この: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- あの手この手
- this way and that
- various means
- every means
- この戦いは三日間続いた。
- This battle continued for three days.
- この勅語の内容は以下の通り
- The contents of the ordinance were as follows;
- この報に洛中は騒然となる。
- Rakuchu (inside the capital Kyoto) was startled by the news.
- こののち経世論が本格化する。
- After this, the theory of enlightened rule and succor of the people came to be taken seriously.
- この戦いを岸和田合戦という。
- This was called the Battle of Kishiwada.
- この場合、死因は不明である。
- Here, however, the cause of death is not clear.
- このため、ここには含まない。
- Therefore, these provinces are not included in the Ryosei province here in this article.
- この逃亡には大きな意味がある。
- This flight left a significant effect.
- この時の様子を『信長公記』では
- Situations at that time are described in 'Shinchoko-ki' as follows:
- 坂元の諸隊はこの攻撃は退けた。
- The troops led by Sakamoto defeated the attack.
- この争奪戦は13日まで続いた。
- The struggle continued till 13.
- この後、享禄・天文の乱が勃発。
- Later on, the Kyoroku-Tenbun War erupted.
- この一揆で363名が処刑された。
- 363 people were executed in this riot.
- この両名の子孫が内海氏を称した。
- The descendants of these two sons called themselves the 'Utsumi clan.'
- 岡本はこの年閏10月に辞職した。
- OKAMOTO resigned in this October.
- 延暦寺はこの恨みを忘れなかった。
- Enryaku-ji Temple had not forgotten this grudge.
- 衆またこの趣旨に基き協心努力せよ。
- (modern written Japanese) 衆またこの趣旨に基き協心努力せよ。
- が、この時農民の武装解除を命じた。
- However, he ordered disarmament of farmers at this time.
- このため舞床の薩軍は鵯越に退いた。
- Therefore, the Satsuma army in Maitoko retreated to Hiyodorigoe.
- この機構を総称して二官八省という。
- All of these organizations are collectively called the Two Departments and Eight Ministries.
- この日に結婚式を挙げる人は少ない。
- Few people hold a wedding on that day.
- この乗馬歩兵は屯田兵から選ばれた。
- These dragoons were chosen from tondenhei.
- この古寛永と新寛永は、製法が異なる。
- Minting processes were different in Kanei and Shin-Kanei.
- この結果、日本側の制海権が確定した。
- Consequently, Japan's command of the seas was confirmed.
- このため3月30日に停戦に合意した。
- This incident led to an agreement on a cease-fire on March 30.
- この日女命を卑弥呼と音訳したとする。
- It is assumed that this 'Hime Mikoto' was transliterated into simply 'Himiko.'
- このように豊後攻略は順調に進展した。
- In this way, the operation to conquer Bungo was progressing smoothly.
- この時の徳川方の戦力は約15万5千。
- Then the number of soldiers was about 155,000.
- このように榎本武揚が最大投票を得た。
- As it is shown, Takeaki ENOMOTO obtained the largest number of votes.
- この形式のものを「印度本」と称する。
- This type of setsuyoshu is called 'Indobon.'
- この後も琉球の日清両属の状態は続いた。
- After these events, Ryukyu continued to be possessed by both Japan and China
- このとき初めて「大和」の用字が現れた。
- This was when the word '大和' appeared for the first time.
- この分銅は「両」を基本単位としている。
- The basic weight unit of the fundo was 'ryo.'
- ただしこの道路は8世紀内に廃道となる。
- But this road was abandoned in the eighth century.
- このために別働第2旅団は危機に陥った。
- Therefore, the detached 2nd brigade faced a crisis.
- 政虎自身はこの間に、八幡原に布陣した。
- Meanwhile, Masatora himself arranged his forces in Hachimanbara in a battle formation.
- この時代を南北朝時代 (日本)という。
- It is called the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- このことは、通常例を見ない厚遇であった。
- This was unprecedented.
- そこで一般にこの葬制を「薄葬制」という。
- Therefore, the funeral style encouraged here is generally called 'Hakusousei' (a simple funeral).
- この頃の中国地方の覇者は大内氏であった。
- The Ouchi clan was the supreme ruler in the western part of the mainland of Japan during this period.
- 岡崎の京都会館はこの文観税の賜物である。
- Kyoto Kaikan Hall located at Okazaki was built owing to the benefit of this Bunkan tax.
- この時、多くの飫肥隊員、薩兵が投降した。
- On this occasion, many members of the Obi-tai troop and many soldiers of the Satsuma army surrendered.
- この出来事を「二十六聖人の殉教」という。
- This event is called 'The martyrdom of the Twenty-Six Saints.'
- この際、門や櫓も徹底的に破壊されている。
- On that occasion gates and towers were thoroughly destroyed.
- この話をもとにしたのが「むぎや」である。
- Mugiya (a folk song that was sung by the warriors of the Taira Family) was created based on the above story.
- この事件は外交的に大きな影響をもたらした。
- This incident had a great diplomatic influence.
- この戦いは堺公方の誕生のきっかけとなった。
- This battle served as an opportunity for creation of sakaikubo (head of Sakai-based municipal government).
- この頼扶の嫡男が三刀屋久扶(久祐)である。
- The legitimate son of Yorisuke was Hisasuke MITOYA.
- この為、両者は島津氏から抗議を受けている。
- The Shimazu clan protested to the two lords.
- この引用に対応する下の句とも言える一文は、
- The sentence is followed by the passage:
- 今日の急務、永世の基礎、この他に出べからず。
- (modern written Japanese) 今日の急務、永世の基礎、この他に出べからず
- このため質量の単位としては「匁」が普及した。
- This made 'monme' spread as a weight unit.
- この黄鍾秬黍説が後の度量衡制の基準となった。
- The Oshiki Kyosho theory became the standard of the later established, weights and measures system.
- この時点で豊臣政権における朽木藩は消滅する。
- At this point, the Kutsuki Domain of the Toyotomi government disappeared.
- この間、1969年に全同教は会館に復帰した。
- Meanwhile, in 1969, the Zendokyo returned to the Hall.
- 浅野側はこの二回の一揆を紀伊国一揆と称した。
- The Asano side called these two riots, the Riot of Kii Province.
- この、天皇が日本を統治する体制を国体という。
- This emperor's sovereignty system was called the national polity.
- この頃の官軍の配備は以下のようになっていた。
- Around this time, the government army was deployed as follows:
- この機に援軍を得た官軍中央諸隊は反撃に出た。
- Taking advantage of that, the companies of the Middle troop of the government army were reinforced and started counterattack.
- この措置に延暦寺が黙っているはずもなかった。
- Enryaku-ji Temple could not sit still for the measure.
- 他にこの時代の代表作として下記が挙げられる。
- Following are other works that represent this period.
- 皆もまたこの趣旨に基づき心を合わせて努力せよ。
- (Meaning) everybody, make your own effort supporting each other based of the aim.
- この他、御誓文には勅語と奉答書が付属している。
- Also Charter Oath has Ordinance and hotosho.
- このため、高野山側によって全員討ち果たされた。
- For this reason, all of them were killed by the Koyasan side.
- このようにして、武士の階級的な特権は廃止した。
- In this way, the warrior class lost their exclusive privilege.
- このように、律令制下では奴隷制が存在していた。
- As such, slavery existed under the Ritsuryo system.
- 後にこの1辺の長さが距離の単位「里」となった。
- Later, the length of its one side became the unit of length 'ri.'
- この事件以降、不平等条約撤廃の動きが高まった。
- Since then, the movement to abolish the unequal treaty had grown.
- 彼自身は、この覚書に関しては、こう考えていた。
- He thought about this memorandam as follows.
- 臣従はこの時代には極めてルーズな関係であった。
- The vassalage had a very loose relationship during this period.
- またこの頃、日元間で禅僧の交流が盛んであった。
- Moreover, interaction between Japanese and Yuan Zen monks flourished in those days.
- このため、木戸・大隈との対決は避けられなかった。
- Therefore, a clash between Saigo and Kido/Okuma was inevitable.
- このため税法は例外の措置、時限立法を設けている。
- For this reason, tax laws involve temporary legislation and exception provisions.
- このように両軍総帥の督戦する中で戦闘は行われた。
- In this way, the battle was fought, while the top commanders of both sides were urging their soldiers to fight more vigorously.
- 西郷はこの日、各隊長宛に教書を出し奮起を促した。
- On the same day, SAIGO issued to the troop commanders a message to urge them to make more efforts.
- この時の薩軍の配置はほぼ以下のようになっていた。
- The military organization of the Satsuma army at this time is summarized below.
- さらに「倭国」という語もこの時初めて現れている。
- The term 'Wakoku' also appeared for the first time then.
- 一方上杉側はこの後もすぐに関東へ出兵している)。
- On the other hand, the Uesugi side sent its troops to Kanto immediately after the battle as well).
- このため字義通りの解釈が誤りと言えない面がある。
- So the plain interpretation based on the meaning of the words in the ritsu provisions can not be denied.
- この永山策には山野田一輔・河野主一郎が同調した。
- Ippo YAMANODA and Shuichiro KONO agreed with NAGAYAMA.
- 「下関条約」はこの「馬関条約」の言い換えである。
- The 'Treaty of Shimonoseki' is a paraphrase of the 'Treaty of Bakan.'
- 志筑の造語(鎖国)もこの立場からの言葉であった。
- Shitsuki newly coined the term 'Sakoku' from this standpoint.
- この場合は、三分一銀納の石代よりも高率であった。
- In such cases, the tax rate was higher than sanbuichiginno.
- この体制下で荘園と公領の軍事衝突は収束を迎えた。
- Under this system, armed conflicts between shoen and koryo were concluded.
- この時代のものは古丁銀(こちょうぎん)とよばれる。
- The Chogin at that time were called Kochogin (old Chogin).
- この両は3銭8分程度(銭は日本の匁と同じ)である。
- Here, 1 ryo was roughly equal to 3 sen (also called monme in Japan) and 8 bu.
- この分類では、政権内の権力で大きな差となっていた。
- According to this classification, there were significant differences in the daimyo's political authority.
- だがこの公判でも決着はつかず、長く事態は膠着した。
- However, in this trial, the situation was not settled but remained deadlocked.
- 元老院は、この諮問に応えて、憲法取調局を設置した。
- The Camber of Elders established a Constitution Interrogation Office in response to the ordinance.
- 井沢元彦も『逆説の日本史』でこの説を支持している。
- Motohiko IZAWA also supported this theory in his book, 'A Paradox of Japanese History.'
- このとき、鹿児島の情勢は大きく西郷軍に傾いていた。
- At this time, the war situation in Kagoshima became significantly advantageous to Saigo's forces.
- しかし、律令制はこの時期にほぼ実態を失ってしまう。
- However, the Ritsuryo system would lose most of its effectiveness during the period.
- 確かにこの間にも、在地社会での大きな変動があった。
- There certainly was a big transformation within the local society during that time.
- この2つを「家人」・「家礼(けらい)」と区別する。
- These two were labeled apart as the 'Kenin' (retainers) and 'Karei' (courtesy among cultured people).
- このため、しばしば一番槍を巡って軍令違反も生じた。
- Military orders were often violated in attempts to receive the honor of Ichiban-yari.
- また、このニ氏は佐竹氏の家臣としても存在している。
- These two clans existed as the vassals of the Satake clan.
- この傾向は特に10万石前後の譜代大名に多く見られる。
- This tendency was often seen among hereditary vassale daimyo (fudai daimyo) with an annual stipend of around hundred thousand koku in rice.
- このため港の利益や鉱山の鉱物なども米に換算していた。
- Therefore, profits from transactions in ports and extraction of minerals were also converted into rice.
- 由利案ではこの条文は第一条に置かれ最重視されていた。
- In the Yuri draft it was the first article and was most emphasized.
- このため、3月15日に信長は朱印状を出して赦免した。
- As a result, Nobunaga issued shuinjo (a vermilion seal letter) on April 13 and pardoned them.
- この一族は行家の子孫とも熊野別当の一族ともいわれる。
- This family is said to have descended from Yukiie or the family of Kumano betto (the title of an official who administered the shrines at Kumano).
- 秀吉はこの奇策を受け入れ、即座に堤防工事に着手した。
- Adopting this clever tactic, Hideyoshi immediately started building an embankment.
- この年の夏、市長は再び文観税を創設する声明を出した。
- In the summer of that year, the mayor made a statement of enacting the Bunkan tax for the second time.
- この時、三股では別府九郎の奇兵隊などが防戦していた。
- At the same time, Kiheitai led by Kuro BEPPU fought a defensive battle in Mimata.
- この作戦が成功して官軍が有利となり、薩軍は敗走した。
- As this strategy worked successfully, the government army became advantageous and the Satsuma army retreated.
- このため、銀座で出された銀貨の包みを常是包と呼んだ。
- For this reason, the wrapping used for silver coins issued at the Ginza was called Jouze-zutsumi.
- このような統治体制を律令制(または律令体制)という。
- This ruling and administrative order is defined as the Luli System.
- このように多くの説が立てられたが、定かなものはない。
- So many theories including the above-mentioned have been created, but none have been proven.
- この文化を足がかりにここに和人の移住定着が起こった。
- Using this culture as a foothold, the movement and settlement of Wajin began.
- この間の段階的な制度変化の結果であった可能性も高い。
- It was highly possible that the time for ryosei province establishment was due to the result of the gradual change of the system during this period.
- 朝鮮では、この干渉の結果、閔妃など親露派が台頭した。
- In Korea, the intervention encouraged the rise of pro-Russian politicians, such as Queen Min.
- 開発領主が多数「武士」となったのはこの段階であろう。
- This was probably a period when many kaihatsu-ryoshu became 'samurai.'
- このことが、中国や朝鮮における反日運動の元ともなった。
- It caused the anti-Japanese movement in Korea and China.
- この作戦成功により、日本軍は初めて清国領土を占領する。
- With this victory of the operation, the Japanese force occupied the territory of Qing for the first time.
- このエピソードは海軍軍人の手本として全世界に伝わった。
- This episode was spread all over the world as an example for military man.
- このときの銭貨は俗称荻原銭(おぎわらせん)と呼ばれる。
- Coins minted at this time were commonly called Ogiwasa-sen.
- この時の戦闘では塹壕に拠る抜刀白兵戦が繰り広げられた。
- The fights this time were hand-to-hand ones with swords based in trenches.
- この日、一ノ瀬の鵬翼隊三番中隊の塁にも官軍が襲来した。
- On the same day, the fort of the 3rd company of the Hoyoku-tai troop was also raided by the government army.
- 王土王民思想を最も反映していたのがこの土地制度である。
- This system most closely reflected the concept of odo omin.
- この会議は作戦立案と意思統一をするためにおこなわれた。
- The Council was held to plan a strategy and to build unity of purpose.
- この砲声は京にも届き、その音が途切れることはなかった。
- The sound of gunfire reached Kyoto and continued without stopping.
- このため、川中島で大きな戦いが行われることはなかった。
- Therefore, no more big battle was fought in Kawanakajima.
- この一枚の質量は1/10両で、これを1銭(匁)とした。
- The mass of 1 coin of the Kaigen-tsuho was defined as a 10th ryo or 1 sen (monme).
- 頼山陽はこの場面を「流星光底長蛇を逸す」と詠じている。
- Sanyo RAI described the scene in the poem of 'Ryusei kotei chodao issu' (The sword flashed in a moment, but failed to accomplish a big achievement).
- この徽章は開拓使に関係するあらゆるところに掲示された。
- This badge was displayed in all places associated with the Hokkaido Development Commission.
- 我々は、この国内問題に関しては、厳正中立の立場をとる。
- We maintain neutrarity about this domestic issue.
- しかしこの最中に、阿波勢の擁する前将軍義澄が病死する。
- During these events, however, the former shogun Yoshizumi, who held the forces of Awa, died of illness.
- この年、赤松義村の重臣浦上村宗、義村を幽閉ののち暗殺。
- During the year, Muramune URAGAMI, a senior vassal of Yoshimura AKAMATSU, as well as Yoshimura himself were assassinated after being incarcerated.
- このため、京都市民の反応はおおむね厳しいものであった。
- As a result, the reaction of Kyoto citizens was unfavorable to students largely.
- このため天保通寳は金座主導で鋳造が行われることとなった。
- For this reason, the minting of the Tenpo-tsuho coin came to be led by the kin-za.
- このために造られた水道が1653年完成の玉川上水である。
- The Tamagawa Waterworks was built in 1653 to alleviate such shortages.
- このため、義久は高城を包囲する秀長の軍勢に決戦を挑んだ。
- The situation urged Yoshihisa to launch an attack on Hidenaga's army besieging Taka-jo Castle.
- 庄内を手に入れた義光は、東禅寺氏にこの地の統治を命じた。
- When Yoshiaki plundered the Shonai district, he directed the Tozenji clan to rule the district.
- この時の様子を『信長公記』では、下記のように記している。
- The situation at that time is described in 'Shinchoko-ki' (Biography of Nobunaga ODA) as follows:
- この時に決められた諸隊編成及び指揮長は以下の通りである。
- The organization of the troops and commanders decided on this occasion were as follows:
- この点から、天皇の地位は律令を超越したものとされている。
- This shows that the status of the emperor was considered to transcend the Ritsuryo.
- 岩倉や大久保らはこの状況を覆すべくクーデターを計画する。
- Some people, including Iwakura and Okubo, planned a coup to change the situation.
- この時代に倭国(倭)から日本へ国号を変えたとされている。
- It is said that the name of the country was changed from Wakoku (Wa) to Japan in this period.
- いずれも三好氏の一族・重臣であったためこの名で呼ばれた。
- The name originates from the fact that all three are members and important officers of the Miyoshi clan.
- この乱によりキリスト教は幕藩体制を揺るがす元凶と考えた。
- This war made the Bakufu believe that Christianity might shake the feudal system that was characteristic of the shogunate.
- このとき直武は24歳、それに対し源内は満45歳であった。
- At the time, Naotake was 24 years old and Gennai was 45 years old.
- この場合はmommeと綴られ、momという記号が使われる。
- For a pearl, monme is written as momme and symbolized as mom.
- 以後このような名目貨幣が丁銀の流通を凌駕するようになった。
- From that time, the nominal money like this came to surpass Chogin in circulation.
- この制度により、全国的な参勤交代制度の原形ができあがった。
- This system became the prototype of the nationwide sankin-kotai.
- このため、紀伝道と文章道の違いが次第に曖昧になっていった。
- Through these changes, the differences between kidendo and monjodo gradually became vague.
- この落城の後、備中高松城には宇喜多氏の家老・花房氏が入城。
- After its fall, Butchu Takamatsu-jo Castle became home to the Hanabusa clan, a karo of the Ukita clan.
- 毛利方はやむなくこの条件を受け入れ、ここに和睦が成立した。
- The Mori clan had no choice but to accept the proposal, completing their reconciliation.
- これを聞いた中巌円月がこの池を「龍躍池」と命名したという。
- Chugan Engetsu who heard the story named the pond 'Ryuyaku-ike Pond' (Pond of the ascending dragon).
- この方面の戦闘は激戦で西鄉小兵衛以下、薩軍諸将が戦死した。
- The battle in this area was so fierce that a lot of commanders of the Satsuma army including Kohei SAIGO were killed in the battlefield.
- この強襲中の昼過ぎ、遅れて西郷が川尻から代継宮に到着した。
- Around early afternoon during the attack, SAIGO arrived at Yotsugimiya from Kawajiri after the army.
- この時期に、初源的な運送業が発生していたとする見解もある。
- There is a view that the prototype transportation industry started in this period.
- 「陽明学」という呼称が、中国に伝わったのもこの頃であった。
- The term 'Yomeigaku' was introduced into China during this period.
- しかし、本来はこの日に何も行うべきではないとする説もある。
- However, there is a theory that fundamentally nothing should be done on the day.
- しかしこのような国際的背景を幕府が知りえたか定かではない。
- It is uncertain, however, whether or not the Bakufu would be able to learn in such a global background.
- この時代に「住人」というのはその地の開発領主の意味である。
- The term, 'junin,' at that time was defined as the kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land) who developed that area.
- この国司免判による荘園を、国免荘(こくめんしょう)と言う。
- The shoen with Kokushi Concessions were called Kokumen Sho.
- また、この事件のあおりを受けて中納言藤原乙叡が解任された。
- Further, Chunagon (middle counselor) FUJIWARA no Takatoshi suffered the ripple effect of this incident and was removed from his position.
- この今体派は特に「汪啓淑」の流れを多く継承しているとされる。
- It is considered that the Kintai school, in particular, inherited the trend of 'O Keishuku.'
- この間、秀吉の勢威を恐れて諸国の土豪は次々と降伏していった。
- During Hideyoshi's invasion, powerful local clans in various provinces yielded to Hideyoshi one after another in fear of Hideyoshi's power.
- この勅諭を発することにより、政府は政局の主導権を取り戻した。
- The government retrieved its political initiative with this rescript.
- このとき、その補佐役となったのが、蒲生郷安という人物である。
- Satoyasu GAMO was chosen as the guardian for him.
- のちにこの時の抜刀隊の功を称えて有名な抜刀隊の歌が作られた。
- Later, a well-known Battotai song was composed to praise the achievements of the drawn sword squad in the war.
- 律令制が最も法令に則って実施されていたのが、この時期である。
- It was during this period that implementation of the Ritsuryo system conformed closest to the laws.
- この時点では倒幕派公家は朝廷内の主導権を掌握していなかった。
- At that point, the court nobles of tobakuha had not held initiative in the Imperial Court.
- この日は「赤」という字が付くため、火の元、刃物に気をつける。
- Shakko (赤口) has the letter '赤' (red) so that one must be careful of fire or edged tools.
- この戦いは大きな戦闘は無かったのではないか、という説もある。
- According to other accounts, this battle may not have developed into a great battle.
- 現在も『伴』という苗字の平家の子孫がこの土地に存在している。
- Even at present, the descendants of the Taira family with the surname Ban reside in this village.
- この武者は、平家再興の夢を捨て現地で自ら命を絶ったとされる。
- This samurai is believed to have committed suicide here after giving up his dream to revive the Taira family.
- このときの鋳銭が背面に「十三」と鋳込まれたものであるとされる。
- It is believed that a coin marked with letters of '十三' (13) on the reverse side was minted at this time.
- この攻撃ではロシアの戦艦に損傷を与えたが大きな戦果はなかった。
- Although the attack damaged Russian warships, it did was insignificant in the larger order of battle.
- この戦いは、黒田孝高が約1年間投獄されていた事でも有名である。
- This war is also famous for the fact that Yoshitaka KURODA was imprisoned for approximately one year.
- この流れをつくる地方税制は一定の形式によらなければ成立しない。
- A local taxation system which creates this cycle cannot be established without taking a certain form.
- この日の戦闘で日本軍の戦死黒田兵29人、明軍の戦死200餘人。
- The dead in this day's battle numbered 29 soldiers in the Kuroda troops for the Japanese army and about 200 soldiers for the Ming army.
- しかし、この小隊も植木で官軍と遭遇し、小倉電撃作戦は失敗した。
- However the platoon encountered the government army in Ueki and the Kokura blitz plan was failed.
- 一方、鎮台側はこの機に乗じ、時々少量の糧食を城中に運び入れた。
- On the other hand, the garrison took advantage of that and occasionally carried provisions into the castle by small amount.
- 黒田清隆中将が参軍となり、この上陸衝背軍を指揮することにした。
- Lieutenant General Kiyotaka KURODA was appointed to Sangun to command the Shohaigun, which is to disembark.
- しかし例外もありその場合違うものがこの皇帝を倒し善政を敷いた。
- There were exceptions too, and in such cases, others defeated the emperor and conducted a reign of virtue.
- 王政復古の大号令(おうせいふっこのだいごうれい)とも呼ばれる。
- It is also known as the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule.
- 用語自体が確定していた訳ではないが、例えばこのような例がある。
- The words themselves were not fixed at that time, but there were examples like this.
- このため、1951年に入っても騒然とした学内状況が続いていた。
- As a result, the situation at the university was still tumultuous in 1951.
- この時、英国人船員ら3人を救助し、約50人の清国兵を捕虜とした。
- At this time, he rescored three British crews and took about fifty Qing prisoners.
- この条文は由利案や福岡案では存在せず、木戸の修正により登場した。
- This provision was not in the drafts of Yuri and Fukuoka and appeared by the revision of Kido.
- 人体の骨格の尺骨は、この尺とほぼ同じの長さであることに由来する。
- The term 'Shakkotsu' (the Ulna bone), a bone of a forearm in human body, is derived from its length as it is often around this shaku.
- その結果、この新しい碑学派の篆刻を行う者が現れ、革新派と称した。
- As a result, some people who started tenkoku of the Higaku (study of Hokuhi) school referred to themselves as the 'Kakushin' school.
- その子の林斎・頼立斎らがこの作風を受け継ぎ、明治維新後も続いた。
- His sons Rinsai and Rissai RAI, as well as others, inherited the style, which continued after the Meiji Restoration.
- この事件で、日本人1人、朝鮮人数人が死亡、負傷者多数にのぼった。
- One Japanese and one Korean were killed and many injured in the incident.
- 安宅船や大砲も動員してのこの攻撃で、一時は城域の大半を占拠した。
- With this attack by Atake-bune (a type of naval warship) and cannons, it temporarily occupied most of the castle area.
- このため計二万一千石となり、江戸時代もこれが寺領として確定する。
- As a result, its territory became 21,000 koku in total, which was established as jiryo in the Edo period.
- この憲法は、立憲主義の要素と国体の要素を併せ持つ欽定憲法である。
- The Constitution of Japan was a constitution enacted by the emperor based on factors of constitutionalism and the national polity.
- この戦いは薩軍の圧勝となり、銃器や弾薬、その他の物品を多く得た。
- The Satsuma army completely routed the government army in this battle, and seized firearms, ammunition and many other things.
- この夜、三方堺の鵬翼隊二番中隊も襲われ、弾薬不足のため背進した。
- In this night, the 2nd company of the Hoyoku-tai troop in Sanpokai was also attacked and forced to retreat due to lack of ammunition.
- この戦争では多数の負傷者を救護するために日本赤十字社が活躍した。
- In this war, the Japanese Red Cross Society played an important role in relieving many injured persons.
- この日、大迫尚敏大尉率いる偵察隊は坪井方面の威力偵察に出撃した。
- On this day, the reconnaissance party led by Captain Naoharu OOSAKO set out to scout the Satsuma army's military capability in the Tsuboi area.
- 『続日本紀』神亀元年冬十月条(724年)にはこの記述が見られる。
- In its winter entry for the tenth month of 724, the 'Shoku nihongi' includes the following description.
- 質量の単位の銭(匁)は、この系統とは独立して発生したものである。
- The sen (monme), a unit of mass, came into existence separately from this system.
- この戸籍により、当時の日本の総人口は、3311万人と集計された。
- With this family register, the overall population of Japan at that time was totaled with 33.11 million people.
- こうして形成された田堵負名層がこの時代以降の百姓身分を形成した。
- The tato and fumyo class thus formed constituted hyakusho rank of this period and thereafter.
- 文化の面でもこのような時代の気風を反映した新しい動きがみられた。
- From the cultural aspect, a new movement reflecting the mood of the period was seen.
- この占領が後の講和条約で南樺太の日本への割譲をもたらすこととなる。
- Through this occupation and the subsequent peace treaty, Japan was ceded the southern half of the Sakhalin peninsula.
- この敗報を知った八上城の包囲軍も翌12月1日囲みを解いて退却した。
- Hearing about the other surrounding army losing that battle, the army surrounding Yakamijo Castle ended its siege and retreated on January 3, 1527.
- この頃、薩軍は各郷から新兵を募集し、新振武隊15個中隊を編成した。
- Around this time, the Satsuma army recruited from villages and organized 15 companies for the new Shinbu-tai troop.
- このため、薩軍は左右翼に分かれて山道から官軍を奇襲し優位に立った。
- Therefore, the Satsuma army divided the forces into the left flank and the right flank, launched a surprise attack against the government army through the mountain roads, and had an advantage over the government army.
- この時、別働第3旅団は多くの薩軍兵捕虜の対応をするために解団した。
- On this occasion, the detached 3rd brigade was disbanded to deal with the captured Satsuma army soldiers.
- この後即日、薩軍は全軍を二手に分けて椎原越えで人吉盆地へ退却した。
- On the same day, immediately after the decision was made, the Satsuma army divided the whole army into two units and retreated to the Hitoyoshi basin over Shiihara.
- この戦いを境に戦国時代 (日本)より続いた大規模な戦闘が終焉した。
- With this battle as the last one, large-scale battles which had continued since the Sengoku period(Japan) came to an end.
- この刑は世界的に実施例があるが、中国におけるものが最も有名である。
- The evidence shows that this type of penalty existed throughout the globe, while the examples in China are the most well-known.
- 現在この地は銀座二丁目にあたり、「銀座」は繁華街の代名詞となった。
- The location is what is now Ginza 2-chome and became synonymous with major shopping districts.
- この二手の他、紀伊国の浅野長晟に南から大坂に向かうよう命じている。
- Besides these two troops, Ieyasu ordered Nagaakira ASNO in Kii Province to come to Osaka from the south.
- この時参加した唐の水軍も、その主力は女真族で構成されていたという。
- The Joshin tribe comprised the main force of Tang's sea warriors in the Battle of Hakusukinoe.
- この方針に反対した岡本の辞任もあって、樺太の開拓は進展しなかった。
- The resignation of OKAMOTO who opposed the KURODA's thought on Sakhalin almost stalled the reclamation project of Sakhalin.
- この「入札」の結果を参考にして、主要閣僚は以下のように決定された。
- Referring to the results of the 'bid', primary cabinet members were selected as follows.
- みちのくの 出羽の太守と 生れけむ この君にして 描ける 阿蘭陀絵
- You were born as the Lord of Dewa in Michinoku, that's why you can paint Dutch paintings.
- 仏教内部も腐敗し、いわゆる「葬式仏教」が成立したのもこの時期だった。
- Buddhism community became corrupt, and so-called 'funeral Buddhism' was established around this time.
- この5と6はイギリスが要求して、まだ実現していなかったものであった。
- The conditions of articles 5 and 6 were what Britain had requested, but didn't obtained yet.
- このために費用がかさみ、参勤交代は大名の財政を圧迫することとなった。
- Sankin-kotai was so costly that it placed an enormous financial burden on daimyo accordingly.
- この攻勢は秀吉が小牧・長久手の戦いに出陣しようとした矢先に行われた。
- This attack was done just before Hideyoshi was going to leave for the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute.
- この武装解除命令は、後年の全国の刀狩の嚆矢として原刀狩令と呼ばれる。
- This disarmament command was called the original command to collect swords as the first case of the later Sword Hunt all over the country.
- この説にたてば、邪馬台国はヤマト王権が拠った畿内にあったことになる。
- According to this theory, the Yamatai Kingdom was located in the Kinai District, which was under Yamato sovereignty (a political power in ancient Japan).
- このため、江戸時代までは、卑弥呼イコール神功皇后だと考えられていた。
- Until the Edo period, because of this record, it was thought that Himiko was, in fact, Empress Jingu.
- この鬼道(卑弥呼)や惑の意味には諸説あるが正確な内容については不明。
- There are various opinions about this purported 'magic,' but no specific details are known.
- この後、一の瀬川沿いに戦線を構えている他の旅団と共に高鍋に向かった。
- After this, this brigade advanced towards Takanabe together with other brigades deployed along the Ichinose-gawa River.
- この山を占領した官軍は何度も奪取を試みる薩軍右翼隊を瞰射して退けた。
- Once occupied the hill, the government army fired down upon the right flank of the Satsuma army and drove it off, although the Satsuma army had tried to capture the hill again and again.
- このような国際情勢の変化の中、日本による台湾統治政策も変化していく。
- In such changing world affairs, the Japanese governance policy of Taiwan was also changing.
- この開戦が決まると、家康はいつになく若やいだと本多正純は記している。
- Masazumi HONDA wrote that Ieyasu looked unusually younger when he decided to open this war.
- この日清水谷の一行はちょうど蝦夷地(江差)に到着したばかりであった。
- On the same day, the group of SHIMIZUDANI had just arrived in Ezo (Esashi in Ezo).
- この日は六曜の中で最も凶の日とされ、婚礼などの祝儀を忌む習慣がある。
- The day is thought to be the worst day in rokuyo and celebrations like wedding are to be avoided on that day as customs.
- この点で、キリスト教やユダヤ教における安息日にほぼ相当するといえる。
- In that sense, it is roughly equivalent to the Sabbath in Christianity or Judaism.
- この時、弁天台場は、両艦を歓迎する礼砲を撃ったが、両艦とも無視した。
- At this time, a salute was fired at Benten Daiba to welcome the both worships, but they ignored it.
- この君の ゑがきける絵は おほらかなり 蘭法にならひ 吾が国ぶりの絵
- The paintings of the Lord are magnanimous with Dutch techniques and Japanese style.
- この一連の逸話を謡ったものが宮崎県の代表的民謡「ひえつき節」である。
- The song which was created based on the above anecdote is 'Hietsukibushi,' the most famous folk song in Miyazaki Prefecture.
- この事件により大官が2人も罰せられた藤原南家の勢力が大幅に後退した。
- As two high officials of the clan were punished due to this incident, the power of the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan declined substantially.
- 堂内の装飾に漆をぬり、螺鈿をちりばめ、金箔をはったのでこの名がある。
- Its name came from the lacquered interior decorations with sprinkled Raden, with gold leaf.
- この条文は、由利案では第五条であったが、福岡によって第一条に移された。
- This article was the fifth in the Yuri draft, but it was changed to the first by Fukuoka.
- この頃の江戸の姿を伝える地図としては『別本慶長江戸図』が知られている。
- The most famous map of Edo in this period isThe 'Beppon Keicho Edo zu,'is known as a map that reveals Edo as it was.
- このような暦道の振舞いに対して算道・宿曜道側からの激しい攻撃を受けた。
- These acts of the rekido scholars came under fire from the scholars of sando (study of mathematics) and sukuyodo (the astrology brought as part of Esoteric Buddhism).
- またこの時期、根来・雑賀衆は四国の長宗我部氏とも連絡を取り合っていた。
- In addition, Negoro and Saiga shu communicated with the Chosokabe clan in the Shikoku region around this time.
- ただし、この時期の記述は抄出であり、本格的な記述は嘉吉年間以後である。
- However, the record in this period was an extract version and full-blown descriptions was started after the Kakitsu Era (1141-1144).
- この「鴨川等」は、鴨川 (淀川水系)と高野川 (京都市)の両方を含む。
- Kamo-gawa River and other rivers' includes Kamo-gawa River (Yodo-gawa River system) and Takano-gawa River (Kyoto City).
- 池田城は荒木村重の元居城で、この当時は廃城になっていたと思われている。
- Ikeda-jo Castle was the former residential castle of Murashige ARAKI and it is believed that the castle was an abandoned castle at that time.
- この日に初めて官軍は、薩軍の防衛線に割って入ることに成功したのである。
- It was the first time that the government army succeeded in breaking the line of defense of the Satsuma army.
- この火災の原因は今もって不明(ただし、官軍による自焼説が有力)である。
- The cause of the fire is still unknown (as a persuasive opinion, it is said that the government army set fire to itself.)
- このころ、薩軍は田原方面での戦闘の激化に伴って兵力が不足してきていた。
- Around this time, the military force of the Satsuma army became insufficient due to the battle intensified in the Tabaru area.
- なおこの頃、織田有楽斎は豊臣家に見切りを付けて、大坂城を退去している。
- About that time Yurakusai ODA, abandoning the Toyotomi Family, left Osaka-jo Castle.
- このため、公営競技の予想紙には、現在でも日付欄とともに掲載されている。
- For this reason, even now, they are listed with the dateline in forecast papers for publicly-owned derbies.
- あらたな国家像や天皇像もまた、この思想とのかかわりで構築されていった。
- New images of the nation and the emperor were built up in relation to the trend.
- このため、(正史編纂後に残存していれば)史料的な価値は実録の方が高い。
- Consequently, it is the veritable records (provided they remain extant after the compilation of the official history), not the official histories themselves, that have the higher value as historical sources.
- この後、7月17日、現地の裁判所が箱館府に改称した旨を管内に告示した。
- On the following July 17, a district court in Hakodate informed the Hakodate Court that the Hakodate Court was renamed Hakodate-fu.
- 永山はこの後も出兵に賛成しなかったが、桐野の説得で後日従軍を承知した。
- Exceptionally, NAGAYAMA disagreed on the plan of dispatching the troops throughout the discussion, but later, he was persuaded into joining the army by KIRINO.
- この動きは倭国にも伝わり、大化改新最中の倭国内部でも警戒感が高まった。
- The news of their overtures traveled to Wakoku as well, and although Wakoku was in the midst of the Taika Reforms, they grew alarmed.
