his club foot and always lingered in the corner of the classroom, as well as Tsurukawa, who he believed had a heart of gold.

岐阜県高山市丹生川町（旧・大野郡丹生川村）の千光寺の本堂にある像は確かに頭の前後に顔が付いている武将像だが、同じ寺にある円空作のそれは笑いの顔の肩の上に怒りの顔が並んでいるという状態である。
The busho (Japanese military commander) statue in the main hall of Senko-ji Temple in Nyukawa-cho, Takayama City, Gifu Prefecture (former Nyukawa-mura, Ono County) has faces on the front and back of the head while another statue with a smiling face by Enku in the same temple has an angry face on its shoulder.

また、この天逆鉾、古来から誰も詳しく調べるなどとしようとした者は（多分、恐れ多くて）いなかったのだが、幕末の志士坂本龍馬が高千穂峰を訪れた際、大胆にも引き抜いて見せたというエピソードがある。
Although no one had attempted to closely study this Amanosakahoko (perhaps because of a sense of awe) since the ancient times, there is an anecdote that Ryoma SAKAMOTO, one of the patriots in the closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate, was bold enough to pull it out when he visited Mt. Takachiho-no-mine.

その中核は、川上三太郎の「川柳研究」、村田周魚の「川柳きやり」、前田雀郎の「せんりう」、岸本水府の「番傘」、麻生路郎の「川柳雑誌」そしてやや小ぶりだが、椙元紋太の「ふあうすと」の6社である。
The central figures were the following six societies: Santaro KAWAKAMI's 'Senryu kenkyu' (Study of Senryu), Shugyo MURATA's 'Senryu kiyari', Jakuro MAEDA's 'Senryu', Suifu KISHIMOTO's 'Bangasa' (coarse oilpaper umbrellas), Jiro ASO's 'Senryu zasshi' (Senryu Magazine) and Monta SUGIMOTO's 'Fuausuto', although the last one was a little smaller in scale.

だが、その一方で坂上氏・中原氏による家学化が進んで明法博士の世襲が行われるようになり、中には後世の学者から見ても法解釈の誤りが明らかである拙劣な勘文を残す明法博士が現れるなどの問題もあった。
On the other hand, there were problems caused by hereditary transfers of doctors of Myoho developed by Sakanoue and Nakahara clans, by which some doctors of Myoho made bad Kanmon response papers with apparently wrong interpretations of law, which future scholars could find.

だが、応仁の乱以後には将軍の臨席は減少し、11代将軍足利義澄の頃には将軍主宰とされながら実際には将軍が臨席する事は無く、側近である内談衆が決定事項を将軍に取り次いで裁可を得る仕組みとなった。
After the Onin War, the shogun's presence at gozen-sata became less, and in the tenure of the eleventh shogun Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA, the shogun namely chaired, but did not attend gozen-sata, which resulted in a procedure whereby naidan shu (judges), shogun's entourages, brought the decisions to the shogun for the approval.

だが、反仲麻呂派の貴族の大勢はあくまでも仲麻呂の政界からの排除のために上皇に協力しただけであり、一度は出家して尼になった筈の孝謙上皇の復位やましてや道鏡の政界進出に賛同したわけではなかった。
However, most of the anti-Nakamaro faction of the court nobles cooperated with the Retired Empress just to remove Nakamaro from the political world; they did not mean that they approve of the Empress Koken, who had once entered into priesthood, return to the throne; much less the advancement of Dokyo to the political world.

だが、島津氏中では、義昭擁護論と討伐論に割れていたらしく、万里小路時房の『建内記』には伝聞記事として、島津氏の庶流の人物より幕府に対して忠国が義昭を匿っているとする密告があったと記述している。
Among the Shimazu clan, however, it seems that opinions were divided to those who try to protect Gisho and those trying to put him down, and there is an entry in the 'Kennai ki' (a name of private historical record) of Tokifusa MADENOKOJI as a hearsay that there was a betrayal by a member of branch family of Shimazu clan that Tadakuni sheltered Gisho.

だが、自由民権運動の弾圧、松方財政による深刻なデフレーションの状況下でのこの欧化の動きは国内的には「貴族主義的」あるいは「上からの欧化」と見られてやがて左右の反政府派の攻撃の格好の標的となった。
At the same time, this movement of Europeanization later made a fat target for attacks by right and left wings of an antigovernment party as it was domestically considered as 'aristocratic-ism' or 'Europeanization from above,' under the oppression of Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right) and under the circumstance of the serious deflation caused by the Matsukata Finance.

だが、国防方針の最終決定から首相を排除したことは、逆に政府から国防方針の実行を迫る保証が取れなくなってしまう事を意味し、実際に2個師団増設問題を財政問題を理由に拒絶されるなどの問題点も浮上した。
To exclude the prime minister from the final decisions on the policy for national defense meant that the implementation of the policy could not be guaranteed by the government and, in fact, adding two more divisions was rejected due to the financial problem.

だが、20世紀初頭の明治期に至って、正岡子規をはじめとする、松瀬青々、河東碧梧桐、内藤鳴雪、高浜虚子、たちは新聞『日本』に拠って、新派ホトトギス (雑誌)なる結社をおこし、正風打倒を目標とした。
However, in the Meiji period in the beginning of twentieth century, led by Shiki MASAOKA, Seisei MATSUSE, Hekigoto KAWAHIGASHI, Meisetsu NAITO, and Kyoshi TAKAHAMA organized an association, New Hototogisu (name of magazine) based on 'Japan' (a newspaper) and targeted to overthrow Shofu.

だが、閣内少数派であったとは言え、政友会党員が閣僚の殆どを占めながら終始混乱で終わった第4次伊藤内閣と比較すれば、官界や貴族院にも支持勢力を形成出来た事など、政友会にとっては大きな成果も伴った。
The Seiyu party in that cabinet achieved great results, compared with the fourth Ito's cabinet, most of which were the members of the Seiyu party and did nothing except giving chaos; in other words, the party in the first Saionji's cabinet established support in the bureaucracy and the House of Peers.

1936年についに帰国し、歌舞伎座で『蝶々夫人』の上演に取り組んだが、やがて第二次世界大戦の勃発により音楽活動を禁じられると、山中湖に母親を連れて移住し、その地で戦火を逃れて静かな余生を送った。
In 1936, she came back to Japan at last, and she was engaged in performing 'Madama Butterfly' at Kabuki-za Theater, but after the musical activities were banned because World War II broke out soon, she moved with her mother to the neighborhood of Lake Yamanaka, where she spent the rest of her life calmly away from the fires of war.

没年は不明だが、同じ文直（書直）の書智徳が天武天皇10年（681年）12月10日に連の姓を与えられており、このとき他の文直も連に改まったと考えられるので、「文直成覚」の死はそれ以前と推測できる。
While the year of his death is unknown, 'Fumi no Atai Jokaku' probably died before January 26, 682 when FUMI no Atai Chitoko and presumably others with the same title were given a new kabane (hereditary title) Muraji (seventh highest of the eight hereditary titles).

蜷川府政の下、山間部や日本海側の開発は急激に進んだのだが、都心部では住民の開発反対運動の意向を蜷川が気にしたため（蜷川の支持母体は都市部の住民団体が多かった）、あまり手をつける事ができなかった。
Under the Ninagawa administration, mountainous regions and the Japan Sea side area were developed drastically; in contrast, the inner city area was mostly left untouched due to Ninagawa's intention to respect sentiment among urban residents who drove campaigns against development (Ninagawa's power base included many residents' groups in the urban districts).

だが、翌年黒田が行った「超然主義演説」や山縣有朋らの反対、条約改正を巡る井上自身と黒田との対立もあって運動は低調となり、1889年夏には事実上計画は中止され、『自治新報』も1890年に廃刊された。
However, the movement cooled down due to 'the doctrine of superiority' of Kuroda, the opposition of Aritomo YAMAGATA, as well as the conflict between Inoue and Kuroda regarding the treaty revision, and the plan was abolished in the summer of 1889 while 'Jichisei Shinpo' discontinued publication in 1890.

だが、近衛基通との確執が表面化すると次第に基通を支援する平家との衝突を招き、1179年11月に平清盛のクーデター（治承三年の政変）が起こると師長は清盛によって解官された上、尾張国に流罪に処された。
However, when it came to surface that there was a strife between Motomichi KONOE and him, it created a clash with the Taira family who supported KONOE, and Moronaga was dismissed from his court office during the coop d'etat triggered by TAIRA no Kiyomori (Jishosannen no seihen (coop of Jishosannen)) in November 1179 and was exiled to the Owari no kuni (Owari Province).

記録がないために戦闘の終了時期は不明だが、9月には藤原小黒麻呂が征東大使となり、翌天応 (日本)元年（781年）には「征伐事畢入朝」と『続日本紀』に見えることから乱は終結に向かったと推察されている。
The time the battle ended is unknown since no records exist, however, considering the description of 'Shoku Nihongi,' as FUJIWARA no Oguromaro became the Seito Taishi in October and 'the subjugation was done' in 781, the following year, it is estimated that the war was subdued then.

だが、戦国時代 (日本)に入ると禁裏御料であった各地の荘園が地元の戦国大名や国人領主に侵奪され、収入の滞った皇室では後土御門天皇の葬儀が1ヶ月以上も開けずに遺体が放置されるなどの深刻な状況となった。
However, in the Sengoku period (the period of Warring States), shoen, which were still Imperial property, were confiscated by local warlords and kokujin ryoshu (local samurai), which left the Imperial family without income, rendering them so impoverished that they couldn't hold a funeral for Emperor Gotsuchimikado for over a month after his death.

だが、1990年代に遠山美都男が改めて倭姫即位説を、2000年代に入って倉本一宏が倭姫の即位を予定した段階での乱勃発を説くなど、中継ぎ女帝論を背景にした倭姫即位・称制説が盛り返し、決着はついていない。
Mitsuo TOYAMA advocated the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement theory again in the 1990's and Kazuhiro KURAMOTO asserted a theory in the 2000's that the Jinshin War broke out when the enthronement of Yamatohime no Okimi was planned, resulting in revival of the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement and Shosei theories with the background of a relay successor empress theory, and the issue was still unsettled.

これは農民の要求を受け入れたものだが、この措置のおかげで選挙権を失うものが続出、誰も立候補できずに村長が選べない村も出るという弊害も生まれた（当時は一定額の直接税を納めないと選挙権が得られなかった）。
This measure was taken due to the peasants' demands, however it brought bad effects that many residents lost the right to vote, and that some villages could not have the next chiefs since nobody could not run for chief in fact (in those days it was necessary to have paid a certain amount of direct taxes to have the right to vote).