- この殿中御掟21か条は、結果的に信長と義昭の不和を決定的なものとした。
- The twenty-one Articles of denchu on okite made the antagonism between Nobunaga and Yoshiaki conclusive.
- この時代、中央では政争が多く起こり、東北では蝦夷との戦争が絶えなかった。
- In this period, many political strifes occurred in the central government and in Tohoku there were never-ending wars with Ezo.
- これに対し小村寿太郎は、「この行為は戦争を意味するものではない」と返答。
- Jutaro KOMURA said, in replied to Minister Rosen that '[this action does not mean war.'
- この間、国民の間でも憲法改正論議は高まり、様々な憲法改正案が発表された。
- On the other hand, debate on constitutional amendment grew warm also among common people, and they published various revision proposals.
- この点も、基本的人権の制約を「公共の福祉」に求める日本国憲法とは異なる。
- It was a difference from the Constitution of Japan which defined that basic human rights were limited only for the sake of 'public welfare.'
- このため家中の不満は忠棟に集中し、家中を乱す「佞人」であるとも呼ばれた。
- Consequently, discontent within the Shimazu family was concentrated on Tadamune and he was called the 'flatterer, crafty person' who was disturbing the Shimazu family.
- この地は左右に山があり、中央に広野が広がっているという地形となっていた。
- The area was provided with the geographical shape with mountains on the right and left sides and a plain in the center.
- この令は、律令制の本格施行ではなく先駆的に施行したものと考えられている。
- It is considered that the ryo anticipated enforcement of the Ritsuryo system, and not full-scale enforcement of the Ritsuryo system.
- このことが神秘的な感じを与え、これも六曜の人気の要因の一つとなっている。
- This gives a mysterious aura to rokuyo and is one of the reasons for the popularity.
- 『甲陽軍鑑』はこの戦を「前半は上杉の勝ち、後半は武田の勝ち」としている。
- 'Koyo Gunkan' described that 'the Uesugi side won in the first half of the battle and the Takeda side the latter half of it.'
- 一般に「川中島の戦い」と言った場合にこの戦いを指すほど有名な戦いである。
- This battle is so famous that the term of 'the Battle of Kawanakajima' indicates this one when used generally.
- この戦による死者は、上杉軍が3000余、武田軍が4000余と伝えられる。
- It is said that 3,000 soldiers of Uesugi's forces and 4,000 soldiers of Takeda's forces were killed in the battle.
- この唐使を送るため、倭国側は守大石らの送唐客使(実質遣唐使)を派遣した。
- In order to send Ryutokuko back to Tang, Wakoku dispatched MORI no Oishi and others as the Japanese envoy to the Tang Dynasty.
- このうち貿易額は対中貿易が最も多く、対オランダ貿易はさほどでもなかった。
- Among these routes, trade with China boasted the highest amount of trade, while trade with the Netherlands was minimal.
- この頃、三好之長の専横に反発する畿内の勢力は細川高国の元に結集していた。
- During this time, the forces in kinai (the five provinces in the immediate vicinity of Kyoto) opposing the tyranny of Yukinaga MIYOSHI rallied behind Takakuni HOSOKAWA.
- 確かにこの時代の戦闘の様式は中世武士団による戦闘の様式とは大きく異なる。
- Definitely, the military style of this period differed greatly from that of the medieval bushidan.
- このため、荒田打を行った土地は新田に準じた権利を認められる場合もあった。
- Therefore, properties that were Aratauchi were in some cases allowed rights usually given to new fields.
- この地域の人々は古くは熊襲、7世紀後半ごろからは隼人と呼ばれるようになる。
- People in these areas were known as Kumaso in ancient times and, since the middle of the seventh century, Hayato.
- この時期の律令国家は、戸籍と計帳で人民を把握し、租・庸・調と軍役を課した。
- The ritsuryo kokka in this period maintained control of the people through koseki (the household registers) and keicho (the yearly tax registers) and imposed soyocho (taxes) and military service.
- 尚、この制限は文官任用制度が確立した明治18年(1885年)頃まで続いた。
- This policy was in effect until bunkan ninyoseido (government officials recruitement system) was established in 1885.
- この長さはおおむね18cmくらいであり、現在の尺の6割くらいの長さである。
- This length is usually about 18 centimeters, which is about 60 percents of today's 1 shaku.
- 日清戦争後、この教訓を基にして防寒具研究と冬季訓練が行われるようになった。
- Based on this lesson, study of cold weather protection gear and winter time training began, after the Sino-Japanese war.
- 新たに地方鉄道法を制定、私鉄の監督はこの法に基づいて行われるようになった。
- And the Local Railways Act was established, the supervision of private railways were conducted based on this law.
- この時、桐野が人吉を中心に南北に両翼を張る形で薩軍を以下の通りに配置した。
- On this occasion, KIRINO organized the Satsuma army with the both flanks extending in the north-south direction from Hitoyoshi in the center as below.
- この結果、別働第5旅団と熊本鎮台の連絡は夜になっても絶たれたままになった。
- As a result, communications between the detached 5th brigade and Kumamoto Garrison was not recovered even at nightfall.
- 日本にもこのころに「里」が伝えられ、律令制では5町をもって1里としていた。
- Ri' came down to Japan in those days and 1 ri was set as 5 cho in the Ritsuryo System (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- またこの間、徳川方は豊臣方が浪人が退城しない事について不審感を抱いている。
- In the meantime the Tokugawa side had suspicious feelings toward the Toyotomi side because ronin would not leave the castle.
- 陽明学左派の中心人物は王龍溪と王心斎であって、この両者を王学の二王と称す。
- Yomei-gaku's left-wing was led by Wang Longxi and Wang Xinzhai, who are known the Two Wangs of O-gaku.
- この合戦に対する政虎の感状が3通残っており、これを「血染めの感状」と呼ぶ。
- Three kanjo letters (letters commending distinguished achievements in a battle) issued by Masatora for this battle remain and are called 'bloodstained kanjo letters.'
- 確実な史料が存在しないため、この合戦の具体的な様相は現在のところ謎である。
- Because no reliable historical document is available, the detailed aspects of this battle are still a riddle even now.
- この部分が、赤穂浪士を真の義士でないと称した論として、批判の対象となった。
- This part became the target of criticism because it was interpreted that Fukuzawa did not regard the Ronins as true loyal warriors.
- このため、幼少の秀行に代わって蒲生家の政務を執行する補佐役が必要となった。
- Thus there was a need for a guardian who would carry out the political duties of the Gamo family in place of the young Hideyuki.
- この御厨は、同年8月に、下総守(藤原親通)の庁宣によって正式に認められた。
- This Mikuriya was officially permitted in September 1130 by an official notice from the Shimosa no kami (provincial governor of Shimosa Province), FUJIWARA no Chikamichi.
- しかし、この時代の兵力は、基本的に配下の農民をかき集めて武器を持たせる程度
- However, military power during this period was just for the purpose of gathering farmers under their control and make them hold onto weapons.
- この頃は、諸国行政の実権が中央から国衙に大幅に委ねられるようになっていた。
- This was the time when the actual provincial administrative power were drastically passed from the central government to the kokuga.
- この勅語は、明治天皇が神前で五箇条を誓った後、群臣に向けて下した言葉である。
- This ordinance was announced by the Emperor Meiji to a crowd of his subjects after having swore Five Articles before the altar.
- この説では、後に現れる曲尺1尺2寸の呉服尺は高麗尺に基づくものであるとする。
- In this study, gofuku-jaku (a shaku unit used for producing cloth), which was equivalent to 1 shaku 2 sun of the later kane-jaku, was considered to be derived from the koma-jaku.
- この演習により、ダグラス・マッカーサーは仁川上陸作戦を成功させたといわれる。
- It is said that those maneuvers led to the success of General Douglas MacArthur's Incheon landing operation.
- この築堤工事の途中、甲賀衆の担当部分が崩れたため、甲賀衆が改易流罪となった。
- In the middle of this construction of the bank, the part under Kogashu's responsibility broke, so that Kogashu was punished with Kaieki (forfeit rank of Samurai and properties) and exile.
- この政策は、忠棟が熱心な一向宗門徒であったことが関係しているとする説がある。
- According to an opinion, this policy was related to the fact that Tadamune was a devoted Ikko believer.
- 忠真はこの書状で義弘の調停を依頼しているが、義弘は忠真に降伏を勧告している。
- Tadazane asked for Yoshihiro to mediate between them in this letter, but Yoshihiro advised Tadazane to surrender.
- この日は防戦に成功したが、官軍は5月29日に再び鵬翼隊三番中隊右半隊を攻撃。
- On this day, the company successfully defended the fort against the government army, but on May 29, the government army attacked the right half of the 3rd company of the Hoyoku-tai troop again.
- この制度の下で、班給・課税・徴兵の台帳となる戸籍・計帳の作成が可能となった。
- This system enabled the creation of the family register and yearly tax records, which were to be used as the original registers in allotting land, imposing taxes, and conscription.
- この時の突囲軍は精鋭300~500(『新編西南戦史』は約600名)であった。
- The Totsui-gun troop on this occasion consisted of 300 to 500 elites (approx. 600 according to 'Shinpen Seinansenshi' (A newly compiled history of Seinan War).
- この時の戦力比は薩軍約14,000人に対して、鎮台軍約4,000人であった。
- The ratio of military capability between the Satsuma army and the garrison was 4000 to 4000 at this time.
- 一方王陽明はこの部分を再解釈し「物を格(ただ)す」(物=事、格=正)とした。
- On the other hand, Wang Yangming reinterpreted this part as meaning 'to rectify affairs' ('butsu' = 'affairs', 'kaku' = 'rectify'.)
- しかし、政虎は海津城からの炊煙がいつになく多いことから、この動きを察知する。
- However, Masatora detected the movement, based on the fact that an unusually large amount of smoke came from the cooking.
- 現代では特に子供の喧嘩の処断などで教師や親がこの理論が持ち出すケースが多い。
- Today, the idea is often quoted by teachers and parents when intervening in children's conflicts.
- ただし、この段階での「武士団」は、それぞれの単位ではさほど多いものではない。
- However, each 'bushidan' did not have many members.
- この結果、ヤマト王権(倭国)と朝鮮半島諸国との関係・通交が活発化したのである。
- This led to increased interaction between the Yamato Kingdom (Wakoku) and the Korean kingdoms.
- 享保年間は、このように、学問・思想の上でも新しい展開のみられた時代でもあった。
- As stated above, the Kyoho era was also an era when new developments were achieved in the fields of study and thought.
- 背面に波を描きウコン色に輝くこの銭貨は波銭(なみせん)とも呼ばれ好評であった。
- The coin which had a display of waves on the reverse side and struck turmeric gleam was called Nami-sen (literally, 'wave coin') and was well received.
- この系統の他に、尾張国や丹後国または相模国などに移住した高梨氏もあったと言う。
- Other lines of the Takanashi clan are said to have moved to Owari Province, Tango Province or Sagami Province.
- この厳しすぎる処分は、関ヶ原の戦いで蒲生家を東軍に与させる遠因にもなっている。
- This severe punishment became an indirect reason for the Gamo family's switching to the side of the Eastern Army during the Battle of Sekigahara.
- この火矢が城内の煙硝蔵に引火爆発したため城は炎上、これが致命傷となり落城した。
- Since this fire arrow touched off a powder house and it exploded, the castle burst into flames and led to surrender.
- このため、これらの矛盾を説明するために「八月革命説」が主張されるようになった。
- To resolve the contradiction, 'the August Revolution Theory' was crated.
- このほか、元老、重臣会議、御前会議など、法令に規定されない機関が多数置かれた。
- In addition, many factors, which were not defined by law, such as elder statesmen, senior vassal conferences, and Imperial conferences were established.
- 平安時代に入っても下志万氏はこの地方の有力者であったとされるが、後に没落した。
- The Shimojima clan was believed to be the locally influential family even in the Heian period, but went to ruin later.
- その結果、都城の各方面で薩軍は総崩れとなり、この日官軍は都城を完全に占領した。
- As a result, the government army completely seized Miyakonojo on this day as the Satsuma army was routed in the respective areas in Miyakonojo.
- なおこの頃、唐の強い影響のもとで、日本や新羅において律令制定の動きが見られた。
- Furthermore, movements to establish the Luli System was seen in Japan and Silla around this time by the strong influence of Tang Dynasty.
- この時の行政区域はその後の国民政府による台湾行政区域決定にも影響を与えている。
- The administrative regions established at this time influenced the Nationalist Government when it determined Taiwan administrative regions.
- このバス輸送に対し鉄道部は鉄道との平行バス路線を買収するなど対策を行っていた。
- The ministry of the railway took measures by purchasing the bus service running in parallel to the railways.
- しかし、どちらしろ、この海津城は戦局を上杉軍優勢に進めるきっかけとなっている。
- However, anyway, the Kaizu-jo Castle gave Uesugi's forces an opportunity of making the war state advantageous to them.
- この時、大久保は外に私学校、内に長州派という非常に苦しい立場に立たされていた。
- At this time, OKUBO was in a dilemma between Shigakko outside the government and the Choshu faction inside the government.
- 基本的に明治11年以前はこの戸籍を戸長が管理し、郡村制施行後は役場が管理した。
- The officer in charge of the family register basically managed this family register before 1878, and the public office managed it after the rural districts and villages system was enforced.
- この事件で宗成は流刑となり、伊予親王の伯父藤原雄友も連座して伊予国に流された。
- Munenari was banished due to this incident and Fujiwara no Otomo, an uncle of Imperial Prince Iyo, was also banished to Iyo Province as an accomplice.
- この船が再び元へ回航する際に、関東大仏造営料唐船として指定された可能性がある。
- When the ship returned to Yuan, it may have been designated as Kanto-daibutsu zoeiryotosen.
- この期間のヤマト王権(ヤマト政権)を代表するのがワカタケル王(雄略天皇)である。
- The main figure of the Yamato Kingdom (Yamato administration) during this time was King Wakatakeru (Emperor Yuryaku).
- こののち、両軍は遼陽と奉天(現・瀋陽)の中間付近を流れる沙河の線で対陣に入った。
- After this battle, the respective armies established a front along the Saka river flowing between Liaoyang and Fengtian (present-day Shenyang).
- この時期の江戸城はこれまでの本丸・二ノ丸に、西丸・三ノ丸・吹上・北ノ丸があった。
- The Edo Castle in this period constituted a central Honmaru (a main enclosure) and Ninomaru (second bailey), as well as the extensions that included Nishinomaru (west compartment), Sannomaru (third bailey), Fukiage and Kitanomaru (north compartment).
- この際、鉄道院は逓信大臣の管轄から離れて、新たに総裁を置き、内閣の直轄となった。
- From this moment, the bureau was put out of control of Communication Minister and put under the direct control of the Cabinet with new position of president set up.
- この傾向は菅原道真により寛平6年(894年)に遣唐使が廃止されたのちに強まった。
- The trend became more conspicuous after SUGAWARA no Michizane abolished the system of the Kento-shi (a Japanese envoy to the Tang Dynasty China) in 894.
- この外、本営附護衛隊長には淵辺がなり、狙撃隊を率いて西郷を護衛することになった。
- Further, FUCHIBE became the leader of the security squad attached to the headquarters and led the sharpshooting squad to guard SAIGO.
- この意識が非常に高揚して、「侠」あるいは「遊侠」という境地に達するものも現れた。
- Some of them took this ideal to such a level that they reached the position of '侠' ('kyo) in Japanese; 'xia' in Chinese) or '遊侠' (yukyo in Japanese; 'youxia' in Chinese, meaning knight errant).
- この曲解とは、私学校を政府への反乱を企てる志士を養成する機関だとする見解である。
- In other words, the central government took Shigakko for schools for training patriots to rebel against the government.
- アダムズ書記官が随行していながら、このような初歩のミスを犯してしまったのである。
- An elementary mistake was made despite the presence of Secretary Adams.
- この追加5か条は、前年の16か条よりはるかに厳しい将軍権力・政治権限規定だった。
- The additional five Articles were much severer limitations of shogun's authority and political power than the sixteen Articles of the previous year.
- このときの利益を元に天龍寺の建設が進められ、康永2年(1343年)11月に竣工。
- Construction of Tenryu-ji Temple was started with the profits of the trade, and it was completed in November, 1343.
- 寺社はこの時期に荘園領主として発展しており、各地で国司と紛争を引き起こしていた。
- In this period, temples and shrines had prospered as a lord of a manor and had caused disputes with kokushi (provincial governors).
- この形式は、定期造替ののちの旧殿分与によってその後畿内各地に広がったとみられる。
- This form seemed to be spread around the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) due to the distribution of old buildings after regular reconstruction.
- この遷都をもって、奈良時代と呼称される時代は完全に終焉を遂げ、平安時代がはじまる。
- With this transfer of the capital, the Nara period completely ended and the Heian period commenced.
- これらは中期ごろまでに大体解決し、このとき決定した境界は現在にも引き継がれている。
- Most of these disputes were settled before the middle of Edo period, and the borders determined at that time are used to this day.
- このようなことが最上徳内や間宮林蔵などの農村出身者の活躍に一枚買っているといえる。
- These contributed to the achievements of Tokunai MOGAMI and Rinzo MAMIYA, who were from rural communities.
- このように敗戦後の初期には支配層は五箇条の御誓文は民主主義の原理であると主張した。
- As the example above, shortly after the war, the ruling class claimed that Charter Oath of Five Articles was the principle of democracy.
- この内、鳥越銭が30万貫文(3億枚)、沓谷銭は20万貫文(2億枚)との記録もある。
- One record claimed that the amount included 300 thousand kanmon (300 million coins) of Torigoe-sen and 200 thousand kanmon (200 million coins) of Kutsunoya-sen.
- この当時の1匁は3.75グラムよりやや小さく3.74から3.75グラムの間である。
- At that time, 1 monme was set between 3.74 to 3.75 grams, slightly lighter than 3.75.
- この堀が再び神田川に接続され、神田川支流の日本橋川となるのは明治時代のことである。
- It was not until the Meiji Period that this moat was reconnected to Kanda-gawa River and renamed Nihon-bashi River-- a branch of the Kanda-gawa River.
- このため、弘仁12年(821年)には文章博士は相当官位を従五位下に引き上げられた。
- Therefore, monjo hakase's rank was raised to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) in 821.
- ちなみに、昭和天皇はこの時、「機関説で良いではないか」と側近に漏らしていたという。
- By the way, in the middle of the incident, the Emperor Showa said to his close aide, 'the organ theory is no problem.'
- この後、最上軍は朝日山城などで抵抗を続けたが敗れ、庄内地方は上杉景勝の版図となる。
- The Mogami's troops were defeated despite their continual resistance at places including Asahiyama-jo Castle; consequently, the Shonai district was incorporated into the territory of Kagekatsu UESUGI.
- この戦い以降、官軍は警戒を強め、7月17日に堡塁や竹柵を築いて薩軍の奇襲に備えた。
- After this battle, the government army became more vigilant, and on July 17, built forts and bamboo fences against surprise attacks by the Satsuma army.
- この官僚機構は、王土王民理念による人民統治を実現するための必要な権力装置であった。
- This bureaucratic organization was a necessary tool for ruling the people based on the idea of odo omin.
- この時、桐野・篠原・村田・別府らが率いる薩軍主力は大窪(熊本市北)に集結中だった。
- At this moment, the main force of the Satsuma army led by KIRINO, SHINOHARA, MURATA, and BEPPU was assembling in Okubo (north of Kumamoto City.)
- しかし、吉次峠部隊の被害は甚大で、駒井大尉をはじめ、この攻撃で多くの命が失われた。
- The Kichiji Pass force suffered a great deal of damage, instead, such that a lot of members including Captain KOMAI were killed in the attack.
- この間の萩原堤での戦いのとき協同隊の宮崎八郎が戦死し、別府晋介が足に重傷を負った。
- In the fight at the Hagiwara bank in this battle, Hachiro MIYAZAKI of the combined troop was killed and Shinsuke BEPPU had his legs injured seriously.
- このとき一旦各旅団の名称が改められたが、後29日に再び改称されて次のようになった。
- On this occasion, the name of each brigade was changed, but was altered again as follows later, on March 29:
- この経済構造は児玉源太郎総督の時代に基礎が築かれ、太平洋戦争により最盛期を迎えた。
- This economic structure, founded by then Governor-General Gentaro KODAMA, reached its peak due to the Pacific War.
- この戦いは、地方豪族の力も得て、最終的には大海人が勝利、即位し、天武天皇となった。
- Prince Oama won the war with the help of powerful regional clans and acceded to the throne as Emperor Tenmu.
- 謙信はこの時、信玄よりも先に陣を敷き海津城を攻める事も出来たが攻める事は無かった。
- On this occasion, Kenshin could have set up his military base before Shingen and could have attacked Kaizu-jo Castle, but he did not do it.
- この場合朝廷的体質ではなく明治後の日本の政府のような体質であり朝廷とは呼びづらい。
- The character of Manchukuo government was like the one of Japanese government after the Meiji period, and it is hardly called the Imperial Court.
- この間ロシア側の移住と開発の速度は日本側を上回り、さらに日本人との紛争が頻発した。
- During this period the speed of migration and development of Russia exceeded the Japan side, and also disputes with Japanese people occurred frequently.
- なお、この三職制度は翌・慶応4年閏4月の政体書にて廃止され、太政官制度に移行した。
- The Three Post system was abolished by the Seitaisho (Constitution) of 1868, and replaced by the Dajokan (Great Council of State) System.
- このような物の交流は各地で起こっているが、これが現在の名産物になっている地域も多い。
- Exchange of products of this kind occurred all around the country, and in many regions these transferred products became present-day local speciality.
- この法令が出された背景には、「公地公民制」と関わりがあるのではないかという説がある。
- There is a theory that the background of the edict is related to Kochi Komin sei (a system of complete state ownership of land and citizens).
- この時点で発行されたものは寛政南鐐二朱銀(かんせいなんりょうにしゅぎん)と呼ばれる。
- The coins minted after this reform were called Kansei Nanryo Nishu Gin.
- この単位の公式の名称が「匁」になったのは明治時代のことで、それまでは銭と呼んでいた。
- It was only in the Meiji period that the name monme officially began to be used as the weight unit, and until then, 'sen' had been used instead.
- 中井敬所は四世浜村蔵六や益田遇所に師事し、高い学識を身につけてこの派の代表といえる。
- Keisho NAKAI, who gained a high level of knowledge from Zoroku HAMAMURA IV and Gusho MASUDA, was the one most representative of this school.
- しかし、この伊豆多田氏については系譜や事跡に不明な点が多く実像がはっきりしていない。
- It is somewhat unclear what the Izu-Tada clan was really like, since many points are yet to be known about its lineage and historical facts.
- この間、部落問題研究所の東上高志たちが朝田らを建造物侵入と威力業務妨害の容疑で告訴。
- During this, Takashi TOJO and others from the Institute of Buraku Problem brought an accusation against Asada and others of burglary and forcible obstruction of business.
- このような一連の御家騒動が、慶長3年(1598年)に伏見にあった秀吉のもとに届いた。
- In 1598 the series of family disputes became known to Hideyoshi, who was residing in Fushimi.
- この人は別名、大倭姫(おおやまとひめ)という大和王権の女王と思われる名を持っていた。
- The woman had another name, 'Oyamato Hime,' which suggests that she was a queen of Yamato sovereignty.
- このため西郷軍は、その地にあった官軍の食糧、弾薬3万発、砲一門を奪うことに成功した。
- Therefore, Saigo's forces succeeded in looting the food, 30,000 rounds of ammunition, and a cannon of the government army.
- この間、3月4日からの官軍の戦死者は約2,000名、負傷者も2,000名にのぼった。
- From March 4, the government army had 2000 killed and 2000 wounded.
- 一方、総攻撃した熊本城は堅城で、この日の状況から簡単には攻め落とせないとみなされた。
- On the other hand, Kumamoto Castle was so sturdy against the Satsuma army's all-out attack that it was considered to be impregnable.
- この戦いは官軍死傷者221名、薩軍死者73名捕虜4名という長囲戦最大の激戦であった。
- This battle was the fiercest battle in the drawn-out siege with the death toll of 221 in the government army and the death toll of 73 and 4 captives in the Satsuma army.
- このほか林田山、八仙山、太平山、阿里山森林鉄道などの森林鉄道の整備も進められていた。
- In addition, the Sotoku-fu developed the forest railways such as Lin tian shan, Ba hsien shan, and Alishan Forest railways.
- 唐がこの掃討を行っている隙に、新羅自身も670年に旧百済領に侵攻し、唐軍を駆逐した。
- While the Tang forces were trying to quell the uprising, the Silla forces invaded the former Kudara territories in 670 and drove the Tang forces out.
- このように、諸藩の財政は表高では推し量ることは不可能であり、内高が重要な要素を持つ。
- Thus, it was impossible to estimate financial affairs of domains by omote-daka, and uchi-daka was the important factor.
- この見解は、幕府時代の条約を引き継いだという認識に立つ日本政府と異なるものであった。
- This view was different from that of the Japanese government which stood on recognition of having took over the treaty of the shogunate era.
- このように、中世を離れ近代に近い時期として、江戸時代は歴史の上で近世と定義されている。
- Thus, the Edo period is historically defined as the early-modern times, which is no longer the medieval but not yet the modern times.
- こうした抵抗はこの後も続き、1896年4月には民政に移行するが、総督は軍部が独占した。
- With the resistance continuing, power was transferred to a civilian government in April 1896, but the governorship was occupied only by military personnel.
- この時、筒井勢のうち中坊秀祐と伊賀衆が搦手に迂回して城に接近し、城内へ火矢を射込んだ。
- At this time, Hidesuke NAKANOBO and Iga shu among the Tsusui troops approached the castle from karamete (backdoor) and shot a fire arrow into it.
- その後、この地を賜った明智光秀が入城するも、翌年坂本城を築いて移ったため廃城となった。
- Although Mitsuhide AKECHI was later given this territory and the castle, the castle was demolished after Mitsuhide moved to Sakamoto-jo Castle which he built the following year.
- またこの日、大野の本営にいた辺見は久木野に進撃することを決意し、淵辺に応援を要求した。
- On this day, HENMI, who stayed at the headquarters in Ono, made up his mind to advance his troop to Kukino, and asked FUCHIBE for reinforcements.
- この頃、各地で尊攘過激派による実力行使の動きが見られたが、いずれも失敗に終わっている。
- Various radical sonjo party across the country tried to use force at the time, but all attempts fell through.
- なおこの制度は、君主の権威を肯定するものであるとして、元号廃止論の理由にもなっている。
- This system, however, is used as an excuse for the abolitionism of an era name because it can be regarded as what advocates the monarch's authority.
- この改革案は県令大山綱良の反対と地方の乱の発生により、その大部分が実行不可能となった。
- Opposed by prefectural governor Tsunayoshi OYAMA and triggered local rebellions, the most part of the reform bill cannot be put into effect.
- この壁画の人物図は、およそ7世紀後期から8世紀前期の風俗を伝えるものと推測されている。
- It is presumed that the drawings of these human figures provide information on dressing customs from the latter half of the 7th century to the first half of the 8th century.
- この2つを組み合わせてできたのが「尋常」という言葉で、並み、普通であることを意味する。
- These two Chinese characters combined to make a Chinese compound word 'jinjo' (尋常) meaning mediocre and ordinary.
- また、この戸籍では宗門人別の性質を残すため、寺、氏神の記載があった(明治18年廃止)。
- Moreover, there were descriptions of Buddhist temples and ujigami (a guardian god or spirit of a particular place in the Shinto religion) in this family register in order to maintain the religious doctrine by the follower (it was abolished in 1885).
- だが榎本は、この覚書を読むなり「これは便利な文章だ。いかようにも解釈できる」と喜んだ。
- But, once Enomoto read it, he was delighted saying 'This is a useful description. We can take it in any way'.
- このため、荘園領主たちは更に効力が強い官省符荘や勅免荘への認定を期待するようになった。
- Therefore, the lords of shoen wanted their lands to be granted a much stronger Kanshofu sho (a shoen enjoying immunity from taxation by virtue of having official documents from both the Council of State and the Ministry of Popular Affairs) or Chokumen sho (imperially exempted manor).
- この唐船の利益をもとに天龍寺の建立が行われ、康永2年(1343年)11月竣工している。
- With the profits from this Tosen, the Tenryu-ji Temple was built and completed in November 1343.
- この征韓論には1871年廃藩置県によって武士としての職を失った士族の不満が背景にあった。
- Behind this Seikanron there was dissatisfaction amongst the Shizoku (family or persons with samurai ancestors) who had lost their jobs as a result of Haihan-chiken in 1871.
- 当時、藩と府県(政府直轄地)の管轄区域は入り組んでおりこの府藩県三治制は非効率であった。
- As the regions of han and those of prefectures (land directly controlled by the government) became linked to each other at the time, this made fu-han-ken sanchisei inefficient.
- この「文 久 永 寳(宝)」の文字には三種類のものがあり、それぞれ能筆の幕閣が担当した。
- Three writing styles were used to engrave '文 久 永 寳 (or 宝)' and each writing was created by a cabinet official who was a skilled calligrapher.
- このため、次第に暦道も科学的な暦学から陰陽道的な色を帯びたものに変質していくことになる。
- Therefore, rekido, which was originally a scientific study of the calendar, began to take on the flavor of Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang, an occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements).
- 三刀屋氏もこの例に漏れず、出雲国三刀屋郷を本拠とし、来たるべき戦国時代に備えたのである。
- The Mitoya clan, which was not an exception to this trend, prepared for the forthcoming period of Warring States headquartered in Mitoya-go district in Izumo Province.
- 1980年10月、部落解放同盟京都府連合会と部落問題研究所がこの提案を容れることを決定。
- In October 1980, the Buraku Liberation League, Kyoto Federation and The Institute of Buraku Problem decided to accept the offer.
- 備中高松城の戦いはこのように秀吉(織田氏)が優位を築いた状況において勃発したものである。
- As described above, the Battle of Bitchu Takamatsu-jo Castle occurred in situations where Hideyoshi, or the Oda clan, were in a superior position.
- この時の状況を『信長公記』では、下記のように記していおり、臨終の悲惨な状況が伺えしれる。
- Situations at that time are described in 'Shinchoko-ki' as follows, and disastrous situations at their mortal moment can be imagined.
- このため、干城隊三・七番隊、雷撃隊六番隊がこれを防いだが、決着はつかず両軍は兵を退いた。
- For this, the 3rd and 7th companies of Kanjotai and the 6th company of Raigeki-tai defended the attack, but both sides retreated without gaining any decisive result.
- この部隊は途中、小河内・山野などで少数の薩軍を撃退しながら大口の北西・山野まで進攻した。
- The battalions advanced to the northwest of Oguchi and Yamano by driving off small troops of the Satsuma army in the areas on their way including Ogochi and Yamano.
- このように議政官の任務は非常に重要であり、実質的に国政の意思決定を左右する組織であった。
- As such, the giseikan had very important duties and virtually controlled political decision-making.
- このことからかえって人気に拍車をかけることとなり、第二次世界大戦後の爆発的流行に至った。
- For this reason, it became even more popular and led to a runaway trend after the World War II.
- この大火に江戸幕府も衝撃を受け、急遽老中松平定信を京都に派遣して朝廷と善後策を協議した。
- Thus fire shocked the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) which promptly dispatched senior councillor Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA to Kyoto to consult with the Imperial Court on how to handle the situation.
- また、この目的を達するための具体的なスローガンとして「富国強兵」「殖産興業」が頻用された。
- Also, 'Fukoku Kyohei' (enriching the country, strengthening the military) and 'Shokusan Kogyo' (encouragement of new industry) were often used as specific slogans in order to achieve this goal.
- この建設工事に際しては発掘調査などが行われず、遺構はそのまま破壊されたものと思われていた。
- Excavation or investigation was not conducted when this stadium was constructed, therefore ancient structural remnants were believed to have been demolished.
- (このため、一説に郷安が三成の意を受けて氏郷を毒殺したのではないかという説もなされている。
- (For this reason, there was a view that Satoyasu had received the will of Mitsunari and assassinated Ujisato by poisoning.)
- 従来の薩長史観では見過ごされがちだが、この三者が幕末において果たした役割を再評価している。
- The three politicians of the government hadn't been considered important by the past historians who had followed the majority viewpoint (appreciating 'Saccho'), however recently the significance of their political works is being reconsidered due to the assistant professor's idea.
- この時、義興の養子となっていた本庄繁長の子・大宝寺義勝は実父の下に逃れて捲土重来を誓った。
- Subsequently, Shigenaga HONJO's son Yoshikatsu DAIHOJI, who had been adopted by Yoshioki DAIJOJI, was determined to resume his power while taking refuge with his biological father.
- このとき明・朝鮮軍では全羅道と慶尚道との道境付近にある南原城と黄石山城で守りを固めていた。
- The Ming-Korean army was increasing its defenses at Namwon and Hwangsoksan castles, between the road boundary of Chilcheollyang and Gyeongsang-do.
- この時に桐野は平岩、村田新八は富高新町、池上は延岡に、順次北方に陣を構えて諸軍を指揮した。
- On this occasion, from the south to the north in order, KIRINO placed his troop in Hiraiwa, Shinpachi MURATA in Tomitaka-shinmachi, and IKEGAMI in Nobeoka, and commanded the troops respectively.
- この日の晩、諸将の諌めを押し切り、明朝、西郷は自ら陣頭に立ち、官軍と雌雄を決しようとした。
- In the night of the same day, SAIGO overpowered admonishments by his military commanders and determined to stand at the front and take command of the Satsuma army by himself in the next morning to fight a decisive battle with the government army.
- ただし、秀吉は南蛮貿易の実利を重視していたため、この時点では大規模な迫害は行われなかった。
- However, since Hideyoshi placed emphasis on the actual profit that he could receive from Japan's trade with Spain and Portugal, a great persecution was not executed at this point.
- このため、戦術的には上杉軍優勢で終わったとの見方もある(特に副将信繁の戦死は影を落とした。
- Therefore, there is the opinion that the battle ended in a state advantageous to Uesugi's forces strategically (in particular, the death in the fight of Nobushige, deputy general, cast a dark shadow.
- このため、仏教とは一切関係無く、仏事と関わり合いそうな言葉が多いのは、全くの当て字に因る。
- Therefore, the reason why there are many words which have no relation with Buddhism but seems to have a relation with butsuji is just phonetic equivalents.
- このため、事件前に1400人だった霧社地区の人口は、事件後300人にまで減少し、消滅した。
- Due to this, the population in the Wushe region decreased from 1,400 before the incident to 300 after the incident and the tribe became extinct.
- ところで、このときの「四至」は、それまでの「四至」よりも南に大きく広がっていた形跡がある。
- Meanwhile, there is evidence that the 'Shishi' of that occasion was broader to the south than in the past.
- この堂は、当時京都を中心に多数建立された九体阿弥陀堂として唯一残った遺構として貴重である。
- The hall is precious since it is the only one in existence as a ruminant of a Kutai Amida-do Hall (Hall of Nine Amidas) of many that were built around Kyoto at that time.
- 国家の支配体制がこのように電撃的、かつ画期的に改変されたのは明治維新における奇跡とも言える。
- It can be considered a miracle that the ruling system of Japan was changed quickly and dramatically by the Meiji Restoration.
- この間に光明皇后の信任を得た藤原南家の藤原仲麻呂(武智麻呂の子)が台頭、紫微中台を組織した。
- In the meantime, FUJIWARA no Nakamaro (son of Muchimaro) from the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan, who successfully gained the confidence of the Empress Komyo, accumulated power and organized a Shibi chudai (office responsible for affairs of the Empress Komyo).
- この農民の商売熱を冷まそうと幕府は田畑永代売買禁止令や帰農令などを発布するも効果がなかった。
- The shogunate government intended to dampen peasants' enthusiasm for business by promulgation of the ban against buying and selling of fields and the back-to-the-land order, but neither was effective.
- ただし後者は、専らこの時代に特定の藩の藩領だった地域の郷土史における歴史区分として使われる。
- However, the latter was only used as historical classification in the local history of territories of specific domains in this period.
- 陸奥宗光はこのため『ニューヨーク・ワールド』に弁明せざるを得なくなる事態に陥ることとなった。
- This put Japan in a position to force Munemitsu MUTSU to make an excuse in 'Newyork World.'
- 西日本では俗称「小粒」といえば豆板銀を指したが、東日本ではこのような角型の小額金貨を指した。
- In western Japan, a familiar name 'kotsubu' referred to mameitagin (name of a small round-type of silver coin in the Edo period), but in eastern Japan it referred to small rectangular gold coin.