だが、岩倉による代案が地租の米納復帰と言う江戸時代の年貢への復帰という提案であっために、黒田清隆ら一部の支持を得たのみでこれも否決され、最終的に大隈と伊藤が代案を作成するという結論に落ち着いたのである。
But Iwakura's alternative plan too was rejected, which gained only a little support from Kiyotaka KURODA and a few others because it suggested to pay land tax by rice which means a return to nengu (annual tribute, land tax) system of Edo Period, so Okuma and Ito ended up drawing another alternative plan.

なお、やはり伊藤の建議により、アメリカのナショナルバンク制が導入されることになり、翌年制定の国立銀行条例により設立された「国立銀行 (明治)」（名前は国立だが民営である）が紙幣の発行を担うことになった。
In addition, the national bank system of the United States was introduced by ITO's proposal, and 'National Bank (Meiji)' (despite the name, it was a private bank), established by the regulation of national bank enacted in 1872 had a role to issue paper money.

だが、明治になってから逆に国粋主義の立場から儒教や仏教、異端視された伊勢神道の影響を受けすぎているという理由で“重訂”という名の改竄（親房思想の否定）を行う動きも起こったが、これは定着には至らなかった。
Beginning in the Meiji period, however, when looked at from an ultranationalist point of view, Chikafusa's book was denounced as far too heavily influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism, and the Ise sect of Shinto--which were all considered heretical--and for that reason, efforts were made to alter the text (to criticize Chikafusa's opinions) under the name of 'the re-revision,' but such efforts never really took root.

このように明朝に於いて確立した朱子学の権威は、明朝統治下のほぼ全域に亘り巨大な力を持つにいたったのだが、明朝政権下の中でも最も商業の発達していた江南には、明初期以来、朱子学と微妙な距離を置く人々がいた。
Under the Ming Dynasty, in which it was first established, Shushigaku's influence became very strong in most regions, although in Jian Nang, the dynasty's most commercialized area, some people had kept a slight distance between themselves and Shushigaku since the early Ming period.

だが、管理の厳格化と小判師の分散化を防止するために元禄11年（1698年）に邸外の鋳造施設を廃止して金座役宅（後藤宗家邸）の敷地内に鋳造施設を設置して、以後江戸での金貨鋳造はここでのみ行うことになった。
However, in order to prevent tightening of control and decentralization of koban-shi, in 1698 casting facilities outside the residence were abolished and casting facilities were located on the grounds of the official residence of kin-za (the residence of the head family of the Goto family) only where casting of gold coins was performed thereafter.

だが、当時の日本政治の中央である京都を支配下に置き、室町幕府将軍を傀儡として幕政を掌握し、朝廷も庇護下に置いていたことなどが、同時代における他の戦国大名の地方政権とは大きく異なる中央政権であったといえる。
However, the facts that the Miyoshi's government governed Kyoto, which was then the center of Japanese politics in Japan, that it controlled the shogunate government by making the shogun of Muromachi Bakufu as puppet, and that it had the Imperial Court under their protection, differentiate it as a central government from other local government of daimyo in the same period.

だが、単なる区画整理事業に過ぎず、数ヶ月から数年で可能な条坊の建設に何故300年も要したのか、300年にも亘って計画を維持する事が可能か、実施した者の正体は何か、目的は何か、などの疑問や矛盾が発生する。
However, it was the only works for land zoning, and some questionable and inconsistent points arose as to why it took 300 years for construction that could be completed within a few months to a few years, how the plan was maintained and implemented for the period of 300 years, what the purposes of the construction was, and who took charge of the work.

荘園においては国衙や領家に対して提出する文書を作成する者を「公文」と呼んだが、後には文書を担当する者以外に対しても広く使われるようになり、荘園の下級荘官の役職として「公文」の呼称が用いられるようになった。
In shoen, persons who made a text to submit to kokuga and ryoke (virtual proprietor of manor) had been called 'kumon,' but this name later began to be also used for persons other than those in charge of writing and 'kumon' became a post name of low-ranking shokan (an officer governing shoen) of shoen.

だが、後に門人の増加に対応するために、幅が広く仕切りなどや畳などを用いて部屋の代わりとしても用いられていた廊下に移して授業を行うようになっていたらしく、後に菅家廊下と呼ばれるようになって流布されたという。
Later, to cope with the increased number of disciples, the lecture room might have been changed from the Sanin-tei to the hallway -- the width of which was wide enough to be substituted for compartments by using partitions and tatami mats and so forth -- and the lecture might have been called the Kanke Roka and became widely known.

だが佐野氏の通し字は「綱」であるが源左衛門の諱にはその字が入っていないこと、本姓が藤原氏にもかかわらず通称に源の字が入っていること、佐野氏の本領は上野国ではなく下野国であることなどから伝説の人物とされる。
He is considered legendary due to the reasons that the Chinese character 'Tuna,' the common character used in the Sano family's real name, was not included in Genzaemon's real name, the Chinese character 'Gen' was included in his name despite his main family name of Fujiwara and his home town was Shimotsuke Province, not Kozuke Province.

一方、九州説で用いられる「放射説」（放射読み）は、伊都国までは連続読みと同じだが、その先は伊都国から奴国、伊都国から不弥国、伊都国から投馬国、伊都国から邪馬台国というふうに、伊都国を起点にする読み方である。
On the other hand, although 'the radial journey theory' (reading the journey radially), which is used in the Kyushu theory, takes the same route as the contiguous reading until the state of Ito, after that it takes Ito as the starting point, such as Ito to Na, Ito to Fumi, Ito to Toma, and Ito to Yamatai.

挙兵当時から右筆として居たのは藤原邦通だが、1184年頃から藤原俊兼、二階堂行政、大江広元、三善康信らの京史、つまり朝廷に仕えていた中・下級実務官僚が鎌倉に下り、後に政所となる公文所や問注所の担い手となる。
FUJIWARA no Kunimichi was a senior officer of writing when the army was raised, but after around 1184, the middle and lower class officials serving the Imperial court such as FUJIWARA no Toshikane, Yukimasa NIKAIDO, OE no Hiromoto, and Yasunobu MIYOSHI went down to Kamakura to be in charge of Monchujo and Kumonjo, the Office of Administration which later became Mandokoro.

だが、元の日本侵略の要因として経済的な利権を求めたことが挙げられるように、元側に日本との経済的関係を望む意向が強く、反対に日本側も日宋貿易によって確立された中国大陸との経済的関係の維持を望む意向が強かった。
However, one of the reasons why Yuan Dynasty wanted to invade Japan was to gain the economic advantage; therefore, Yuan Dynasty was eager to establish the economic ties with Japan and Japan also had a strong desire to maintain the economic ties with the Chinese continent established by the trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty in China.

だが、徳川光圀が「大日本史」で親房の主張を高く評価し、また親房からすれば、本来否定されるべき存在である筈の江戸幕府の中にも泰時の例などを引用して「武家による徳治政治」の正当性を導く意見が現れるようになった。
Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA, however, rated Chikafusa's opinions very highly in his 'Dainihonshi' (History of Greater Japan), and argued in places for the view that even from Chikafusa's perspective, who would likely have criticized the fundamental existence of the Edo bakufu, it was nevertheless possible to achieve a 'virtuous governmental administration under the warrior class,' citing contemporary examples of Yasutoki-like figures within the bakufu.

だが、一定の年齢に達すれば上の階層に上がる事ができる制度などもあり、穢れなどを理由に武士、百姓、町人などと隔絶した一種の身分外身分と言える扱いを受けた江戸時代の被差別民の身分ほど固定されたものではなかった。
However there was a system in place which allowed them to rise to a higher status once they reached a certain age; therefore, their status was not as tightly fixed as those who were discriminated in the Edo period who were treated as a kind of outcast segregated from samurai, farmers, and townsmen for their filth.

だが、次第に「祖法」化してしまい、田畑永代売買禁止令のように御定書制定の翌年には実質上廃止された法令が、御定書に載せられているがために有効な法律とされて明治4年（1871年）まで存続するなどの弊害もあった。
But it gradually became progenitor law and produced negative effects like denpataietaibaibaikinshirei (a ban on buying and selling fields [of rice and other crops]), which was abolished in effect the year after the enactment of Kujigata-osadamegaki but remained in force until 1871 since it was described in Kujigata-osadamegaki.

あるとき読書をしていると「至於樹欲靜而風不止。子欲養而親不待。」（木は静かにしようとしたが風はやまなかった。子は育ててほしいと望んだが親はいなかった。）の句に出会い、実母に孝行できなかった後悔から落涙した。
When he was reading a book sometime, he came across the phrase that says, 'As a tree cannot stop a wind though it wants to live in a calm weather, so parents do not wait their child to grow up and take care of themselves,' and he shed tears from regret at his inability to take care of his mother.

だが、一般の人々には正貨と贋貨の区別をつける方法が無く（そもそも簡単に区別がつけられるのであれば、外国人に対する検勘は必要がないことになる）、かつ贋貨の方が大量に出回っているために全く意味が無かったのである。
However, there was no method for regular people to make a distinction between a specie and counterfeit money (if there was a way to make this distinction, there would have been no reason to go through an authenticity test for foreigners in the first place), and besides, large amounts of counterfeit money were circulating so it was pointless.

だが、前述の外国人に対する等価引換が34万両、太政官布告による引換が判明分だけで157万両であり、現在判明している政府発行の悪質な金貨（事実上の贋貨）が381万両であるから、それよりも遥かに少ないことになる。
However, the amount by the exchange in equal value for foreigners was 340 thousand ryo as mentioned above, and the amount by the exchange following the edict of Daijokan, which had become clear was 1.57 million ryo, while the amount of the bad quality gold coins (actually counterfeit coins) issued by the government, which is recognized today is 3.81 million ryo, so the former ones are much smaller than the latter.

だが、朝倉氏との戦いは九頭竜川の戦いで敗れて逆に朝倉氏によって吉崎御坊は破壊された上に本願寺門徒への禁宗令が出され、蓮如以前からある数少ない末寺である超勝寺・本覚寺 (小松市)などは信者を連れて加賀に逃れた。
However, Jitsunyo lost against the Asakura clan in the Battle of Kuzuryugawa, and the Asakura clan destroyed Yoshizaki Gobo in return and prohibited believing in the Ikko sect, so some of the few branch temples that had existed before Rennyo such as Chosho-ji Temple, Hongaku-ji Temple (in Komatsu City) escaped to Kaga with their followers.

山城の特徴として、居住に便利なように山麓に居館を設け、山上付近に戦闘、防備施設があるのが一般的だが、観音寺城は山麓全体に分譲地、もしくは団地のような居住性の高い曲輪が配されている点が他の山城とは大きく異なる。
Unlike the usual characteristics of Japanese mountain castles, in which they had residences at the foot of mountains for their convenience and had facilities for combat and defense on mountaintops, the Kannonji-jo Castle had Kuruwa, which were like areas for residential complexes, comfortable to live in, throughout the entire area of the foot of the mountain, which is the biggest difference between other mountain castles in Japan.

元来は、オスマン帝国が恩恵的にフランス、オランダ、イギリスに対して与えていたカピチュレーションの制度において、治外法権その他を認めていたものだが、産業革命以後は西欧経済圏への従属を企図したものに変質していった。
Originally, an unequal treaty was to approve extraterritoriality and other conditions in the capitulation system which was beneficially given to France, the Netherland and the United Kingdom by the Ottoman Empire, but such treaties gradually transformed into ones aiming for subordination to the Western European economic zone after the Industrial Revolution.

前年娍子の皇后冊立を巡ってぎくしゃくしていた道長と三条天皇の間は、妍子に皇子が誕生することで関係修復を期待されていたのだが、それも無に帰してしまい、道長はこの内親王誕生に大層不機嫌であったという。（『小右記』）
There was a hope that the birth of an imperial prince by Kenshi would recover the awkward relationship between Michinaga and Emperor Sanjo over the promotion of Seishi to Empress the previous year, but it turned into nothing and Michinaga's mood turned foul over the birth of this imperial princess ('Shoyuki' (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke)).

このことから王権の基盤がヤマトから河内国へ移動したとする説、王権の基盤はヤマトだが海外通交の窓口となる河内を開発したとする説、それまでの王統が断絶して新王統が成立したとする説（王朝交替説）、などが提出されている。
Theories to explain this include the Kingdom's base moving from Yamato to the Kawachi Plain; the base remaining in Yamato, but the Kawachi Plain being developed as a port to trade with foreign countries; or the original royal line ending and a new one being established (the Dynastic Change Theory).

だが、奏進された新暦に対して、算博士や宿曜師などが異議を申し立てて、暦博士と改暦論争が始まる場合があり、場合によっては年が明けてから改暦（この場合はその年の暦の修正・変更のこと）が行われることも珍しくはなかった。
But sometimes San hakase and Sukuyoshi protested a new calendar presented to the emperor and engaged in a dispute over amending the calendar and it was not uncommon to see the calendar amended (the new year calendar modified or changed) after the New Year Day.

だが、その後、同党からの入閣の約束を一方的に反故にして、文官任用令改正を行い、続いて文官分限令・文官懲戒令・治安警察法の制定、軍部大臣現役武官制の導入などで、政党を政府から排して超然主義による国家運営を目指した。
However after that, he unilaterally broke the promise to take the members of this party into the Cabinet and implemented revision of the Civil Service Appointment Ordinance followed by enactment of the ordinance on the status of civil servant, the ordinance on reprimand of civil servant and the Security Police Law, as well as introduction of Military ministers to be officers on active-duty rule to eliminate political parties from the government and aim for running the country by the doctrine of superiority.

また軍を解散させると職を失った大量の兵士達が社会不安の要因となってしまうというものだが、征服した現地兵を次の戦争に投入することは元ではよく行われており、日本との戦いのときのみことさら強調すべきこととは考えにくい。
It is also said that dissolving the army would cause social anxiety by producing numerous unemployed soldiers, but the Yuan Dynasty often sent local conquered soldiers to the next war and it could not be particularly emphasized only in the case of war with Japan.

だが、義昭政権の後ろ盾であった信長軍は三好氏が単体で退けるには強固であった点に加え、その後も没落していった三好氏との結びつきが余りにも強すぎた点を懸念されてか、平島公方は、その存在価値を次第に失っていったのである。
However, Hirashima Kubo gradually lost the meaning of existence because not only was Nobunaga and his army, which was the supporter of the government led by Shogun Yoshiaki, too strong for the Miyoshi clan to stand down by themselves, but also there was the fear of the close-knit relationship between Hirashima Kubo and the Miyoshi clan, who went to rack after that.

だが、二条良実邸は後に内裏として用いられる二条富小路殿であったことが、『平戸記』寛元2年4月20日条に記された良実の冷泉殿から二条富小路殿への移転記事（「今夜殿下（二条良実）御渡二条富小路御所」）から確認可能である。
However, the residence of Yoshizane NIJO was in fact Nijo Tomikojidono residence, which later served as the dairi (Imperial Palace), as is written in the June 4, 1244 entry of 'Heikoki' (Diary of TAIRA no Tsunetaka) ('Tonight the lord (Yoshizane NIJO) moved to Nijo Tomikoji residence').

また、農本主義的に思われている家康だが、実際には織田信長、豊臣秀吉と同時代の人間であり、また信長の徹底的な規制緩和による経済振興策をその目で見てきていることからも、成長重視の経済振興派であった可能性が指摘されている。
Even though Ieyasu was believed to be an agricultural fundamentalist, it is pointed that Ieyasu was, in effect, likely to pursue the growth-oriented economic promotion because he actually lived in the same period as Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and witnessed Nobunaga's economic promotion policy by thorough deregulation.

だが、江戸時代に入ると、主君である征夷大将軍あるいは大名への土地支配権力の集中や藩中央と家臣の年貢米売却の競合による米価下落に伴う換金収入減少など財政上の都合から、地方知行を止めて蔵米知行に切り替える場合が増加した。
During the early Edo period, however, more and more lords gave up Jigatachigyo in favor of Kuramaichigyo; this was due to land ruling power being concentrated in the hands of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and the Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'); it was also due to financial reasons, such as a decrease in income as a consequence of rice falling in price caused by competition between domains and vassals in annual rice tax sales.

その八代国治の研究は明治から大正の初期にかけてのものだが、戦後1955年の佐藤進一・池内義資編の『中世法制史料集』の態度は、八代国治いうところの「上述の誤謬を糾し、粗漏を除き」という作業が如何に難しいかを物語っている。
Kuniji YASHIRO's study was being conducted from Meiji to the early Taisho periods, and 'A Collection of Historical Materials on the Medieval Legal System' edited by Shinichi SATO and Yoshisuke IKEUCHI after WWII in 1955 describes 'how difficult it was to criticize the errors mentioned above and eliminate inadvertence,' according to Kuniji YASHIRO.

信玄が父親を追放したり、謀略を駆使して敵を貶めたりするのは謙信に言わせるところの道徳観に反しており（もっとも、戦国という時代を考えれば、信玄の行いは別にあってもおかしくないものだが）、謙信は信玄の行いに激怒したという。
It is said that Shingen expelled his father and misled his enemies by using tricks (not that Shingen's actions were especially strange considering it was the Sengoku period (warlike period)), but Kenshin was furious as it was contrary to his morals.

だが、当時の皇族・公卿の中に道長の娘婿に相応しい未婚の適齢者がいなかったのは事実であり、また道長にとって師房は「義理の孫」にあたり、これを可愛がっていたことから道長にとっては身内に嫁がせるのと全く同じであったのである。
However, it was true that there were no Imperial family members or Kugyo who were single and also suitable for being a husband of Michinaga's daughter, and also, Morofusa was a 'grandson in law' of Michinaga and Michinaga was fond of him; therefore, to Michinaga, marrying his daughter off to Morofusa meant marrying her off to someone within his own family.

諸藩の鋳造額は不明だが、公式に届け出たものでは芸州藩は約19.6万両、久留米藩は約3万両、土佐藩は約5.1万両、薩摩藩は公式には明かさなかったものの、吉井友実が藩の会計係に問い詰めた上での推計は約150万両とされている。
The amount coined for many domains are unknown, but the amount reported officially is: for the Geishu Domain, around 196 thousand ryo, for the Kurume Domain, around 30 thousand ryo, for the Tosa Domain, around 51 thousand ryo, and the Satsuma Domain did not officially disclose the amount, but the estimated amount after Tomozane YOSHII pressed the domain's accountant was around 1.5 million ryo.

香山は上司と相談する為に4日の猶予をくれるように頼んだが、ペリーは3日なら待とうと答え、さらに親書を受け取れるような高い身分の役人を派遣しなければ、江戸湾を北上して、兵を率いて上陸し、将軍に直接手渡しすると脅しをかけた。
When KAYAMA asked Perry to give him 4 days to talk with his superiors, Perry answered that he would wait three days, and further threatened that if the Shogunate did not dispatch a high ranking officer to whom he could hand the letter, he and his men would sail to the north of Edo Bay and hand the letter directly to the Shogun.

顕光は式次第を書き付けた草紙（ノート）を持って儀式に臨んだが、結果は儀式進行の手違いや失態が多く、またも公卿たちの嘲笑を買うことになり、実資は『小右記』に「（失態を）いちいち書いていては筆がすり切れる」と書き残している。
Akimitsu brought detailed notes for the ceremony; however, there were many mistakes and blunders during the ceremony, causing more mockery from the public, for which Sanesuke wrote in his 'Shoyuki' that 'writing out all of his blunders will ruin the brush.'

なお『仮名手本忠臣蔵』に登場するお軽のモデルは彼女だが、この作品の中では早野勘平（萱野三平がモデル）の恋人で、寺岡平右衛門（寺坂吉右衛門がモデル）の妹ということになっており、その他の創作でもこの設定で描かれることが多い。
She is the model for Okaru in 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers), but in this story, she is a girlfriend of Kanpei HAYANO (Sanpei KAYANO is the model) and a younger sister of Heiemon TERAOKA (Kichiemon TERASAKA is the model) and such plot is usually used in other works.

その内容は、竹の中から生まれた少女が、領主の息子たちから求婚を受けたが難題をつけて退け、かねてより想いを寄せていた男性と結ばれるという話だが、中でも求婚の部分は宝物の数、内容、男性側のやりとりや結末などが非常に酷似している。
The story is that a girl being born from a bamboo shoot comes to be asked to marry by sons of a feudal lord, but she refuses them giving difficult tasks, and she is wedded to a man whom she has loved for a long time in the end; especially the number of treasures in the scene of courtship, the treasures themselves, conversation with the men, and the ending are quite similar to Taketori Monogatari.

だが、実際の貴族社会の立身に大いに影響を与えたのは、蔭位・大舎人・内舎人などの血統に基づく仕組によるところが大きく、有力貴族の子弟は大学寮への就学が義務付けられていた平安時代のごく初期を除いて家庭における教育が主体であった。
One's success in the aristocratic society largely depended on systems such as the Oni, the Otoneri, and the Udoneri, which took your bloodline into account, and the children of powerful aristocrats were educated mainly at home, except during a short period in the early Heian period when such children were obliged to study in the Daigaku-ryo.