- この海戦で連合艦隊は旅順艦隊の巡洋艦3隻他を撃沈したが、主力艦を撃沈することはできなかった。
- The Combined Fleet sank three cruisers and others vessels of the Lushun Fleet, but was not able to sink any of its capital ships.
- この間の264年間を「江戸時代」もしくは「徳川時代」と呼び、徳川家が実質的に日本を支配した。
- The 264 years of the Edo bakufu are referred to as the 'Edo period' or 'Tokugawa period,' and the Tokugawa family took a significant amount of control over Japan.
- この時提出された法案の原案は、17私鉄の他に15私鉄を加えた32私鉄を買収するものであった。
- The original draft of the bill submitted at this time was to acquire 32 private railways including 15 private railways, besides the original 17 private railways
- 江戸時代に江戸幕府や諸藩によって作成された勘定帳や年貢皆済目録もこの流れを汲んだものである。
- The kanjocho (account book) and nengu kaisai mokuroku (catalogue of land tax collection) which were prepared by the Edo bakufu and domains in the Edo Period originated from the above.
- 丈山を除けばこの時代の印章は概して実用目的で用いられ、正しい篆法・印法・刀法に則っていない。
- Except for Jozan's, seals in this period were generally for practical use and were therefore not engraved in the correct script and method of engraving.
- だが湯河・山本勢にも上方勢を駆逐するほどの力はなく、この方面の戦いは長期化することになった。
- However, the Yukawa and Yamamoto troops did not have the power to drive out the Kamigata army, so that the battle in this direction was prolonged.
- 忠恒のみならず家康も忠真に立腹したが、もはや島津の敵ではあるまいとこの場は許すに至っている。
- Not only Tadatsune but also Ieyasu was angry with Tadamasa; however, they decided to forgive him because he could no longer be a threat to the Shimazu clan.
- 豊臣秀吉死後激化したこの二派の対立に五大老の一人である徳川家康が介入(武断派に支持された)。
- Following the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, a bitter rivalry between the two factions developed and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who was one of the Gotairo (Council of Five Elders) and received the support from the Budan ha interfered in this conflict.
- この乱は、島津氏家中最大の内乱であり、最終的には徳川家康の仲介により解決に至ったものである。
- This rebellion, which was the largest revolt within the Shimazu clan, was eventually resolved through the mediation of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- この事より『町を放火候なり』によると「信長は一旦持久戦に持ち込むことにした」と解説している。
- Judging from this 'Machiwo hoka soronari' (name of an exhibition?; literally, setting fire to town), it was explained as 'Nobunaga decided to switch to a long drawn-out battle.'
- しかしこのことは中国との外交に大きな影響を生じさせたため、その後再び倭を称するようになった。
- However, this had a great impact on relations with China, and they again called themselves Wa thereafter.
- 幕府方の動員した兵力は約20万に上り、この大軍が大坂に集結したため少なからず混乱が起こった。
- The mass of large forces of bakufu soldiers in Osaka reaching about 200,000 in number brought forth not a few confusions.
- 一方で、この思想を基本とする保守派知識人達は戦後世代から「オールドリベラリスト」と呼ばれる。
- The conservative intellectuals that uphold this idea are called 'old liberalists' by postwar generations of researchers.
- 一時期は近衛家が親薩摩、鷹司家が親長州となっていたものの、この頃には徳川家支持に傾いていた。
- Although the Konoe family had been pro-Satsuma and the Takatsukasa family had been pro-Choshu for a while, they had turned to support the Tokugawa family by that time.
- しかも、この言葉は福澤諭吉の言葉ではなく、アメリカ合衆国のアメリカ独立宣言からの引用である。
- This is not FUKUZAWA's original idea, but a citation from the Constitution of the United States of America.
- この郷安は、もとは六角氏の家臣であったが、六角氏が滅亡した後、氏郷の家臣となった人物である。
- Satoyasu had originally been a vassal of the Rokkaku clan, but became a vassal of Ujisato when the Rokkaku clan fell.
- この1年の間に、細川氏(京兆家)の家督は政元から澄之、澄元、高国とめまぐるしく入れ替わった。
- Within one year, the head of the Hosokawa clan (the Keicho family) changed chaotically from Masamoto to Sumiyuki, then to Sumimoto, and then again to Takakuni.
- このため、「高値の質物」(リスクが高い質物)と言われ、それが「高質」の語源とも言われている。
- For this reason, they were called 'pawns at a high price' (a highly risky pawn), which is considered to be the origin of the word 'kojichi' ('ko' indicates 'high' and 'jichi (shichi)' indicates 'pawn' in Chinese characters).
- この段階での彼らは在京の官人、あるいは受領であるとともに、ひとつの「武士団」の長でもあった。
- At this step, they were low to middle ranking officers living in Kyoto or zuryo as well as being the chief of one 'bushidan.'
- このケースでは、国衙と荘園は必ずしも対立的ではなく、両者の共存関係が継続していたことになる。
- In this case, Kokuga and Shoen were not necessarily against each other but coexisted.
- この時期と前後して4世紀半ば(350年頃)からヤマト王権(倭国)は朝鮮半島との交易を開始した。
- Around this time, in the middle of the fourth century (around 350), the Yamato Kingdom (Wakoku) began trading with the Korean Peninsula.
- この結果、領有権問題の解決は1894年(明治27年)の日清戦争後まで持ち越されることになった。
- As a result, the issue of territorial rights was left unresolved until the end of Japanese-Sino War in 1894.
- この遠方への巡礼の背景には、五街道や宿場町の整備、治安の良化などのインフラが整ったことがある。
- Improved infrastructures, such as the development of the five main highways (gokaido) and post towns, public safety, made pilgrimages to distant temples and shrines possible.
- ロシア側にとって、この通告がいかに突然であったかを知るには、ローゼン公使の対応を見てもわかる。
- How the notification caught Russia off-guard is visible in the response of Minister Rosen.
- また、この頃には、各地で不平士族による反乱が頻発するようになり、日本の治安はきわめて悪化した。
- Around the same time, in various places, rebellions were frequently held by the warrior class who had complaints about the government, and it deteriorated public security in Japan.
- 荒木久左衛門は手勢300兵を率いて尼崎城に向かったが、荒木村重はこの説得に応じる事はなかった。
- Kyuzaemon ARAKI visited Amagasaki-jo Castle accompanied by 300 warriors, but Murashiga ARAKI would not accept this proposal.
- この時期の中国を中心とする東アジア諸国では共通して、律令に基づく国家統治体制が構築されていた。
- Chinese dynasties as the center of the development of Luli, the ruling and administrative order based on Luli system was commonly established in each of those Eastern Asian countries.
- この改革は、律令制の再興を意図したものだったが、これにより律令制は大きく変質することとなった。
- Though aimed at restoring the Ritsuryo system, these reforms, ironically, significantly transformed it.
- この時、淀殿は会見を拒否し両者の関係は悪化するが家康は松平忠輝を大坂に遣わし融和に努めている。
- Yodo-dono then refused the meeting, which made their relationship bad, but Ieyasu sent Tadateru MATSUDAIRA to Osaka for reconciliation.
- この朱子学の解釈は、正統的には「四書」と旧来の経書に対する注釈という形で伝わったものであった。
- The interpretation by Shushigaku was propagated in the form of commentaries on the Four Books and the traditional Classics.
- このような朝廷の下では、大政奉還後の新政権も徳川慶喜が主導するものになることが当然予想された。
- Under such Imperial Court, it was naturally expected that the new government after Taisei Hokan would be led by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA.
- この頃、京都へ尊王攘夷派の志士が集い、「天誅」と称して反対派を暗殺するなど、治安が極端に悪化。
- During this period, public order in Kyoto deteriorated because groups of people who advocated Sonno Joi ha gathered there from across the country and assassinated members of the opposition, insisting that it was a punishment from heaven.
- このため、景虎は残る長尾方の北信濃国人衆への支配を強化して、実質的な家臣化を進めることになる。
- Therefore, Kagetora strengthened the control of the remaining local samurai landowners in the northern Shinano area, and became to make efforts to make them retainers of the Nagao family.
- このため、正確さよりも政治的思惑が最優先されて歴史書としての価値は大きく損なわれる事になった。
- As a result, the first priority of such histories shifted away from accuracy and towards political calculations, and as such their value as historical sources suffered significant damage.
- この際(665年もしくは671年の両説有り)に、2000名の唐の軍隊が倭国に進駐したとされる。
- On this occasion (there are two competing theories suggesting 665 and 671 as the time of occurrence), it is said that the 2000 strong army of the Tang Dynasty advanced to Wakoku.
- そこでドイツやロシアは自国の対中国政策を維持するために、この日本の要求を容認できないと考えた。
- Therefore, Germany and Russia objected to the Japan's demand in order to maintain their policies on China.
- しかしこの時期の武士はまた、自らも田堵負名として軍人としての経済基盤を保証される存在であった。
- However, samurai in this period were also tato or fumyo who were guaranteed an economical base as a solder.
- このような落人の子孫を主張する村は全国で132箇所もありその殆どが信憑性に欠けると考えられる。
- Though 132 villages throughout the nation insist that their residents are the descendants of Ochudo, almost all of their arguments are considered to be incredible.
- しかし、この事件を契機としてヤマト王権による朝鮮半島南部への進出活動が急速に衰えることとなった。
- However, due to this incident, the Yamato Kingdom rapidly lost influence in the southern Korean Peninsula.
- この結果高野山は滅亡を免れ、太閤検地終了後の天正19年(1591年)に一万石の所領を安堵された。
- As a result, Koyasan escaped from destruction and was provided authorization for 10,000 koku (approximately 1.8 million liters of crop yield) land ownership and guaranteeing feudal tenure in 1591 after finishing Taiko-kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI).
- この時、一族の中には昭光に従い角田に移ったものと、刀を捨て農民・商人として残るものとに分かれた。
- On this occasion, some members of the clan followed Akimitsu and moved to Kakuda, the others abandoned the samurai status and remained in Ishikawa as farmers and merchants.
- この時勝正が手にしていたのが名刀正宗で、本庄繁長の手に渡り本荘正宗と言われるようになったという。
- The sword Katsumasa used at this time was the noted Masamune sword, which was later passed into the hands of Shigenaga HONJO to be renamed Honjo Masamune (the noted sword 'Masamune' once owned by Shigenaga HONJO).
- このため、西洋の諸国では困難を極めた地積単位のメートル法への移行は、日本ではスムーズに行われた。
- Therefore, the units of acreage were easily switched to the units of the metric system in Japan, while it was a quite difficult task for Western countries.
- このような中で、政局を安定させるためにも地方制度改革が必要不可欠であるとの指摘がひろくなされた。
- In such circumstances, it was widely pointed out that reforming the local administrative system was indispensable in order to stabilize to political situation.
- 銀座移転前のこの地は染物屋が多く集居していたが、西洞院通蛸薬師通付近に替地を与えられ立ち退いた。
- Before the ginza was set up, the area had a high concentration of cloth-dyeing shops, which moved to replacement land granted near Nishinotoin-dori and Takoyakushi-dori streets.
- 結果としてこのような盲人保護政策が、江戸時代の音楽や鍼灸医学の発展の重要な要素になったと言える。
- As a result, these protection policies of the blind became a major cause for the development of music during the Edo period and acupuncture technology.
- 現代の作家などがこの合戦についての新説を述べることがあるが、いずれも史料に基づかない想像が多い。
- Writers today sometimes describe their opinions about this battle, but many of them are conjectures based on no historical document.
- けれども今広くこの人間世界を見渡すと、賢い人愚かな人貧乏な人金持ちの人身分の高い人低い人とある。
- However, looking around the world of human beings, we can see the wise and the fool, the rich and the poor, and the noble and the common.
- このため正徳 (日本)5年(1715年)に海舶互市新例(正徳長崎新令)を定めて貿易量を制限した。
- The Bakufu then enacted the Kaihakugoshi Shinrei (or the Shotoku-Nagasaki Shinrei) in 1715 in an effort to control the amount of trade.
- 列強はこの干渉以降、阿片戦争で香港を得た英国の様に中国の分割を推し進めていた欧米に弾みを付けた。
- After the intervention, the world powers gained more momentum to divide and colonize China as the UK did with Hong Kong after the Opium Wars.
- それまで直武は佐竹北家の家臣(陪臣)であったので、この抜擢により本藩直臣へと立身したことになる。
- Since up until that time Naotake had been a vassal (retainer of a vassal) of the Northern House of the Satake clan, this appointment promoted him to a direct vassal of the main clan.
- この階層は現実には農業経営に従事する者のみならず、商業や手工業、漁業などの経営者も包括していた。
- This class included not only those who were engaged in agricultural management but also managers in commerce, handicraft, and fishery industries.
- この吉田郡山城の戦いでは久扶も尼子方の武将として参加したが、散々の敗北を喫し、出雲へと逃げ帰った。
- During the Yoshida Koriyamajo Castle War, Hisasuke participated as a warlord on the side of the Amago clan, but was soundly defeated and fled to Izumo.
- 22日には摂津の信長にも知らせが届き、近江の情勢を知った信長はこの浅井・朝倉連合軍との対決を優先。
- Nobunaga in Settsu, who had heard the news on the 31st and became aware of the situation in Omi, decided to prioritize the battle against the Asai and Asakura allied forces.
- 別働第二旅団は7つの街道から球磨盆地に攻め入る作戦をたて、5月1日から9日までこの作戦を遂行した。
- The detached 2nd brigade planned tactics to advance into the Kuma Basin along seven roads, and from May 1 to 9, executed the tactics.
- これらのことから、この時期に倭・倭人を代表する倭国と呼ばれる政治勢力が形成されたと考えられている。
- In view of these records, it is considered that a political group called Wakoku representing Wa or Wajin were formed at that time.
- そのほか台湾東部や離島との海上交通の整備の一環として花蓮港や馬公港などもこの時代に整備されている。
- Makung Harbor and Hualien Harbor were developed at that time as a part of the maritime transportation service for the eastern part of Taiwan and the islands.
- この時期、台湾総督府は軍事行動を全面に出した強硬な統治政策を打ち出し、台湾居民の抵抗運動を招いた。
- During this period the Taiwan Sotoku-fu (Government-General) took a hard-line policy backed up by military force, which caused the growth of resistant movements among the people in Taiwan.
- この時期に編纂されたとされる近江令は、国制改革を進めていく個別法令群の総称だったと考えられている。
- It is believed that the Omi Code, which is said to have been compiled in this period, was a general name for the group of laws enforced for promoting the constitutional reforms.
- この傾向は王心斎の一派にも見られ、それ故にもはや儒教ではなく 禅宗の学だという批判を招くに至った。
- This tendency was also seen in the Wang Xinzhai's group, which led to Yomeigaku being criticized as no longer Confucianism but Zen Buddhism teaching.
- この戦で、一敗地にまみれた長州藩は逆賊となり京から追放され、幕府から征伐軍が派遣されることとなる。
- Because of this battle, the Choshu clan were expelled from Kyoto as rebels, and the bakufu dispatched the army to try and conquer them.
- 1929年には渡辺世祐がはじめて五戦説を提唱し、戦後には小林計一郎以来この五回説が支持されている。
- In 1929, Yosuke WATANABE proposed the five-battles theory for the first time, and after the end of the war, this theory was supported by Kiichiro KOBAYASHI first, followed by others.
- 当時の唐は至るところで諸民族を征服しており、丁度このころの唐の勢力圏は中華史上最大のものであった。
- At that time, the Tang Dynasty was conquering many territories in various places, and at this point the sphere of Tang's reach of power was the largest in the history of China.
- この「鎖国」という言葉は、その際の新造語であり、実際に鎖国という言葉が普及するのは明治以降である。
- While the term 'Sakoku' was newly coined at that time, it was not widely used until the Meiji period.
- このため、延暦19年(800年)に一旦、陰首・括出の禁止が出されて走還のみが認められることになる。
- Consequently, onshu and kasshutsu were temporarily banned in 800 and only sokan was permitted.
- この絵巻は、当時、都でおきた実際の火事に取材しており、院政の舞台となった京都の姿が描写されている。
- This emakimono was based on the real fire which occurred in Kyoto at that time, and Kyoto, the center of Insei, was described.
- この時またも公使館が全焼し日本人に30数名の犠牲者を出し、日本国内では朝鮮、中国への反感が高まった。
- The legation was completely burned down and more than thirty Japanese people died, provoking antipathy to Korea and China.
- 家斉は将軍職を子の徳川家慶に譲った後も実権を握り続けたので、この政治は「大御所政治」と呼ばれている。
- Since Ienari kept taking the helm even after assigning the shogunate to his son, Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA, this administration was called the government of the retired Shogun (ogosho).
- このように南北朝時代に善光寺平北部地域一帯から越後の一部にまで及ぶ勢力拡大に成功した様子が伺われる。
- The Takanashi clan was successful in dominating the northern parts of Zenkojidaira and a part of Echigo during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- この一報に驚いた吉川元春は弟の毛利元康を出兵させ、多数の支援部隊を送り込んでただちにこれを回復した。
- Surprised to hear about this, Motoharu KIKKAWA made his brother, Motoyasu MORI, dispatch a great number of support troops, and promptly recovered the castle.
- このため、天平2年(730年)より暦生のうち優秀者2名を暦得業生として給費を行うなどの措置を取った。
- In a bid to reverse the situation, various programs got underway in 730, including the establishment of a scholarship program that offered financial aid to two reki tokugyo no sho (reki students) chosen from among the excellent reki no sho.
- 清和源氏源満快信濃源氏一族を称した三刀屋氏が有名で、この一族は出雲国に住した後に三刀屋を名字とする。
- Among several branches of the Mitoya clan, the most famous one is the Mitoya clan, which claimed descent from a branch of Seiwa-Genji (the Minamoto line descended from Emperor Seiwa), a MINAMOTO no Mitsuyoshi line, Shinano Genji, and which bore the name of Mitoya after they settled in Izumo Province.
- その中で、この問題を日本古代国家の形成途上における政治史の課題として位置づけたのは小林行雄であった。
- Yukio KOBAYASHI considered the issue as one of political history concerning the period of the development of the ancient state of Japan.
- この裁定と秀次事件における駒姫の死とが重なって、最上義光は秀吉や上杉氏に対して深い憎悪の念を抱いた。
- Yoshiaki MOGAMI had a deep hatred for Hideyoshi and the Uesugi clan, becauase he was infuriated by the decisions made by Hideyoshi and because he was grievously shocked by the death of his daughter Komahime, who was a concubine of Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI and, as instructed by Hideyoshi, executed in the Hidetsugu Incident.
- しかしながら、13日に官軍に援軍が投入され、薩軍・官軍ともに引かず、4月17日までこの状態が続いた。
- However, after the government army was reinforced on April 13, both forces did not retreat and the situation remained unchanged until around April 17.
- この建設のために西部幹線二八水駅(現・二水駅)より工事作業地区までの鉄道を敷設し物資の輸送を行った。
- For construction, the railroad was laid from Erbashui Station (today Ershuei Station) on the Western Line to the construction site to transport materials.
- ただし、この最盛期において律令制がどの程度まで徹底して施行されていたかについては議論が分かれている。
- There are several opinions on how thoroughly the Ritsuryo system was enforced during its peak.
- この結果、朱子学は念願の王朝権力との一体化を果たし、思想界に重大な影響を与えることになったのである。
- Consequently, Shushigaku became integrated with Imperial Court power and acquired strong influence on ideological circles.
- 金工、漆工、染織、陶磁、刀剣、甲冑など各種のものがあり、このうち刀剣類が全体のほぼ半数を占めている。
- This category includes a wide variety of craftworks including those made of metal, lacquer, works of dyeing and weaving, ceramics, swords, and armor; swords account for roughly half the total number of crafts considered national treasures.
- 1872年の総人口も3480万人に修正した推計がなされているが、この推計値についてもなお議論がある。
- The total population in 1872 was estimated to 3480 million, but there is still a discussion about this estimate.
- (この間の経緯は一般に沖縄県の歴史琉球処分と称される。旧琉球国王の尚氏も旧藩主と同様、華族となった。)
- (For what happened in Okinawa during the period, refer to 'Historical Ryukyu Annexation of Okinawa Prefecture'. The Sho clan, who dominated the old Ryukyu Kingdom, became the nobility as did other former domain governors.)
- このため、とくに日清戦争後の台湾平定戦では、高温という脚気が発生しやすい条件も重なり、患者が急増した。
- Consequently, the number of the patients rapidly increased particularly in the battle to suppress Taiwan after the Sino-Japanese with another cause that beriberi is prone to occur at high temperatures.
- この戦いの後、南条氏は再び西伯耆へ進出することは無くなり、史料上ではこれ以後の合戦は確認されていない。
- After this war, the Nanjo clan never entered the west Hoki again, and no battle occurred thereafter according to historical documents.
- この河原山城の戦いは伯耆国内での中世最後の戦いと言われるが、戦いに至るまでに次のような経緯が存在した。
- Referred to as the last battled in Hoki Province in the Medieval period, the Battle of Kawarayama-jo Castle developed in the following way.
- この根城坂は高城の南側に位置する坂で、島津軍が高城を救援するなら絶対に通らないといけないルートだった。
- Nejirozaka was a slope on the south of Taka-jo Castle, which was the only route for the Shimazu army to relieve Taka-jo Castle.
- ゆえに権力者が寺内で権力を振りかざすことも認めない――このような寺社の思想を伊藤正敏は「無縁」と呼ぶ。
- Therefore, authorities where not allowed to have power in the temple, and such an idea regarding temples and shrines was called 'Muen' by Masatoshi ITO.
- しかし、末吉方面が危急の状態に陥ったので、この夜、村田新八は各隊に引き揚げて末吉に赴くように指示した。
- However, since the Satsuma army was facing a crisis in the Sueyoshi area, Shinpachi MUTATA, in the night, commanded each troop to withdraw from its place and advance to Sueyoshi.
- この機に官軍は総攻撃を仕掛けて薩軍の本拠を一挙に掃討することを決意し、明朝からの総攻撃の準備を進めた。
- The government army decided to make an all-out attack to wipe out the main military base of the Satsuma army all at once, and made preparations for the all-out attack to be started in the next morning.
- この地でおこなわれた、いわゆる城東会戦の帰趨は、田原の敗戦にも劣らない打撃を薩軍に与えることになった。
- The defeat in 'the battle of Joto' fought here damaged the Satsuma army as badly as the defeat in Tabaru.
- 天智天皇による国制改革は全国に及んでおり、令制国と呼ばれる地方行政区画が形成されたのもこの時期である。
- The constitutional reforms led by Emperor Tenji extended throughout the country, with administrative districts called ryoseikoku being formed in this period.
- これを聞いた豊臣家では大坂城は秀吉公以来の居城であり、この要求を徳川家康の実質的の宣戦布告と受け取る。
- The Toyotomi Family, hearing this proposal, took this demand as a proclamation of war, because Osaka-jo Castle had been their castle since Hideyoshi.
- この分銅は江戸時代を通じて後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、それ以外のものの製作および使用は禁止された。
- The Shirobei GOTO family was exclusively permitted to produce the balance weights throughout the Edo period while other balance weights were prohibited to be produced or used.
- このとき天皇は国是決定のための諸侯会同召集までとの条件付ながら緊急政務の処理を引き続き慶喜に委任した。
- On this occasion, the Emperor delegated the continuous transaction of immediate government affairs to Yoshinobu until the levy of lords meeting to decide national policy.
- このため、 越後の守護でもあった関東管領上杉氏との戦いでは、先々代高梨政盛から多大な支援を受けていた。
- Therefore, in the battle with the Uesugi clan, who was Shugo (provincial constable) of Echigo as well as Kanto Kanrei (the shogunal deputy for the Kanto region), the Nagao family was significantly supported by Masamori TAKANASHI, the head of the Takanishi family two generations back.
- このほか、1つのジャンルに納まらないものに熊野速玉大社、厳島神社、鶴岡八幡宮などの「古神宝類」がある。
- In addition to the above-mentioned works, certain miscellaneous items exist--namely 'the Koshinhorui' (Sacred Treasures) held by Kumano Hayatama-taisha Grand Shrine, Itsukushima-jinja Shrine, Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine, and so forth--that do not fall into any single category.
- この自白を聞いた平城天皇は安倍兄雄・巨勢野足に命じて、藤原吉子・伊予親王母子を逮捕し川原寺に幽閉した。
- Upon hearing this confession, Emperor Heijo ordered ABE no Anio and KOSE no Notari to arrest Fujiwara no Yoshiko and Imperial Prince Iyo and imprisoned them at Kawahara-dera Temple.
- このように急ピッチでの遷都が可能であったのは、寺院も含めて建物の多くが藤原京からの移築だったことによる。
- The reason why transfer of the capital could be made so rapidly was that many buildings including temples were relocated from Fujiwarakyo.
- この事件により一時アメリカ上院には条約改正は時期尚早という声が大きくなり、重要な外交懸案が危殆に瀕した。
- After this incident, there were growing opinions that it was still too soon to revise the treaty in the US upper House for a while, bringing Japan to a crisis over important diplomatic issues.
- しかし、この処分によってその全てが貸し倒れ状態になり商人の中にはそのまま破産に追い込まれる者も続出した。
- As a result of the above policy, however, all of daimyo-gashi became irrecoverable loans and some merchants went bankrupt.
- この中で、鉄道の用途は国道と同様であって、これを民営に委ねるべきでないことを原則とすると自説を主張した。
- In the written opinion, Inoue claimed that in principle railways should not be left to the private sectors because the purpose of the railways use was the same with one of National Route.
- このため、ドイツ・フランスとともに遼東半島を清に返還することを4月23日日本政府に要求した(三国干渉)。
- On April 23, Russia, France, and Germany apply diplomatic pressure on the Japan government for return of the territory to China (Triple intervention) in exchange.
- この単位が日本に伝わり、日本では、一文 (通貨単位)銭の目方であることから「文目」(もんめ)とも呼んだ。
- When this unit sen was introduced into Japan, it was called 'monme,' which was an abbreviation for mekata (weight) of 1 mon-sen.
- しかし幕末にはこの負担が多くの大名の財政を圧迫し、むしろ幕府への不満を増大させ、討幕運動の遠因となった。
- However, toward the end of the Edo period, this obligation put a strain on the finances of many daimyo, increasing their dissatisfaction with the bakufu and becoming an underlying cause of the anti-shogunate movement.
- 同時期に信長は佐久間信盛父子を大将に七、八万の軍勢を動員して再び雑賀を攻めたが、この時も制圧に失敗した。
- Around this time, Nobunaga mobilized 70,000 or 80,000 soldiers with the commanders of Nobumori SAKUMA and his son and attacked Saiga again, but he failed again at this time.
- この城を秀吉は当初兵糧攻めで攻略する予定だったが、兵糧攻めでは時間がかかりすぎるために水攻めに変更した。
- At first, Hideyoshi intended to capture this castle by starvation tactics, but since it took too much time, he changed it to inundation tactics.
- この一件によって、日本が立憲国家・法治国家として法治主義と司法権の独立を確立させたことを世に知らしめた。
- Due to this incident, Japan was known as a constitutional/law-abiding country which realized that Law and judicial power were independent.
- この件で、時の内閣は対露関係の悪化をおそれ、不敬罪の適用と、被告人に対する死刑を求め司法に圧力をかけた。
- The cabinet of that time pressured the court to apply a penal code for lese majesty to this case and demanded the death penalty of the accused.
- この中には、荒木久左衛門の息子荒木自念(14歳)、懐妊中であった荒木隼人介の妻(20歳)も含まれている。
- Jinen ARAKI (14 years old), who was a son of Kyuzaemon ARAKI, and Hayatonosuke ARAKI's wife (20 years old) who was pregnant were included among them.
- しかし、この守備に適した都城という拠点を官軍に奪取された時点で、戦局の逆転はほぼ絶望的となってしまった。
- However, it became almost impossible for the Satsuma army to reverse the state of the war, when the Satsuma army had Miyakonojo, a military base fit for defense, seized by the government army.
- この握手は、国際的連帯の成果として週刊『平民新聞』はもちろん、各国の社会主義陣営の機関誌等で報道された。
- This handshake was reported in the bulletins of the socialist camp of each country, needless to say in the weekly 'Heimin-shinbun', as a success of international solidarity.
- この解釈では心の内にある「性」(=理)を完成させるために、外的な事物の理を参照する必要は無いことになる。
- According to this interpretation, there is no need to reference the ri in the things outside one's mind to bring the 'sei' (= ri) in one's mind to perfection.
- この考えはやがて外的権威である経書、ひいては現実政治における権威の軽視にまでいたる危険性をはらんでいた。
- This idea carried the danger that the Classics, which were the external authority, and even the authority of the real government, would become ignored.
- 三綱領とは『大学』における三つの総括的テーマで、『大学』はこのテーマを説明するためにあるといってもよい。
- The Sankoryo are the three comprehensive themes in the 'Great Learning'; in other words, it can be said that the object of the 'Great Learning' is to explain the themes.
- やがてこの私学校はその与党も含め、県令大山綱良の協力のもとで県政の大部分を握る大勢力へと成長していった。
- Under the cooperation of prefectural governor Tsunayoshi OYAMA together with the ruling party, Shigakko developed into a strong power to control the most part of the prefectural government before long.
- このような混乱に乗じて、明応の政変で追われた前征夷大将軍足利義稙が大内義興を頼って上洛しようとしていた。
- The former Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the eastern barbarians') Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, who had been expelled in the Coup of Meio, attempted to take advantage of the disorder and go to Kyoto, trusting in Yoshioki OUCHI.
- この動きを察知した細川澄元は祖父である細川成之や細川高国に頼んで、大内義興らと和睦しようと画策していた。
- In anticipation, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA asked Shigeyuki HOSOKAWA, his grandfather, and Takakuni HOSOKAWA including Yoshioki OUCHI together planned to reconcile with them.
- 現在、この事件は旅順虐殺事件(英名:the Port Arthur Massacre)として知られている。
- This incident is known as the Port Authur Massacre.
- ただし、この「十目」「百目」は単位というわけではないので、例えば232匁を二百目三十二匁などとは書かない。
- However, the me used as '10 me,' '100 me' and others is not a weight unit, so, for example, 232 monme cannot be written as 200 me plus 32 monme.
- 参勤交代で江戸に単身赴任する各藩の家臣はかなりの数に上り、この結果、江戸の人口の約半数が武士となっていた。
- Because a large number of vassals of each clan went to Edo leaving their families in their domains owing to sankin-kotai, warriors accounted for about half the population in Edo.
- ただこの時代にあって、石川丈山の篆刻は他とは異なり、明代文人の趣味に通じる華美な様式が取り入れられている。
- However, the tenkoku of Jozan ISHIKAWA, with its gorgeous style like that of the literati from the Ming dynasty, is different from others of this period.
- このときの両軍の兵力は諸説があって定かではないが、豊臣軍は8万、島津軍は3万5000ほどだったといわれる。
- Although opinions vary on the accurate numbers of the armies, it is said that the Toyotomi army numbered around 80,000 soldiers, whereas the Shimazu army numbered 35,000.
- 後に戦国大名や武将として活躍した一族はほとんどがこの時代に地方へと下向している(例 毛利氏、吉川氏など)。
- Most of the clans, who later accomplished territorial lords during the period of Warring States and warlords, went down to the provinces during this period (for example, the Mori clan and the Yoshikawa clan).
- この戦いで紀伊の寺社・国人勢力はほぼ屈服・滅亡させられたが、各地の地侍はその後もしばしば蜂起を繰り返した。
- Most of the temple and kokujin power in Kii Province were yielded or subverted by this battle, but jizamurai in each place often started riots.
- 攻略には至らなかったがこの攻撃で籠城側は抗戦を断念し、翌22日、主だった者53人の首を差し出して降伏した。
- The besiegers could not capture the castle, but the besieged gave up resistance with this attack and surrendered, submitting 53 heads of important persons on the following day, the 2nd.
- この戦いで兼定はかろうじて逃げ延び命長らえたが復讐戦の契機は訪れず、隠遁の末に10年後に40歳で死去した。
- Kanesada Ichijo, who barely escaped with his life from the battle, did not have another opportunity for a revenge battle, and he died at the age of 40 after living in retirement for 10 years.
- 稲荷山は低丘陵であるが、この地域の要衝であったので、ここをめぐる争奪戦は西南戦争の天王山ともいわれている。
- The struggle for the Inariyama hill has been regarded as the decisive battle in the Seinan War, since the hill was the strategic point in the area in spite of its lowness.
- このことから明治政府の対応の速さの背景には電信などの近代的な通信網がすでに張り巡らされていたことがわかる。
- The fact shows that the modern communication network including telegraph had already been set up in the background of that prompt reaction of the Meiji government.
- この時に薩軍が本営の木山(益城町)を囲む形で肥後平野の北から南に部署した諸隊は以下のような配置をしていた。
- On this occasion, the troops stationed from north to south of Hirano in Higo Province surrounding Kiyama (in Mashiki Town), where the headquarters were placed, was deployed as below:
- 確にこの時期に冠位十二階の制定などの国制改革が行われたが、政治・社会体制を大きく変革するものではなかった。
- Constitutional reforms such as the establishment of the twelve cap rank system were carried out during this period, although they were not so influential as to drastically change the political and social systems.
- この書簡には士族の反乱を愉快に思う西郷の心情の外に「起つと決した時には天下を驚かす」との意も書かれていた。
- In the letter, SAIGO expressed his delighted feelings about the rebellions of warrior class together with his own will as 'once I will decide to raise the army, I will surprise the whole world.'
- このことから、千葉常胤が、源義朝の傘下に入ることによって千葉常胤は領地の保全を図ったとの見方も可能である。
- Thus, it is also possible to infer that Tsunetane CHIBA was affiliated with MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo in an attempt to maintain his territory.
- この景色は、平安時代あるいは鎌倉時代から集落や水田の位置がほとんど変わらずに残されているものであるという。
- The locations of settlements and paddy fields have remained largely unchanged since the Heian period and Kamakura period.
- この時期、室町幕府は幼少の将軍を擁して南朝 (日本)側と対峙している状況にあり、危機的状況に置かれていた。
- During this period, the Muromachi bakufu was facing a critical situation in its conflict with the Southern Court (Japan) even though the shogun was still an infant.
- この事件に隣国下野国の住人藤原秀郷も荷担していたのか、朝廷は下野国衙に秀郷とその党18人の配流を命令する。
- The imperial court ordered the kokuga of Shimonotsuke Province to exile FUJIWARA no Hidesato and eighteen of his party since FUJIWARA no Hidesato, who was the junin (cultivation manor lord) of neighboring province of Shimonotsuke Province may have participated in the assassination.
- このため同年4月、進退窮まった沢柳総長は辞職に追い込まれた(後任総長は山川健次郎東京帝大総長が兼任した)。
- Under such circumstances, the president of the university, Sawayanagi, was driven into a corner and was forced to resign from his post in April of the same year (Kenjiro YAMAKAWA, the president of Tokyo Imperial University, was concurrently appointed as a successor).
- このように衝突には至らなかったが、新羅の大国意識の高揚により、新羅使も779年を最後に途絶えることとなった。
- In this way, although no conflict occurred, envoys from Silla were discontinued after the final embassy in 779, due to Silla's rising sense of national greatness and prestige.
- 政府は、こののちも銅銭の鋳造をつづけ、10世紀の乾元大宝まで12回にわたり国家的に銭貨の鋳造はおこなわれた。
- The government continued to manufacture copper coins and, until the issue of the new currency Kengen Taiho in the tenth century, as many as 12 rounds of production were carried out.
- しかし、このような一両あたりの含有銀量の高い丁銀への復帰は幕府の財政難を招き、再び路線変更を余儀なくされた。
- However, returning to Chogin which had a high silver content caused financial difficulties for the bakufu and forced it to change the policy again.
- 日本側では、この提案では朝鮮が事実上ロシアの支配下となり、日本の独立も危機的な状況になりかねないと判断した。
- Japan judged that the Russian proposal would effectively place Korea under the control of the Russians, and would inevitably pose a threat to the Japanese sovereignty.
- この際、清の冊封の象徴であった「迎恩門」や「恥辱碑」といわれる大清皇帝功徳碑を倒し「独立門」を記念に建てた。
- At this time 'Yeongeunmun' and the Samjeondo Monument that is dubbed as 'disgrace gate' were destroyed and 'Independence Gate' was errected to celebrate its independence.
- この説に対する難点としては、そもそも「皇祖神たる太陽女神」なる観念そのものがさして古いとはいえない事である。
- A weak point of this theory is that the idea of the Sun Goddess as Kososhin (an Imperial ancestor) is not so old.
- このため、仁礼景通大佐を仮の県令として警察業務を代行させ、逃散してしまった県官の逮捕・査明等をおこなわせた。
- For this, he appointed Colonel Kagemichi NIRE to provisional governor of the prefecture and made him act for police to launch operations including capturing, investigating, and clarifying the prefectural government officers who had fled.