だが、欧米列強との交渉が始まると、日本に民法典が無いことが列強による治外法権を正当化させる理由の一つに挙げられて、幕末から明治初期の日本において、不平等条約条約改正という政治的課題の一つとして民法典の整備が急務とされていた。
However, when negotiations were started beween Japan and the allied western powers, the fact that Japan lacked Minpoten became one reason to justify exterritoriality of the western powers, so that in Japan from the end of the Edo period to the early Meiji period, the preparation of Minpoten was an urgent matter as one of political tasks to revise unequal treaties.

理由は不明だが、大正時代、製錬方法が浮遊選鉱法に変更されたことにより渡良瀬川を流れる鉱石くずの粒が細かくなり、浮遊したまま川を流れるようになったため、上流部の渡良瀬川右岸に多く流れ込んで堆積するようになったと考える研究者がいる。
The reason is unknown, however, some researchers consider that since the method of extraction was changed to froth flotation (flotation) in the Taisho period, copper waste became smaller enough to float on the river, and that a lot of those wastes accumulated in the right side of the upper stream of Watarase-gawa River.

天正10年（1582年）6月の本能寺の変に際しては、皇太子誠仁親王とともに二条御所（織田信長が造営して誠仁親王に献上していた）にいたのだが、まもなく織田信忠らが二条御所へ逃れてきて、ここは危険なのですぐにも内裏へ逃れるよう言われた。
At the time of the Honnoji Incident on June 1582, he stayed at Nijo-gosho Palace (built by an order of Nobunaga ODA and given to Imperial Prince Sanehito) with the prince, and soon told by Nobutada ODA who escaped from the Honno-ji Temple to go back to the Imperial Palace immediately to avoid danger.

それがあまりに過度でありすぎるために源氏亜流物語という名称さえあるほどだが、例えば『浜松中納言物語』『狭衣物語』『夜半の寝覚』などは『源氏』を受継いで独特の世界をつくりあげており、王朝物語の達しえた成熟として高く評価するに足るであろう。
The excessive inclination generated the name of an epigone of 'The Tale of Genji,' but works such as 'Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari,' 'The Tale of Sagoromo' and 'Awaken at Midnight' established a distinctive world, inheriting 'Genji,' so it would be worthwhile to evaluate this trend as the ripening of dynastic stories.

また日本ではインフラ確立など、植民地統治のプラス面が評価されがちだが、それに対し結局は台湾人でなく日本人の利益を第一義に考えての投資、優遇された日本人商人による搾取、日本の食糧庫・南進基地に位置づけられ、工業化が遅れたなどの批判もある。
The Japanese tended to mention the positive side of the colonial ruling such as establishing the infrastructure, on the other hand, some mentioned the investment that was allegedly done for the benefit of Japanese, not Taiwanese, the exploitation by the privileged Japanese merchants, delayed industrialization as a result of Taiwan being positioned as a source of food or a base for southward advancement.

通例であれば無縁仏として集合墳墓に改葬されるところだが、青山霊園の場合、2006年度に東京都側が78基にのぼる管理費滞納お雇い外国人墓所を文化史的に再評価し、史跡として保護する方針であることが2005年2月18日の読売新聞で報じられた。
In such cases, the remains are usually reclassified as muen botoke (a person who has died leaving nobody to look after his or her grave) and reburied in a communal grave; but in the fiscal year of 2006, as reported by the Yomiuri Shimbun (the Daily Yomiuri) on February 18, 2005, in the case of the Aoyama Cemetery the Tokyo Metropolitan Government re-evaluated 78 graves of Oyatoi-gaikokujin for which the maintenance fee has not been paid as important from the perspective of cultural history, and it plans to preserve them as historical sites.

文政年間（1818年 - 1829年）の『長崎名勝図絵』では献立が記されており、牛肉・豚肉・アヒルなどの肉料理やハム、魚のバター煮、カステラ、コーヒーなどが饗されていたようだが、招かれた日本の役人はほとんど手をつけずに持ち帰ったともいう。
In the 'Nagasaki Meisho Zue' (Encyclopedia of Nagasaki scenic beauty) book of 1818 - 1829, there were some menus recorded which included meat dishes such as beef, pork and duck, ham, fish cooked in butter, Dutch sponge cake and coffee; but most guests of Japanese officials took them back home without eating them on the spot.

藤原秀郷の一族を追捕している満仲が、なぜ秀郷の嫡流である仲光を郎等にしたのかは不明だが、源満仲と藤原仲光との間に起きた「美女丸・幸寿丸の事件」を機に、満仲が隠居した後、仲光は多田院の主代殿となるなど、初期清和源氏の発展に貢献したとされる。
It is unclear why Mitsunaka who searched and captured the family of FUJIWARA no Hidesato accepted Nakamitsu who was a direct descendant of Hidesato as roto (retainer), however, after 'Incident of Bijomaru and Kojumaru' which had happened between MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka and FUJIWARA no Nakamitsu, Nakamitsu apparently contributed to the early development of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan originated from Emperor Seiwa), for example, having been 主代殿 of Tada-in Shrine after Mitsunaka had retired.

だが、この法令の目的の1つには廃藩置県を受けて、旧武士に対する特権廃止の一環として帯刀の禁止が検討されたものの、「武士の魂」と信じられていた刀を直ちに取り上げることは士族反乱につながる可能性がある為に様子見の一環として出されたとされている。
For its modest sentiment, the purpose of Zanpatsu Datto Rei is now recognized as the very first attempt to prohibit wearing a sword as a part of policy to take away the rights of warrior class, of whom could cause the uprising if the policy simply forced seizure of their swords, which were believed to be 'the soul of samurai.'

このように現在伝えられる聖徳太子像は、様式上の問題点と同時に、阿佐太子に対する記録が大韓民国側資料にはないという事実によって、未解決の課題だが、三国時代 (朝鮮半島)当時の百済と日本との活発な交流を考慮すれば、その可能性は充分に認められる。
It is quite possible that Prince Asa did make a portrait of Prince Shotoku, considering the active cultural exchange between Baekje and Japan at that time, during the Three Kingdoms period (of Korean history); however, the matter is still in doubt, due to stylistic problems with such an attribution and the fact that historical records in the Republic of Korea do not mention Prince Asa.

だが、当時の江戸幕府は成立したばかりであり、国内最大の経済都市である堺市・大坂を幕府と敵対する豊臣氏が支配していた事や全国経済の把握が進んでいなかった事、更に悪質な私鋳銭も出回ったこともあって、全国的な流通には至らなかったものと考えられている。
The Edo Shognate had in fact just been established at the time, and it seems that the Keicho Tsuho coins were not distributed nationwide because Osaka and Sakai, the most economically developed cities, had been ruled by the Toyotomi Clan, who had felt hostility against the Edo Shogunate; the national economy had not been fully understood; and private low quality coins had been distributed.

だが、教官（博士）を務める家では貴重な書籍などが私邸に蓄積され、子弟も早くからそれらに触れる機会が多いこと、父兄である教官（博士）も家庭教育の一環としてこうした書籍を活用する事から、優秀であれば博士の子弟もまた同じ官職に就くようになっていった。
But, because of stockpiling valuable books in the instructors' (hakase's) house which their younger brothers or children could have more time to read at their younger ages and the instructors, the older brothers or father, used in their family education, their younger brother or children also came to assume the same government position as their older brothers' or fathers' if they were excellent at the skill.

だが、親政友会の奥田義人法制局長官による行財政改革案を葬って辞任に追い込んだことが伊藤を含めた政友会の怒りを買って内閣を攻撃し、一時は大日本帝国憲法の停止を検討する程（5月19日山縣有朋宛の桂書簡（「山縣有朋文書」））の危機的状況を迎えていた。
That cabinet disapproved of the administrative and financial reform plan, which was made by Yoshihito OKUDA, the Director-General of the Cabinet Legislation Bureau, and made him resign; Ito and other members of the Seiyu party were enraged by that and attacked the cabinet, which led to such a critical situation as the Constitution of the Empire of Japan might be abandoned (from Katsura's letter to Aritomo YAMAGATA on May 19 ('Aritomo YAMAGATA monjo' [written materials]).

伊藤が内閣総理大臣に就任したことにともない、三條は内大臣として宮中にまわり、以後は天皇の側近としてこれを「常侍輔弼」することになったのだが、そもそも内大臣府は三條処遇のために創られた名誉職であり、実際は彼を二階へあげて梯子を外したも同然だった。
Once ITO assumed office as Prime Minister, SANJO transferred to imperial court as Minister of the center, after that, he served as a close adviser of Emperor, but Minister of center's Office was originally a honorary position exclusively set up for SANJO, so actually he was just like a man in a penthouse without means to go down.

北条氏と足利氏との融和策の一環として足利高氏（当時）に嫁ぎ、嫡男千寿王（のちの義詮）を産んだが、北条家への人質として鎌倉に差し出されたり、のちに高氏が鎌倉幕府に反抗したため、結果として兄の守時を含む北条一門が族滅の憂き目にあうなど辛酸をなめた。
As a part of measures to reconcile the relationship between the Hojo clan and Ashikaga clan, she married Takauji ASHIKAGA and gave birth to the heir, Senjuo (later, Yoshiakira) and she went through many hardships that Yoshiakira was sent to Kamakura as a hostage for the Hojo family and that as Takauji later turned against the Kamakura bakufu, as a result, the Hojo family including her elder brother, Moritoki was ruined..

だが、公民や品部のように一般の戸籍には編入されず、「雑戸籍」という特殊な戸籍が作成されてその身分は技術とともに世襲化されて官司に直接付属されるなど、賎民に準じた扱いを受けていたと考えられている（ただし、一部には功労によって位階を授かる者もいた）。
Zakko, however, are believed to have been treated in a similar way to senmin (with the exception of some who were given ikai [Court rank] in recognition of their contribution), as seen from the facts that they were registered not in the general family register in which citizens and shinabe (technicians in offices) were listed but in the special family register called 'zakkoseki,' and that they passed on their social status as well as skills in a hereditary manner under the direct control of government offices.

その後、織田氏の家督は信長の嫡孫・織田秀信が継いだが、秀信は豊臣秀吉の傀儡にすぎず、また清洲会議により、信長の旧領はことごとく織田家臣団によって分割相続されたため、織田政権、というより織田氏自体が、政権から単なる一大名に転落してしまったのである。
After which, Hidenobu ODA, the legitimate grandson of Nobunaga, took over as head of the family, but he was just a puppet of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and due to the results of the Kiyosu conference, Nobunaga's former territories were all divided and succeeded by his vassals, so the Oda clan itself fell from power and was reduced to the status of an ordinary daimyo.

明治37年（1904年）、東京専門学校が早稲田大学となり商科が設置されると、天野為之とともにその立ち上げに協力、東京高等商業学校教授と早稲田大学講師を兼務して日本商業史を教える、だが、間もなく病に倒れ、48歳（満年齢では46歳）の若さで病死した。
In 1904, when Tokyo Senmon Gakko was renamed Waseda University with establishment of the Department of Commerce, he cooperated in its launch with Tameyuki AMANO and taught Japanese commercial history concurrently as the professor of Tokyo koto shogyo gakko (Tokyo Higher Commercial School) and as the instructor of Waseda University; however, he became sick before long and died of illness at the young age of 48 (the age of 46 by the currently used age system).

華美を好むあまりに身内の眉をひそめさせることもあった妍子だが、亡くなる間際に身を清め、正式な受戒を済ませての潔い臨終であり、道長は末娘嬉子に続く次女の死に「老いた父母を置いてどこへ行かれるのか、私達も供をさせてくれ」と泣いて取り縋ったと伝えられる。
Even though Kenshi was frowned upon by her relatives for her lavishness, she underwent a purification of her body and a formal Buddhist service just before her death as Michinaga clung to her and mourned 'Where are you going, leaving behind old parents? Please let me accompany you' for the death of his second daughter following that of his youngest daughter Kishi.'

だが、実際には当時（版籍奉還以前）の明治政府は諸藩に対して命令を下す権限を持っておらず（従って明治政府の命令である太政官布告ではなく、要請に近い太政官達が出されていた）、特に薩摩・土佐両藩は「戦勝国」の立場を利用してその後も贋貨を鋳造続けたのである。
However, in reality, the Meiji Government at the time (before the return of lands and people to the emperor) did not have the authority to give orders to various domains (therefore the notice of Daijokan [Grand Council of State], which was more of a request, was issued instead of the edict of Daijokan, which was a command from the Meiji Government), and particularly the Satsuma and Tosa Domains used their position as a 'victor country' and still continued to coin counterfeit money.

だが条約勅許をめぐる朝廷との対立や、病弱な将軍の後継を巡る一橋派（徳川慶喜・後の15代を推す勢力）と南紀派（徳川家茂・後の14代を推す勢力）との対立、また外様や御三家の幕政介入に反撥した譜代大名の筆頭井伊直弼が大老に就任したことにより改革は挫折した。
But his reforms suffered setbacks, such as a conflict between bakufu and Imperial Court over Imperial permission to the treaty concluded with US, a conflict within bakufu over the successor to the sickly shogun between 'Hitotsubashi group' (the group that recommended Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA [later, the 15th Shogun]) and 'Nanki group' (the group that recommended Iemochi TOKUGAWA [later, the 14th Shogun]), and Naosuke Ii's assumption of 'Tairo' (Chief Minister of bakufu) - Naosuke Ii was at the top of 'fudai daimyo' and was against the participation of 'tozama daimyo' and 'gosanke' in bakufu politics.

だが、実際に添簡が発給されることは少なく、このため訴訟を起こすことすら抑圧された人々は結果的に駕籠訴・駆込訴・捨訴・張訴などの直訴を用いて越訴を行う他無く、場合によっては門訴・一揆・強訴・打ちこわしなどの徒党を組んだ強硬手段を採らざるを得なくなった。
However, actual tenkan were rarely issued, therefore, people whose suits were restricted had no other way of making osso by means of jikiso such as kagoso (jikiso to Daikan or Daimyo in a palanquin), kakekomi uttae (direct petition to the supreme court, magistrate's office, influential person of the bakufu and so on), suteso (leaving a petition in front of the gate of the supreme court and so on), hariso (pasting a petition in front of the gate of a roju's [senior councilor] residence or a government office) and so on, and in some cases they had to take hard-line measures by forming a faction for monso (petition by people gathering before the gate of the residence of a feudal lord or Daikan), ikki (uprising), goso (direct petition with the abuse of religious authority by armed priests or jinin [associates of Shinto shrines] to the Imperial Court or the bakufu), uchikowasi (destructive urban riots) and so on.

だが直後から辞意を表明する閣僚が続出し、更に大津事件が発生して責任を負って外務大臣 (日本)や内務大臣 (日本)などが辞意を表明するなどして、最終的には成立1ヶ月に漸く海軍大臣・農商務大臣・逓信大臣の3大臣以外は全て閣僚を差し替える人事が決定された。
Immediately after that, however, the Cabinet members announced their resignation one after another, and moreover, such as Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan) and Minister of Home Affairs (Japan) announced resignation to take responsibility for Otsu Incident happened, and eventually, personnel was determined 1 month after establishment that all the Cabinet members except for 3 ministers (Minister of the Navy, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce and Minister of Communication) would be replaced.

表高は江戸幕府公認の検地によって算定された石高だが、実際の藩内では17世紀に進んだ新田開発や、農業技術（農機具・肥料等）の革新による生産力の増大に基づいた藩内検地、専売制による特産品の税高改定などによって、多くの藩では内高は表高を上回って増大していた。
Omote-daka was calculated based on the land survey officially recognized by the Edo bakufu; however, in many domains the actual uchi-daka was higher than omote-daka and also increasing, thanks to the progress of development of new field in 17th century, the land survey within domains that was based on the increased productivity by innovation of agricultural technique (farming equipments, fertilizer), and tax reform by monopolization of indigenous products.

だが、松方・進歩党が希望するこの二大課題が解決すると、元々大隈との提携に不満があった薩摩閥系閣僚と進歩党側の対立が激化、更に松方が財政難の解決のために地租改正反対一揆以来一種のタブーとなっていた「地租増徴」を提案したことから進歩党内に倒閣の機運が生じた。
However, once two major tasks the Progressive Party represented by MATSUKATA aimed for were solved, conflicts were intensified between the cabinet members from Satsuma Domain clique who had been dissatisfied with cooperation with OKUMA from the beginning and the Progressive Party side, and moreover to solve economic difficulties, MATSUKATA proposed 'the plan to increase land taxes' which had been a sort of taboo since the peasant revolt against the land-tax reform, which gathered momentum within the Progressive Party of overthrowing the Cabinet.

本姓は下毛野朝臣だが、続日本紀によると707年（慶雲4年）3月22日 (旧暦)、一族の下毛野古麻呂が石代の姓を「下毛野朝臣」から「下毛野川内朝臣」に変更することを朝廷に上申し、許可が下りていることから、この時点で下毛野川内朝臣に改姓したものと考えられる。
His main name was SHIMOTSUKENU no Ason (second highest of the eight hereditary titles), however, according to Shoku Nihongi (Chronicle of Japan Continued), on May 2, 707, SHIMOTSUKENU no Komaro, a member of his family, asked the Imperial Court if SHIMOTSUKENU no Iwashiro could change Iwashiro's family name into 'SHIMOTSUKENU no Kawachi Ason' from 'SHIMOTSUKENU no Ason' and received permission for it, therefore it is believed that Iwashiro changed his family name into SHIMOTSUKENU no Kawachi Ason at this point.

だが、調査によって贋貨鋳造の事実が無い事が確認されていた長州藩や肥前藩出身者は、自分達は苦労の末に軍費を自前で調達したのに薩摩や土佐が違法手段で調達していたという事実に反発して、両藩から罰金を取ってそれを贋貨と正貨の引換の原資に充てるべきであると主張した。
However, people from domains that were confirmed of having no truth in coining counterfeit money due to investigation, such as those from the Choshu or Hizen Domains, were offended by the fact that they supplied war expenditures at their own expense after sustained effort, while the Satsuma and Tosa Domains supplied them with illegal methods, and insisted that a penalty should be taken from both domains and that this should allot to the government funds for the exchange of counterfeit and specie money.

だが、日本のこの要求はこの列強間の「暗黙の了解」を破棄するものであり、更に清朝が直隷と渤海_(海域)を挟んで向かい合った遼東半島を失う事でその政治的権威が失墜して国内の政情が不安定になるような事態の発生は、各国の対中国政策を根底から揺るがせるものであった。
Therefore, the Japan's demand for the Liaodong Peninsula broke the 'tacit agreement' among the world powers and also influenced the policy of each country toward China, because if the Qing Dynasty lost the Liaodong Peninsula which was located on the opposite side of the Choku-rei region across Bokkai (marine area), Qing's political power would fall, which might result in a precarious political situation of China.

この主従関係は騎士道物語などのイメージから誠実で奉仕的な物と考えられがちだが、実際にはお互いの契約を前提とした現実的なもので、また両者の関係が双務的であった事もあり、主君が臣下の保護を怠ったりした場合は短期間で両者の関係が解消されるケースも珍しくなかった。
This relationship of master and servant is often connected with the image of chivalric tales and seen as faithful and self-sacrificing, but it is in fact, a realistic relationship based on a mutual agreement, and the relationship was reciprocal and sometimes dissolved in shortly when the lord failed to protect his retainer.

だが、逆に国粋主義の流れを汲みこの動きを国内における危機と見た人々は既に1900年に近衛篤麿が結成していた国民同盟会（1902年解散）の流れを汲む諸派に結集して、国家主義の強化と国民への統制強化によって国民が一致団結して自主・独立を追求すべきであると唱えた。
However, the people who followed the nationalism and took this movement as a crisis, united the group following the People's Alliance (dissolved in 1902) set up by Atsumaro KONOE in 1900, and they advocated that it was necessary for people to pursue independence with united the nation by strengthening of the nationalism and reinforcement of control over the people.

だが、『中右記』によると、前年の寛治6年（1092年）6月には陸奥国国司藤原基家 (陸奥守)の解文により、経清の子藤原清衡に合戦の企ての嫌疑がかけられていることから、両者を関連づけ、この師妙親子を清衡の大伯叔父である国妙の子及び孫ではないかとする見解がある。
According to 'Chuyuki' (a diary written by FUJIWARA no Munetada), however, the letter written by FUJIWARA no Motoie (Mutsu no kami), an officer of local government in Mutsu Province, said the fact that Tsunekiyo's son FUJIWARA no Kiyohira was under suspicion for attempting to launch a battle in June 1092, the previous year of TAIRA no Mototae's attack, and consequently, there is a view that they were related and Morotae and his son might be the child and grandchild of TAIRA no Kunitae, who was the great uncle of Kiyohira.

明治維新後も新政府は、江戸時代の貨幣制度をほぼそのまま受け継いだが、中央集権的な国家を建設するためには、各藩が独自に発行していた藩札（さらにそれを受け継いだ府県札）の整理や、東日本の小判（計数貨幣）と西日本の丁銀（秤量貨幣）の統一なども課題として残されていた。
Although the currency system in the Edo period had been kept in almost the same manner by the new government after Meiji Restoration, there were problems including organizing han bills (bills usable only in a particular feudal clan) (further, prefectural bills taken over from the han bills) issued by each domain independently and integrating koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) (Keisu kahei [currency by table]) in eastern Japan and chogin (collective term of silver) (Hyodo kahei [currency valued by weight]) in western Japan in order to establish a centralized state.