- 7月12日、蓬原・井俣村の奇兵隊は大崎に進撃したが、荒佐野の官軍はこの動きを察知し、大崎にて両軍が激突した。
- On July 12, Kihei-tai in Futsuhara and Imata Village advanced to Osaki, but the government army detected the movement and violently fought with Kihei-tai in Osaki.
- このとき淵辺が本営より干城隊八番中隊左半隊を応援に寄越したので、官軍を挟み撃ち攻撃で翻弄し、塁を取り戻した。
- With the left half of the 8th company of the Kanjo-tai troop sent by FUCHIBE from the headquarters, the Satsuma army routed the government army by a pincer attack and regained the fort.
- このように「城東会戦」では、薩軍は左翼では敗れたものの、右翼の長嶺・保田窪・健軍では終始優勢な状況にあった。
- Although having been defeated in the left flank as described above, the Satsuma army-gun was always in an advantageous state in Nagamine, Hotakubo, and Kengun in the right flank throughout the 'battle of Joto'.
- 慶長17年(1612年)に駿府銀座の機能は江戸へ移転したが、この地は現在静岡市葵区両替町として名残を有する。
- The functions of Sunpu-ginza moved to Edo in 1612, but the name remains in the location as Ryogae-cho, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka City.
- この中で安東貞美と明石元二郎は台湾人の権益を保護する政策を実施し、明石はその死後台湾に墓地が建立されている。
- Among them, Sadami ANDO and Motojiro AKASHI carried out the policies to protect Taiwanese interests, and Akashi was buried in Taiwan after his death.
- この2つは帯刀・禄の支給という旧武士最後の特権を奪うものであり、士族に精神的かつ経済的なダメージを負わせた。
- These two edicts damaged the warrior class both mentally and economically, since the edicts deprived them of their last privileges as former samurai such as wearing a sword and receiving a stipend.
- 令制国でなく、司という機関になったのは、この地にあった吉野宮の管理にあたる役割があったためと推測されている。
- It is estimated that it became an organization named Gen, not ryoseikoku (province), because it had a role of managing the Yoshino no miya (Yoshino Palace) located there.
- しかし、それが他の列強に知られたために、この話に与れなかったドイツやロシア、フランスの姿勢を更に硬化させた。
- However, the other world powers, including Germany, Russia and France, noticed the demand and hardened their stance toward Japan even more.
- このなかには、かねてから学内自治を主張していた谷本富文科大学(現・京大文学部)教授(教育学)が含まれていた。
- Tomeri TANIMOTO, a professor of the literature school (current literature department of Kyoto University) (pedagogy) who had been advocating university autonomy for some time, was one of them.
- この反乱による中央の動揺ははなはだしく、聖武天皇は、山背の恭仁、摂津の難波、近江の紫香楽と転々と都をうつした。
- The central government was terribly shocked with this rebellion and the Emperor Shomu transferred the capital repeatedly to Kuni in Yamase, Nanba in Settsu and Shigaraki in Omi.
- この時朝鮮では幼い国王高宗にかわりその実父興宣大院君が実権を握り、外戚安東金氏の専横と古い体制を打破していた。
- In Korea at this time, not King Gojong, still young, but his father Heungseon Daewongun held onto power trying to do away with tyranny and the old system established by his material relatives, the Kim clan of the Andong district.
- この時代は農本主義のため、幕府・大名の拠点のある城を中心とした町(城下町)の他は基本的に農村と考えられていた。
- Due to the agricultural fundamentalism of this period, places other than towns around castles (castle town), the base of the shogunate government or each daimyo, were basically considered to be agricultural communities.
- 福岡はこの条文を「従来の鎖国的陋習を打破して広く世界の長を採り之を集めて大成するの趣旨である」と回顧している。
- Fukuoka looked back this provision as 'the aim is to break down evil customs from the past like national isolation and to take and accomplish advantages from the world.'
- したがって、この条文のいう「盛に経綸を行う」とは由利にとっては「経済を振興する」という意味であったと思われる。
- Therefore '盛に経綸を行う (vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state) ' in this article probably meant 'encouraging economy' for Yuri.
- 明治維新で朝廷権力が復活したために、各地で勤皇の神社が建立され(湊川神社もこの頃)、天皇陵が各地で定められた。
- Since the power of the imperial court was restored by the Meiji Restoration, pro-Imperial shrines were built in various places (for example, Minatogawa-jinja Shrine was also built at around this time), and Imperial mausoleums were authorized in various places.
- この寺子屋が増えていったことで日本の識字率が高まっていき、幕末から明治にかけての近代化を支える原動力となった。
- The increase of such private elementary schools (terakoya) contributed to raise the literacy rate of Japan, which became a driving force to support modernization from the end of the Edo to the Meiji period.
- このような、いわば世間に対する別天地である寺社の境内は、苦境にある人々のアジールとしての性格を持つようになる。
- The areas of temples and shrines which were a different world from the everyday world in such ways became an asylum for the people who were in trouble.
- その直後、伊藤は、天皇の諮問機関として枢密院 (日本)を設置し、自ら議長となって、この憲法草案の審議を行った。
- Just after that, Ito established the Privy Council as a consultative body of the emperor, and he became a chair person of the Privy Council and deliberated the constitutional draft.
- このため海軍などでは米飯とカレーを組み合わせる・肉じゃがのように醤油味の折衷料理を開発するなど工夫を凝らした。
- In Navy, various cares were taken for the food service by inventing and arranging the Western dishes for the taste of Japanese people; for example, curry dish was provided with Japanese rice; an eclectic dish such as the meat and potato pot dish in soy sauce taste was invented.
- このころ秀忠は藤堂高虎に対し、自分が大坂に到着するまで開戦を待つよう藤堂からも家康に伝えてくれと依頼している。
- About that time Hidetada asked Takatora TODO to tell Ieyasu not to begin war before he arrived in Osaka.
- この事件は、豊臣家攻撃の口実とするため、家康が崇伝らと画策して問題化させたものであるとの考え方が一般的である。
- This incident has been generally regarded as an incident that Ieyasu, Suden and others plotted and made an issue to find an excuse for attacking the Toyotomi family.
- それ故に、一般的に朱子学及び陽明学として説明される試みの多くは、この思弁的側面のみに注目したものとなっている。
- That is why most attempts to explain Shushigaku and Yomei-gaku generally focus solely on the speculative side.
- この事件は文学者たちにも大きな影響を与え、石川啄木は事件後ピョートル・クロポトキンの著作、公判記録を研究した。
- This Incident greatly affected literary figures as well, and Takuboku ISHIKAWA studied the books of Pyotr Alekseevich KROPOTKIN and trial records after the Incident.
- この時点で前近代的な政治体制である朝廷は終焉を迎えて日本国(あるいは大日本帝国)政府に取って代わったと言える。
- At this point, the Japanese Imperial Court as the premodern political system was ended and replaced by the government of Japanese Nation (or the Empire of Japan).
- これまで半済令の対象となっていなかった一円知行地についてはこの法の規定に関わらず今後も半済を行ってはならない。
- Regardless of the provisions of the law, hanzei was not to be applied to Ichien Chigyo territory that had not been subjected to Hanzeirei up to that time.
- しかし、必ずしもこの呼称が定着したわけではなく大和政権、ヤマト政権、倭国政権、倭王権などの呼称で揺れが見られる。
- However, this new term has not really become established and various other names are also used, including the Yamato Government (with 'Yamato' written either in Chinese characters or phonetically), the Wa Government or the Wa Kingdom.
- このほか、同年4月12日の布告では、諸藩に対して御誓文の趣旨に沿って人材抜擢などの改革を進めることを命じている。
- Other than those, on the declaration of April 12 in the same year it ordered domains to proceed with reform such as selection for talented people based on the purpose of Charter Oath.
- この小判および分金の通貨単位は武田信玄による領国貨幣である甲州金の四進法(両、分、朱)を取り入れたものであった。
- The currency units of koban and bukin were based on the adopted quaternary (ryo, bu, shu) of Koshu gold which was territorial currency employed by Shingen TAKEDA.
- なお「藩」という制度上の呼称はこのとき初めて定められたものであり、江戸幕府下の制度として「藩」という呼称はない。
- In the meantime, 'han' (domain) was a system newly established at that time and 'han' didn't exist as a system of the Edo bakufu.
- この上申書を契機として、政府は再三、鉄道公債法と私設鉄道買収法を帝国議会に提出したが、いずれも可決されなかった。
- Taking this opportunity, the government repeatedly submitted the bill of railway public ponds and acquisition of private railways to the Diet, but every time the bill was not passed.
- この施設は筑紫館(つくしのむろつみ)と呼ばれ、唐・新羅・渤海 (国)の使節を迎える迎賓館兼宿泊所として機能した。
- This facility was called Tsukushi-no-murotsumi and functioned as the State Guest House and lodgings when the government invited the envoy of the Tang Dynasty, the Silla kingdom, and the Balhae Kingdom.
- この前の記述は、247年(正始8年)に邪馬台国からの使いが狗奴国との紛争を報告したことに発する一連の記述である。
- The description before this depicts a conflict with Kunakoku that was reported by an envoy from the Yamatai Kingdom in 247.
- この他、中央と地方の情報伝達を遅滞なく行うための交通制度(駅伝制)なども、律令制を構成する制度として採用された。
- Other systems, including a transportation system called Ekidensei for conveying information between the capital and local regions without delay, were also adopted to form the Ritsuryo system.
- この一件以後、島津氏は藩政改革を一気に推し進め、また幕府の行う事業や島原の乱への出兵など積極的にこなしていった。
- After that incident, the Shimazu clan rapidly promoted the reformation and worked actively for the bakufu as in performing bakufu enterprises, sending troops in Shimabara War and so on.
- そして「致良知」とはこの「良知」を全面的に発揮することを意味し、「良知」に従う限りその行動は善なるものとされる。
- Chiryochi' means completely exerting 'ryochi,' and it is believed that as long as people follow 'ryochi,' their behavior remains good.
- このため日本国内では歩合(割合)を表す場合、「分」は100分の1、「厘」は1000分の1とするのが一般的である。
- Therefore, 'bu' (分) is generally used for showing the percentage of a 100th, and 'rin' is a 1000th in Japan.
- またこの時期、薩摩藩主の父で前藩主斉彬の弟・島津久光が、亡き兄の遺志を継ぎ、幕政改革を志して兵を率いて上京した。
- In the same period, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, brother of the former lord and father of the current lord of the Satsuma clan, went to Kyoto with his troops, aiming to help the reformation of the government and fulfill the dying wish of his brother.
- このとき、増援のために屯田予備兵が編成されたが、訓練中に戦争が終結に向かったため、こちらは実戦を経験しなかった。
- At that time, tondenhei reservists were formed for reinforcement, but because the war ended during their training, they did not experience actual battles.
- その場合であっても、公家を地頭とする一般の本所領とは区別して武家の地頭と同様にこの法令の規定に従う義務を有する。
- When this happened, in contrast to other common territories where the honjo was a Kuge acting as the lord of a manor, the Kuge was obliged to follow the provisions of the law in the same manner as a samurai family playing the role of Jito.
- この制度は王朝国家から初期武家政権に至るまでの税制の基本となり、一国平均役などの賦課基準としても用いられていた。
- This system became the basis of the taxation system from the court government to the early military government, and was also used as the taxation standard for Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen and kokugaryoi (provincial land) in a province.
- 甲州金は田舎目一両すなわち4匁(約14.9グラム)を基準としてつくられ、この通貨単位が小判の額面1両の基となった。
- Koshu-kin was produced based on 1 ryo of Inakame, that is, 4 monme (about 14.9 grams), and the currency units became the basis for koban's face value, 1 ryo.
- 状況は間もなく回復したが、このような状況の中で、1891年(明治24年)、井上は「鉄道政略に関する議」を上申した。
- The situation improved soon, and under such circumstances, Inoue submitted 'The opinion on the policies of railways' to the government in 1891.
- この退却の途中、細川晴元と通じていた池田弾正は瓦林修理亮らに一斉に矢を射かけ、細川尹賢軍は散々な態で京へ逃散した。
- During the retreat, Danjo IKEDA, who had been allied with Harumoto HOSOKAWA, led a group of archers in an attack on Shurinosuke KAWARABAYASHI and the others, and the army of Tadakata HOSOKAWA then fled to Kyoto in disorder.
- また金春禅竹、宮増の作として多くの曲を挙げているが、この2人については資料が少ないため、慎重に検討する必要がある。
- In addition, the book includes many works by Zenchiku KONPARU and Miyamasu but there is very little information regarding these two individuals, so it is important to exercise caution when using this resource.
- しかしながら、官軍が八代に上陸し、宇土から川尻へと迫っていたため、この兵力は熊本にいる薩軍との合流ができなかった。
- However, since the government army landed in Yatsushiro and closed in on Kawajiri from Uto, these soldiers could not join the Satsuma army in Kumamoto.
- この時、負傷を推して二本木本営から人力車で駆けつけた永山弥一郎は酒樽に腰掛け、敗走する薩軍兵士を叱咤激励していた。
- On this occasion, though having been injured, Yaichiro NAGAYAMA rushed to the site by rickshaw from the headquarters at Nihongi, and, sitting on a sake barrel, spurred the Satsuma army soldiers who took to flight.
- なお、一旦廃止された宮刑は明代に復活し、政府の高官から塩を作る人夫まで、さまざまな階層の男性がこの刑に処せられた。
- Once abolished, the penalty of castration was reinstated in the Ming Dynasty and utilized against male criminals among a wide variety of social classes, from high officials in the government to the labourers who produced salt.
- この他、秀頼・淀殿の関東下向を行わなくて良い事も決められた(但し、二の丸の破壊をしなくても良いという史料もある)。
- Others included a decision that Hideyori/Yodo-dono had no obligation to go to Edo (however, there is historical material that Ninomaru needed no destruction).
- そしてこの注釈書は元朝以来、徐々に科挙に登用され、明朝初期に及び、科挙の使用注釈書は全て朱子学系統のものとなった。
- The commentaries gradually came to be used in the national civil service examination during the Yuan Dynasty, and by the early Ming Dynasty, all the commentaries used in the examination were those of Shushigaku.
- この裁判所は、江戸幕府の奉行所と郡代支配所の機能を引き継ぎ、当座の行政の空白を埋める必要から設けられたものである。
- The local courts were originally created in response to the need to fill a temporary administrative vacuum created by the establishment of the new government, and they took over the functions of Bugyosho (a magistrate's office) and Gundai-shihaijo (an administrative office for each county), both administrative offices during the Edo bakufu feudal government.
- 信玄と謙信の一騎討ちとして有名なこの場面は、歴史小説やドラマ等にしばしば登場しているが、史実とは考えられていない。
- This scene, famous as a man-to-man fight between Shingen and Kenshin, often appears in historical novels or historical dramas, but has not been considered a historical fact.
- なおセオドア・ルーズベルトはこの条約仲介の功が評価されて、1906年(明治39年)にノーベル平和賞を受賞している。
- In addition, Theodore Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his successful mediation of the treaty.
- しかしその荘園寄進も、それだけで確実なものではないことは、この相馬御厨、そして大庭御厨の事件の中からも見てとれる。
- However, it is obvious from these affairs of Soma-mikuriya, and also affairs of Oba no mikuriya (private estate of Oba ranch), such domination of shoen was not sufficient to ensure the guarantee.
- 後に有力な農民や土着した在庁官人などがこの規定を利用して荒田の再開発に乗り出し、私領するようになる(在地領主制)。
- Later, prominent farmers or local bureaucrats used this rule to redevelop Koden and make it private property (resident landholder system).
- こののち、『日本三代実録』まで漢文正史が編まれて「六国史」と総称されるが、『日本書紀』はその嚆矢となったものである。
- After that official histories in classical Chinese up to 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' were edited and collectively called 'Rikkokushi' (Japan's six national histories chronicling the seventh and eighth centuries) of which 'Nihonshoki' was the first.
- 天正10年(1582年)、本能寺の変が起こった時には、賢秀とその子蒲生氏郷は織田信長の妻妾一族をこの城に迎え入れた。
- During the Honnoji Incident in 1582, Katahide and his son Ujisato GAMO ushered the families of the wives and concubines of Nobunaga ODA into the castle.
- その後の1302年に三沢為長(為仲)が、因幡国鹿野町を経て往来し、この地で良質な砂鉄を採取して野たたら製鉄を始めた。
- In 1302, Tamenaga (also known as Tamenaka) MISAWA often visited this manor through Shikano-cho, Inaba Province, and started iron manufacturing by means of 'no-tatara-seitetsu' (iron manufacturing method) using high quality iron sand which could be obtained in the area.
- またこの地域は庄内平野や酒田市湊を抱えており経済的価値が高く、周囲の上杉氏や最上氏、小野寺氏などが獲得を狙っていた。
- The Shonai district received high economic benefits based on its inclusion of the Shonai plains and Sakata Minato port, so various clans including Uesugi, Mogami and Onodera watched for an opportunity to plunder this area.
- この根拠については、伊藤博文著の『憲法義解』によると、行政権もまた司法権からの独立を要することに基づくとされている。
- This idea was based on Hirobumi ITO's 'Kenpogige' (Commentaries on the constitution) which insisted that administrative powers should be independent from judicial powers.
- 『戦国の武将たち』によると、この「阿古」なる人物は荒木村重の側室で身辺を警護する女武者ではなかったかと解説している。
- 'Sengoku no Bushotachi' (literally, Commanders in Sengoku Period) gave an explanation that this person called 'Ako' could be Murashige's concubine who was a female warrior who guarded Murashige's security.
- この紫原(むらさきばる)方面の戦闘は鹿児島方面でおこなわれた最大の激戦で、官軍211名、薩軍66名の死傷者を出した。
- This battle fought in the Murasakibaru area was the most furiously fought one in the Kagoshima area, and the government army had casualties of 211 and the Satsuma army had those of 66.
- このように両軍の衝突は4月19、20日に官軍が薩軍に攻撃を仕掛けたことから始まり、戦いは一挙に熊本平野全域に及んだ。
- In this way, the clash between both forces started with the attack that the government army launched on the Satsuma army on April 19 and 20, and spread quickly to the entire Kumamoto plain.
- この期間内、台湾総督は六三法により「特別立法権」が授権され、立法、行政、司法、軍事を中央集権化した存在となっていた。
- During the period, the Governor-General of Taiwan was authorized 'special legislative power' in accordance with the Law No. 63, and had the centralized authority with administrative, legislative, judicial and military powers.
- この際、豊臣家の蔵入地(直轄地)を処分、豊臣家の所領は摂津国・河内国・和泉国の約65万石 (単位)程度まで削がれた。
- On that occasion he punished the Toyotomi family by reducing their directly-controlled land; Toyotomi family's territory was limited to Settsu Province/ Kawachi Province/Izumi Province only with about 650,000-Koku (unit) level.
- このような状況下、前年の八月十八日の政変以降影響力を減退していた尊王攘夷派の中心・長州藩では、京都への進発論が沸騰。
- Under these circumstances, in Choshu domain, which had been the center of the Sonno Joi Movement but started to wane after the Coup of August 18 in the previous year, debate began over a proposed move to Kyoto.
- またこの頃、北海道の人口は徴兵制で兵士を集めることが可能な水準に達しつつあり、第7師団 (日本軍)創設につながった。
- And also about that time the population of Hokkaido was reaching a level at which it was possible to recruit soldiers under the conscription system, which led to the foundation of the Dainana Shidan (Seventh Division).
- この戦い後、三好之長の子三好長秀は父と別れ伊勢国に逃亡したが、細川高国が手を回し宇治山田で最後をとげたと言われている
- Allegedly, although Nagahide MIYOSHI, the son of Yukinaga MIYOSHI, separated from his father and fled to Ise Province, Takakuni HOSOKAWA spread the dragnet and put Nagahide to death in Ujiyamada.
- そのような中で室町幕府が擁する北朝及び有力権門である摂関家や寺社との連携を強化することでこの危機を乗り切ろうとした。
- The Muromachi bakufu made attempts at getting over the crisis by developing stronger partnerships with temples and shrines, influential families such as the Sekken-ke and the Northern Court (Japan), which it had been supporting.
- 一方、地方での「武士」の認定としては、戸田芳実や、石井進 (歴史学者) の国衙軍制論がこの問題に鋭く切り込んでいる。
- On the other hand, theory of the kokuga forces system of Yoshimi TODA and Susumu ISHII (historian) discussed in detail about the qualification of the 'bushi' in districts.
- この革命の象徴となり、アジア初の本格的立憲君主となった明治天皇について、諸外国では日本以上に高く評価されることもある。
- Emperor Meiji, who became the symbol of this revolution and the constitutional monarch for the first time in Asia, is sometimes more valued in foreign countries than in Japan.
- 737年には新羅征討が議論に上ったが、藤原武智麻呂ら4兄弟が相次いで没したため、この時には現実のものとはならなかった。
- In 737, a punitive expedition to Silla was discussed, but due the successive deaths of FUJIWARA no Muchimaro and his three brothers it was not materialized.
- しかし、この「会盟」形式は、天皇と諸侯とを対等に扱うものであり王政復古 (日本)の理念に反するという批判にさらされた。
- However this 'kaimei' which treated equally the Emperor and lords was criticized that it was against the principle of Restoration of Imperial Rule.
- このうち、竪穴式石槨は、墓坑の底に棺を設置したあと、周囲に石材を積み上げて壁とし、その上から天井石を載せたものである。
- Regarding the pit-type sekkaku, after placing a wooden coffin at the bottom, stones (building stone) are built up as walls and then ceiling stone is placed as a cover.
- この時に第2旅団本営にたまたま居合わせた野津道貫大佐(弟)は旅団幹部と謀って増援を送るとともに、稲荷山の確保を命じた。
- Colonel Michitsura NOZU (younger brother), who happened to be at the headquarters of the 2nd brigade, decided with the leaders of the brigade to send reinforcements and also commanded them to occupy the Inariyama hill.
- この場合、琉球や台湾などを含め「中国から東の海を隔てた土地から来る人々」を総称する漠然とした呼称でもあったようである。
- In that case, it was a vague name generally referring to 'the people coming from the land including Ryukyu and Taiwan separated by the eastern sea of China.'
- 王陽明のある弟子の「満街これ聖人」(街には聖人が充ち満ちている)ということばは端的にこのことを表現していると言えよう。
- One of Wang Yangming's disciples said 'the street is full of sages', which is considered to express the idea simply.
- つまりこの時期の朝廷は、二条摂政や久邇宮朝彦親王(中川宮、維新後久邇宮)ら親徳川派上級公家によってなお主導されていた。
- That is, the Imperial Court at that time was still led by pro-Tokugawa upper-graded court nobles such as regent Nijo and the Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko (also called Nakagawa no Miya; after Meiji Restoration, he was known as Kuni no Miya).
- このふたつの党派は当時の政治や社会の現状を認めるか否かによって分かたれた集団であって、思想的な差異によるものではない。
- The two factions were split by differing opinions on whether or not to approve the politics and the state of society of the time, and not formed by ideologies.
- この地には信仰を集める名刹・善光寺があり、戸隠神社や小菅神社、飯綱など修験道の聖地もあって有力な経済圏を形成していた。
- With sacred places, such as Togakushi-jinja Shrine, Kosuge-jinja Shrine and Iizuna being located as well as Zenko-ji Temple, a distinguished temple worshipped by many, this place formed a dominant economic area.
- 屯田兵の下士兵卒には東北諸藩の士族出身が多かったので、戊辰戦争の敵だった鹿児島県士族を相手とするこの戦争に奮い立った。
- There were many former shizoku from Tohoku Domains among noncommissioned officers, and therefore, they were spurred to fight against shizoku in Kagoshima Prefecture, who were enemies in the Boshin War.
- 1368年、紅巾の乱の首領朱元璋が南京市で即位して明を建国し、この年を「洪武元年」としたのち、一世一元の制を採用した。
- In 1368, Gensho SHU (Chu Yuan-chang), a leader of the Red Turban Rebellion, established a new era named 'Kobu' starting with the year when he ascended to the throne in Nanjing City to found the Ming Dynasty, and later introduced a system of one era per Emperor.
- 東京に戻った黒田は、樺太の状況がこのまま推移すれば3年しか持たないという建議を出し、北方開拓を本格化する必要を説いた。
- After returning to Tokyo, KURODA warned that the country would lose control over Sakhalin within 3 years if the situation continued, and submitted a proposal to the government emphasizing the necessity for full Kitakata reclamation.
- この結社の性格は、極楽往生を希求する念仏結社であり、月の15日ごとに僧衆25名が集結して念仏を誦し、極楽往生を願った。
- The characteristic of this association was that it was a Nenbutsu association that wished for gokuraku ojo (peaceful death) and on the fifteenth of each month, 25 monks would gather to chant Nenbutsu and wish for gokuraku ojo.
- 当時の京都は、このように全体として新都市の様相を呈しており、そこでは王権の強化にともなう各種の美術品の創作がみられた。
- Kyoto at that time exhibited an aspect of a new city, and various arts were thriving there due to the strengthened imperial power.
- この海戦で日本側が勝利したことによって、清国艦隊は威海衛に閉じこもることとんり、日本海軍は黄海・朝鮮の制海権を確保した。
- The victory of Japan in this naval battle forced Qing squadrons to be confined in Weihaiwei, bringing naval supremacy to Japan.
- 参勤は一定期間主君(この場合は征夷大将軍)のもとに出仕すること、交代は暇を与えられて領地に帰り政務を執ることを意味する。
- Sankin means that daimyo served for the lord (Seii-Taishogun [literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians] in this case) for a certain period, while kotai means that they returned to their domains on leave to attend to government affairs there.
- 斡旋案に対し根来衆の間では賛否分かれたが、反対派は夜中に応其の宿舎に鉄砲を撃ちかけ、このため応其は急いで京都に向かった。
- Negoro shu brought on active debate over its pros and cons, but the opposing group shot down the lodgment of Ogo by gun during the night, and as a result, Ogo quickly went to Kyoto.
- この時の薩軍(約3,000~3,500名)は和田峠を中心に左翼から以下のように配置していた(『大西郷突囲戦史』に依る)。
- On this occasion, the Satsuma army (of approx 3,000 to 3,500 soldiers) was deployed in the following formation with the Wada-toge Pass at the center (according to 'Daisaigototsui Senshi' (a war chronicle of Great Saigo breaking through the besieging armies)):
- この原因として挙げられるのは、薩軍が優れた兵を保持していることと、地の利を生かして田原坂の防衛線を築いているためである。
- It was partly because the Satsuma army had superior soldiers and established the line of defense at Tabaru Slope by taking advantage of the terrain.
- このうち、中書省は天子とのつながりが強かったが、門下省は貴族層の意思を代表する機関であり、中書と門下の力が拮抗していた。
- The Secretariat was closely connected with the emperor, whereas the Chancellery represented the intentions of the noble class; the Secretariat competed with the Chancellery for influence.
- 1885年までは北海道において令制国の範囲改定が行われたりしていたことから少なくともこの年までは制度上も用いられていた.
- The range of ryosei province in Hokkaido was revised until 1885; this shows ryosei province had been institutionally used at least until this year.
- この擾乱を契機として、京を押さえた細川高国らと、細川澄元・細川晴元・三好氏ら阿波勢との攻防が長期にわたって繰り返された。
- Triggered by these disturbances, battles repeatedly occurred over a prolonged period between the Takakuni HOSOKAWA forces that had gained control of the capital and the Awa forces that included Sumimoto HOSOKAWA, Harumoto HOSOKAWA and the Miyoshi clan.
- このような情勢下、薩摩、長州ら政争を繰り返していた西国雄藩は坂本龍馬、中岡慎太郎の周旋により、同盟を締結(薩長同盟)した。
- Under these circumstances, powerful domains in the western Japan such as Satsuma Domain, Choshu Domain, who repeated political strifes, concluded an alliance (the Satsuma-Chochu Alliance) through the intermediation of Ryoma SAKAMOTO and Shintaro NAKAOKA.
- 江戸時代初期までは、この唐代の「両」が日本に伝えられ用いられていたが、寛文元年(1661年)に度量衡の「衡」が統一された。
- This Tang Dynasty's 'ryo' was introduced into Japan to be used until the early Edo period, then in 1661, the Japanese weight units were standardized.
- このときのものは規定品位が銅75%、亜鉛15%、鉛など10%へ変更となり、赤みを帯びることから赤銭(あかせん)と呼ばれる。
- The specified composition of coins minted at this time was changed to 75% of copper, 15% of zinc, and 10% of lead and so on, and the coin was called Aka-sen (literally, 'red coin') because of reddish coin.
- 紀州攻めはその範囲は和泉・紀伊の二カ国にすぎないが、この一連の戦いでは中世と近世とを分けるいくつかの重要な争点が存在した。
- Although the area of the attack against Kishu were only the two provinces of Izumi and Kii, there were some important points of dispute which separated the medieval period and recent times in this series of battles.
- その内容は前半が作者付、後半が雑多な伝書の抄録となっており、「自家の伝書の抄」であることからこの題が付けられたと思われる。
- This book is thought to have gained its title, literally means 'Personal Excerpts,' due to the fact that it is a collection of excerpts of noh related texts of the author of which, as the first half of this is a sakushazuke and the second half is composed of miscellaneous excerpts of noh texts.
- アマテラスの別名は「大日孁貴」(オオヒルメノムチ)であり、この「ヒルメ」の「ル」は助詞の「ノ」の古語で、「日の女」となる。
- Another name of Amaterasu was 'Ohirumenomuchi'--this 'ru' is an ancient equivalent of the preposition 'no,' which means 'hirume' would become 'hinome' ('sun woman') in modern Japanese.
- 鳥巣では、3月10日に薩軍がこの地の守備を始めてから4月15日に撤退するまでの間、官軍との間に熾烈な争いが繰り広げられた。
- In Torisu, a fierce battle was fought between the Satsuma army and the government army from March 10 when the Satsuma army started defending this area until April 15 when it retreated from this area.
- この時期の総督は小林躋造、長谷川清、安藤利吉であり、戦争遂行のための軍事需要への対応と軍事基地化がその政策の中心であった。
- The Governors-General during this period included Seizo KOBAYASHI, Kiyoshi HASEGAWA, and Rikichi ANDO, and their policies primarily focused on meeting the military demand to support the Japanese war efforts, making Taiwan into the military base.
- この説は、当時の合戦にしては異常ともいえる死亡率の高さの説明にもなり、状況証拠などを分析により一定の信憑性があるとされる。
- This theory enables the explanation of the unusually high death rate for battles at that time and is said to have a certain amount of credibility based on analyses of circumstantial evidence and others.
- この主張は銭緒山ら右派のみならず、朱子学からも倫理に背くものとされ、彼らの思想・行動は心学の横流と呼ばれ厳しく批判された。
- This was claimed to run counter by ethics by not only the right-wing, including Qian Xushan, but also by Shushi-gaku, and their idea and actions were said to be muddying the School of Mind and were fiercely criticized.
- つまり、この時代には唯一の検断権の行使機関であった鎌倉幕府に対する反抗は即ち社会秩序全体を危うくする行為と見なされていた。
- A rebel against the Kamakura bakufu, which was the only agency to exercise the right to criminal cases, was considered as a dysfunctional behavior in this period.
- 信長は2日後の1月16日には、この9か条にさらに7か条の細則を追加した16か条の殿中御掟を制定し、これも義昭に承認させた。
- Two days after, on February 11, Nobunaga established denchu on okite containing sixteen Articles, which consisted of the above nine Articles and seven additional bylaws, and also made Yoshiaki accept them.
- このため、異常な天文現象に対しては、天文学と占星術に通じた者が君主に対してその事実と占いの結果を報告することが求められた。
- For that reason, it was imperative that an unusual astronomical phenomenon should be reported to the monarch by those well versed in astronomy and astrology together with observations and astrological divination.
- ヤマト王権(倭国)は百済と連携して朝鮮半島南部への出兵を頻繁に展開し、このことは高句麗が遺した広開土王碑にも記述されている。
- The Gwanggaeto Stele, erected by the Korean Kingdom of Goguryeo, states that the Yamato Kingdom (Wakoku) began dispatching troops to the southern Korean Peninsula in collaboration with the Kingdom of Baekje.
- この後日本は紆余曲折を経て度重なる条約締結により朝鮮王朝(大韓帝国)の保護国化と1910年朝鮮併合へ至る道を進むこととなる。
- Subsequently Japan made its way to creating the Korean Dynasty (The Korean Empire) a protected state and Annexation of Korea in 1910 through conclusions of treaties many times after complicated negotiations.
- しかし、部落問題研究所の有力理事たち(奈良本辰也・林屋辰三郎・原田伴彦など)はこの処置に反対し、理事を辞任、研究所を去った。
- However, the leading directors of the Institute of Buraku Problem (Tatsuya NARAMOTO, Tatsusaburo HAYASHIYA, Tomohiko HARADA and others) were opposed to this action, resigned as directors and left the Institute.
- この報に接した織田信長は福富直勝、佐久間信盛を派遣し、更に同年11月3日に明智光秀、松井友閑、羽柴秀吉を有明城に向かわせた。
- Having received this news, Nobunaga ODA sent Naokatsu FUKUTOMI, Nobumori SAKUMA, and, on December 11, 1578, made Mitsuhide AKECHI, Yukan MATSUI and Hideyoshi HASHIBA to visit Ariake-jo Castle.
- この邸宅の南側には後世「龍躍池」と呼ばれる広大な池が存在し、池の上には「泉殿」と呼ばれる離れが建てられ、本邸と結ばれていた。
- There was a large pond which was to be called 'Ryuyaku-ike Pond' by the later generation on the south-side of the residence, by the side of which was an outbuilding called 'Izumi-dono,' which was connected to the main building.
- このような各地銀座が江戸時代まで続いた理由は、銀の海外流出などにより慶長丁銀が地方まで充分に行き渡らなかったことに起因する。
- The presence of ginza in various parts of the country until the Edo Period was caused by the shortage of Keicho chogin coins in areas outside Edo, due silver being exported out of the country.
- 中央と地方の情報伝達を迅速・円滑に行うために駅伝制が実施され、この駅伝制の下で、中央と国内各地を結ぶ道路網が整備されていた。
- A transportation system was established for quickly and smoothly transferring information between the central and local governments, and based on the transportation system, a road system was developed.
- この城割(城の破却)に関しては古来より行われているが、大抵は堀の一部を埋めたり、土塁の角を崩すといった儀礼的なものであった。
- This Shirowari (destroying a castle) had been performed since ancient times, but usually it meant partial reclamation of moats or breaking corners of dorui as a matter of courtesy.
- また、諸隊に命じて毎夜三度(酉・戌・寅の刻)、鬨の声を挙げて鉄砲を放たせ、敵の不眠を誘っている(この鬨の声は京まで届いた)。
- Moreover, Ieyasu ordered troops to give a battle cry and shoot teppo (guns) three times every night at torino koku (about 17:00 -19:00)/ino koku (about 19:00 - 21:00)/torano koku (about 3:00-5:00) in order to prevent the enemies from sleeping (the battle cries reached as far as Kyoto).
- 戦国時代の動乱を最終的に収めた江戸幕府は、このような風潮を改め、家臣の主君への従順を教えるため朱子学の道徳を武士に学ばせる。
- The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), after finally settling this upheaval of the Warring States Period, made samurai learn the Neo-Confucianism ethics, to teach the vassals' loyalty to their lords.
- 王心斎らの一派は泰州学派といわれ、この派からは何心隠、羅如芳(近渓)、楊復所、李贄(りし、卓吾)、周海門、陶望齢を輩出した。
- Wang Xinzhai's group was called the Taizhou school, which produced He Xinyin, Luo Rufang (also known as Jinxi), Yang Fusuo, Li Zhi (also known as Zhuowu), Zhou Haimen, and Tao Wangling.
- 冠位十二階制は、日本で初めてつくられた冠位制であり、この後の諸冠位制を経て、様々な紆余曲折を経て律令位階制へ移行していった。
- The twelve cap rank system was the first such system established in Japan and, following various court system changes and many twists and turns, developed into the Ritsuryo court rank system.
- この法令が出される前年貞治6年11月25日 (旧暦)(正平22年/1367年12月17日)に2代将軍足利義詮が危篤となった。
- In the year before the enactment of the law on December 25, 1367, the second Shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA fell critically ill.