だが、検注帳作成に必要な紙代をはじめとして勘料と呼ばれる検注にかかった事務経費や検注使を在地に迎えた際に行われる三日厨などの経費は全て在地の負担とされたために検注を忌避する動きも強かったため、実際に検注を行い検注帳作成に至らなかった場合もあったと言われている。
However, it is said that there were some cases where although the kenchu was carried out, the kenchucho was not carried out due to the fact that the administration costs called kenryo including the cost of paper used to make kenchucho, as well as the cost of the mikkakuriya (three-day banquet) which was held when they received kenchushi in their land, was all defrayed by the local administration.

だが、経任ほどの破格の寵愛を受けてきた人間までが平然とそうした振舞いに出た事（勿論、彼がそれだけ能力に長けていて、敵味方問わずに必要な人材であるという朝廷内の認識があったからであるが）に対する人々のやり切れない思いが経任への怒り・非難として向けられたのである。
However, people's unbearable emotion against the fact that even a person like Tsunetada who received exceptional favor (needless to say, that was because he had outstanding capability and there was a recognition in the Imperial Court that he was necessary regardless friend or foe) behaved so coolly was directed to Tsunetada as anger and blame.

清盛の死後、嫡男の重盛はすでに病死し、次男の基盛も早世していたため、平氏の棟梁の座は三男の宗盛が継いだが、凡庸な宗盛は清盛のような器量もなく、全国各地で相次ぐ反乱に対処できず、後白河の奇謀に翻弄され院政勢力も勢力を盛り返すなど、平氏は次第に追いつめられていった。
Since Kiyomori's legitimate first son, Shigemori, had already died of illness and his second son, Motomori, had also died young, after Kiyomori's death, Kiyomori's third son, Munemori, became the head of the Taira clan; however, he was an ordinary person and was not as capable as Kiyomori, and he therefore could not control rebellions that occurred across the country and was always swayed by eccentric ideas of Goshirakawa, allowing the cloister government to regain power, and as a result, the Taira clan was gradually driven into a corner.

『詞花和歌集』に収められた伊勢大輔の「いにしへの奈良の都の八重桜けふ九重ににほひぬるかな」という和歌は、宮廷に献上された八重桜を受け取り、中宮に奉る際に詠まれたものだが、『伊勢大輔集』によればこの役目は当初紫式部の役目だったものを式部が新参の大輔に譲ったものだった。
There is a poem created by ISE no Taifu, 'Some time ago, double-flowered cherry trees bloomed in the colorful capital of Nara; today they bloom in Kuju Castle in this capital of Kyo, as they did before,' which was collected in 'Shika Wakashu (Collection of Poetry)'; the poem was written in dedication to the Empress along with yaezakura (double cherry blossoms) presented to the Imperial Court; however, according to 'ISE no Taifu shu (Private Collection)' it was supposed to be a duty of Murasaki Shikibu, but she delegated the duty to a newcomer, Taifu.

だが、本来東京都は花粉症増加の原因をディーゼル自動車の排気ガスに求め、排ガス汚染との関連はみられないという疫学調査の結果が出たにもかかわらず、その規制を強行した自治体であることは記しておかねばならない（ただし、規制そのものは花粉症のみのために行なったものではない）。
However, it must be said that Tokyo is an autonomous body that enforced diesel regulation based on the concept that exhaust fumes from diesel vehicles was the cause for increases in pollinosis despite epidemiological investigation findings that there is no relationship between exhaust gas pollution and pollinosis (although these regulations did not pertain only to pollinosis).

だが地租増徴に反対する進歩党 (日本)と自由党 (日本)(日本 1890-1898)からの協力は得られなかったために、文部大臣・農商務大臣・逓信大臣を自派（「伊藤系官僚」）が、内務大臣 (日本)・司法大臣・陸軍大臣を山縣有朋系が占める超然内閣を作らざるを得なかった。
However, without cooperation by the Progressive Party (Japan) and the Liberal Party (Japan) (Japan 1890-1898) opposing to the plan to increase land taxes, he had to organize the Chonen (doctrine of superiority) cabinet consisting of the Minister of Education, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce and Minister of Communication from his own group ('government officials from ITO group'), and the Minister of Home Affairs (Japan), Minister of Justice and Minister of Army from Aritomo YAMAGATA group.

しかし、奈良時代はとかく政争が多かったが、大伴氏もそれに関わる事が多く、長屋王の変では長屋王と親しかった旅人は事件前後に一時的に大宰府に左遷された程度で済んだが、橘奈良麻呂（橘諸兄の息子）の変では古麻呂は拷問死、大伴古慈悲は流罪(称徳天皇崩御後に復帰。)に処された。
The Nara Period was marked by political strife in which the Otomo clan was often involved and in Nagayao no Hen (the Conspiracy of Nagayao), Tabito, who was close to Nagayao, was temporarily transferred to Dazaifu as punishment, while in TACHIBANA no Naramaro no Hen (the Conspiracy of TACHIBANA no Moroe, which involved the son of TACHIBANA no Moroe), Komoro was tortured to death and OTOMO no Kojihi was deported, not to return until after the demise of the Emperor Shotoku.

だが、この路線確立に大きな影響力を与えてきた藤原仲麻呂が失脚して、仏教僧でありながら積極的に祈祷を行うなどの前代の巫的要素を併せ持った道鏡が政権の中枢に立ったことによって、宇佐八幡宮側が失地回復を目指して道鏡側に対して接触を試みた延長線上に同事件を位置づけられるという。
However, the view points out that the Oracle Incident can be seen as an extension of the attempt by the Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine to regain power by approaching Dokyo side, from the fact that FUJIWARA no Nakamaro who had given a significant influence in establishing this course of event fell from power, and instead, Dokyo who was a Buddhist priest but at the same time had a characteristic of a spiritual medium such as actively conducting prayers, took over the center of the politics.

だが、これに対して進歩党と自由党が合同して憲政党を結成、貴族院_(日本)も政権に非協力な態度を取った為に、伊藤は自らの政局運営の甘さの自覚と新党結成の決意を固めて、山県有朋らの反対を押し切って憲政会の大隈重信・板垣退助のいずれかを後継にするように上奏して内閣を総辞職した。
However, Since the Progressive Party and the Liberal Party formed the Constitutional Party together against this and the House of Peers (Japan) also took uncooperative attitude to the Government, which made ITO realize his own poor handling of the political situation and made decision to form a new party, he reported to the Emperor to make either of Shigenobu OKUMA or Taisuke ITAGAKI of the Constitutional Party as his successor and resigned the cabinet en masse, in spite of opposition by Aritomo YAMAGATA and others.

だが、訴訟を終結させるための条件もしくは結果として贈与としての和与を行う例は平安時代末期には既に見られた（例相馬御厨の領主の地位を巡って伊勢神宮禰宜間で交わされた和与状（『檪木文書』「仁安二年六月十四日付皇太神宮権祢宜荒木田明盛和与状」（『平安遺文』第7巻3425号所収））。
But, there was already the case in which wayo, in the sense of gift, was made as a condition for or result of ending a lawsuit in the end of Heian period (e.g., wayo deed between negi [Shinto priests] of Ise-jingu Shrine regarding feudal lordship of Soma-mikuriya [private estate of Soma ranch] ['wayo deed of Akimori ARAKIDA, Gonnegi of Kotai-jingu Shrine, dated July 9, 1167' of 'The Kunugi Documents' [included in 'Heian Ibun' [Documents of the Heian Period] Volume 7, No. 3425]].

だが、荘園公領制が解体する14世紀に入ると、生産力の上昇や農民層の抵抗、更に荘園内部でも上級層の没落と下級層の上昇などが発生し、更にその中で上位の者は領主や地侍としての地位を獲得して荘園領主の支配から脱却したり、荘園内外にて独自の経営地及び独自の小作関係の形成を行うようになる。
However, during the fourteenth century, many factors, such as the improvement of productivity, the resistance of the class of peasants, and the downfall of the upper-class together with the advancement of the lower-class, contributed to the demise of the shoen-koryo sei. Further, there were those of the upper-class who attained the position as a landlord or a jizamurai (local samurai) which enabled them to break away from the rule of the manor owners and to establish their own business managing and renting their lands to local peasants.

だが、鎌倉幕府から見れば他人和与は御家人領の散逸のみならず、幕府と主従関係にある御家人にあたえた恩給知行が、主従関係にない第三者に和与された場合、第三者には「御恩」に対する「奉公」の義務が無く、義務違反による恩給地の取り戻し（収公）が不可能になるという問題も生じる可能性があった。
From the standpoint of the Kamakura bakufu, however, wayo to others could lead territories of shogunal retainers to be scattered and lost as well as cause a problem that if the fief given to shogunal retainers who had a master-servant relationship with the bakufu as onkyu (rewards from a master to a vassal) was subject to wayo to a third party who was not in the master-servant relationship, the bakufu could not claim back the onkyuchi (land awarded by the lord) in compensation for the breach of obligations, as such third party was not obliged to 'serve' in exchange for the 'favor.'

だが、植木は「会議は禁止されても代表に会う事までは禁じられていない」として、5月4日に淀川上の船上で大阪入りできた代表と会合を持ち、5月10日に京都祇園で改めて2府15県代表44名と会議を開催して先に禁錮刑を受けた小原鉄臣を代表者として「酒税軽減嘆願書」を起草して政府に提出した。
Ueki, however, held a meeting with delegates who managed to arrive in Osaka on board on the Yodo-gawa River on May 4, saying 'the council is prohibited, but it is not prohibited to meet the delegates,' held the council with 44 delegates from 17 prefectures in Gion, Kyoto at another time on May 10, and made Tetsuomi KOHARA who had been imprisoned before represent participants to draft and submit 'The Petition for Liquor Tax Reduction' to the government.

だが、依然として超然主義を奉じる貴族院_(日本)最大会派の研究会_(貴族院)は伊藤の入党要請を拒絶する会派決議を行ったばかりでなく、1901年北清事変の軍費捻出のための増税案を他の5会派（茶話会・朝日倶楽部・庚子会・木曜会・無所属団）を糾合して否決、伊藤内閣を総辞職に追い込んだ。
However, the study group (the House of Peers), which is the largest parliamentary faction in the House of Peers (Japan) and which still believed in the doctrine of superiority, not only passed a resolution to refuse Ito's request to join his party, but also rallied five factions (sawa kai, asahi kurabu, koshi kai, mokuyo kai, mushozoku dan) and rejected a tax-increase bill to raise military expenditure for the Boxer Rebellion in 1901, which forced the Ito Cabinet to resign en masse.