- (現代表記)我が国未曾有の変革を為んとし、朕、躬を以って衆に先んじ天地神明に誓い、大にこの国是を定め、万民保全の道を立んとす。
- (modern written Japanese) 我が国未曾有の変革を為んとし、朕、躬を以って衆に先んじ天地神明に誓い、大にこの国是を定め、万民保全の道を立んとす。
- しかし、この頃には、日清戦争後の三国干渉によって対ロシア戦を意識しだした軍部も、鉄道国有問題を第一義とするようになっていった。
- However, the military that began to be aware of the war against Russia with the Triple Intervention after the Sino-Japanese War came to consider the issue of railway nationalization as the primary purpose.
- 江戸時代に福岡藩の学者青柳種信・長野種正・伊藤常足らが鴻臚館の位置を博多の官内町だと唱え、この説は大正まで広く信じられていた。
- The opinion advocated by scholars in Fukuoka Domain in the Edo period including Tanenobu AOYAGI, Tanemasa NAGANO and Tsunetari ITO, that the construction site of Korokan was Kannai-cho in Hakata had been widely believed until the Taisho period.
- この旅団は3月19日、艦砲射撃に援護されて日奈久南方の州口及び八代の背後に上陸し、薩軍を二面から攻撃して八代の占領に成功した。
- On March 19, that brigade disembarked at the rear of Sugu, which was south to Hinagu, and at the rear of Yatsushiro, covered by naval bombardment, and succeeded in occupying Yatsushiro by attacking the Satsuma army on both sides.
- この時代には各国が諸子百家と呼ばれる思想家たちから人材を登用し、騎馬戦術やチャリオットなどの新兵器を導入して軍事改革を行った。
- In this period each country appointed thinkers called Shoshi-hyakka (general term of scholars and schools in China), and they introduced new weapons, such as Cavalry Operations and chariots, and conducted military reforms.
- この頃まだ戊辰戦争が継続中であり、蝦夷地の情勢も不透明であったが、清水谷らは敦賀から日本海の海路をとって箱館に向けて出発した。
- Amid the uncertain situation of Ezo due to the continuing Boshin War, SHIMIZUDANI headed for Hakodate by ship across the Sea of Japan.
- これらの事件は倒幕を目的とした最初の軍事的行動として、後世から見た歴史的な意味は大きいものの、この時点では無残な結末となった。
- From the current point of view, those incidents are significant because they were the first military actions attempting to overthrow the bakufu, but all of them failed miserably.
- 後の統計は集計値の他に推計値を載せるようになり、大正9年(1920年)の国勢調査まで、この誤差問題は次第に大きくなっていった。
- Since estimation values came to be posted besides total values in the following statistics, the problem of errors became large gradually until the national census in 1920.
- その次ぎの武士層の拡大は、鎌倉幕府の崩壊から南北朝時代 (日本)であり、この段階で日本全国が長年に渡る争乱の時代へと突入する。
- The next expansion of the bushi class began from the fall of Kamakura bakufu to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and all Japan entered the period of war that lasted for a long time.
- ヤマト王権が東北から南九州まで全国的に展開したことは、この朝鮮半島諸国との活発な関係・通交が密接に関係していると考えられている。
- It is thought that the Yamato Kingdom's development nationwide, from Tohoku to southern Kyushu, was strongly connected to its interaction with the Korean kingdoms.
- この工事によって平川下流であった一ツ橋、神田橋、日本橋を経て隅田川に至る川筋は神田川(平川)から切り離され、江戸城の堀となった。
- Through this channel improvement work, the lower reaches of the Hira-kawa River that flowed into Sumida-gawa River after passing through Hitotsu-bashi Bridge, Kanda-bashi Bridge, and Nihon-bashi Bridge, was cut-off from the Kanda-gawa River (former Hira-kawa River) and became the Edo Castle moat.
- この蔚山城の戦いは12月22日から始まったが、加藤清正等は城を堅く守り、毛利秀元らが救援して翌年1月4日、明・朝鮮軍を大破する。
- The Battle of Urusan-jo Castle started on January 29, 1598, but the castle was defended by Kiyomasa KATO and, with the support of Hidemoto MORI and others, the Ming-Korean army was shattered on February 9.
- この地域には栗田氏や市川氏、屋代、小田切、島津などの小国人領主や地侍が分立していたが、徐々に村上氏の支配下に組み込まれていった。
- The Kurita clan, the Ichikawa clan, samurai owning small-sized land, such as Yashiro, Odagiri and Shimazu, and local samurai existed independently in this area, but they became to be integrated gradually into the control of the Murakami clan.
- しかし、この地域は豪族による百済への割譲と新羅の進出によって弱体化し、562年に(もう少し早いと考えられるが)新羅に滅ぼされた。
- However, this area was weakened as a result of its cession of territories to Kudara by the local rulers, and through the invasion of Silla; in 562 (although it is thought to have been earlier than this), they were destroyed by Silla.
- 現代 (時代区分)の歴史学においては、「鎖国」ではなく、東アジア史を視野に入れてこの「海禁政策」という用語を使う傾向がみられる。
- Modern historical science tends to use the term 'Kaikin Policy' instead of 'Sakoku' in light of East Asian history.
- この事件は、当時における在庁官人=開発領主の変貌と、国司=目代との対立の激しさ、とくに在地領主層の弱体と限界を如実に示している。
- These affairs provide evidence of changes of zaichokanjin to kaihatsu-ryoshu and fierce conflicts between kokushi and mokudai, especially the local lord class's destabilization and limitations.
- 宮中の公式行事として確立したのは貞観 (日本)元年(859年)であるが、この頃には「四季御読経」として年間を通じて催されていた。
- Kinomidokyo was established as an official function of the Imperial Court in 859, but by this time it had already been held as a 'Shikinomidokyo' (seasonal reading of the Great Perfection of Insight Sutra) throughout the year.
- この法では、新しく灌漑施設をつくって開墾した者は三代のあいだ、もとからある池溝を利用した者は本人一代にかぎり、墾田の保有を認めた。
- According to this law, those who constructed new irrigation facilities could retain reclaimed rice fields for three generations and those who used existing ponds and ditches could retain them for their lifetime.
- このような危機に対応すべく、家斉死後の、老中水野忠邦が幕府権力の強化のために天保の改革と呼ばれる財政再建のための諸政策を実施した。
- After Ienari died, in order to cope with these crises, Senior councillor Tadakuni MIZUNO implemented various policies called the Tenpo Reforms to reconstruct financial affairs for the purpose of strengthening the power of the shogunate government.
- この時日本は台湾の略取を目的にその条件となる日本軍による占領を行うため、3月23日歩兵一個旅団を台湾島西方の澎湖諸島に上陸させた。
- Aiming to seize Taiwan this time, Japan sent an infantry brigade to the Penghu islands west of Taiwan island on March 23rd to create a precondition for the Japanese troops to occupy it.
- このことが汎ゲルマン主義を唱えるドイツや、同じくバルカンへの侵略を企むオーストリアとの対立を招き、第一次世界大戦の引き金となった。
- This led Russia into a direct confrontation with Germany, which advocated Pan-Germanism and Austria which planned to invade the Balkans the conditions that would set off the First World War was set.
- 646年(大化2年)に出された詔は、長文であり、内容から4部に分けられるが、その第一に述べられているのが、この「薄葬の詔」である。
- In 646, a long Imperial edict was issued which is divided into four parts based on the contents, and the part stated at the top is 'The Laws of Funerals'.
- このため湯河直春はまず白樫氏と名島表(現広川町 (和歌山県))で戦い、続いて玉置氏の手取城(現日高川町)を攻囲した(坂ノ瀬合戦)。
- For this reason, Naoharu YUKAWA fought with the Shirakashi clan at Najima (present Hirogawa-cho [Wakayama Prefecture]) at first and besieged Tedori-jo Castle (Hidakagawa-cho at present) of the Tamaki clan next (the Battle of Sakanose).
- この草案を元に、夏島(神奈川県横須賀市)にある伊藤の別荘で、伊藤、井上、伊東巳代治、金子堅太郎らが検討を重ね、夏島草案をまとめた。
- Based on this draft, Ito, Inoue, Miyoji ITO and Kentaro KANEKO had further discussions at Ito's villa in Natsushima (Yokosuka City, Kanagawa Prefecture), and completed the Natsushima draft.
- しかし、大審院長の児島惟謙は、この件に同罪を適用せず、法律の規定通り普通人に対する謀殺未遂罪を適用するよう、担当裁判官に指示した。
- The chief justice of Daishin-in (the predecessor of the Supreme Court of Japan), Korekata KOJIMA did not apply the penal code for lese majesty, and ordered a justice who was in charge of this case to apply a penal code for premeditated murder attempt against ordinary people according to the law.
- この憲法は、天皇が黒田清隆首相に手渡すという欽定憲法の形で発布され、日本は東アジアではじめて近代憲法を有する立憲君主国家となった。
- This constitution was thought to be the constitution enacted by the emperor, so it was promulgated by handing it down from the emperor to Prime Minister, Kiyotaka KURODA, and Japan became the first constitutional monarchy with a modern constitution in East Asia.
- この建白書では、官選ではなく民選の議員で構成される立法議事機関を開設し、有司専制(官僚による専制政治)を止めることが必要だとした。
- Their political statement insisted on the establishment of a legislature consisting of members selected by the public, not the government, and abolishment of despotism by bureaucrats.
- 同書には続けて、禅鳳から相伝したとして永正13年(1516年)常門孫四郎吉次の署名があり、この人物が実際の編者である可能性が高い。
- This book also includes the signature of Magojiro Yoshitsugu TSUNEKADO who succeeded Zenpo in 1516, and it is highly likely that he served as editor.
- この後黒田孝高が単身有明城に来城したが、同盟関係にあった小寺政職の手前、捕えて牢獄に閉じ込めてしまったのではないかと思われている。
- Later, Yoshitaka KURODA visited the Arioka-jo Castle alone, and it has been understood that he captured and confined in jail Yoshitaka Kuroda with consideration to Masamoto ODERA, with whom he had the alliance.
- このほか総督府は北廻線、南廻線、中央山脈横断線などの調査も行ったが、これらの新規路線は太平洋戦争の激化により計画にとどまっている。
- In addition, the Sotoku-fu conducted research for the north link line, the south link line and the line through the mountains of central Taiwan but they were not established due to the outbreak of the Pacific War.
- 家康はこの軍勢を二手にわけ、河内路及び大和国路から大坂に向かうこと、同時に道路の整備、大山崎町などの要所の警備を行うことを命じた。
- Ieyasu gave orders to divide the troops in two, let them go to Osaka by way of Kawachiji and Yamatokokuji and at the same time improve roads and guard key points such as Oyamazaki Town.
- このことは芸州藩を介して土佐藩に伝えられ、再開された会議では容堂はおとなしくなり、岩倉らのペースで会議は進められ辞官納地が決した。
- This event was communicated to Tosa Domain through Geishu Domain, and in the resumed meeting Yodo was docile, procedures advancing at Iwakura's pace, thus Jikan-nochi was determined.
- 諸藩には「上士・徒士(かち)・卒または足軽」と藩士を3階級に分ける制が見られるが、このうち上層2身分(騎士と徒士)が士分とされる。
- In some domains, retainers were classified into 3 classes, 'Joshi, Kachi, Sotsu or Ashigaru,' but the top two classes (Kishi and Kachi) were considered Shibun.
- このため、伊勢神宮側では常胤側の領主となっていた禰宜荒木田明盛(正富の一族)と義宗側の領主となっていた禰宜度会彦章の対立が生じた。
- This resulted in a conflict between the negi Akimori ARAKIDA, who was a member of the Masatomi family and a feudal lord on Tsunetane's side, and the negi Hikoaki WATARAI, who was a feudal lord on Yoshimune's side, in the Ise-jingu Shrine.
- このとき、開発領主は国衙から認められた開発所領を失ったが、それと同等か、より多くの田地を給田として与えられることが一般的であった。
- The development landholder lost the kaihatsu shoryo recognized by the kokuga, but it was conventional that they were given equivalent or more rice fields as Kyuden.
- しかし、幾つかの有力諸藩ではこの方針を貫徹できなかった(とはいえ、明治6年(1873年)までには大半の同県人県令は廃止されている)。
- However, this policy wasn't strictly applied to some powerful domains (nonetheless, most of kenrei hailed from the same prefecture were abolished by 1873).
- この時制定された蒸気機関車の形式番号体系は、1928年(昭和3年)に新たな体系が制定された後も併存し、現在に至るまで踏襲されている。
- The form of steam locomotive set up at this time existed together even after the new form was set up in 1928 and the form has been used until now.
- この新しい篆刻の風は大坂では新興蒙所や佚山らによって初期浪華派に、長崎では源伯民らによって長崎派が形成されるなど日本各地に伝播した。
- This new trend of tenkoku spread throughout the country, turning to the early Roka school established by Mosho NIIOKI and Itsuzan in Osaka as well as the Nagasaki school established by Hakumin GEN in Nagasaki.
- このため、紀伝道・文章博士そのものは幕末まで続くが、教育学科としての実態が存在していたのは平安時代末期までであったと考えられている。
- Therefore, although kidendo and monjo hakase continued until the end of the Edo period, it is thought that their existence as an actual subject lasted only until the end of the Heian period.
- この際に条例反対の意見があったため当時の高山義三市長は今後同種の税を新設や延長することはないという覚書を反対する寺社と交わしている。
- At this time, due to the opposition against this ordinance, Yoshizo TAKAYAMA, the mayor at the time, exchanged memorandums with the opposing temples and shrines in which he stated that the same kind of taxation would be neither enforced nor extended thereafter.
- このときに大山がすでに私学校党が東上したと伝えたため、川村は西郷と談合することをあきらめて帰途につき、長崎に電報を打って警戒させた。
- Since OYAMA told that the Shigakko faction had already started for east, KAWAMURA gave up to persuade SAIGO and returned, sending a telegraph to Nagasaki to be vigilant.
- この頃より大坂城総構への南方からの大砲射撃も本格化し、幕府方の仕寄は堀際まで松平忠明隊は20から30間、藤堂隊は7間に近接している。
- Since about that time cannon shootings from the south to the sogamae of Osaka-jo Castle went into full swing, bakufu's shiyori approached near to the moat, Tadaakira Matsudaira troop 20 to 30 ken (one ken equals to about 1.8 meters) and Todo troop 7 ken.
- この投書が掲載されてから、「物論(ぶつろん)漸く鎭(しづ)まりて爾来(じらい)世間に攻撃(こうげき)の聲を聞かず」という事になった。
- Since those postings, the barrage of criticism ceased, and the situation became quire calm.
- ただしこの制度は言わば移行期の制度であり、大臣 (日本)や連といった最上級の姓に属する豪族は依然として大徳よりも上位に置かれていた。
- But the system was, as it were, in transition and the highest hereditary titles, such as O-omi and Muraji, were still placed above the rank of daitoku.
- 7世紀後半から701年までの期間に、国号が「日本」と定められたとされているが、このときから、日本を「やまと」と訓じたとする見解がある。
- It is said that the name of the country was determined to be '日本' (Nihon) in the latter half of the seventh century to 701, but some say that 日本 was pronounced Yamato.
- この時の様子を、「山々をさがし、あるいは斬りすて、あるいは兵糧その外、思い思いに取り来ること、際限なし」と『信長公記』には記している。
- Situations at that time are described in 'Shinchoko-ki' as 'continuing without end to search in mountains and cut down people and rob provisions and so on at will.'
- この卑弥呼の後継者である壹與(臺與)はアマテラスの息子アメノオシホミミの妃となった栲幡千千姫命(万幡豊秋津師比売)に比定できるとする。
- Toyo can be identified with Takuhatachiji Hime no Mikoto, a wife of Amaterasu's son, Amenooshihomimi.
- このとき西郷・桐野・桂久武・村田新八・池上・別府晋介・辺見十郎太ら将士40余名は西郷が籠もっていた洞窟の前に整列し、岩崎口に進撃した。
- At this time, slightly more than 40 high-level samurai, including SAIGO, KIRINO, Hisatake KATSURA, Shinpachi MURATA, IKEGAMI, Shinsuke BEPPU, and Jurota HENMI, lined in front of the cave where SAIGO had stayed, and started advancing for Iwasakiguchi.
- 明治期、中国からの留学生が増加の一途を辿るが、そうした学生達にもこの明治期の陽明学熱が伝わり、陽明学が中国でも再評価されるようになる。
- During the Meiji period, as an increasing number of students came from China to study in Japan, the enthusiasm of the Japanese people for studying Yomeigaku infected these Chinese students so that Yomeigaku began to be re-evaluated in China.
- この頃には平曲は次第に下火になり、それに加え地歌三味線、箏曲、胡弓等の演奏家、作曲家としてや、鍼灸、按摩が当道座の主要な職分となった。
- Around this time, Heikyoku became gradually unpopular and the main jobs of Todo-za became the players or composers of jiuta shamisen (traditional Japanese shamisen music), sokyoku (koto music), kokyu (Chinese fiddle), acupunctures, and masseurs.
- この部分が、英雄の楠木正成(楠公)が湊川の戦いで討死したことと、権助の死を同じく無益な死と論じたものと解釈されて、批判の対象となった。
- This part could easily be attributed to a national hero Masashige KUSUNOKI, who died in the battle of Minatogawa, and was criticized by an interpretation that Fukuzawa identified Kusunoki's death as useless as an ordinary man's death.
- 翌11月5日、現地の英仏領事と両艦の艦長が会同して打ち合わせを行ったが、英仏領事とも、この時点では榎本軍に対して高い評価を与えていた。
- On November 5, the British and French consuls stationed on the spot and the captains of the two warships held a meeting, and at this this, the two captains were highly evaluating the Enomoto's Army.
- 江戸幕府をはじめとした領主は、このような本百姓数の維持増加に努め、平和が続いたことによる社会の安定化によって耕地の開発も進んでいった。
- Feudal lords, exemplified by the Edo bakufu, made efforts to increase and maintain the number of such hon-byakusho, and as the peaceful period continued to realize social stability, cultivation of land was developed.
- このため永い間、幕府の方針もあり、政治的には静かな都として過ごしてきた京都がにわかに騒然となっていき、有名な「幕末の騒乱」が巻き起こる。
- This is why Kyoto, which had been a politically calm capital for a long time, was thrown into a commotion suddenly, in part due to the policy of the shogunate government, and became the main arena of 'disturbances at the end of Edo period.'
- 十六世紀中頃(戦国時代末期)、頼高の孫・及川頼家の時、同族間の内紛により主君葛西氏に領地を召し上げられてこの家系も没落し多くは帰農した。
- During the mid-sixteenth century (the late Sengoku period), in the time of Yoriie OIKAWA, a grandson of Yoritaka, they were deprived of the territory by his master, the KASAI clan; subsequently, the family line went to ruin and took up farming again.
- 神呪寺城、鷲林寺城とは三好長慶時代、越水城の支城となっており、この戦い時には越水城は廃城となり有岡城の支城となっていたと考えられている。
- Kannoji-jo Castle and Jurinji-jo Castle were subsidiary castles of Koshimizu-jo Castle at the age of Nagayoshi MIYOSHI and, because Koshimizu-jo Castle had been abandoned already before the time of this war, it is understood that those castles were subsidiary castles of Arioka-jo Castle.
- この頃桐野は宮崎から鹿児島方面および豊後等の軍を統監していたが、ここを根拠地とするために宮崎支庁を占領し、5月28日に軍務所と改称した。
- KIRINO, who was in command of the troops in the area from Miyazaki to Kagoshima and that in Bungo around this time, seized the branch office of Miyazaki Prefecture to place a base of the Satsuma army there, and on May 28, changed the name to the Office of Military Affairs.
- 薩軍は少ない大砲と装備の劣った小銃で、堅城に籠もり、優勢な大砲・小銃と豊富な弾薬を有する鎮台を攻めるなど無謀この上もない作戦を採用した。
- The Satsuma army adopted a reckless plan of attacking the garrison, which entrenched themselves in the sturdy castle with superior cannons, rifles, and abundant ammunition, with less cannons and inferior rifles.
- これは徳川方が浪人については助命という意味で不問にしたのに対し、豊臣方についてはこのまま召抱えても良いという解釈の差があったと思われる。
- It seemed that there was a difference in the interpretation of ronin; the Tokugawa side would leave them unquestioned in the sense of saving their lives, on the other hand the Toyotomi side took it that it would be all right to keep employing them.
- この時は唐が内戦の最中なので成り立たなかったが、高句麗遠征にて高句麗・百済が唐に対して敵対的になったことで唐と新羅との関係が親密化した。
- Their assistance could not be secured as they were in the midst of a civil war, but the Tang Dynasty and Silla grew close as Koguryo and Kudara turned hostile towards them when the Tang Dynasty sent an expeditionary force to Koguryo.
- この点、日本は鎖国とはいえ完全に国を閉ざしたわけではなく、キリスト教以外はオランダ語を通じて自由に諸外国の情勢や最新の学問を研究できた。
- Despite being under seclusionism, Japan had not closed the country completely, giving people the freedom to learn about the state of affairs of foreign countries as well as the latest studies, excluding Christianity through the Dutch language.
- 進講者の一人である瀧川幸辰(のち京大学長)によれば、この時天皇制廃止を記したプラカードを掲げた学生たちが正面玄関に殺到する行動があった。
- According to Yukitoki TAKIGAWA (he later became the president of Kyoto University), who was one of lecturers, students who were carrying a placard asserting the abolition of Imperial system rushed to the front entrance at this time.
- またこの事により、あまり政治に関与しなかった将軍であっても、幕閣の完全な傀儡になる事はなく、政権の簒奪も未然に防止することが可能となった。
- Due to this fact, even if the shogun was not involved in politics, he would not become a complete puppet of the cabinet officials, and equally usurping of power could be prevented.
- この箸墓古墳の後円部の大きさは直径約160mであり、「魏志倭人伝」の「卑彌呼死去 卑彌呼以死 大作冢 徑百余歩」と言う記述に一致している。
- The Hashihaka Tumulus is about 160 meters in diameter, which corresponds to the Record of Japan in the History of Wei, which states, 'When Himiko passed away, the Wajin made a large mound that was more than 150 meters long.'
- またこの説では、卑弥呼の後に王位に就いたとされる台与(とよ)を、系図の中で、宇那比姫命の二世代後に記される、天豊姫(あまとよひめ)とする。
- According to this theory, Toyo, who succeeded to the throne after Himiko, is identified with Amatoyo Hime, whose name was mentioned two generations after Unabi Hime no Mikoto in the family tree.
- この事実等から『「一宮記」の諸系統』では、選者は『延喜式神名帳』の式内社であることを強く意識して編纂に当たったのではないかと考察している。
- Therefore 'The Various Lines of Ichinomiya-Ki' concludes that the writer of 'Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki' intended to classify shrines based on whether it had been listed in 'Engi-shiki Jinmyocho' or not.
- この時、薩軍は350余名(卒を含めると370余名)となっていたので、編制を小隊(各隊20~30名)に改めた上で以下のように諸隊を部署した。
- At this time, the number of soldiers of the Satsuma army was slightly more than 350 (slightly more than 370, when including low-level samurai), and therefore, platoons (each including 20 to 30 soldiers) were organized newly and were deployed in the following way:
- このため、藩の中には「征夷大将軍の代替わりに伴う大名知行を朝廷が代わりに行ったもの」と誤解する者もあり、大きな抵抗も無く終わったのである。
- For this reason, there were people who misunderstood that 'the Imperial Count acted on daimyo chigyo (fief) instead, which comes with the changeover of Seii Taishogun', so it ended without a great deal of resistance.
- この記述が事実だとすると、9月10日の戦いで両軍共に全軍の2割に達する戦死者を出しながら、なおも長期間戦いを続けていたことになってしまう。
- However, if this description was true, it becomes that, although both forces had lost as many as 20% of them in the battle on October 18, they continued fighting further for a long period of time.
- このため、内高が表高を上回れば上回るほど、その大名・旗本は実収に対して軍役による出費が少なくて済み、経済的に豊かであるということができる。
- For this reason, the more uchi-daka becomes higher than omote-daka, the less daimyo or hatamoto will need to pay for military service, compared to their actual income, and therefore they will become more wealthy.
- しかし、それを実現させるだけの資金的裏づけがなかった日本は、秘かにイギリスに対してのみ、この要求の事実を打ち明けて共同経営の誘いを行った。
- However, as Japan did not have enough funds to realize the business, it confided in only the United Kingdom about the demand and asked it to join the business in partnership.
- この「諸国」は近畿でのことと思われるが、世相として自力救済的な様相を帯び始めたということは当時頻発した強訴の中にも見てとれるかもしれない。
- These 'various districts' were probably those of the Kinki region, but social conditions of self-help that began around that time could be seen within direct petitions that occurred frequently.
- 平家一門の平資盛が、壇ノ浦の戦いから落ち延びて約3年間喜界島に潜伏し、弟の平有盛、いとこの平行盛と合流し、ともに奄美大島に来訪したという。
- It is said that after being defeated in the Battle of Dan no ura, Taira no Sukemori, a member of the Taira family, concealed himself on Kikai-jima Island for three years and thereafter came to Amami-Oshima Island along with his younger brother Taira no Arimori and his cousin Taira no Yukimori.
- しかしこの事件に関して京大生や同学会に対する好意的反応は少数派であり、「京大を廃校にせよ」「貴方たちは狂人ですか」といった非難が集中した。
- However, the number of people who were in favor of the students of Kyoto University and the Dogakukai concerning this incident were relatively small, and many people condemned them by saying 'Abolish Kyoto University' or 'Are you madmen?'
- またこの間、オランダが日本貿易を独占するため、スペインなどの旧教国に日本植民地化の意図があり、危険であると幕府に助言したことも影響している。
- In addition, during the riot, in order to monopolize trade with Japan, the Netherlands advised the shogunate government that it would be dangerous for Japan to trade with Catholic countries such as Spain because they intended to colonize Japan.
- このとき亀戸で鋳造されたとされるものが丸屋銭(まるやせん)、あるいは耳白銭(みみしろせん)であり、50万貫文(5億枚)が鋳造されたとされる。
- A coin which was considered to be minted in Kameido at this time was called Maruya-sen or Mimishiro-sen, and it is said that coins equivalent to 500 thousand kanmon (500 million coins) were minted.
- 一方、「もって死す」つまり「だから死んだ」と読んだ場合、この前に書かれている、狗奴国との紛争もしくは難升米の告諭が死の原因ということになる。
- On the other hand, under the translation 'so she died,' it can be interpreted that the cause of her death was a conflict with Kunakoku or Nashime's manifesto, which was written before this.
- 『戦国の武将たち』によると、この時尼崎城には毛利氏、石山本願寺、雑賀衆の御番衆もいたので、荒木村重の意見は通らなくなってしまったとしている。
- According to 'Sengoku no Bushotachi,' as there were observers of the Mori clan, Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and Saigashu were in Amagasaki-jo Castle at that time, Murashige ARAKI's opinion was not accepted.
- この戦いで薩軍の死傷者が8名ほどであったのに対し、官軍の死傷者は95名ほどで、そのうえ大砲2門・小銃48挺・弾薬など多数の軍需品を奪われた。
- While the Satsuma army suffered about 8 casualties, the government army suffered about 95 casualties in this battle, and in addition, the government army was plundered of a large amount of ordnance including two cannons, 48 small guns, and ammunition.
- なお、この間および後に薩軍に荷担した九州諸県の各隊は、貴島隊(隊長貴島清、薩摩新募の1箇大隊約2,000名)を除けば、大約以下の通りである。
- The troops from prefectures in Kyushu that sided with the Satsuma army during this period were the Kijima-tai troop (Commander: Kiyoshi KIJIMA, an about 2000-strong battalion of newly recruited Satsuma soldiers) as well as others summarized below.
- よって、この部隊は人吉から下って、八代から熊本へ進軍中の官軍を背後から攻撃し、退路を断って孤立させるという作戦のもとで行動することになった。
- Therefore, the strategy of isolating the government army by cutting off the retreat was taken and the recruits went southward from Hitoyoshi to attack the rear of the government army that were advancing from Yatsushiro to Kumamoto.
- この台湾銀行を通して日本資本が大量に台湾に投下され、台湾の資本主義が発達したと共に、更に台湾より中国や東南アジアへの資金が投資されていった。
- Through the Bank of Taiwan, a large amount of Japanese capital was put into Taiwan, which economic policy contributed to the development of capitalism in Taiwan, and further investment in China and the Southeast Asian countries from Taiwan.
- この分野の国宝指定は歴史が浅く、最初の指定物件は「慶長遣欧使節関係資料」(仙台市博物館蔵、2000年(平成12年)12月国宝指定)であった。
- The timeline for items in this category being named national treasures is still quite short; the first such designation was the collection (owned by the Sendai City Museum) of 'materials related to the Keicho-era mission to Europe' (it was so designated during the December 2000 designations of national treasures).
- この背景として、脱走軍は榎本武揚が指導者になっているとは言え、元藩主や元幕府老中といった大名クラスも参加しており、君臣の関係が複雑であった。
- 表現を変更しました。
- この年平安京周辺は干害に見舞われており、6月26日に雨乞の実施の是非について醍醐天皇がいる清涼殿において太政官の会議が開かれることとなった。
- Since Heiankyo and its environs suffered drought that year, the conference of Daijokan was to be held in the Seiryoden, Emperor Daigo's living quarters, on July 29 to discuss whether or not to hold a praying-for-rain ceremony.
- 江戸時代初期の清水寺本堂が有名であるが、この特異な形式が生まれるにあたっては神仏習合、なかでも山岳仏教より生まれた修験道の影響が甚大である。
- Kiyomizu-dera Temple Main Hall during the early Edo period was a famous example in kake-zukuri, and syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism, especially, Shugendo derived from Mountain Buddhism, significantly contributed to the development of this unique style.
- 以後、義久は弟の義弘に家督を譲って二頭政治を行ない、島津家は豊臣政権、江戸幕府の下でこの2国1郡の領土を明治時代まで守り抜いていくことになる。
- Thereafter, Yoshihisa transferred the head of the family to his younger brother Yoshihiro to launch a diarchy, and the Shimazu family retained the two Provinces and a County under the Toyotomi regime and Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) until the Meiji period.
- このときの国号改称について、新唐書(『唐書』)、旧唐書(『舊唐書』)に「倭という名称をきらって日本へ改称した」という内容の記述が残されている。
- Shintojo (New Book of Tang) ('Tojo' (Book of Tang)) and Kutojo ('Old Tang History') have records in relation to the change of the name, which says the name was changed to Nippon in disgust of the name, Wa.
- この中国情勢の混乱を勢力圏拡大の好機と判断した陸軍大臣の上原勇作は、当時の第三次西園寺公望内閣に対し朝鮮半島に2個師団を新設するよう提言した。
- Deciding that the political confusion in China was a prime opportunity for Japan to expand its power, War Minister Yūsaku UEHARA proposed to the third administration of Prime Minister Kinmochi SAIONJI to create two new infantry divisions on the Korean Peninsula.
- ただし、この時期の荘園は墾田に対する浮浪・班田農民の寄作を基礎としていて、労働奴隷制的でも、領域と住民を一元的に掌握していたわけでもなかった。
- The shoen at the time, however, depended on the contribution of labor from vagrants and handen farmers for the reclaimed fields, and it is neither slave-labor system, nor the system under which the field and residents were controlled in an integrated manner.
- この時、正門外で突然毎日新聞社の車が「君が代」を流したため、これに反発した学生の中から反戦歌「平和を守れ」の歌声が流れ、次第に大合唱となった。
- At this time, someone on board a vehicle for the Mainichi Newspapers played 'Kimigayo' (Japan's national anthem), and some students who were offended by it started to sing an antiwar song 'Heiwa wo mamore' (maintain peace) and many students joined forces with them.
- この時代の初め、藤原鎌足の息子藤原不比等があらわれて政権をにぎり、律令制度の確立に力を尽くすとともに、皇室に接近して藤原氏発展の基礎をかためた。
- At the beginning of this era, FUJIWARA no Fuhito, son of FUJIWARA no Kamatari, grasped the reins of government and devoted himself to establishing the ritsuryo system and strengthening the foundation of Fujiwara clan expansion through links to the Imperial Family.
- このことから、当時の実態はヤマト王権が他の首長より優越はしているが強い支配関係にはなく、ヤマトと他地域の連合政権的な性格だったと考えられている。
- From these records, it is thought that although the Yamato Kingdom was superior to other chiefs, it was not a strongly dominant relationship, but rather more like a coalition government.
- (意味)我が国は未曾有の変革を為そうとし、わたくし天皇が自ら皆に率先して天地神明に誓い、大いにこの国是を定め、万民を保全する道を立てようとする。
- (Meaning) our country is making unprecedented transformation and I, the Emperor take initiative to swear to God, establish this national policy and preserve all the people.
- 寛永3年(1626年)に常陸国水戸の富商・佐藤新助が、江戸幕府と水戸藩の許可を得て鋳造したのが始まりだが、この時はまだ、正式な官銭ではなかった。
- In 1626, Shinsuke SATO, a rich merchant in Mito, Hitachi Province, started minting this coin upon obtaining the permission of Edo bakufu and Mito Domain, but this coin was not a coin officially permitted by the government yet at this time.
- この上申書では、従来からの鉄道国有論に加えて既設私設鉄道の買収を前面に押し出しており、そのためには私設鉄道買収法の制定が必要であると説いている。
- In the written opinion, he stressed the importance of acquisition of existing private railways in addition to his theory of nationalization of railways and insisted, for the purpose, that it was necessary to enact the law to acquire private railways.
- しかしながら、この改訂が一宮はどこかと言う事実を追求した成果なのか、あるいは政治的意図があったのかは別の検証が必要であるとも同書では述べている。
- However, 'The Various Lines of Ichinomiya-Ki' also suggests that more research is required to figure out whether the corrections of the mistakes were the result of careful research or the writer had some political intension.
- この策によって薩軍は城の東北及び西部を守る兵を数百名節約できたのであるが、鎮台にとっては城の西部を守る兵が節約できたので、さらに好都合であった。
- That tactics allowed the Satsuma army to save the several hundreds of soldiers besieging the northeastern and western areas of the castle, but it turned out to be more advantageous to the garrison because it could saved the soldiers defending the west part of the castle.
- この銀座粛正の後、座人は15人に縮小され、同年11月に日本橋蛎殻町(現在の日本橋人形町)に移転される事が申し渡され、南鐐二朱判鋳造が再開された。
- After reorganization of the ginza, the number of officers was reduced to 15, and the mint was ordered to be moved to Nihonbashi-kakigaara-cho (present-day Nihonbashi Ningyocho) for resumption of Nanryo nishuban coins.
- この間、豊臣方は二の丸の埋め立ては当方の受け持ちであると抗議したが、徳川方は「工事が進んでいないので、手伝う」といいそのまま、埋め立てを行った。
- In the meantime the Toyotomi side protested that they were responsible for the reclamation of Ninomaru, however the Tokugawa side, saying that they were just helping because the work was going slowly, went on the reclamation work.
- そのおそらく最初のものは、徳川氏の遺臣を移して北方警備と開墾に従事させようとする榎本武揚の考えで、彼はこの計画を掲げて新政府と箱館戦争を戦った。
- The idea might be first suggested by Takeaki ENOMOTO: He thought of moving surviving retainers of the Tokugawa Clan to Hokkaido and letting them undertake the guard and reclamation of the northern territory, and holding up this plan, fought the Battle of Hakodate against the new government.
- このような中、北海道移住への気運が高まるのであるが、その資金については自費移住ということであり、それを賄うだけの資金調達ができるはずもなかった。
- For these reasons, there was an increasing momentum among people to move in to Hokkaido, but there was no way to raise funds as they had to move at their own expense.
- 承保元年(1074年)に藤原頼通と上東門院が相次いで病没、このため翌年に頼通の後を継いだ藤原師実が時の白河天皇(上東門院の曾孫)にこれを贈った。
- In 1074, FUJIWARA no Yorimichi and Jotomon in died one after another; and during the next year, FUJIWARA no Morozane who inherited Yorimichi, presented the Shirakawa betsugyo to the then Emperor Shirakawa (great grandson of Jotomon in).
- この状況を打開するため細川澄元、三好之長軍は、翌永正6年(1509年)6月に琵琶湖を渡り、小関越から同6月17日に如意ケ嶽に3千名で陣をひいた。
- To break the deadlock, the armies under the command of Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and Yukinaga MIYOSHI proceeded over Lake Biwa in June in the next year 1509, and on July 14, 1509, from Kozekigoe, the army of three thousand men set up camp on Mt. Nyoigatake.
- 諸藩においてもこれにならって旌表があいついでおこなわれ、「芸備孝義録」、「加能越三州良民伝」などをはじめ、この種の善行表彰録の刊行はおおかった。
- Various feudal clans carried out the practice one after another, following the bakufu's awards, and published many collections of documents of awards granted for good deeds including 'Geibikogiroku' and 'Kanoetsu sanshu ryominden.'
- しかし、この中には現在でも地域間対立や地理的要件の不一致などの問題を孕んでおり名目上は一つの県でありながら、実質上は別の県という地域が少なくない。
- However, some of the newly created prefectures still have problems in regional confrontation and geographic inconsistencies to this day, and there are cases where a prefecture is actually divided into two regions.
- このような名目貨幣は幕府に利益をもたらすものであり、慢性的な財政難に悩む幕府にとって、もはや名目貨幣の発行は止まる所を知らないものとなっていった。
- This nominal money generated profits for the bakufu which was suffering from chronic financial difficulties and they could not stop issuing nominal money.
- 成綱(=盛綱)の叔父・政嗣も成綱に従って及川を称し、この政嗣の系統が先に奥州において栄えたがのちに滅亡し、以後は成綱の系統がこれに代わって栄えた。
- Naritsuna (Moritsuna)'s uncle, Masatsugu, identified himself as OIKAWA, whereupon Naritsuna and the Masatsugu bloodline flourished in Oshu, but later it went to ruin and consequently the Naritsuna bloodline flourished instead of this.
- 熊本鎮台部隊が5月22日に馬見原から竹田方面に転進すると、この方面を担任することになった第1旅団は5月25日、折原を攻撃し、遂に三田井を占領した。
- Troops of Kumamoto Brigade changed their course to the Takeda area from Mamihara on May 22, and then the 1st brigade, having been assigned to this area, attacked Orihara on May 25 and seized Mitai at last.
- したがって2月21日から24日に至る薩軍の攻撃は悉く失敗しただけでなく、剽悍な士の多くがこの攻城戦で消耗して、24日以後は両軍の対峙状態に陥った。
- From February 21 to 24, the Satsuma army not only failed each and every attack on the castle but also had most of its fierce and cunning soldiers exhausted in the attack; after February 24, the both sides were involved in confrontation.
- このオレンジ色の星が、ライチョウなど羽色が橙色系の胸をもつ鳥とともに、「朱雀」という瑞鳥のイメージの成立に、何らかの形で関与している可能性もある。
- This orange colored star, in addition to creating an image of the Ptarmigan or any other birds whose feathers are orange around the breast, may also have possibly influenced the establishment of the image of this auspicious bird 'Suzaku.'
- この中の、巻末の一章に「日本国において自国人の出国、外国人の入国を禁じ、又此国の世界諸国との交通を禁止するにきわめて当然なる理」という題名がある。
- A chapter at the end of the book has a title which means 'quite a convincing theory why the Japanese government prohibits its citizens from going abroad and foreigners from entering the country, as well as why Japan severs diplomatic relations with counties worldwide.'
- このような経済の発展は、院内銀山などの鉱山開発が進んで金・銀・銅が大量に生産され、それと引き替えに海外の物資が大量に日本に入り込んだためでもあった。
- Such economic development was resulted from production of gold, silver and copper in large amount due to mine development such as Innai Silver Mine, and a lot of foreign goods were imported to Japan in exchange for gold and so on.
- このことは、旧幕臣の腐敗こそが江戸幕府の滅亡の原因で維新のために尽力した薩長土肥の若い人材こそが政府に必要であると考える大久保には理解できなかった。
- Okubo couldn't understand Kido's decision because he thought that the corruption among the retainers of the shogun was the cause of the Edo bakufu's fall and young people of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa and Hizen who strived to bring about the Meiji Restoration should be utilized for the new government.
- この戦争により、陸軍においては白兵突撃至上主義が、海軍においては艦隊決戦至上主義が確立され、後の太平洋戦争まで両者共に大きく影響を及ぼすことになる。
- The Russo-Japanese War cemented the centrality of charge tactics in the army, and decisive encounter between fleets in the navy tactics that would significantly influence both institutions until the Second World War.
- この政府案を元に国民の間で広く議論が行われ、4月10日には衆議院議員総選挙が行われた(もっとも、国民の最大の関心は、新憲法より生活の安定にあった)。
- People extensively discussed on the Draft on March 6, and the general election of members of the House of Representatives was held on April 10 (But people's actual greatest concern was their lifestyle stability, not the constitution.)
- 当時の主な通貨のうちの銀貨の鋳造が行われたこと、この場所以外での貨幣鋳造が厳しく取り締まられたこと、などにより「銀・座」の名が付けられたと思われる。
- The name 'gin (silver)' and 'za (place)' is believed to originate from the fact that a mint chiefly issuing silver coins was located there and also that minting such coins in other areas was strictly controlled.
- この時期の総統である児玉源太郎は鎮圧を前面に出した高圧的な統治と、民生政策を充実させる硬軟折衷政策を実施し、一般民衆は抗日活動を傍観するに留まった。
- Gentaro KODAMA, who was Governor-General then, used the dual policy of the active suppression and the improvement of public livelihood, so most of the people in Taiwan chose the watch and wait attitude for these anti-Japanese movements.
- 後述の天龍寺船派遣(1342年)の際に日元間の貿易船が10年間途絶していたとあることから、この住吉社船が鎌倉時代における最後の寺社造営料唐船である。
- A record says that trading ships had been suspended for ten years before the Tenryu-ji zoeiryotosen mentioned later was dispatched in 1342, indicating that this Sumiyoshi-jinja zoeiryotosen was the last Jishazoeiryotosen during the Kamakura period.
- 5世紀後半の475年、高句麗の南下によって百済は南方へ移動したが、この事件は百済と友好関係にあったヤマト王権(倭国)にも経済的・政治的な影響を与えた。
- During the late fifth century, in 475, Baekje moved further south as Goguryeo advanced southward, and this economically and politically affected the Yamato Kingdom, that had a friendly relationship with Baekje.
- 桂は後にこの会談で日露開戦の覚悟が定まったと書いているが、実際の記録類ではむしろ伊藤の慎重論が優勢であったようで、後の日露交渉に反映されることになる。
- Although it was recorded afterward that Katsura was already prepared to declare war on Russia, actual records reveal that Ito's cooler head prevailed, as reflected afterwards in the negotiations with Russia.
- なお、この過程で進士試が廃されて正式な官吏登用試験としては秀才試のみが行われるようになり、秀才は文章得業生の、同じく進士は文章生の別名となっていった。
- Also, through these processes, the official appointment examination for the 'shinshi' rank was phased out and only the official appointment examination for the 'shusai' rank was left as an official examination to recruit government officials, which resulted in the word 'shusai' becoming a synonym of monjo tokugosho and 'shinshi,' monjosho.
- この事を反省して、旧式ではあっても継戦能力に優れた前装銃が各地に分散保管されている状況を危険視した政府は、西南戦争後の明治11年からこれらを回収した。
- So as not to repeat that mistake, the government started to withdraw the muzzle loaders, which were an older model but superior in the ability to continue war and stored in various places throughout the nation, in 1878 after the end of the Seinan War.
- (この場合、対馬・壱岐国が「嶋」としてはずれる)例えば11か国を守護領国とした山名氏は、全国の六分の一の国を領したという意味で「六分一殿」と呼ばれた。
- (in this case, Tsushima and Iki provinces were excluded as islands) For example, the Yamana clan that had 11 provinces as shugo's territory was called ' One Sixth Esquire ', because it possessed one sixth of the provinces of whole country.
- 義朝はこのころ上総国の上総介常澄の処に居たが、義朝は上総介常澄の「浮言」を利用して、常重から相馬郡(または郷)の避状(さがりじょう:譲状)を責め取る。
- Yoshitomo, who was at the Kazusa no suke (Assistant Governor of Kazusa Province) Tsunezumi's place in Kazusa Province at the time, compelled Tsuneshige and acquired an eviction notice, or a letter of transfer, for the Soma-gun village, or Soma-go village, using a 'groundless rumor' of Kazusa no suke Tsunezumi.
- また、多くの文献でこの如意ケ嶽の戦いで細川澄元は阿波国へ落ち延びていったという記述が見受けられるが、10月2日の岡山城の戦いで落ち延びたという説もある
- Besides the many documents that describe that 'Sumimoto HOSOKAWA fled to Awa Province in the Battle of Nyoigatake,' there was another opinion, that 'he fled in the Battle of Okayama-jo Castle on November 4, 1508.'
- やがて、那須宗久は本領へと引き上げたが、このとき、平家の残党は自分たちへの追討をとりやめ命を救ってくれた宗久への感謝の気持ちから那須姓に改めたという。
- When Nasu no Munehisa returned to his homeland, the remnants of the Taira family changed their surname from Taira to Nasu out of gratitude for Munehisa, who saved their lives by stopping his hunt.
- このことから、狭々城山君の姓は陵戸とは無関係に存在していたと考えられ、実際には仁徳天皇の名代である雀部(ささきべ/ささべ)を祖先とする一族だと思われる。
- Consequently, it is thought that the family name of Sasakiyama gimi would have nothing to do with Misasagi no He but would instead be a family descended from Sasakibe (or Sasabe) owned by Emperor Nintoku.
- 葛西持信は光村に領地を与えて家臣とした(この時、下総に残った一族もかなりいたらしく、千葉県北部に及川氏が集中しており、現在の全及川氏の6%が千葉県人)。
- Mochinobu KASAI gave territories to Mitsumura and made him his retainer (at that time, many families seemed to remain in Shimousa; the OIKAWA clan concentrates in the northern part of Chiba Prefecture, and currently six percent of all OIKAWA clan are residents of Chiba Prefecture).
- 大坂冬の陣で家康は一旦和睦し堀を埋め立てた後に再度、兵を挙げる事で大坂城を落としているが、この方法は家康が存命中の秀吉に直接聞いたものという逸話がある。
- After a peace treaty and reclamation of the moats in Osaka Fuyu no Jin, Ieyasu raised an army again and captured Osaka-jo Castle and there is an episode that Ieyasu heard about this approach directly from Hideyoshi when he was alive.
- この別働隊に妻女山の上杉軍を攻撃させ、上杉軍が勝っても負けても山を下るから、これを平野部に布陣した本隊が待ち伏せし、別働隊と挟撃して殲滅する作戦である。
- This military strategy was as follows: This separate troop attacks Uesugi's forces on Saijo-san Mountain; regardless of the result, Uesugi's forces will come down the mountain; and then the body of Takeda's forces is awaiting in the plain field, and eventually the two troops take the pincer attack movement to destroy Uesugi's forces completely.
- 荘園と公領は前代に引き続き名田に分割編成され、百姓はこの名田の名主に補任(ぶにん)されて年貢(ねんぐ)、公事(くじ)、夫役(ぶやく)の納入責任を負った。
- Shoen and koryo were divided and organized into myoden as in the previous period, and hyakusho were appointed to nanushi (village headman) of the rice field lots to be responsible for payment of nengu (land tax), kuji (public duties), and buyaku (compulsory services).
- 「私達は一個の人間として貴方を見る時、同情に耐えません」で始まるこの質問状は、当時学生であった中岡哲郎(のち大阪市立大学教授)の執筆によるものであった。
- This open letter, which started with the phrase 'When we look at you as an individual human being, we cannot help but feel compassion,' was written by a student, Tetsuro Nakaoka (he later became a professor of Osaka City University).
- この時日本は沖縄本島を日本領とし八重山諸島と宮古島を中国領とし、日清修好条規に日本の欧米並みの最恵国待遇を追加する案(分島改約案)を提示し一旦はまとまる。
- Japan proposed a plan during negotiations that the Okinawa main island would belong to Japan and the Yeyma islands and Miyako-jima island to China and that Japan-Qing Treaty of Friendship be revised with an additional clause to grant Japan a most-favored nation treatment (proposal for divisional rule over the islands and a revision to the treaty), and this proposal was once accepted.
- また、明和期以前は一分判より低額面のものは寛永通寳一文 (通貨単位)銭であったため、この中間を補佐する貨幣の需要が高かったことも流通が普及した要因である。
- Another reason for Nanryo Nishu Gin circulating well was that auxiliary currency in between was much in demand because Kanei Tsuho Ichimon Sen (a coin currency unit) had been the only lower face value than Ichibu Ban (Koban) before the Meiwa era.
- この幽閉劇は、毛利氏による旧尼子家臣団への締め付けと出雲国の支配強化が狙いであり、三沢氏同様、旧尼子家臣団でもあった三刀屋久扶も追放の憂き目にあっている。
- This dramatic confinement was designed by the Mori clan to increase its pressure on the retainers of the old Amago clan and strengthen its lordship over Izumo Province, such that Hisasuke MITOYA who had been a member of the old Amago's retainer group also suffered exile in the same manner as those of the Misawa clan.
- 新宮氏滅亡後、会津は豊穣になったとの記載が『心清水八幡神社塔寺八幡宮長帳』にあり、このことから新宮氏と蘆名氏との戦いで会津盆地が荒廃していたことが窺える。
- The record asserting that the productiveness in Aizu increased after the fall of the Shingu clan was found in 'Todera-hachimangu Nagacho (record) of the Kokoroshimizu-hachimanjinja Shrine,' which reflected the fact that the Aizu Basin had been devastated due to fights between the Shingu and Ashina clans.
- なお、このうち落書きの禁止は「鴨川等」の区域全域に及ぶが、それ以外は、「鴨川等」の区域のうち京都府告示の形式で示された限定されたエリア内でのみ禁止される。
- Graffiti is prohibited in whole area of 'Kamo-gawa River and other rivers', the other violation acts are prohibited within the designated area which was notified in the notices by Kyoto Prefecture.
- この時の様子を『陰徳太平記』では、'忍び有岡の城を出立づ。共に乾助三郎に重代相伝の葉茶壺を負はせ、阿古とて、常に膝下に召使ひし女を召具しけり'としている。
- 'Intoku Taiheki' (old chronicle) described the situation at that time as 'He departed Arioka-jo Castle secretly. He made his attendant, Sukesaburo INUI carry a chatsubo (jar for tea leaves) of inherited for generations on his back and he was accompanies by a girl, who was called Ako and served always around him.'
- 慶長小判はこの京目一両の原則に沿っていたが、後世、正徳 (日本)享保期を除き、時代ごとの経済政策により品位(金含有率)・量目ともに改悪されることが多かった。
- Keicho koban was made based on the principle of kyome 1ryo, however, later, due to economic policies of different periods except in Shotoku Kyoho period, it became often made worse both in karat (content rate of gold) and ryome (a weighed value).
- このうち、日本国国憲按は、皇帝の国憲遵守の誓約や議会の強い権限を定めるなど、ベルギー憲法(1831年)やプロイセン憲法(1850年)の影響を強く受けていた。
- Japan's national constitution draft was strongly influenced by the constitutions of Belgium (1831) and Prussia (1850), and insisted the emperor's compliance with the constitution and the strong authority of the assembly.
- この各地銀座所在地の両替町という名称は諸国の銀山より産出される灰吹銀を、銀座が公鋳の丁銀を以って買い入れることを南鐐替(なんりょうがえ)と称したことによる。
- The name Ryogae-cho found in various ginzas is due to the fact that cupellated silver from various silver mines in the country was purchased by each ginza with the officially minted chogin silver, and this trade was named Nangyo-gin silver exchange.
- この普請には幕府からある程度の費用が与えられてはいたが、動員された大名は経済的に疲弊し、例えば佐賀藩では藩士の俸禄を一律三割減らすといった状態に陥っていた。
- The bakufu offered a certain amount of expenses to daimyo who were ordered to do the fushin (Tenkabushin), however, the expenses impoverished daimyo; for example, the Saga clan had to reduce its retainers' horoku (salary) by 30% across-the-board.
- この事件により、山本権兵衛内閣は総辞職、警視総監・湯浅倉平、警視庁警務部長・正力松太郎らが懲戒免職、難波の出身地である山口県の知事が2ヶ月間の減給となった。
- Due to the Incident, the Gonbei YAMAMOTO cabinet resigned en masse, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Commissioner Kurahei YUASA and Director of Police Administration of Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Matsutaro SHORIKI were given a dishonorable discharge, and the governor of Yamaguchi Prefecture, where Nanba was born, was reprimanded with a pay cut for two months.
- この流れを伊豆多田氏と呼び、室町期には摂津と伊豆に領土を安堵されるが、永正年間(1504年 - 1520年)の将軍家家督争いで足利義稙側に付き没落したという。
- This lineage, referred to as the Izu-Tada clan, was authorized to own its lands in the Settsu and Izu provinces during the Muromachi period but is said to have been in decline in the Eisho era (A.D. 1504 - 1520) because it took the side of Yoshitane ASHIKAGA in the midst of the dispute over succession to the shogunate.
- この水攻めの策は中国の春秋時代に晋 (春秋)の智伯が晋陽城を水攻めしたことからヒントを得たと考えられ、低湿地にある沼城の利点を逆手に取ったまさに奇策であった。
- Considered to have taken a cue from an episode in which Zhi Bo during the Chunqiu period in China conquered Jinyang Castle by inundation, the inundation tactic was a clever idea which made full use of the merits of numajiro that was a swamp.
- 大阪経済大学助教授の家近良樹が、幕末期の政治状況は従来の薩長と幕府との対立というだけでは説明できないとしてこの「一会桑政権」と呼ばれる歴史概念を主張している。
- For a long time historians had considered that the conflict between 'Saccho' (the alliance between the Satsuma clan and the Choshu clan) and the Shogunate had driven the politics at the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate, however, recently Yoshiki IECHIKA, an assistant professor of Osaka University of Economics, proposed the new idea of 'the Ichikaiso Government' for the simple reason that it's impossible to grasp the whole political situation during the tempestuous period from only the past historical point of view.
- この相場を元に新貨条例制定後の旧銅貨の通用価値が規定され、一圓は一両と等価となり、一両=10000文という基準から、これらの銭貨は以下の様な通用価格となった。
- The value of the old copper coin after the establishment of New Currency Regulation was set based on this market price; one yen became equivalent to one ryo; furthermore, using the standard rate of one ryo = 10000 mon, the currency rates of the coins became the following:
- しかし誤解を招きかねないことばであることは間違いなく、この解釈をめぐり、後に陽明学は分派することになる契機となり、また他派の猛烈な批判を招来することにもなる。
- But it is doubtlessly a misleading word, and the Yomei-gaku was to split over the interpretation of 'mu,' which further invited fierce criticism from other schools.
- 狭い川中島を巡る局地戦で、信玄と謙信が兵力と10年以上の時間を浪費したため、いたずらに信長の台頭を許す結果になったと、古来、多くの論者がこの戦いを評している。
- From old times, many pundits have evaluated this battle in the following way: Shingen and Kenshin consumed lots of forces and the time of more than ten years in local battles over the control of the narrow Kawanakajima area, unnecessarily allowing Nobunaga to gain dominant power.
- なおこの頃、政情不安や物価の高騰による生活苦などから「世直し一揆」や打ちこわしが頻発し、また社会現象として「ええじゃないか」なる奇妙な流行が広範囲で見られた。
- Due to the political instability and the inflated prices of goods in the market, many radical actions, such as 'reform riots' and destructive urban riots, occurred, and 'Eejanaika', an unusual movement consisting of religious celebrations and communal activities, was seen in many parts of the country.
- 昭和43年(1968年)被差別部落民かどうかを探り出すためにこの戸籍が用いられようとした事件が発覚し、閲覧が禁止され、同年、公開さえも禁じられ封印保管された。
- An incident happened in 1968 where this family register was to be used to find out whether or not a person was from Burakumin, which caused reading it prohibited and in the same year even the public viewing itself came to be prohibited, resulting in the sealed storage.
- この間、(前記のプラカード学生の突出した行動を唯一の例外として)学生たちは天皇一行の出入りを遠巻きに合唱していただけで、特にこれを妨害する行動はとっていない。
- In the meantime, students (except for those who took radical action while carrying the above-mentioned placards) were singing together while looking across at the Emperor's party and didn't take any actions to hinder them.
- 内奏方はこの仕組を継承したと考えられ、訴訟が取り上げられない場合や、管轄する訴訟機関が定まらない場合、訴訟の審理が遅延している場合などに内奏方に提訴を行った。
- Naisogata is considered to be the successor of the above systems and people were allowed to appeal to Naisogata in cases where their appeals were dismissed, jurisdiction of legal institutions was not clear or the trial was prolonged.
- この里の比治山頂の麻奈井の湖(今は既に沼となったと書かれる)で、天女八人が水浴びしていたとき、和奈佐という老夫婦は一つの羽衣を隠し、帰れなかった天女を子にした。
- In Manai Lake (eventually it became a swamp, they say) in the village, eight tennyo (heavenly maidens) were bathing, but an elderly couple by the name of Wanasa hid a robe of feathers and adopted one tennyo, who had lost her robe.
- この条文によると、憲法改正は天皇が発議・裁可する事になっており、実際、憲法改正の上諭文には「朕は...憲法の改正を裁可し...」との記述(欽定憲法)がなされた。
- According to Article 73, the constitutional amendment shall be proposed and ratified by the emperor, and actually in the edict of the constitutional amendment, the emperor stated 'I …sanction the amendments of the Imperial Japanese Constitution …' (Constitution enacted by the emperor).
- この中では、上に挙げた富国強兵の一環で西洋軍事技術の導入も盛んに行われ、軍隊では兵隊の腕力や体力を強化する目的で、提供される食事(軍隊食)までもが西洋化された。
- As the principal part of the wealth and the military strength policy, the introduction and adaptation of Western-style military technologies and skills was strongly promoted; even the food service provided in the military (military ration) was Westernized in order to strengthen the physical power and stamina of soldiers.
- 『日本書紀』の記述には主語はないが、『上宮聖徳法王帝説』では聖徳太子と蘇我馬子が「共に天下の政を輔けて」と記されていることから、この二人の事蹟と考えられている。
- The 'Nihon Shoki' makes no mention of who established the twelve cap rank system, but from a description in the 'Jogu Shotoku Ho-o Teisetsu' that Prince Shotoku and SOGA no Umako 'together reinforced rule over the whole country,' it is believed that the system was a legacy of these two.
- だが、この事態に危機感を抱いた薩摩藩の暗躍に幕府側の強硬派が乗せられ、慶応4年1月3日 (旧暦)(1868年1月27日)に鳥羽・伏見の戦いに突入することになる。
- However the clandestine activities of the Satsuma Domain, who felt very much threatened by this development, successfully agitated the hard-liners of the Shogunate supporters, leading to the Battle of Toba and Fushimi on January 27, 1868.
- この時、周辺にいた公卿・官人らが巻き込まれ、公卿では大納言民部卿の藤原清貫が衣服に引火した上に胸を焼かれて即死、右中弁内蔵頭の平希世も顔を焼かれて重傷を負った。
- The court nobles and government officials at the scene were injured: among the court nobles, Dainagon (Major Counselor), Minbukyo (Minister of Popular Affairs) FUJIWARA no Kiyotsura's robe caught fire, his chest was burnt and he died instantly, and Uchuben (Middle Controller of the Right) Kura no kami, (Chief of Kuraryo, Bureau of Palace Storehouses) TAIRA no Mareyo, suffered burns on his face, which was a serious injury.
- この雲揚が同年9月20日首都漢城に近い要塞地帯であった江華島に接近し、発砲されたとの理由で3日間にわたり戦闘し22日には永宗島の砲台を攻撃、占領する事件が起きた。
- On September 20 of the same year, an incident occurred: this Unyo approached Ganghwa Island, which was the stronghold base near the capital Hanseong, and fought for three days insisting that she had been fiired, then on 22nd, she attacked the gun batteries and seized Yeongjong Island.
- 世論が沸き起こること自体、幕藩体制が堅牢なころには起こり得ないことであったが、この「世論」の精神的支柱として、京都の天皇帝(みかど)の存在がクローズアップされる。
- Public opinion itself had never been a concern when the shogunate system was stable, but with this 'public opinion' as an emotional prop, the existence of the Emperor in Kyoto came to the fore.
- この名主、庄屋は昔から土地を所有している有力農民や土着した武士の末裔などがなる場合が多く、苗字帯刀あるいは諸役御免の特権を持つ者や郷士に列せられるものも多かった。
- The above-mentioned headmen (nanushi or shoya) were often rich farmers who had owned their own land for a long time, or descendants of samurai who had settled there, and many of them were privileged to adopt a surname and wear a sword and excused from various levies and taxes as well as titled as country samurai (goshi).
- また、紛争勃発直前の会合で研究所・府連・全同教関係者を含めた「五人委員会」が発足していた事実を明らかにし、この委員会が管理権を持っており、研究所にはないと論じた。
- Also, they showed the fact that in the meeting just before the conflict, the 'Five Members Committee' consisted of the Instutute, the Kyoto Federation and the Zendokyo related members had been established, and argued the custodial right of the Hall was owned by the committee, and not owned by the Institute.
- このような保護政策の下、日本の財閥も台湾糖業への投資を行い製糖が次々に設立され、台湾の伝統的な糖業は大きな打撃を受け、また甘蔗農家の収入が抑圧される事態が続いた。
- Under these protection policies, the Japanese Zaibatsu (company syndicate) began investing in the sugar manufacturing industry and setting up sugar manufacturing factories, which situation was a blow to the traditional sugar manufacturing in Taiwan and suppressed the income of the sugarcane farmers.
- このうち、国司には中央から派遣されたが、郡司・里長はかつての在地首長である地域の豪族層が終身官として任命され、実質上自分の支配地域を行政単位として認められていた。
- The provincial governor was sent from the central government, whereas the local magistrate or village chief was appointed for life from local powerful clans who had ruled the area, which virtually meant that they were approved to govern the areas they originally ruled as administrative districts of the central government.
- この圧力に対抗するため、陸奥、出羽及び越後の諸藩により奥羽越列藩同盟(北部政府)が結成され、輪王寺宮公現法親王(のちの北白川宮能久親王)が擁立された(東武皇帝)。
- To address this move, an alliance was formed among clans in Mutsu, Dewa, and Echigo (in the north-eastern region of Japan), supporting Cloistered Imperial Prince Rinojinomiya Kogen, later Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Yoshihisa (also known as Tobu Emperor).
- なお、この時占いに用いられた書として『天文要録』・『新撰陰陽書』・『帝覧』・『天文録』・『天地瑞祥志』・『指掌宿曜経』・『占事略決』・『暦林』などが知られている。
- As the books used for divination at this time, 'Tenmon yoroku' (astrological digest), 'Shinsen Onmyo sho' (New edition of the book of Onmyo), 'Teiran', 'Tenmon roku' (astronomical records), 'Tenchi zuisho shi,' 'Shishosukuyokyo,' 'Senji ryakketsu,' and 'Rekirin' were known.
- 更に従来の半済令が期限を「当年一作」、施行地域を「戦乱の国々」としていたのに対して、この法令では期限が「暫く(当分の間)」、施行地域を「諸国」と文面が改められた。
- Additionally, in contrast to the former series of Hanzeirei which defined their time frame as 'this year's crop' and enforced in areas deemed 'provinces in a state of war,' this law defined the time frame as 'for the time being' and the areas as 'various districts.'
- 何ら暴力的な事件が起こっていなかったにもかかわらず、翌11月13日、衆議院文部委員会では、大学管理法案審議の過程で天野貞祐歴代の文部大臣がこの「事件」に言及した。
- Although there wasn't any acts of violence, the Minister for Education, Teiyu AMANO, mentioned this 'incident' the next day, November 13, at the Lower House Education Committee in the process of the deliberation of the draft law of the university administration.
- 著名な歌人や宮廷人の作品ばかりではなく、東歌や防人歌など、地方の農民の素朴な感情をあらわした作品も多く収められており、このなかには心に訴える優れた歌が多くみられる。
- The Waka are not only by famous poets and court nobles, but also many poems showing unassuming sentiments of local farmers such as azumauta (poems in ancient Japan in the dialect of the eastern region) and sakimori-no-uta (poems by soldiers deployed for boarder defenses) and many of the latter are excellent ones which appeal to human sentiment.
- また通常、小判および分金は製造過程で一枚ずつ厳密な量目(質量)の検査が行われるが、この一朱判に関しては、五両ないし十両一括で量目の検査が行われるという始末であった。
- And, it was usual to strictly inspect ryome (a weighed value) (mass) for each Koban and Bukin during the manufacturing process, but for this Isshuban, ryome was inspected only for every bunch of five ryo or ten ryo.
- そして、従来は同じく中国思想であったものが日本化した攘夷論とむすびつき、幕府や幕藩体制を批判する先鋭な政治思想へと展開していき、この思想が明治維新の原動力となった。
- Furthermore, conventional Chinese thoughts were Japanized in the same way, and united with the doctrine of excluding foreigners, developing into a radical political position criticical of the shogunate and its domain system, and as such, this became a driving force for the Meiji Restoration.
- この分銅は「両」を基本単位としており、「匁」は補助単位であるが、秤量銀貨の通貨単位は、小判の通貨単位の「両」との混同を避ける意味から「匁」および「貫」が用いられた。
- For these counterweights, 'ryo' was used as a base unit and 'monme' a secondly, while 'monme' and 'kan' were used for the currency unit for Hyoryo ginka, to avoid being mixed up with 'ryo,' the currency unit for koban.
- ちょうどこの時(6月3日 (旧暦)夜)、秀吉方は明智光秀から毛利方に送られた使者を捕らえ、信長が明智光秀の謀反によって京都市の本能寺で落命したという密書を手にする。
- At just about the same time, on the evening of July 2, Hideyoshi captured the messenger sent by Mitsuhide AKECHI to Mori, got a secret letter saying that Nobunaga had lost his life by the rebellion of Mitsuhide AKECHI at Honno-ji Temple in Kyoto City.
- 明治19年(1886年)壬申式から統一書式を用いた戸籍へと変更が行われ、同年11月より徐々に移行され、明治31年戸籍法によりこの様式は改正原戸籍として取り扱われた。
- The family register in the Jinshin style was changed to that in a uniform format in 1886, and as transferring gradually progressed from November in the same year, this style came to be treated as that of the revised original family register based on the Family Registration Law in 1896.
- これまでの経緯からすれば、この新券は既に久安2年の時点で無効になったと考えられるが、親盛の娘は平重盛の側室であり、平氏側の支援を期待して提示したとも考えられている。
- In view of the past history, it is considered that the deed was already invalidated in 1146, but it is also considered that since Chikamori's daughter was a concubine of TAIRA no Shigemori, the deed was presented in an expectation of support from the Taira family.
- この形式は11世紀に完成されたもので、口宣が行われた初期(10世紀前半)には、宣旨との書式の区別が確立しておらず、年月日が最後の行の位署の上に記載されたものもある。
- The form was established in the eleventh century -- When the kuzen began to be practiced (in the first half of tenth century), the form of kuzen had not been distinguished from the form of senji yet, and the date was put above the isho in the last line in some cases for kuzen.
- この年(和銅元年)、遷都を主導した藤原不比等は正二位、右大臣に進み、不比等の後妻、県犬養三千代は女帝の大嘗祭において杯に浮かぶタチバナとともに「橘宿禰」の姓を賜った。
- In this year (708), FUJIWARA no Fuhito, who led the transfer of the capital, was promoted to Shonii Udaijin (Senior Second Rank, Chief of the Imperial Japanese Council of State) and his second wife, Agata no INUKAI no Michiyo, was given the family name of 'Tachibana no Sukune' together with a tachibana (mandarin orange) floating in a cup on the occasion of Daijosai (first ceremonial offering of rice by newly enthroned Empress).
- このような情勢の中で、弘仁11年11月15日 (旧暦)(820年12月23日)の太政官符では、従来の方針を一転して「良家(公卿)子弟」のみに限定する規定が定められた。
- Under such circumstances, daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) issued on December 23, 820 laid down that the then existing policies underwent a complete change, limiting monjosho only to sons from respectable families (nobles).
- このため、両者の違いを知る天文学者の中には明治時代に英語やドイツ語にあったAstronomyを翻訳して星学など「天文(学/道)」に代わる用語を作ろうとした経緯がある。
- Because of this, in the Meiji period, astronomers who knew the difference between the two tried to translate the English or German word 'Astronomy' into terms other than 'tenmon (gaku/do)', such as 'seigaku (study of stars)'.
- また、唐中期には「江南地方が裕福になったのは、この地方の百姓が府兵の負担を免除されているからだ」とする記録もあり、府兵制の実施が徹底していなかったことが判明している。
- Moreover, records from the mid-Tang Dynasty state that 'the people have become wealthy in the Jiangnan region because the peasants in this region are exempted from military service,' proving that the fubing system was not strictly enforced throughout the country.
- 和議による一部浪人の解雇によりこの時の豊臣家の戦力は7万8千に減少し、さらに丸裸にされた大坂城では籠城戦は不利と判断したとされ、積極的に討って出る作戦を採用している。
- Judging from the reduced number of soldiers to 78,000 due to the peace treaty which forced to dismiss part of soldiers, and the defenseless Osaka-jo Castle stripped of moats, the Toyotomi Family decided that holding the castle was not to their advantage and instead they should take a strategy of fighting actively.
- この結果、朱子学とその派生形態である陽明学の中にある、思弁的側面に集中的に研究が加えられ、或はその思弁的側面こそが朱子学ないし陽明学の特徴であると考えられるに至った。
- As a result, the speculative sides of Shushigaku and its derivative Yomeigaku have been intensively studied and these speculative sides are considered to characterize Shushigaku and Yomeigaku.
- この時点で辞官納地(慶喜の内大臣辞任と幕府領の放棄)は決まってはいなかったが、岩倉らは徳川政権の失政を並べ、「辞官納地をして誠意を見せることが先決である」と主張する。
- At this point, Yoshinobu's resignation from Minister of the Interior and the abandonment of the Shogunate's territories ('Jikan-nochi') were not yet determined, but Iwakura and his comrades listed the mistakes made by the Tokugawa Shogunate and demanded that their first step be to show their sincerity by agreeing with 'Jikan-nochi.'
- このことから、「律令制=奴隷制」、「律令制=独裁制に基づく搾取制」という考えが否定されていき、代わって百姓を隷属農民として見る隷農制という概念が提示されるようになった。
- Accordingly, the idea of 'the Ritsuryo system equals slavery' or 'the Ritsuryo system equals a system of exploitation based on a dictatorship' was refuted and, instead, the concept of villeinage that views the peasants as serfs, has been suggested.
- このため、香西元盛の兄弟の波多野稙通と柳本賢治は、細川高国に八上城・神尾山城両城で反旗を翻し、阿波国守護細川晴元や黒井城主の赤井五郎の援軍を得て、桂川原の戦いで勝利した。
- For this reason, Tanemichi HATANO and Kataharu YANAGIMOTO, who were Motomori KOZAI's siblings, led a rebellion against Takakuni HOSOKAWA at Yakamijo Castle as well as at Kannosanjo Castle, and they won the Battle of Katsurakawara with the support of Harumoto HOSOKAWA, who was the provincial constable of Awa Province, and Goro AKAI, who was the master of the Kuroijo Castle.
- この時期に勃興した台湾の社会史としては1914年、台中霧峰の著名な土着地主資産家である林献堂は来台した板垣退助と協力し在台日本人と同等の権利を求める台湾同化会を設立する。
- As a notable event in the social history of Taiwan, Xiantang LIN, who was born into a renowned wealthy family in Wufong, Taichung, founded Taiwan Dokakai (Taiwan Assimilation Society) in collaboration with Taisuke ITAGAKI visiting Taiwan, to demand the same right with the Japanese residents in Taiwan.
- この時代を象徴する言葉として有名なものに「散切り頭を叩いてみれば、文明開化の音がする」という言葉があり、散切物と呼ばれる歌舞伎芸能の新形態発生などといった現象がみられる。
- There was a well-known phrase describing the period, saying that 'Zangiri atama wo tataite mireba, Bunmei Kaika no otogasuru,' ('Knocking on the short-cut hair by removing a topknot, we can hear the sound of civilization') which became the origin of the movement to produce a new style in Kabuki theatrical play called 'Zangiri-mono.'
- この接近時に豊臣方の挑発に乗って始められた、包囲戦における最大の戦いである真田丸の戦い(12月3日 (旧暦)、4日)では、豊臣方が徳川軍を撃退、諸隊に大きな損害を与えた。
- When they were approaching the Toyotomi army, the Tokugawa army was defeated and a number of their troops were damaged badly in the Battle of Sanada-maru (December 3 and 4 [the old calendar]), the greatest battle in besieging Osaka Castle, which was triggered by the provocation of the Toyotomi side.
- この説に対して上杉慎吉は天皇機関説天皇機関説前史の立場から批判を行ったが、天皇機関説は議会政治を実現する上での憲法解釈上の大きな根拠として度々取り上げられるようになった。
- This theory was opposed by Shinkichi UESUGI who upheld the stance that the Emperor holds sovereignty but was repeatedly brought to attention as the foundation for interpretation of the Constitution in realizing legislative rule.