だが、実際には『三代実録』には明経・紀伝がしばし併記して記述され、『日本紀略』の応和4年2月25日 (旧暦)（964年4月10日）の講日本紀（後述）において大学寮から「紀伝明経道」学生の出席が命じられた経緯が記されており、この出来事ついて触れた『類聚符宣抄』も同様の記載をしている。
Meanwhile, in reality, there are some accounts in 'Sandaijitsuroku' in which both myogyo and kiden appear, and there is also a description in 'Nihongi Ryaku' (Summary of Japanese Chronologies) that 'kidenmyogyodo' students were ordered from the daigakuryo to attend lectures on the chronicles of Japan on April 10, 964, and a similar account can also be found in 'Ruijufusensho' (a collection of statute books dating from the years 737 to 1093).

昭和天皇は幣原喜重郎首相が連合国軍最高司令官総司令部に主導されて作成した草案を初めて見た際に、「これで結構だが、これまでも皇室が決して独裁的なものでなかったことを示すために、明治天皇の五箇条の御誓文を加えることはできないだろうか」と述べ、急遽GHQの許可を得て加えられることになった。
When the Emperor Showa saw the draft of prime minister Kijuro SHIDEHARA led by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) for the first time, the Emperor said 'it is fine, but to show that the Imperial Family has never been dictatorial, it that possible to add Charter Oath of Five Articles of the Emperor Meiji?' and it was added in haste under permission from GHQ.

だが、『続日本紀（しょくにほんぎ）』769年（神護景雲3年）10月の記事で大宰府の役人が都に「此府人物殷繁。天下之一都會也。」と報告しているように大宰府は国際交易都市であり、役人程度しか住まなかったという藤原京や平城京などのヤマト王権の首都を凌ぎ、古代日本で最も繁栄していた都市であった。
As the official of Dazai-fu reported the capital that 'this city is lively with people and blooming as a trading center. It is the most prosperous place in Japan' in the article on October, 769 of 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), Dazai-fu was an international city of commerce, the most prosperous city in ancient times, and was more prosperous than the capital of Yamato kingship such as Fujiwara-kyo or Heijo-kyo, where only officials lived.

だが、孫の藤原公任が『清慎公記』の記述内容を分野別にまとめた「部類」を作成する際に『清慎公記』の原本を切り貼りしてしまったために全巻が紙屑と化してしまうという出来事があり、従兄弟の藤原実資が激怒したという逸話がある（『小右記』寛仁4年8月18日条、万寿2年7月7日条、同5年7月1日条他）。
According to an anecdote, there was an incident in which the whole collection of the original book of ''Seishinko-ki'' was cut into pieces because Saneyori's grandchild - FUJIWARA no Kinto – cut and pasted the original book of ''Seishinko-ki'' when he was making up 'Burui,' a descriptive content of ''Seishinko-ki'' broken into categories, and his cousin-FUJIWARA no Sanesuke was inflamed with rage. (''Shoyuki'' Sep 14, 1020/Aug 9, 1025/Jul 31, 1028 etc.)

だが、鎌倉幕府によって地頭が設置されて検断権を掌握し、更に在地勢力に発言権の高まりとともに本所及び荘務権そのものが衰退し、南北朝時代 (日本)に守護請・地頭請あるいは在地の有力者などに一定額の年貢納入義務を引き換えに荘務を請負わせる「請負荘園」の増加によって荘務権は有名無実化することになる。
However, since the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) had established the jito (estate stewards), who held the right to judge criminal cases, the authority of the shomuken and honjo themselves eroded; and further, as the cases of 'Ukeoi shoen, ' which was the contract system in which the shoen owners entrusted the shomu to Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) or to the locally influential individuals in return for the exemption of the payment of the certain amount of nengu (land tax), increased during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the shomuken virtually lost its substance.

だが、この事実が当時の幹部以外の軍部関係者には認識されず、大山・山縣は参謀総長として出席したと解されたらしく、以後の御前会議で統帥部が出席する根拠とされ、また事実と全く反するにも関わらず「政府の決定によって統帥部の決定がひっくり返された前例はない」とする'神話'が生み出されたと言われている。
However, this fact was not known to the military related person except for the executives at that time, OYAMA and YAMAGATA might have been considered to be attended the conference as the Chief of the General Staff, and this became an evidence for the supreme command staff to attend the later conference in the presence of the Emperor, and despite it was completely the opposite to the fact, 'a myth' was born saying 'there is no precedent that the decision of supreme command staff was overturned by the decision of the government'.

だが、明治天皇の東京行幸を目前に控えて大隈は直ちに京都からパークスのいる横浜市に動くことは出来ず、大隈は外国官知事伊達宗城（宇和島藩）らと協議の結果2月5日に内外に向けて近いうちに新貨幣を発行することを発表し、パークスには神奈川県知事を兼務していた外国官判事寺島宗則が宥めるように指示している。
However, as Emperor Meiji's Tokyo Gyoko (Emperor's going out to Tokyo) was nearing, OKUMA could not immediately move from Kyoto to Yokohama City where Parkes was, so he and others such as foreign governor Munenari DATE (Uwajima Domain) had a conference, resulting in an announcement to Japan and foreign countries on February 5, that they would issue new currency in the near future, and for Parkes, he instructed officer of Foreign Affairs Council Munenori TERASHIMA, who was also the governor of Kanagawa Prefecture, to appease.

その和歌は「さしとむるむぐらやしげき東屋のあまりほどふる雨そそきかな」（東屋に葎が生い茂って戸口を塞いでしまったのか、あまりに長い間雨だれの落ちる中で待たされるものだ）である（元来「東屋」とは東国の簡素な造りの住まいを指す言葉だが、近年では転じて庭園や公園に設けられた休憩用の小さな建物を指す）。
This poem implies that because trailing plants grow so thickly that they obstruct the entrance to Azumaya (small arbor), I have to wait too long outside in the rain ('Azumaya' originally refers to a simple house in Azuma no kuni, but recently it refers to a small arbor built in a garden or a park).

だが、治承3年（1179年）11月に発生した治承三年の政変で皇室と摂関家の象徴ともいえる治天の君後白河法皇と摂政松殿基房が清盛の命令によって揃って処罰を受けると、彼らの間にも危機感が広がり、治承4年（1180年）5月26日の以仁王の挙兵を契機に園城寺や諸国の源氏とも連携して反平氏活動に動き始めたのである。
However, once the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa and Regent Motofusa MATSUDONO, who might be regarded as the symbol of the Imperial family and Sekkan-ke (line of regents and advisers) were both punished by the order of Kiyomori, the sense of danger also spread among them, who cooperated with Onjo-ji Temple and the Minamoto clan in various districts to start anti-Taira clan activities after Rising of Prince Mochihito on May 26, 1180.

だが、伊藤の盟友である井上馨外務大臣 (日本)が進めた条約改正案にあった「外国人裁判官」制度と鹿鳴館に代表される欧化政策が内外の反感を買い、自由民権運動による三大事件建白書や大同団結運動、保守中正派（天皇親政派）と見られた谷干城農商務大臣の辞任を招くなど、政府批判が一気に高まった（「明治20年の危機」）。
However, the policy of Europeanization represented by Rokumeikan and 'a foreigner judge' system, which was included in the amendment of the treaty promoted by Ito's sworn ally Kaoru INOUE, Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan), antagonized inside and outside Japan, and criticism of the government was mounted rapidly due to the petition of three major affairs by democratic-rights movement, the movement to unite for a common purpose and the resignation of Tateki TANI, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, who was thought to be a member of conservative political party (direct rule by the emperor party) ([The crisis of the 20th year of the Meiji era]).

だが、その一方で西南戦争以後民権派に反政府運動・民党の主導権を握られてきた国粋主義者を中心とした外交問題を軸とした政界再編構想の一環とも言え、本来親政府の吏党である筈の国民協会から普通選挙を掲げる急進民権派である東洋自由党までを巻き込んで、ゆくゆくは国粋主義を軸とした統一政党化も視野に入れた動きでもあった。
Meanwhile, however, the movement was also, in a sense, part of the plan to create a national political realignment focusing on foreign affairs among nationalists in particular, who allowed popular rights groups to take the initiative in the anti-government movement Minto (political parties including the Liberal Party and the Progressive Party) since the Seinan War (a local war by Satsuma ex-samurai against the Meiji government); In other words, it also represented a political trend to unify all political parties with nationalism at the core in the future by involving the parties from the Kokumin Kyokai, a Rito which was fundamentally a pro-government political party, to the Toyo Jiyuto, a radical popular rights party which advocated universal suffrage.

だが、天暦5年（951年）10月、宮中の昭陽舎（梨壺）に撰和歌所が置かれ、その寄人に任命された源順・大中臣能宣・清原元輔・坂上望城・紀時文（以上、梨壺の五人）が中心となって『万葉集』の訓詁と新たな勅撰集の編纂に当たり、藤原伊尹が別当となってそれを統括した旨、史書に見えるので、遅くとも天暦末年には奏覧されたと見られる。
However, it seems to have been presented by 957, because a chronicle shows that the poetry bureau was established at Shoyosha (Nashitsubo, Ladies' Quarters) in the court in November 951 and that the five officers in Nashitsubo, MINAMOTO Shitago, ONAKATOMI no Yoshinobu, KIYOHARA no Motosuke, SAKANOUE no Mochiki, and KI no Tokibumi, carried out works deciphering the text of the 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) and compiling a new imperial collection of waka, and that, as the head of the poetry bureau, FUJIWARA no Koretada directed the compilation.

だが、次第に研究会との勢力争いによって摩擦が生じるようになり、鰻香内閣騒動や研究会と立憲政友会との連携などを経て茶話会と研究会は次第に対立し、政友会の原内閣に研究会が閣僚を送ると、茶話会も超然主義を放棄して反対党である憲政会と連携する一方、研究会以外の他の貴族院の各会派と連携して研究会を包囲する動きを見せた（幸四派）。
But the struggle for power with the Kenkyukai gradually began to produce friction, and after the turmoil of the Manko cabinet, the cooperation between the Kenkyukai and the Rikken Seiyukai (the Friends of Constitutional Government Party, or 'Seiyukai' for short) and other challenges, the struggle for influence between the Tea Party and the Kenkyukai gradually developed into open hostility, and when some of the members of Hara's Seiyukai cabinet were chosen from the Kenkyukai, not only did the Tea Party abandon the doctrine of transcendence and join forces with the opposition Kenseikai (Constitutional Government Party), they also formed links with the various other factions among non-Kenkyukai House of Peers members in an effort to isolate and surround the Kenkyukai.