- この火災で東は河原町・木屋町・大和大路まで、北は上御霊神社・鞍馬口通・今宮御旅所まで、西は智恵光院通・大宮通・千本通まで、南は東本願寺西本願寺両本願寺・六条通まで達した。
- The fire spread to Kawaramachi, Kiyamachi and Yamatooji-dori Street in the east; Kamigoryo-jinja Shrine, Kuramaguchi-dori Street and Imamiya otabisho in the north; Chiekoin-dori Street, Omiya-dori Street and Senbon-dori Street in the west; and both Higashi Hongan-ji Temple and Nishi Hongan-ji Temple and Rokujo-dori Street in the south.
- 21年の中断を経て、足利義教が1432に再開し、1550までに11次51隻(このうち、幕府所有船は7隻で、朝廷船1隻、残りは守護大名、寺社所有船であった)が渡航している。
- After twenty-one years of interruption, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA resumed the operation in 1432 and eleven fleets or fifty-one ships (seven ships were owned by the bakufu, one was owned by the Imperial Court and the rest were owned by the shugo-daimyo or temples/shrines) visited Ming until 1550.
- このため、関東における大大名・徳川家康を牽制するために重要な領土である会津に、秀吉や三成と懇意にあった上杉景勝を入封させるために計画した陰謀ではないかとされているのである。
- It is considered to have been a conspiracy to assign Kagekatsu UESUGI, who had a close relationship with Hideyoshi and Mitsunari, to Aizu, the estate that was crucial for the suppression of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the great feudal lord in the Kanto region.
- 慶長17年(1612年)に駿府銀座より移転し、通町京橋 (東京都中央区)より南へ四町までを拝領して、既に江戸金座が本両替町と呼ばれていたことから、この地を新両替町と称した。
- Sunpu-ginza was moved Edo in 1612, to occupy the 4 town blocks south of Torimachi Kyobashi (Chuo-ku Tokyo), which was then called Shin-ryogae-cho, because there already was Hon-ryogae-cho where Edo-kinza was located.
- 百姓に属する民の主体であった公民は、平安時代初期までは古来の地方首長層の末裔である郡司層によって編成され、国衙における国司の各国統治、徴税事務もこの郡司層を通じて成された。
- The citizens, who were main constituents of people belonging to the hyakusho class, were organized by the gunji class, the descendants of classes of ancient local governments' heads up to the early Heian period, and the ruling and tax collection by kokushi (provincial governors) at kokuga (provincial government offices) were conducted through the gunji class.
- このため、禅宗以外の寺院を含めて本来の祠堂銭だけではなく、余剰資金の運営手段として貸付を行うようになり、室町時代に入る頃には寺院は営利目的の金融業と同じようになっていった。
- Consequently, temples other than those of the Zen sect began to lend money as a way to manage surplus funds as well as Shidosen, and in the early Muromachi period, temples were operating similar to for-profit financial institutions.
- この木戸五箇条が天下に布告すべき日本の国是として明治天皇の裁可を受け、1868年(慶応4年)3月14日、朝廷の規模の大きさを天下に確定させんとする木戸の狙い通り、誓約された。
- This Kido gokajo (Five Articles designed by Kido) was approved by the Emperor Meiji as Japanese national policy to be declared to the world and was pledged on March 14, 1868 just as Kido targeted to ensure the large scale of Imperial court to the world.
- しかし、高梨氏は仁科氏と同じく中原兼遠の婿になっていたので、この婚姻関係によって執るべき軍事行動が変化(男系親族井上氏に従わず、外戚中原氏へ加担)したということも考えられる。
- However, a member of the Takanashi clan (as well as one from the Nishina clan) was a son-in-law of Kaneto NAKAHARA, so that the relation by marriage may have made the Takanashi clan join the army of the Nakahara clan, a consort clan, instead of the Inoue clan, the paternal relative.
- 横川方面が官軍に制圧されてしまったため、7月1日、薩軍の雷撃隊六・八・十・十三番中隊、干城隊一・三・五・七・九番中隊、正義隊四番中隊等の諸隊は踊に退却し、陣をこの地に敷いた。
- On July 1, since the Yokokawa area had been brought under the control of the government army, the 6th, 8th, 10th, and 13th companies of the Raigeki-tai troop, the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th companies of the Kanjo-tai troop, and the 4th company of the Seigi-tai troop of the Satsuma army retreated to Odori and took up a camp there.
- この軍議では、一旦は篠原らの強襲策続行に決したが、遅れて到着した小兵衛や野村忍介の強い反対があり、深夜に開かれた再軍議で熊本城を強襲する一方、一部は小倉を電撃すべしと決した。
- In the council of war, they once agreed in further storming the castle according to the plan of SHINOHARA and others, but Kohei and Oshisuke NOMURA, who arrived later, strongly opposed that; in the council held again in the midnight, they agreed in storming Kumamoto Castle, while dispatching part of the army to blitz Kokura.
- この戦いで薩長側が掲げた錦の御旗に動揺した幕府軍は大敗したばかりでなく「朝敵」としての汚名を受ける事になり、崩壊が時間の問題であった新政府を結果的には救ってしまう事になった。
- The Shogunate army, unnerved by the Imperial standards used by the Satsuma forces, not only suffered a crushing defeat but were also labeled as the Emperor's enemy, despite in the end being the ones who saved the new Imperial government whose days were already numbered.
- この和与によって荒木田明盛から権利一切を譲られた度会彦章による相馬御厨における伊勢神宮側の領主としての地位が確定したため、彼が下司とした佐竹義宗の勝訴が確定することとなった。
- Since the position of Hikoaki WATARAI, who was given all the rights from Akimori ARAKIDA by the compromise, was established, the winning of Yoshimune SATAKE, who was appointed as Hikoaki's local official, was determined.
- 天保6年(1835年)6月15日に鋳造が始まり同年9月2日より発行され、鋳造は翌7年(1836年)年12月に中断されるが、このときまでの鋳造高は29,710,700枚であった。
- The minting started on July 10, 1835 and was issued on October 23 of the same year; the number of coins minted up until January 1837 when it was temporarily stopped was 29,710,700.
- この夜以後、連日、各地の火薬庫が襲撃され、俗にいう「弾薬掠奪事件」が起きたが、私学校徒が入手できたのは、山縣や大山が重要視しなかった旧型のエンフィールド銃とその弾薬のみだった。
- From that night, what is commonly called 'munitions seizure incident' occurred and other powder houses at various places were raided day after day, but the Shigakko students could only seized outdated Enfield rifles and ammunition for the rifles, of which YAMAGATA and OYAMA thought little.
- この条約によって朝鮮王朝は清の冊封体制から離脱して大韓帝国となり、第26代の高宗 (朝鮮王)が中国皇帝の臣下を意味する「国王」の称号を廃して、はじめて皇帝と称することとなった。
- In the aftermath of this treaty, the Korean dynasty became the Korean Empire, breaking free from the tributary system of Qing, and the 26th Gao Zong (Korean King) first referred to himself as 'Emperor,' abolishing the title 'King,' which means a vassal of the Chinese Emperor.
- 彼は、幕府開設から元禄までの間、長崎貿易の決済のために、金貨国内通貨量のうちの4分の1、銀貨は4分の3が失われたとし、長崎奉行大岡清相からの意見書を参考にして、この法令を出した。
- He concluded that from the opening of the shogunate government in Edo to the Genroku era, a quarter of domestic gold currency and three quarters of domestic silver currency were lost due to the settlement of foreign trades in Nagasaki, and issued this regulation using the proposal of the Nagasaki magistrate Kiyosuke OOKA.
- また、元からあった平地である今の常盤橋門外から日本橋の北に最初の町人地が設定された(この時と時期を同じくして平川の日比谷入江から江戸前島を貫通する流路変更が行われたと思われる)。
- Additionally, the first townspeople (residential) zone was designated north of the outside of the Tokiwa-bashi Gate and Nihon-bashi bridge (an area designated for the habitation of merchants and artisans) (It is thought that the course of Hira-kawa River stretching towards Hibiya inlet was diverted to pass through Edo Maejima.)
- 書名については本来無題、あるいは『能作者』、『謡作者』であったと見られるが、1915年『禅竹集』に吉田東伍が翻刻した際、『能本作者註文』の題で収録して以来、この名が定着している。
- The book was originally untitled or may have been entitled 'No Sakusha' or 'Utai Sakusha' but the name 'Nohon Sakusha Chumon' took hold since it was recorded under this title when it was reprinted in 'Zenchiku Shu' by Togo YOSHIDA in 1915.
- 一説には、中華思想により、他国の地名、人名には『蔑字』を使っているため、このような表記になっている原田常治『記紀以前の資料による 古代日本正史』 同志社・婦人生活社 1976年。
- According to another account, 'characters of contempt' were used for the names of foreign places and people as a result of Sinocentrism (Tsuneji HARADA, 'Official History of Ancient Japan Based on the Materials before Kiki' Doshisha, Fujin Seikatsusha, 1976.)
- 足軽には苗字帯刀を許されたものもおり、功績によっては徒士への昇格も許されていたが、中間以下にはそういったことが一切許可されないなど、この両者の間にもはっきりとした境界線があった。
- Some Ashigaru were allowed Myojitaito, and depending upon their achievements, some were allowed to rise to Kachi, but Chugen and below were never allowed such privileges and there was a clear boundary between these two as well.
- それを踏まえた上で、ここでは在地領主の側から見ていくことにするが、しかしその、荘園寄進もそれだけでは確実なものではないことが、この相馬御厨、そして大庭御厨の事件の中に見てとれる。
- As this was already explained, we will begin to take the point of view of a local lord, but the incidents of this Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch) and Oba no mikuriya (private estate of Oba ranch) indicated that donation of manors did not always provide security.
- 3月1日に始まった田原をめぐる戦い(田原坂・吉次峠)は、この戦争の分水嶺になった激戦で、戦争から100年以上たった現在でも現地では当時の銃弾が田畑や斜面からしばしば発見されている。
- The battle over Tabaru (Tabaru Slope, Kichiji Pass) started on March 1, which was a decisive battle of the war, was so fierce that bullets fired at that time are often found from the fields and the slope at the site still now, over 100 years after the war.
- これ以前の中国法制では特に律と令の区分はなかったが、このとき初めて、社会規範を規定する律と統治体制を規定する令が明確に区別され、体系的な統一法典としての律令が登場することとなった。
- There were no classifications between Lu and Li in the earlier Chinese legislations, and this was therefore the first establishment of Luli as a system developed on collective codes with clear classification of Lu defining the social standards and norms, and Li prescribing the ruling system.
- この後11月26日 (旧暦)には鴫野・今福で(鴫野の戦い・今福の戦い)、11月29日 (旧暦)には博労淵、野田・福島において激しい戦闘が行われた(博労淵の戦い、野田・福島の戦い)。
- The battle was followed by furious battles in Kamono/Imafuku on November 26 (the old calendar) (Battle of Kamono/Battle of Imafuku), and in Bakurobuchi, Noda/Fukushima on November 29 (the old calendar) (Battle of Bakurobuch, Battle of Noda/Fukushima).
- 先月23日より伊奈忠政・福島忠勝・毛利秀就・角倉素庵に命じて建設していた淀川の流れを尼崎市に流す長柄橋がこの日竣工し、大和川がある為干上がる事はなかったが川の深さは膝下まで下がる。
- On the same day Nagara Bridge, which Ieyasu orderd Tadamasa INA/, Tadakatsu FUKUSHIMA/Hidenari MORI/Soan SUMIKURA to build in order to switch the flow of Yodo River to Amagasaki City, was completed: although Yodo River did not dry up because of Yamato River, it went down below knee deep.
- 但し、この事件以降平城天皇と仲成・薬子との結びつきはさらに強固なものとなったらしく、尚侍であった薬子の昇進を考慮して、事件の直後に尚侍の官位相当が従五位から従三位に引き上げられた。
- However, it seems that the relationship between Emperor Heijo and Nakanari/Kusuko became stronger and the court rank of Naishi no Kami (Principal Handmaid) was upgraded from Jugoi (Junior Fifth Grade) to Jusanmi (Junior Third Grade) soon after this incident taking into account the promotion of Kusuko, who was then Naishi no Kami.
- 制度取調参与の福岡孝弟は、この由利五箇条に対して第一条冒頭に「列侯会議を興し」の字句を入れるなどして封建的な方向へ後退させ、表題も会盟に改めたため、列侯会盟の色彩が非常に強くなった。
- Because Seido torishirabe Sanyo (Councilor in charge of examining regulations) Takachika FUKUOKA added words 'setting up a council by feudal lords' at the beginning of the first article of the Yuri gokajo (Five Articles designed by Yuri) and the title was changed to 'kaimei' (pledge of feudal lords), it stepped back to feudalistic direction and the mood of pledge of feudal lords deepened.
- 勘定奉行の小栗忠順は幕府が慶應元年(1865年)に横須賀製鉄所の建設を計画した際、その建設費をこの二分判による改鋳利益で賄おうと企てたため、小栗二分金(おぐりにぶきん)とも言われた。
- When Kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance) Tadamasa OGURI planed construction of Yokosuka Iron Factory, he tried to cover the cost by the profit of recasting nibuban, therefore it was also called Oguri nibukin.
- 「孤独な者」を意味する名をもつこの2等星は、明るい星の少ない中にあって目立つ星であり、「星」という宿名からもわかるように、中国の天文家にも、最も古くから知られてきた星の一つであった。
- This second-magnitude star, whose name means 'the solitary one,' is in an area with few bright stars and thus seems to stand out; as can be inferred from their naming this as 'Star' constellation, Chinese astronomers have known of this star since very ancient times, and indeed Alphard is one of the first stars to have been discovered by the Chinese.
- しかし、これ以上の戦争の継続は不可能である日本が譲歩し、この調停を成功させたい米国がロシアを説得するという形で事態を収拾し、戦争賠償金には一切応じないという最低条件で交渉は締結した。
- However, the process finally saw progress when Japan, which could not carry on with the war any more, made a concession and the U.S.A., which was keen to conclude the negotiation successfully, persuaded Russia into settlement by the minimum requirements of not answering a war reparation at all.
- このような状況の中で、1911年(宣統3年 干支 辛亥)に清の四川省で発生した鉄道国有化の反対運動をきっかけとして、先述の中国革命同盟会が独立を宣言して中華民国を建国した(辛亥革命)。
- It was under such conditions that an uprising broke out in 1911 ('Xinhai Year' in the sexagenary cycle of the Chinese calendar) in Szechwan Province, opposing railway nationalization by the imperial government, and led to the declaration of independence and establishment of the Republic of China by the aforementioned Chinese Revolutionary Alliance (Xinhai Revolution).
- この点が、公事のみが免除される免田(めんでん)、臨時雑役が免除される給名(きゅうみょう)との大きな違いであり、免田・給名と区別するために本給田(ほんきゅうでん)と呼ばれることもあった。
- This was the most different aspect compared to Menden, which were exempt from only kuji, and Kyumyo exempt from temporary zoyaku, and was also called Honkyuden to distinguish it from Menden and Kyumyo.
- この事件と同じ1951年、同学会を中心に京大生が企画・開催した「綜合原爆展 (京大)」は盛況を呼び、京都市民から好意的に迎えられていた(「質問状」でも天皇の原爆展参観を要望している)。
- In 1951, the same year as this incident, students of Kyoto university with the Dogakukai in the center held 'The synthetic exhibition of the A-bomb (Kyoto University),' and it attracted many people and was favorably received by the citizens of Kyoto (in the open letter, they asked the Emperor to visit the A-bomb exhibition).
- だが、この見解も日本の律令制社会をヨーロッパ的な発展史観に当て嵌め、欧米列強がかつて行った植民地支配の実態と重ね合わせているだけで、本末転倒な見方とする意見が現在では多くなってきている。
- Recently, the most popular current theory is that the above-mentioned view emphasizes the wrong points because it adapts Japanese society based on the Ritsuryo system to the historical view of European development, merely to match that Japanese society with the realities of the Western powers' colonial rule.
- 7月4日 (旧暦)(8月19日)、山県の下に居合わせた鳥尾小弥太と野村靖(いずれも木戸派に相当する)が会話のうちにこの状況に対する危機感に駆られて山県に対して廃藩置県の即時断行を提議した。
- On August 19, Koyata TORIO and Yasushi NOMURA (both belonging to the Kido group), who were driven by a sense of crisis, proposed that Yamagata implement haihan-chiken immediately.
- この搬出は当時の日本陸軍が主力装備としていたスナイドル銃の弾薬製造設備の大阪への搬出が主な目的であり、山県有朋と大山巌という陸軍内の長閥と薩閥の代表者が協力して行われた事が記録されている。
- The main object of the carrying out was to transfer the production equipment of ammunition for Snider rifles, which were the main weapon of the Japanese Army in those days, to Osaka; according to a record, it was led by Aritomo YAMAGATA and Iwao OYAMA, the leaders of the Choshu faction and the Satsuma faction in the Army, in cooperation with each other.
- 細川澄元、三好之長軍は3千名前後しかおらず、この戦力で京都奪還を目指すというのは、戦上手である三好之長が立案するとは考えにくく、戦局の打開、阿波国へ逃げ帰る事が目的であったとも思われている
- With such limited armies of Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and Yukinaga MIYOSHI around three thousand strong, Yukinaga MIYOSHI who was proficient in directing a war could not have devised a strategy aimed at retaking Kyoto -- They might have aimed at turning the tide of the war and retreating back to Awa Province.
- このような改革には積極的に西洋文明の先進制度が取り入れられ、その過程で、「お雇い外国人」と呼ばれる外国人が、技術指導、教育分野、官制・軍制整備など様々な分野で雇用され、近代国家建設を助けた。
- The developed systems of western civilization were positively adopted in this reform, and in this process foreigners called 'Employed Foreigner' were hired in various areas including technical assistance, education, consolidation of the organization of the central government, and military systems, to help Japan build a modern state.
- 以降、この事件を口実に全ての社会主義者、アナキスト(無政府主義者)に対して取り調べや家宅捜索が行なわれ、根絶やしにする弾圧を、政府が主導、フレームアップ(政治的でっちあげ)したとされる事件。
- The Incident triggered the Japanese government to step up crackdowns on all the socialists and anarchists through investigations and house search and the government even faked treason cases in an effort to eradicate them.
- この動きを倒幕への準備と見誤った同藩の尊攘派が久光によって鎮圧される事件が発生したものの(寺田屋騒動参照)、久光の朝廷工作により、幕府改革への勅使として大原重徳が遣わされるという事態となる。
- Some members of Hisamitsu's clan who advocated sonjo party (royalists) misunderstood Hisamitsu's action as preparation to overthrow the bakufu, but they were suppressed by Hisamitsu (See the Teradaya incident), and his efforts with the Court worked, and Shigenori OHARA was sent as an imperial messenger to the bakufu.
- このとき鋳造されたとされるものが、いわゆる二水永(にすいえい)と呼ばれる「永」字の上部が「二」に見えるものであり、背(裏面)下部には「三」と鋳込まれ、鋳造年の「寛永三年」を意味するといわれる。
- The coin which is thought to have been minted around this time was a so-called Nisuiei because the top part of letter '永' looked like '二' (ni), and it is believed that a letter of '三' (three) marked at the bottom on the reverse side indicated the 'third year of Kanei era,' the year it was minted.
- そのため、事前に予測可能な現象は予報を出してこの日に国家行事などを行う事を避け、突発的な現象に対しては、天文現象を観測してその意味を占いによって解釈して支配者に報告して対策を練る必要があった。
- Therefore, advance warning was given for predictable phenomena, so that these days could be avoided when holding national events, while unforeseen incidents needed to be observed, interpreted by divination and reported to the rulers so that they could respond appropriately.
- が、この蕪村を含む江戸時代の妖怪画は、滑稽なものや親しみのあるものとして描かれるものが多く、妖怪をフィクションとして楽しもうとする娯楽性が見て取れ、現代の妖怪漫画にも通じているとの見方もある。
- However, ghost pictures in the Edo Period, including these works of Buson's, were intended in many cases to be comical and familiar, showing an entertaining tendency and trying to enjoy specters as a fiction; something that can be similarly seen in modern specter comics.
- そのためヤマト(倭国)内の農業開発が停滞し、ヤマト王権とその傘下の豪族達の経済力・政治力が後退したと考えられており、6世紀前半までのヤマト王統の混乱はこの経済力・政治力の後退に起因するとされる。
- For this reason, it is thought that agricultural development in Yamato (Wakoku) remained stagnant, weakening the Yamato Kingdom and the ruling elite under their jurisdiction, a situation that existed until the beginning of the sixth century.
- 農業生産力の発展を基盤として、経済的な繁栄が見られたのが元禄であり、この時代には文学や絵画の面でも、井原西鶴の浮世草子、松尾芭蕉の俳諧、近松門左衛門の浄瑠璃、菱川師宣の浮世絵などが誕生していく。
- The Genroku era enjoyed economic prosperity based on the development of agricultural productivity, and in the field of literature and painting famous masterpieces such as Ukiyozoshi (Literally, Books of the Floating World) by Saikaku IHARA, seven-syllable verse (haikai) by Basho MATSUO, Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment) by Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU and ukiyoe paintings by Moronobu HISHIKAWA were created.
- また、『説文』には「人の手をへだてること一寸、脈拍これを寸口といふ」という記述があり、ここから、手の平の下端から1寸の位置で脈を計るため、「寸」の文字がこの長さを表すようになったとする説もある。
- Some says the description in 'Setsumon' (Analytical Dictionary of Chinese Characters) that 'Go a bit (in Chinese characters, 一寸) from the lower end of the palm, and you will find sunko (寸口, the place where the pulse can be felt)' led the character '寸' to indicate the length.
- この年、全日本学生自治会総連合中央委員会は、「教授、職員学生の団結によって明るい学園を復興しよう」をスローガンとした「学園復興会議」を京都市の3大学を会場に5日間の予定で開催することを決定した。
- That year, the central committee of the Japan Students Autonomous Union planned to hold 'the Gakuen Fukko Kaigi' at three universities in Kyoto City for five days, with the slogan 'the Revival of Clean Universities by the Union of Professors, Staff, and Students.'
- 徳川幕府を代理する立場ではあるが、江戸を離れた京都にあって天皇の信任を得る一方、必ずしも江戸の幕閣の意向を代弁するわけではなく、相対的に独自の勢力を形成していたとする見方からこのように呼ばれる。
- Originally they were to represent the Tokugawa Shogunate, however, in Kyoto, far from Edo (present Tokyo, the hub of the Shogunate), they gained the Emperor's trust and didn't always speak for the Shogunate, but instead formed an original force of politics; for that reason recently there is a historian saying that they should be called the 'Ichikaiso Government.'
- 4月10日から4月13日にかけて官軍による鳥巣の再攻略が始まり、薩軍もこれに対して勇ましく応戦したが、いよいよ武器がつきてしまったうえに、鳥巣撤退命令が下されため、この地をあとに大津に向かった。
- From April 10 to 13, the government army started invading Torisu again; although the Satsuma army bravely fought back, it finally left there to Otsu since it run out of arms and was commanded to retreat from Torisu.
- この間、唐の律令制を基本に、律と令にもとづいた政治を実施するために、700年(文武4年)に王臣に令文を読習させ、律条を撰定する作業に取りかかり、翌年の701年(文武5年)に大宝律令が制定された。
- In 700, Empress Jito made administrators learn Tang statutes in order to create a political system based on the ritsu (penal law) and ryou (administrative law) codes, following the model of the Tang (China) legal system, and in 701, the following year, the Taiho Code was completed.
- 11月26日には衆議院法務委員会に服部学長と同学会委員長が喚問される事態となり、政府(第3次吉田内閣)および与党自由党はこの事件をきっかけに大学への警官の自由な立ち入りを認めさせようと画策した。
- The president of the university Hattori and the chairman of the Dogakukai were summoned to the Lower House Judicial Affairs Committee on November 26, and the Government (the third Yoshida cabinet) and the ruling Liberal Party planned, taking advantage of this incident, to make it possible for the police to enter the university campus freely.
- この平定戦での動員兵力5万のうち戦死者は日本軍164人であるが、マラリア等による病死者は近衛師団長北白川宮能久親王はじめ4642人にのぼり、中国側兵士、住民およそ1万4千人の死者を出して終了した。
- This war to conquer Taiwa ended leaving 164Japanese war deaths and 4,642 deaths, including Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Yoshihisa, caused by diseases like malaria, out of 50,000 solders in motion, while about 14,000 Chinese solders and local people died.
- 当時の日本列島は縄文時代晩期ないし弥生時代初期であり、この時期から日本列島と中国との通交が始まったとする見解もあるが、『論衡』の成立が1世紀であるため、同書に依拠することに慎重な見解が有力である。
- The Japanese Archipelago was then in the late Jomon period or early Yayoi period, and some believe that trade between China and Japan began around that time, but since 'Ronko' was written in the first century, it is generally considered that the book should be taken with caution.
- この砲撃では国友製3貫目の大砲が用いられており、また6月頃にイギリスより購入したカルバリン砲4門、セーカー砲1門や7日前に兵庫港に到着したオランダ製4・5貫目の大砲12門も含まれていると思われる。
- In these bombardments 3 kanme (unit of weight) of ozutsu made in Kunitomo were used, and probably four culverins imported from England about in June, one Saker and 4.5 kanme of 12 Dutch cannons that had arrived in Hyogo Port seven days before were included.
- このとき被差別部落民は賎民解放令に基づき、平民として編入されたが、一部地域の戸籍には新平民や、穢多、非人等と記載されたり等、差別は色濃く残った(一部は明治19年式戸籍や身分登記簿にも登載された)。
- Although Burakumin (modern-day descendants of Japan's feudal outcast group) was then registered as commoners based on the Lowly People Liberation Law, they were registered as new commoners, Eta (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system (people whose work usually involved handling human bodies or animal carcasses)), Hinin (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system (often ex-convicts or vagrants)), etc., in the family register of certain areas, leaving a strong sense of discrimination (a part of which was also registered in the family register or the social status registration of 1886).
- 折から幕法に反して京都に藩邸を置く諸大名を制御できず、京都の治安維持さえ独力でおぼつかない幕府と、幕藩体制の根幹である「武士」の武力に対する信頼とその権威は、この敗北によって急速になくなっていった。
- When the shogunate government could neither stop feudal lords setting up their residenes in Kyoto against the shogunate order, nor maintain the public order in Kyoto by its own efforts, the reliance on the shogunate government and its authority as well as the trust in the military power of samurai, which was the backbone of the shogunate and domain system, fell rapidly after this defeat.
- この条文は、もともとの由利の意図では庶民の社会生活の充足をうたったものであったが、福岡が政治の意味を込めて「官武一途」の語を挿入したため、条文の主旨が不明瞭になったことが指摘されている(稲田正次)。
- This provision declared fulfilling social life of the common people originally based on the intention of Yuri, however, because Fukuoka added 'No less than the civil and military officials' meaning politics, it is pointed out that the point of the provision became unclear (Masatsugu INADA).
- この堤防は門前村(現:西日本旅客鉄道吉備線足守駅付近)から蛙ヶ鼻(石井山南麓)までの東南約4km、高さ8m、底部24m、上幅12mにわたる堅固な長堤を造り、足守川の水をせきとめようとするものであった。
- This was a firm, long embankment that measured about four kilometers toward the southeast from Monzen Village, now around Ashimori Station of the JR West Kibi Line, to Kawazugahana, at the southern foot of Mt. Ishii, eight meters high, 24 meters deep, and 12 meters wide, designed to block the waters of Ashimori-gawa River.
- このため二条良実邸が押小路烏丸や二条京極にはなかったと考えられている(なお、当時二条富小路殿は里内裏である冷泉富小路殿とは二条大路を挟んで斜め向かいにあり、里内裏の出入口(陣)の一部とみなされていた)。
- As such, it is thought that the residence of Yozhizane Nijo was neither Oshikoji Karasuma nor Nijo Kyogoku (in addition, Nijo Tomikojidono residence, at that time, was located across from Reizei Tomikoji-dono residence, which was a satodairi (temporary Imperial Palace) on Nijo-oji Avenue, and it was regarded as a part of the entrance (jin) to satodairi).
- 令原文が現存していないので、詳細は判明していないが、戸籍を6年に1回作成すること(六年一造)、50戸を1里とする地方制度、班田収授に関する規定など、律令制の骨格がこの令により形成されたと考えられている。
- Details of the ryo are unknown as the text no longer exists, but it is believed that the framework of the Ritsuryo system including the creation of family registers every six years (rokunen ichizo), the local government system grouping 50 households into units called ri, and the regulations of the rice field allotment system was formed in the ryo.
- このように明朝に於いて確立した朱子学の権威は、明朝統治下のほぼ全域に亘り巨大な力を持つにいたったのだが、明朝政権下の中でも最も商業の発達していた江南には、明初期以来、朱子学と微妙な距離を置く人々がいた。
- Under the Ming Dynasty, in which it was first established, Shushigaku's influence became very strong in most regions, although in Jian Nang, the dynasty's most commercialized area, some people had kept a slight distance between themselves and Shushigaku since the early Ming period.
- この内、一分判金は、小判の小額貨幣として常に小判と同品位、四分の一の量目でもって本位貨幣的に発行され、他の額面の貨幣は、品位すなわち含有される金の量目が小判に対して額面より少なく、補助貨幣的に発行された。
- Among those, ichibu bankin was issued with the same karat as koban and in 1/4 ryome as standard coin, being a small amount currency of koban, had same karat as koban and 1/4 ryome being issued as standard coin, while the other ones with less karat and ryome than koban were issued as subsidiary currencies.
- 厳冬期の旅を終えて長崎に到着した一行を見た責任者の寺沢半三郎は、一行の中に12歳の少年ルドビコ茨木がいるのを見て気の毒に思い、信仰を捨てることを条件に助けようとしたが、ルドビコはこの申し出を丁重に断った。
- When the supervisor, Hanzaburo TERAZAWA, found 12-year old Louis IBARAKI among the party which arrived in Nagasaki after the journey in the coldest period of winter, he felt sorry and tried to save him by offering the condition that he should renounce his religion, but Louis politely turned down this offer.
- しかし、同藩の桂小五郎(のちの木戸孝允)や久坂玄瑞、久留米の神官・真木和泉ら尊王攘夷派は、幕府の権力強化につながるこの策に猛反対し、長井は失脚させられて、以後長州の藩論は尊王攘夷の最過激派へと転換される。
- However, Kogoro KATSURA (later Koin KIDO) and Genzui KUSAKA from the Choshu clan, and people of Sonno Joi ha, such as Izumi MAKI of Kurume, firmly opposed this policy because they thought it would lead to a restrengthening of the bakufu's power, and thus they brought down Nagai, and the Choshu clan returned to the radical Sonno Joi philosophy of restoring power to the emperor and expelling foreigners.
- また、この直後に裏松固禅によって『大内裏図考證』が完成され、その研究に基づいて、古式に則った御所が再建されることになるが、同時に朝廷の動向が世間の注目を集めるようになり、尊号一件などの紛争の遠因となった。
- 'Daidairizukosho' (a historical investigation imperial palace images) was completed by Kozen URAMATSU soon after the incident and it was intended to rebuild the Imperial Palace according to its original appearance based on the study of this document but the drawing of public activity to the activity of the Imperial Court at this time became the underlying cause of disputes such as the Songo Incident.
- この後、朝廷から禁裏御守衛総督・摂海防禦指揮に任ぜられた慶喜は、京都守護職松平容保(会津藩主)・京都所司代松平定敬(桑名藩主)兄弟らとともに、江戸の幕閣から半ば独立した動きをみせることとなる(一会桑政権)。
- After the collapse, Yoshinobu, who was appointed as Kinri goshuei sotoku (director-general to guard Imperial Palace) and director of protection of the sea around Osaka, along with the brothers Katamori MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Aizu clan), Kyoto shugoshiki, and Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Kuwana clan), Kyoto shoshidai (representative of shoshi), became semi-independent from the cabinet officials of the shogunate (Ichikaiso Government).
- また、貨幣吹替および飢饉の影響などによる変動はあったものの、米1石(当時の人一人の一年分の米消費量にほぼ相当する)の価格は1両前後であり、元禄年間から幕末の世情不安に至る前まで、ほぼこの前後の水準で推移した。
- Although some fluctuations were seen under the influence of reminting, famine, and others, the price of 1 koku rice (nearly equal to the amount consumed by a person per year) was around 1 ryo from the Genroku era (1688 to 1704) until just before the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate when the Japanese society became unstable.
- この他にも、後に村田銃の開発で有名になった村田経芳が、旧幕府から引き継がれたシャスポー銃を、スナイドル銃とは別の金属薬莢を用いる弾薬用に改造しようと計画するなど、更に補給を混乱させかねない事態が進行していた。
- In addition, matters that might further confuse the army in supplying ammunition were proceeding such that Tsuneyoshi MURATA, who later became famous for developing Murata rife, was planning to convert Chassepot rifle, which had been handed down from the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), into a model using metal cartridge case other than that for Snider rifle.
- この時点での蝦夷地は、日露雑居の北蝦夷地(後の樺太)が幕府の直轄で、後の北海道にあたる東蝦夷地と西蝦夷地には、幕府直轄領と諸藩領(松前藩、盛岡藩、仙台藩、会津藩、弘前藩、庄内藩)がおよそ半々に入り組んでいた。
- At that time, Kita-Ezochi (later Sakhalin) where both Ainu and Russian people inhabited was under a direct control of bakufu, and Higashi-Ezochi and Nichi-Ezochi which later became Hokkaido were ruled by both bakufu and several feudal domains (Matsumae Domain, Morioka Domain, Sendai Domain, Aizu Domain, Hirosaki Domain and Shonai Domain), with each occupying almost fifty percent.
- 江戸幕府はスペイン・ポルトガル勢力をアジアから追放しようとするイギリスとオランダの商人によってこの情報を得て、家康の積極外交から鎖国に方針転換したと考えられている(家光が単に外国嫌いであったという説もある)。
- It is believed that the Edo Bakufu changed its policy to seclusionism after obtaining this information from merchants of Britain and the Netherlands who were aiming to oust Spanish and Portuguese power from Asia, even though the Edo Bakufu during the era of the Ieyasu TOKUGAWA shogunate had positive relations with foreign countries (another theory suggests that Iemitsu was simply a xenophobia.)
- 更に今日、世界的にもてはやされる日本文化のかなり多くの部分 (俳句、園芸、近世邦楽、文楽、歌舞伎、浮世絵、根付、日本料理、和菓子、陶磁器、漆芸、服飾など)がこの時期に生まれ、あるいは発展、確立したものである。
- In addition, a considerable amount of Japanese culture (the Haiku [a Japanese poem in 17 syllables], horticulture, modern Japanese music, Bunraku [Japanese puppet theater], Kabuki [traditional drama performed by male actors], Ukiyoe [Japanese woodblock prints], Netsuke (miniature carving attached to the end of a cord hanging from a pouch), Japanese cuisine, Japanese-style confectionary, ceramic ware, lacquer art, clothing, etc.), which are extolled world wide, started during this period, or developed for establishment.
- この期間の政府(一般的には1868年1月3日(慶応3年12月9日 (旧暦))の王政復古以後に成立した政権)を特に明治政府(めいじせいふ)、新政府(しんせいふ)、維新政府(いしんせいふ)などと呼称することが多い。
- The government of this period (generally, the government born after Osei-hukko (the restoration of the Imperial rule in January 3, 1868)) is commonly called the Meiji government, the new government, or the restoration government.
- ヤマト王権は百済との友好関係を基盤として朝鮮半島南部に経済基盤・政治基盤を築いていたが、半島における百済勢力の後退によりヤマト王権が保持していた半島南部の基盤が弱体化し、このことが鉄資源の輸入減少をもたらした。
- The Yamato Kingdom maintained an economic and political base in southern Korea owing to their friendly relationship with Baekje, but as Baekje's power diminished, this base weakened, leading to a decline in iron imports.
- この学説では、憲法の「改正権」という概念は、「制憲権」(憲法を制定する権利)なしには産み出されないものであり、改正によって、産みの親である制憲権の所在(すなわち主権者)を変更することは、法的に許されないとする。
- This theory insisted that 'the right to amend' the constitution could be conducted only by people who had 'the constituent power' (the right to establish the constitution), and changing the location of the right to amend the constitution (that is the sovereign) by amending was prohibited by law.
- このことから王権の基盤がヤマトから河内国へ移動したとする説、王権の基盤はヤマトだが海外通交の窓口となる河内を開発したとする説、それまでの王統が断絶して新王統が成立したとする説(王朝交替説)、などが提出されている。
- Theories to explain this include the Kingdom's base moving from Yamato to the Kawachi Plain; the base remaining in Yamato, but the Kawachi Plain being developed as a port to trade with foreign countries; or the original royal line ending and a new one being established (the Dynastic Change Theory).