だが、1883年頃から政府の圧力が強まり、加えて自由党の板垣退助の洋行問題を巡る疑惑追及を行うと、逆に自由党側からも前島や尾崎・犬養と関係が強く同党の機関紙となっていた郵便報知新聞などが政府の資金を受けているとの疑惑が出されて岩崎弥太郎を海坊主になぞらえた「海坊主退治」キャンペーンが繰り広げられたことから、泥仕合となった。
Around 1883, as the pressure from the government increased, the party looked into the alleged problems of the Liberal party concerning Taisuke ITAGAKI's going abroad, but instead encountered a backlash from the Liberal party to fling mud at each other, with a scandal that insisted Yubin Hochi Shinbun newspaper, the party's official publication, having a strong relationship with Maejima, Ozaki and Inukai, was financed by the government, through a campaign of to denounce 'monstrous' Yataro IWASAKI.

だが、一向に新政府からの音沙汰がないのに不満を抱いた伊藤は、薩長土肥の藩主が版籍奉還の上表を行ったという報を聞きつけ、部下である県判事の中島、権判事の田中、同じく英学者で県出仕（顧問に相当する）の何と相談して建白書の提出を図り、これに偶々伊藤と面識を持った陸奥も加わって5人連名で提出したのが6ヶ条からなる『国是綱目』であった。
However, Ito was frustrated because he had not heard a word from the new government, and once he caught a news that the lord of the domains (Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, Hizen) submitted the memorial to the emperor that they would return their lands and people to the emperor, Ito planned to submit the petition with his subordinates, Nakajima (Assistant Judicial Officer), Tanaka (Assistant Judicial Officer), Ga (Scholar of English, served for prefecture as an advisor), and also Mutsu who happened to get to know Ito joined them, and they all submitted in their five joint names 'kokuzekomoku' which was composed of the six points.

延喜・天暦以来、儒教が仏教に圧倒されて儒教が禅僧の学問と化したこと、藤原惺窩が日本における宋学の端緒を付けたこと、その後伊藤仁斎・伊藤東涯父子や山崎闇斎・中江藤樹・荻生徂徠らが、名利をもって陽明学や古文辞学などの異説を掲げて朱子学の排撃を試みたこと、だが朱子学こそが名利を捨てて学問として成就された正統な儒学であることを論じている。
He writes that Confucianism had been overwhelmed by Buddhism since the Engi and Tenryaku Period and it changed into the learning of Zen monks, that Seika FUJIWARA began the serious study of Shushigaku, and that later Jinsai ITO and his son Togai ITO, Ansai YAMAZAKI, Toju NAKAE, and Sorai OGYU tried to criticize Shushigaku for meiri (fame and profit), insisting on different theories from Shushigaku such as Yomeigaku (Neo-Confucianism based on teaching of WANG Yangming) and Kobunjigaku (study of ancient rhetoric school), and finally he stresses that Shushigaku is the right and completed Confucianism from which meiri was eliminated.

だが、公経が死去すると、道家は勝手に公経の遺言と称して関東申次の職を継承（ただし、公経の生前から「将軍の実父」として公経とともに関東申次の職務にあたっていたとする説もある）し、さらに次男の良実を排除して（道家と良実は不仲で、良実は父から義絶されていた）、寵愛する息子の一条実経を関白として擁立する（後深草天皇即位後は摂政に転じる）。
However, when Kintsune passed away, Michiie claimed without permission that it was the will of Kintsune and became Kanto moshitsugi (liaison with the east) (However, there is also a theory that he was assigned to the kanto moshitsugi post with Kintsune as 'the father of the shogun'), dismissed his second son Yoshizane (Michiie and Yoshizane were on bad terms, and Yoshizane was disowned by his father), and promoted his favored Sanetsune ICHIJO as the Kanpaku (He was reassigned to be Sessho after Emperor Gofukakusa ascended to the throne).

曾孫にあたる佐藤栄作は『今日は明日の前日』という自伝の冒頭に｢私の家はもともと毛利氏の家臣で萩市に住んでいた。（中略）曽祖父は毛利家本藩の直参だったのだがあまり格の高いものではなかったようだ。しかし､いまから考えると当時の革新派で毛利藩が九州に出兵した時などはその攻撃軍に加わっている。そんなことで明治維新の後は島根県の県令になった｣と書いている。
His great-grandson Eisaku SATO wrote at the beginning of his autobiography 'Kyowa Ashitano Zenjitsu' (Today is the day before tomorrow) that 'my ancestors were originally vassals of the Mori clan and were living in Hagi City (omission), my great-grandfather was serving directly the main Mori clan, however he was not at a high rank, yet, thinking about it now, he was a reformist at that time and when the Mori clan went to fight in Kyushu, he joined in the attacking force, after the Meiji Restoration he became the governor of Shimane Prefecture.'

江戸幕府が王政復古 (日本)により倒れると、薩摩藩・長州藩を中心に成立した明治政府は幕府から外交権を引き継いだが、戊辰戦争の終結によって明治政府が日本の正統な政府であることが諸外国に認められると、1869年2月4日（明治元年12月23日_(旧暦)）に明治政府は江戸幕府が勅許を得ずに締結した条約には問題がある点を指摘し、将来的な条約改正の必要性を通知した。
When the Edo bakufu was overthrown in the Restoration of Imperial Rule (Japan), the Meiji government, mainly established by the domains of Satsuma and Choshu, took over the control over the diplomacy from the bakufu, and when the Meiji government was accepted by foreign countries as a legitimate government of Japan after the end of the Boshin War, it announced on February 4, 1869 that the it was necessary to revise the treaties in the future, pointing out that treaties concluded by the Edo bakufu without the admission of the Emperor had some problems.

だが、江戸時代中期に入ると形状的・臨時的（例勅使・朝鮮通信使の接待や征夷大将軍の日光社参参詣の供奉など）の両面における財政支出の拡大に加えて享保3年（1718年）以後の米価の低落傾向によって財政難に拍車がかかり、恒常的な借り入れ関係が生じ、更に領内の凶作によって蔵屋敷への年貢米（蔵米）や特産品（蔵物）搬入が減少するなどで売却代金によって返済しきれなくなる事態も生じた。
However, in the middle of the Edo period, financial spending of domains expanded because there were more formal and special expenses required (for example, receptions of imperial messengers and envoys from Korea, or attendance on the shogun's visit to Nikko to recognize their great ancestor), and their financial difficulty was accelerated because of the declining of rice price in and after 1718.

そしてこの二階堂行貞が『吾妻鏡』の編纂者の一人と目されているのだが、行貞の祖父で二階堂行盛の子・行忠の誕生を『吾妻鏡』に書き込んだのが行貞だとするならば、それは単なる自分の先祖の顕彰を越えて、二階堂行藤とその子・二階堂時藤の隠岐流に対して、二階堂行光、二階堂行盛から二階堂行忠、そして自分へとつながる政所執事の家系としての正当性を主張するものとして十分な動機が推測される。
If Yukisada NIKAIDO, who was allegedly one of compilers of 'Azuma Kagami' (the Mirror of the East), wrote the story of the birth of Yukitada, a son of Yukimori NIKAIDO and a grandfather of Yukisada in 'Azuma Kagami', it was more than honoring of his ancestors, and he had sufficient motive for insisting on rightness of his family line from Yukimitsu NIKAIDO, Yukitada NIKAIDO to Yukitada NIKAIDO to himself as Mandokoro Shitsuji, on the contrary to the Oki family line of Yukifuji NIKAIDO and his child, Tokifuji NIKAIDO.

だが、藩主が非世襲の知藩事に変わり（ただし、実際には事実上の改易処分を受けた福岡藩などの例外を除いては、世襲の後継者がそのまま後任とされている）、陪臣である藩士も知藩事と同じ朝廷（明治政府）の家臣（「王臣」）とされる事で、朱子学に基づいた武士道（近代以後の「武士道」とは違う）によって位置づけられてきた主君（藩主）と家臣（藩士）の主従関係を否定することになるものであり、諸藩の抵抗も予想された。
However, the lord of a domain changed to a non-hereditary Chihanji, (note that in fact, apart from the Fukuoka domain, whose rank changed by the 'kaieki' sanction (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) successors were of heredity) and since feudal retainers of the domain, who were baishin (indirect vassals) were also considered vassals (vassas of the king)of the Imperial Court (Meiji government), which are the same as Chihanji, it contradicted the relationship between the lord and vassal that was established by Bushido (the way of the samurai) based on Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) so resistance by domains were expected.

だが、実際に『延喜儀式』が朝廷の儀礼など用いられた事が確認できる記録が無く、逸文の初出も延喜年間より100年以上も経た『北山抄』であり、その後は院政期の書物に限られる事から、延喜年間に編纂されたものの『貞観儀式』（『儀式』）の部分的手直しに過ぎないとする説や、完成したが施行されなかったとする説、未完成に終わったとする説、更には延喜期の編纂ではなく11世紀までに成立した延喜期の儀礼に関する記録が儀式と看做された説などが諸説に分かれている。
Yet, from the fact that there were no records to prove that 'Engi Gishiki' was practically used in formalities at the imperial court, that its surviving fragment first appeared in 'Hokuzansho' which was written more than one hundred years after the Engi era, and that it only appeared in documents during the period under the rule of Cloistered Emperors, some said that Engi Gishiki was compiled in the Engi era, but just as a partial improvement of 'Jogan Gishiki' ('Gishiki'), some said that it was completed, but did not come into use, some said that it was not completed, and some said that it was not compiled during the Engi era, but records on the formalities in the Engi era established until the eleventh century were considered to be Gishiki.

おそめひさまつうきなのよみうり）』『心謎解色絲（こころのなぞとけたいろいと）』『謎帶一寸徳兵衛（なぞのおびちょっととくべえ）』、『容賀扇曾我（なぞらえてふじがねそが）』『八重霞曾我組絲（やえがすみそがのくみいと）』『隅田川花御所染（すみだがわはなのごしょぞめ）』『時桔梗出世請狀（ときもききょうしゅっせのうけじょう）』『櫻姫東文章（さくらひめあずまぶんしょう）』『浮世柄比翼稻妻（うきよづかひよくのいなづま）』『阿國御前化粧鏡（おくにごぜんけしょうのすがたみ）』『彩入御伽草（いろえいりおとぎぞうし）』『獨道中五十三次（ひとりたびごじゅうさんつぎ）』などがある。
'Kokorono Nazo Toketa Iroiroto' 'Nazo no Obi Chotto Tokubei' 'Nazoraete Fujigane Soga' 'Yaegasumi Soga no Kumiito' 'Sumidagawa Hana no Goshozome' 'Tokimo Kikyo Shusse no Ukejo' 'Sakurahime Azuma Bunsho' 'Ukiyozuka Hiyoku no Inazuma' 'Okunigozen Kesho no Sugatami' 'Iroeiri Otogizoushi' 'Hitoritabi Gojusantugi', and so forth