- 「武士団」の時代は、主にその院政時代以降であり、その意味では「イエ」による結合、継承は徐々に強まってはいたが、しかし後の世の「嫡流」、「本家」というような「父系家族制度」の概念に捕らわれ過ぎるとこの時代を見誤る。
- The period of 'bushidan' was mainly after that insei period, and the union by 'house' and inheritance became stronger gradually but will be misinterpreted if one is looking too much at 'a direct descendant' and 'honke' (the owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of Shoen) and 'paternal family system' notion of later generation.
- 古寛永の総鋳造高については詳しい記録が見当たらず不明であるが、鋳銭目標などから推定した数値では325万貫文(32億5千万枚)とされた。この内、鳥越銭が30万貫文(3億枚)、沓谷銭は20万貫文(2億枚)との記録もある。
- Although the total minted amount of Ko-Kanei is unknown because no detailed records remain, the amount was estimated from the target amount of minted coins to be 3.25 million kanmon (1,000 kanmon equaling 10,000 yen) (3.25 billion coins).
- この戦争において日本軍および政府は、旅順要塞司令官のステッセルが降伏した際に帯剣を許すなど、武士道精神に則り敗者を非常に紳士的に扱ったほか、戦争捕虜を非常に人道的に扱い、日本赤十字社もロシア兵戦傷者の救済に尽力した。
- In the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese military forces and the Government treated their adversaries in a gentlemanly manner in accordance to the way and mentality of bushido ('way of the samurai.') and mentality of the samurai; for instance, the Russian commander of the Lushun Fortress wore his sword when formalizing the surrender of Lushun, and prisoners of war were treated very humanely, and the Japanese Red Cross Society worked hard to treat injured Russian soldiers.
- そして、元弘元年(1331年)の後醍醐天皇による討幕の計画・元弘の乱では幕府が事前に知るところとなり天皇は笠置山 (京都府)に逃れるが、この時真先に馳せ参じて天皇に味方したのが7代目惣領・次郎足助重範であったという。
- In the Genko War of 1331, when the attack plan of Emperor Godaigo became known by the shogunate before the fact and the Emperor then evacuated to Mt. Kasagi in Kyoto Prefecture, the seventh head, Jiro Shigenori ASUKE, rushed to him first to engage him in battle.
- 慶長13年(1608年)、伏見銀座より移転し、京都の室町通と烏丸通の中間、二条通から三条通までの四町(二条下ル、押小路通下ル、御池通下ル、姉小路通下ル)に亘って拝領して設立され、この地を両替町通と称するようになった。
- Kyoto-ginza was created with the move from Fushimi-ginza in 1608 to the location between Muromachi-dori Street and Karasuma-dori Street and across 4 town blocks south of Nijo-dori Street, Oshikoji-dori Street, Oike-dori Street and Aneyakoji-dori Street, which came to be known as Ryogaecho-dori.
- このように、土地資本を基盤とする反面、土地所有者ではない支配者層という独自な立場に立たされた武士の生活の安定と、安定成長政策とは必ずしも上手く融合できずに、金融引き締め的な経済圧迫政策がを打ち出されて不況が慢性化した。
- As noted above, while the economy was founded on land capital, samurai soldiers as the ruling class have no land ownership, and this peculiar situation made it almost impossible to secure a steady livelihood of samurai in harmony with the national stable growth polity, so that the tight monetary policy lying hard on the economy resulted in chronic recession.
- この二つの文書は、1901年に幸徳らによって結成されながらも、ただちに禁止された社会民主党 (日本 1901年)の「社会民主党宣言書」の精神を引き継ぎ、その後の日本における社会主義運動に大きな影響を与えたものであった。
- These two documents succeeded the spirit of the 'Declaration of the Social Democratic Party of Japan' of the Social Democratic Party of Japan, which was established by KOTOKU and others in 1901, but was prohibited right away (in Japan in 1901), giving great influences on the subsequent socialistic movements in Japan.
- 古代中国の春秋時代において、周王朝の天子(王)を尊び、王朝を守るため侵入する夷狄(いてき=周辺諸民族。この時代の夷狄は南方の楚を指していた)を打ち払う、という意味で覇者が用いた標語を、国学者が輸入して流用したものである。
- In the Chunqiu period in China, the leader used the slogan meaning 'To respect (尊) the Emperor (王) and protect Zhou Dynasty, we have to expel the iteki (夷狄 [unfamiliar tribes, at that time the Chu Dynasty to the south of Zhou Dynasty]),' and scholars of Japanese classic literature imported to use it.
- 戸籍は、律令制の諸制度を実施するために必要な要素であり、最初の戸籍がこの時期に作成されているという事実は、班田収授制が大化の改新時に始まったのではなく、天智天皇以後に始まったことの反映であるとする見解が有力となっている。
- As the family register was an essential element for implementing various elements of the Ritsuryo system, the widely-accepted view is that the rice field allotment system was started after Emperor Tenji's reign and not at the time of the Taika Reform.
- この体制は尊皇攘夷・長州藩への対抗を通じて形成され、八月十八日の政変以降、尊皇攘夷派が退潮し、さらに公武合体論に基づく有力諸侯による参預会議が崩壊したのち、王政復古の大号令による倒幕派クーデタまでの京都政界をほぼ支配した。
- At first the group had been formed to counter the group of Sonno Joi (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and the Choshu clan; after the Sonno Joi group had been purged by the August 18 Coup (the Bunkyu Coup of 1863), the powerful lords including the three of the Ichikaiso Government participated in the Sanyo-kaigi (the Councilor Council in the Court) which had been set up so that the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Imperial Court cooperate on dealing with impending matters; although the Sanyo-kaigi was unraveled soon, the three politicians had maintained their power and dominated over the politics in Kyoto until the Overthrow of the Shogunate and the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule (1867).
- 戦争による格差の拡大、新聞社に対する言論の弾圧などの問題を孕んだこの騒動は9月21日、寺内内閣の総辞職をもって一応の収まりを見せ「平民宰相」と呼ばれた原敬による日本で初めての本格的な政党内閣が9月27日組織されるに至った。
- The riots that were also linked to the widening divide in wealth caused by wars and suppression of free speech against newspapers subsided to some extent with the mass resignation of the TERAUCHI cabinet on September 21, paving the way for the inauguration of the first full-fledged party cabinet under Takashi HARA, who was called 'the commoner Prime Minister,' on September 27 of the same year.
- ただ、このときの源義朝と、常重から相馬郷の新券(証文)を責め取った下総守藤原親通の利害関係はよく判らないが、元木泰雄は下総守藤原親通が摂関家に従属する位置にあったので、大殿・藤原忠実の権威を利用して押さえたと想定している。
- It is uncertain, however, what interests MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo and the Shimosa no kami FUJIWARA no Chikamichi, who compelled Tsuneshige to acquire a deed of the Soma-go village, had at that occasion, but Yasuo MOTOKI assumes that since the Shimosa no kami FUJIWARA no Chikamichi was in a position dependent of Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the regent and the chief adviser to the Emperor), he captured the mikuriya using the authority of his head master FUJIWARA no Tadazane.
- この勅諭では、第一に1890年(明治23年)の国会(議会)開設を約束し、第二にその組織や権限は政府に決めさせること(欽定憲法)を示し、第三にこれ以上の議論を止める政治休戦を説き、第四に内乱を企てる者は処罰すると警告している。
- First, the national diet (assembly) would be established in 1890, and second, organizations and authority of the diet should be decided by the government (constitution enacted by the emperor), and third, further political arguments should be prohibited, and forth, people who attempt domestic conflicts would be punished.
- 天下の儀、何様にも信長に任置かるるの上は、誰々によらず、上意を得るに及ばず、分別次第に成敗をなすべきの事(天下の政治は何事につけてもこの信長に任せ、誰にも限らず、将軍の上意も得ずに信長の分別により成敗を加えることができること)。
- 天下の儀,何様にも信長に任置かるるの上は,誰々によらず,上意を得るに及ばず,分別次第に成敗をなすべきの事 (Since the affairs of tenka (the realm) have in fact been put in Nobunaga's hands, he may take measures against anyone whomsoever according to his own discretion and without the need to obtain the shogun's agreement.)
- この様な銀相場の高騰は江戸の物価高につながるため、田沼意次の政治を批判する立場であった松平定信を中心に進められた、寛政の改革の一環として、天明8年(1788年)4月に南鐐二朱銀の鋳造を中断し、南鐐二朱銀から丁銀への改鋳が進行した。
- Because such a rise in the price of silver would lead to high cost of living in Edo, Nanryo Nishu Gin was stopped to mint in May 1788 and re-refined into Chogin as a part of the Kansei Reforms carried out mainly by Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA judging the Okitsugu TANUMA's politics.
- このほか大田南畝の『半日閑話』、岩瀬京山の『蜘蛛の糸』、『乙巳雑記上』などは、天明六年十月廿八日(1786年)または天明七年五月廿五日以降(1787年)に江戸の町人の人口が100万人を超える128万5300人であったと伝えている。
- Other sources including Nanbo OTA's 'Hannichi Kanwa' and 'Kumo no Ito' and Kyozan IWASE's 'Otomizakki jo' point that the population of towns people exceeded the one million mark and reached 1,285,300 by June 1786 (Tenmei 6) or May 1787 (Tenmei), t.
- 更に応永7年(1400年)に信濃守護職小笠原長秀との間で行われた大塔合戦では、高梨氏や井上一族など北信濃衆は500騎を動員しており、この数は信濃国人衆の筆頭(信濃惣大将)である村上氏と同数で、東信濃の名族海野氏の300騎を上回る。
- In the Oto War between Nagahide OGASAWARA, the Shinano governor, and local lords in 1400, northern Shinano lords such as the Takanashi clan and the Inoue family gathered 500 warriors, while the Murakami clan gathered 500 warriors and the prominent Unno clan of eastern Shinano gathered only 300.
- この条約において、日本は、満州南部の鉄道及び領地の租借権、大韓帝国に対する排他的指導権などを獲得したものの、戦争中に軍事費として投じてきた国家予算の約4倍にあたる20億円を埋め合わせるはずの戦争賠償金は取得することができなかった。
- Although it acquired the railway and lease for the territory in South Manchuria and exclusive authority over the Korean Empire, Japan failed to obtain the war reparation it had counted on to cover its war-time military expenditures of 2 billion yen, equivalent of four times its national budget.
- このことは特に陳献章の弟子湛若水(甘泉)と王守仁とに交流があること、また王守仁と陳献章との学問的関係も絶無とされないことなどが注目され、明初期の江南地方の儒学者と、明中期以後の陽明学者との関係を意味づけるものと考えられる場合もある。
- One important aspect of this is that Zhan Ruoshui (Ganquan), a disciple of Chen Xianzhang, had exchanges with Wang Shouren (Wang Yangming) and, also, that the existence of a scholarly relationship between Wang Shouren and Chen Xianzhang cannot be denied; thus, some believe that all those indicate a relationship between the Confucians in the Jian Nang area in the early Ming period and the scholars of Yomei-gaku after the middle of the Ming period.
- 考古学の成果から5世紀ごろから「治天下大王」(あめのしたしろしめすおおきみ)という国内向けの称号が成立したことが判明しているが、これはこの時期に倭国は中華王朝と異なる別の天下であるという意識が生まれていたことの表れだと評価されている。
- The title 'Ame-no-shita Shiroshimesu Okimi' known from archaeological studies to have been established around the fifth century is viewed as evidence of the perception that Wakoku was a different 'tenka' (realm, written with the same characters as 'Ame-no-shita') from the Chinese dynasties.
- この状態は、平将門の乱(930-931年)から100年後の平忠常の乱(1028-1031年)においても変わらず、それが故に平忠常の乱は近隣数ヶ国が「亡国」となり、朝廷はその復興の為に4年間も官物を免除しなければならなかったほどである。
- This situation did not differ during TAIRA no Masakado's War (930-931) or in the Revolt of TAIRA no Tadatsune (1028-1031) a hundred years later because several neighboring provinces became 'ruined provinces' after the Revolt of TAIRA no Tadatsune and the imperial court had to exempt kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) for four years in order to recover.
- それは国家の統治権が及ぶ範囲を「化内」、それが及ばない外部を「化外」と区別し、さらに化外を区分して唐を「隣国」、朝鮮諸国(この時代には新羅と渤海)を「諸蕃」、蝦夷・隼人・南島人を「夷狄」と規定する「東夷の小帝国」と呼ぶべきものであった。
- It was a country worthy of the name 'small empire of eastern barbarians' and classified its sphere of sovereignty as 'kenai,' everywhere outside of this as 'kegai' and further classified kegai into Tang (defined as a 'neighboring country') 'shoban' (literally, miscellaneous barbarians, consisting of kingdoms in Korea: Silla and Balhae in this period) and 'Iteki,' including Ezo (northerners), Hayato (an ancient tribe in Kyushu) and inhabitants in southern islands.
- この桂内閣に対し国民は怒り、また衆議院議員の尾崎行雄や犬養毅らは藩閥政治であるとして桂内閣を批判し、「閥族打破・憲政擁護」を掲げた第一次護憲運動が展開され第三次桂太郎内閣は組閣してからわずか53日で内閣総辞職に追い込まれた(大正政変)。
- The Katsura cabinet angered the Japanese people and drew criticism of oligarchic rule by Yukio OZAKI and Tsuyoshi INUKAI of the Lower House of the Imperial Diet, spurring the first Movement to Protect Constitutional Government aimed at 'doing away with the oligarchy and protecting constitutional rule' and ending with mass resignation of the cabinet after only 53 days (Taisho Political Crisis).
- このことから、義朝の行為は紛争の「調停」であったとする見方もあるが、その直後の千葉常胤の寄進状には「源義朝朝臣就于件常時男常澄之浮言、自常重之手、康治二年雖責取圧状之文」とあり、千葉常胤にとっては、源義朝もまた侵略者の一人であることが判る。
- Thus, there is a point of view that Yoshitomo's action was 'mediation' in the conflict, but since a deed of donation that was prepared by Tsunetane CHIBA immediately thereafter stated '源義朝朝臣就于件常時男常澄之浮言,自常重之手,康治二年雖責取圧状之文,' it can be inferred that MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo was also an invader for Tsunetane CHIBA.
- この両論に疑問を表明したのは後藤守一、原田大六、森浩一、伝世鏡論に疑問や同笵鏡の分有関係の解釈について斎藤忠、系統的・理論的に批判した内藤晃、鏡の賜与だけをもって大和政権と地方首長との政治関係の成立を考察するのは困難とする西嶋定生などがいた。
- Shuichi GOTO, Dairoku HARADA and Koichi MORI raised questions regarding the two theories, Tadashi SAITO posed questions regarding Densei-kyo mirror ron and the explanation of the fact that Dohan-kyo mirrors were owned by more than one owner, Akira NAITO criticized the theories systematically and theoretically, Sadao NISHIJIMA insisted that the establishment of a political relationship between the YAMATO Administration and heads of local governments cannot be explained only in accordance of mirrors.
- 「典籍」は経典、物語、和歌集、歴史書などの著作物のことでこの中には高野切本(こうやぎれぼん)古今和歌集のように書道史上貴重な遺品も含まれるが、書道史上の価値よりも文学作品・歴史書などの古伝本・テキストとしての価値が評価されて指定されたものも多い。
- Books' refers to various written works like sutras, monogatari (tales), waka poetry anthologies, and history books; among all these books, some works, like for example the Koyagire-bon (copied manuscript) of the 'Kokin wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), are by past calligraphy masters and are considered historically valuable as calligraphy pieces but are still included in the Books sub-category, yet most of the items designated national treasures as books are more highly regarded for their value as ko denpon (ancient books transcribed and still extant) texts of literature or history rather than for their value as calligraphy works.
- 都市を洗練、田舎を野卑とする古くからの観念とあいまって、戦後社会では百姓を農業に従事する者に対する差別的な呼称であると捉える傾向が生じ、このため農業従事者が '百姓' と自称する場合を除き、マスコミなどでは '百姓' という表現を控える事が多い。
- Combined with the conventional concept that cities were sophisticated whereas the countryside was vulgar, there was a tendency in the postwar society to recognize that the term 'hyakusho' was a discriminatory term with respect to agriculture workers and, thus, except for cases in which an agriculture worker calls himself or herself 'hyakusho,' use of the expression 'hyakusho' is often refrained in mass media and the like.
- 後白河は「もし叡心果たし遂げんと欲する事あらば、あえて人の制法にかかわらず、必ずこれを遂ぐ(やろうと心に決めた事は、人が止めるのも聞き入れずに必ず遂行する)」(『玉葉』寿永3年3月16日条)という性格であり、この強訴でもねばり強く意思の貫徹を図った。
- Goshirakawa 'accomplished what he had decided to do by all means even if his people tried to stop him' ('Gyokuyo' article of March 16, 1184); he consistently stuck to his intention against the direct petition.
- 1970年代より以前は大和朝廷(やまとちょうてい)と呼ばれることが多かったが、「大和」という表記は奈良時代以降のものであるとともに、この政治勢力を説明するには「朝廷」という用語は適当でないとされ、1980年代以降はヤマト王権の呼称が一般的となっている。
- Until the 1970s, Yamato Imperial Court (written in Chinese characters) was the more frequently used term but, since the 1980s, Yamato Kingdom (with Yamato written phonetically) has become more common after it was pointed out that the Chinese characters for 'Yamato' were not used until the Nara period and that 'Imperial Court' was not an appropriate expression for the polity of that time.
- しかし、その届出額は当時の歳入の倍に相当する7413万円(両)にも達して(しかもこの金額には後述の理由で天保年間(1830年~1843年)以前に発生した債務の大半が含まれていないものと考えられている)おり債務を引き受けた新政府にも財政的な余裕はなかった。
- The amount, however, reached 74.13 million yen (ryo), twice the government revenue at the time, and the new government couldn't afford to repay (in addition, the sum of debts which were made before the Tenpo era (1830 - 1843) was not included in this amount because of the reason mentioned below).
- この中では単純に西洋の文化・風俗を模倣したものから、或いはそれら文化や風俗を手本としながら日本の既存文化との融合を図ったもの、更には既存文化を西洋風にアレンジしたものなど多岐に渡り、過渡期的には熱病の如き流行となって様々な社会階層に受け入れられていった。
- There were wide variety of ways how the movement took shapes within Japanese society, from the simple imitation of Western culture and customs, to the absorption of those elements as the model cases for fusing with traditional Japanese culture, or rearranging the traditional Japanese culture into Western styles; the movement became an enthusiastic trend during this transitional phase, received by wide variety of people among different social levels.
- このため、大同_(日本)3年2月4日_(旧暦)(808年3月4日)に再度明経直講より1名を割いて独立した官として紀伝博士(きでんはかせ、正七位下相当)が設置され、その下に学生として紀伝得業生(きでんとくごうしょう)及び紀伝生(きでんのしょう)が置かれたのである。
- Because of this, on March 4, 808, one person from myogyo chokko was again allotted to establish an independent official, kiden hakase (equivalent of Shoshichiinoge), and two types of students, Kiden Tokugosho (student of history) and Kiden no sho (student of history) were also created.
- この時の官軍側には、司令官の谷干城少将(後に農商務大臣)、参謀長の樺山資紀中佐(後に海軍大臣・軍令部長)はじめ、児玉源太郎少佐(後に陸軍大臣・参謀総長)、川上操六少佐(後に参謀総長)・奥保鞏少佐(後に参謀総長・元帥)など、後年の大物軍人・政治家らが参加していた。
- At this time, persons who would later become leading military men and statesmen participated in the government army: Major General Tateki TANI (later, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce) as Commanding Officer, Lieutenant Colonel Sukenori KABAYAMA (later, Navy Minister, Chief of the Naval General Staff) as Chief of Staff, as well as Major Gentaro KODAMA (later, Army Minister, Chief of the General Staff), Major Soroku KAWAKAMI (later, Chief of the General Staff), Major Yasukata OKU (later, Chief of General Staff, General of the Army), for example.
- 12世紀に入ると既存の官物率法に代わって、国衙領の公田のみならず、荘園の年貢に対しても一国平均役・御家人役などの形で公租が賦課されるようになり、これらの賦課による貢納物に対しても官物という言葉が用いられるようになり、南北朝時代 (日本)の頃までこの呼称が用いられた。
- In the twelfth century, in place of the previous Kanmotsu rippo, public taxes called Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen manors and provincial lands) and Gokeninnyaku (odd-jobs for vassals) were collected from not only Kokuga owned public fields but also Shoen, and the tithes from these taxes were also called Kanmotsu and this term was used until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 同時期にはまた、学徒出陣記念のために製作されたにもかかわらず受け入れ先が決まっていなかった「わだつみ像」(当初東京大学での建立が予定されていたが東大当局の拒否により実現しなかった)が、末川博総長などの尽力によりようやく立命大に受け入れられこの地に建立されることが決まっていた。
- Before that, due to the President of Ritsumeikan University Hiroshi SUEKAWA's effort, Ritsumeikan University had decided to accept the 'Wadatsumi-zo Statue' to the campus (the statue was to memorialize the Students' Departure to the Front, and originally it had been planned for Tokyo University, however the authorities of Tokyo University had rejected the offer).
- ところが、二条家が居住して以後、度重なる火災などの災害、そして応仁の乱にも被害を受けなかった筈の押小路烏丸殿が文明9年11月11日 (旧暦)(1477年12月16日)に放火によって焼失してしまう(奇しくもこの日は大内氏の撤退によって応仁の乱の戦闘が事実上終了した日であった)。
- However, Oshikoji Karasumadono residence, which survived several disasters such as fires and the Onin War since the time when the Nijo family moved in, was burned down in an arson attack on December 25, 1477 (by cruel coincidence, it was the day the Oni War practically ended as the result of the retreat of the Ouchi clan).
- 三木合戦もそうであったが、毛利氏は援軍の約束しながら、花隈城や尼崎城を通じて兵糧は補給していたが、1年経っても援兵はこず、このままでは城を持ちこたえるのは不可能と判断し、家臣を使者としても効果は無く、城主自ら安芸国に出向き毛利氏と直接交渉しようとしたのではないかと説明している。
- It is explained that the castellan might have judged that, because, same as in the case of Miki-jo Castle, the Mori clan promised to send reinforcement troops and supplied provisions through Hanakuma-jo Castle and Amagasaki-jo Castle, but no reinforcement troops did come even after one year, it was impossible to maintain if the situation remained as it was and, because sending subordinates as emissaries did not bring any result, the castellan decided to visit Aki Province by himself and directly negotiate with the Mori clan.
- だが、実際には『三代実録』には明経・紀伝がしばし併記して記述され、『日本紀略』の応和4年2月25日 (旧暦)(964年4月10日)の講日本紀(後述)において大学寮から「紀伝明経道」学生の出席が命じられた経緯が記されており、この出来事ついて触れた『類聚符宣抄』も同様の記載をしている。
- Meanwhile, in reality, there are some accounts in 'Sandaijitsuroku' in which both myogyo and kiden appear, and there is also a description in 'Nihongi Ryaku' (Summary of Japanese Chronologies) that 'kidenmyogyodo' students were ordered from the daigakuryo to attend lectures on the chronicles of Japan on April 10, 964, and a similar account can also be found in 'Ruijufusensho' (a collection of statute books dating from the years 737 to 1093).
- 冬の陣では出陣させるのは譜代大名のみに限ろうと考えていた徳川家康は、この夏の陣においては豊臣恩顧の大名に敢えて大坂を攻めさせることにより、将来的に徳川家に掛かってくる倫理的な非難を回避しようとしたとされている(江戸時代に徳川家が豊臣家を滅ぼしたことに対する道徳的議論が起こることはなかった。
- It is said that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA thought to use only fudai daimyo (daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) to go into battles of the Fuyu no Jin (Winter Siege of Osaka), while in the Natsu no Jin (Summer Siege of Osaka) by ordering the daimyo who had been favored by the Toyotomi Family to attack Osaka Castle, he tried to avoid ethical accusation to the Tokugawa Family in later years.
- 既指定物件は近畿地方に集中しており、近畿以外の地区に所在するものは神奈川・高徳院の銅造阿弥陀如来坐像(鎌倉大仏)、東京・大倉集古館の木造普賢菩薩騎象像(本来どこの寺院にあったものか不明)、岩手・中尊寺の金色堂堂内諸像及天蓋、福島・勝常寺の木造薬師三尊像、大分・臼杵市所有の臼杵磨崖仏がある。
- Most of the aforementioned sculptures designated national treasures are concentrated in the Kinki (Kansai) region, but there are some sculptures located outside the Kinki region, including the bronze seated statue of Amitabha Tathagata in Kotokuin Temple in Kanagawa (the Big Buddha of Kamakura), the wooden statue of Samantabhadra (Fugen Bosatsu in Japanese) riding an elephant in the Okura Shukokan Museum of Fine Arts in Tokyo (it is not known at which temple this statue originally resided), the statues and the canopy in the Golden Hall of Chuson-ji Temple in Iwate, the three wooden statues that comprise the Yakushi Triad housed in Shojo-ji Temple in Fukushima, and the Usuki Magaibutsu (the stone-cliff Buddha) owned by the city of Usuki in Oita.
- 福岡は後年「この時平民までも此議会に与らしめる御つもりであったか」と問われ、「それは後から考えればそうも解釈されるが、御恥ずかしい話ですが当時私はまだその考えはなかったです」「広くとは人々の意見を広く集めて会議するというのではなく府藩県にわたりて広く何処にも会議を興すという義です」と答えた。
- Fukuoka was asked in later years 'Were you also going to get common people engaged in this assemblies at that time?' and he answered 'It can be interpreted so in retrospect, but I'm ashamed to say, I was not thinking about that at that time' 'Widely didn't mean holding assemblies by gathering people's opinions widely, but holding assemblies widely through all prefectures.'
- この法令によって意図されたものとしては、今後の室町幕府の土地に関する基本的原則と所領訴訟に対する姿勢が確立して、結果的には守護領国制が事実上公認されたこと、半済から守られることとなった天皇家や摂関家との関係を強化して後年の義満による朝廷・院政支配への道を開いたことの意味の方が大きいと言える。
- Among the goals in the enactment of this law, the following points can be regarded as more significant than others: First, the basic principles of administration of territories and the basic approach toward litigation over territories were established by the Muromachi bakufu, resulting in the de facto recognition of the Shugo-ryogoku system; second, the relationships with the Imperial family and Sekkan-ke, both of which were exempt from hanzei by this law, were strengthened, clearing the way for Yoshimitsu to rule over the Imperial Court and the Retired Emperor in later years.
- この台湾経済をその内容により分類するとすれば、1920年までの糖業を主軸とする期間、1920年から1930年代にかけての蓬莱米の生産を主軸とする期間、そして1930年代以降にそれまでの工業を内地、農業を台湾としていた分業論を改め、軍需に対応すべく台湾の工業化が展開された3時期に区分することができる。
- The Taiwanese economy was classified by its features into three periods: before 1920 when sugar industry was main, from the 1920s to the 1930s during which time Horai rice cultivation was spotlighted and after the 1930s when an international division of labor between mainland Japan focusing on industry and Taiwan on agriculture discontinued and Taiwan's industrialization was promoted to meet military demand.
- 「やまと」の語源は山に囲まれた地域であるからと言う説、この地域を拠点としたヤマト王権が元々「やまと」と言う地域に発祥したためとする説、「やまと」は元は「山門」であり山に神が宿ると見なす自然信仰の拠点であった地名が国名に転じたとする説、三輪山から山東(やまとう)を中心に発展したためとする説など諸説ある。
- There are a variety of views about the origin of the word 'Yamato': the area is a region surrounded by mountains; the Yamato Dynasty located in this region originated in an area called 'Yamato'; 'Yamato' means 'Sanmon' (temple gate) and the name of a place of belief in nature that gods exist in mountains was changed to a country name; or it was developed in the area centered around Mt. Miwa and Yamato.
- このため、『歴名土代』とは元々は「歴名」のうち「補任」(あるいはこれを元にした『公卿補任』)などの他の記録と重複する公卿などの記述を省いて、予め四位・五位の叙位が予定されている人名を列記し、実際の叙位が行われた後に「歴名」を参考にして日付などが追記され、更に校合の過程で一部の整理がなされたと考えられている。
- Therefore, 'Ryakumyo dodai' is considered to have originally listed the names of persons who were scheduled to be conferred a court rank of Shii and Goi and added dates etc. with the help of 'Ryakumyo' after the conferment of actual court rank and also organized parts of them in the process of collating, except for the descriptions of court nobles which overlapped other records such as 'Bunin' (or Kugyobunin based on this) among 'Ryakumyo.'
- しかし、単に八幡山、稲荷山、大塚山、茶臼山、車塚、船山、宮山などと称する地名は各地にいくらでもみられ、時には同郡、同国内に複数存在する場合もあるので、どこの八幡山かを区別するために、井辺八幡山古墳、埼玉稲荷山古墳、江田船山古墳、百舌鳥大塚山古墳などと大字またはそれより上位の地名を付して呼称するのが通例である。
- However, there are many different places with the same name across Japan, for example Hachiman-yama mountain, Inari-yama mountain, Otsuka-yama mountain, Chausu-yama mountain, Kuruma-zuka tumulus, Funa-yama mountain and Miya-yama mountain, and these names exist in many places and sometimes there are exactly the same names in a county or within an area of an old province; therefore, to distinguish the difference in those cases, usually the name of the oaza or higher rank names (such as the prefecture name) will be added to the original names, for example Inbehachiman-yama mountain Kofun, Inari-yama mountain Kofun, the Eta Funa-yama mountain Kofun and Mozuotsuka-yama mountain Kofun.
- 明治二年(1869年)四月に施行された江戸市街調査によると江戸は町地269万6千坪(8.91 km2, 15.8%)、寺社地266万1千坪 (8.80 km2, 15.6%)、武家地1169万2千坪(38.65 km2, 68.6%)より構成されていたが、この内武家地の人口は江戸時代を通じて調査より除外された。
- A municipal survey conducted in April 1869, revealed that land usage in Edo comprised 15.8% of lands for ordinary town use (8.91 km2), 15.6% of those for temples and shrines (8.80 km2) and 68.6% of those for samurai households (38.65 km2), but populations living in the lands for samurai households were not included in the census throughout the Edo Period.
- 時代劇等では、大名行列が往来を通り過ぎるときには必ず先導の旗持ちの「下にー、下にー」との声にあわせ百姓、商人などは脇により平伏しているシーンが登場するが、実際にはこの掛け声を使えるのは徳川御三家(なお水戸藩は例外で参勤交代はなかった)だけで、ほかの大名家は「よけろ~、よけろ~」という掛け声を用い、脇に避けるだけでよかった。
- In jidaigeki (historical play), there sometimes is a scene that a standard-bearer calls out 'Shitani, Shitani (Down on your knees, down on your knees) ' when daimyo-gyoretsu goes through a street, letting peasants and merchants prostrate at the side of the street, but actually this call-out could have been used by only Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family) (Mito domain was exceptionally having no Sankinkotai), and other daimyo families instead used 'Yokero, Yokero (Step aside, step aside) ', just letting people step aside.
- この時、薩軍の猛将永山弥一郎は「諸君何ぞ斯(かく)の如く怯なる、若し敵をして此地を奪はしめんか、熊本城外の我守兵を如何にせん、大事之に因て去らんのみ、生きて善士と称し、死して忠臣と称せらるゝは唯此時にあり、各死力を尽し刀折れ矢竭(つ)き而して後已(やまん)」(『薩南血涙史』)と激励したが、戦況を逆転することはできなかった。
- In this battle, Yaichiro NAGAYAMA, a brave general of the Satsuma army, encouraged his warriors through the following appeal but could not change the battle situation to their advantage: 'Why are you so cowardly?; If we allowed the enemy to seize this place, how the soldiers stationed outside Kumamoto Castle would become?; Only what is important is to defend this place to the last; It is for that achievement that you are to be praised as a good warrior, if alive, or a loyal retainer, if dead; Fight desperately until all of our weapons are used up' (according to 'Satsunan Ketsurui-shi' (the history of Satsunan full of blood and tears)).
- このため、安政5年(1858年)の日米修好通商条約締結の際、約8.6グラムの質量を持つ一分銀は偶然にも質量としての一両の約1/4であることから額面通り銀1/4両であり、中国の銀一両の約3/4の質量である1ドル銀貨=一分銀3枚という日本側に不利な交換比率を主張する口実をタウンゼント・ハリスに与えることになり、小判流出の一因となった。
- When the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan was concluded in 1858, the fact that about 8.6-gram ichibu-gin was coincidentally equivalent to around one fourth ryo in weight, which was worth of one fourth ryo of silver at face value, provided Townsend Harris with the excuse of insisting unfavorable exchange rate for Japan that three ichibu-gin coins changed one-dollar silver coin which was about three fourth weight of Chinese one ryo of silver and led koban flow out.
- これに対して後嵯峨天皇の頃から実際の人事権者である治天の君の人事決定を迅速に人事担当者に伝える必要性から、治天の君(天皇親政の場合は天皇)の命令を受けた職事蔵人が、口宣を上卿に渡す前にあらかじめ下書きを名目としてもう1通案文を口宣と全く同じ様に作成して、この案文に口宣を出した治天の君の院宣(あるいは天皇の綸旨)を添えて実務担当者に渡した。
- But from the tenure of Emperor Gosaga, in order to meet the requirement of conveying personnel change made by the Chiten no kimi -- who had the virtual right of personnel management -- to the official responsible for personnel matters as soon as possible, the shikiji kurodo who received the order issued by the Chiten no kimi (or the Emperor if under the personal rule of the Emperor) drew up a copy of the draft proposal of kuzen on the pretext of making an incomplete version of the kuzen and handed the copy of the draft proposal with inzen (document transcribed a retired emperor's order) of the Chiten no kimi who issued the kuzen (or a document transcribed of the Emperor's order) to the working-level officials, before submitting the kuzen to the shokei.
- スナイドル弾薬の製造設備を失った事は、薩摩を象徴する新兵器だったスナイドル銃が無用の長物と化し、既に旧式化していた前装式のエンフィールド銃で戦わなければならなくなった事を意味しており、後装式と前装式の連射速度の違いがもたらす決定的な戦力差を戊辰戦争での実体験として知る西郷は、この報を聞いて「ちょしもたー」(しまった)との言葉を発したという。
- Now that they lost the production equipment of Snider Ammunition, the Snider rifle, which had symbolized the Satsuma Domain as the new weapon, meant nothing to them and they had to be armed with the outdated muzzle-loading Enfield rifles; it is said that SAIGO shouted 'Damn!' to hear the report because he had realized in the Boshin War that a difference in the burst speed between the muzzleloader and the breechloader makes a crucial difference in fighting power.
- この時期、九州では依然として激戦が続いており、更に1,800万発の調達が必要と見積もられていたこともあって、大量の弾薬在庫が残されていたツンナール銃を九州に送る案が検討され、実際に和歌山(旧紀州藩)の臨時召集部隊は藩兵時代から使い慣れたツンナール銃装備のまま九州へ派遣されたほか、大阪鎮台の医歩兵など後方部隊もツンナール銃を装備して派遣されていた。
- As fierce battles were still fought in Kyushu in this period, the Army Ministry estimated further 18 million rounds of ammunition would be needed and examined a plan of sending Zundnadel guns to Kyushu because it had a great deal of stockpiles of ammunition for the gun; in fact, an emergency call-up troop in Wakayama (former Kishu Domain) was dispatched to Kyushu armed with Zundnadel gun, which they had used when they served for the domain, and a rear unit including medical soldiers in Osaka Garrison were also armed with Zundnadel guns and dispatched.
- 平安時代中期になると、開発領主が自らの土地をこの不輸租田にするために寺社や上級貴族に寄進するようになる(寄進地系荘園)が、不輸租田の指定には勅許とそれに基づく太政官符及び民部省符からなる公験が必要とされており、それらが揃った不輸租田によって構成された荘園を官省符荘、単に国司が承認したために事実上の不輸租田の対象となっていたものを国免荘田と呼ばれた。
- In the mid Heian period, kaihatsu ryoshu (local nobles who actually developed the land) began to donate their land to temples or high-ranking aristocrats in order to make their land fuyusoden (donated-type of shoen [manor]); however, they were required to submit kugen (official documents authorized by kokushi [provincial governor] or Gunji [local magistrate] for transfer of the ownership of private property) consisting of daijokanpu (official document issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) and minbushofu (official document issued by the minister of minbusho) based on the chokkyo (the imperial sanction) to have their land designated as fuyusoden -- Shoen which consisted of fuyusoden with the complete set of documents submitted was called Kanshofu sho (a shoen enjoying immunity from taxation by virtue of having official documents from both the Council of State and the Ministry of Popular Affairs), and shoen which was virtually treated as fuyusoden merely with approval of kokushi was called kokumen shoen (provincially exempted shoen).
- この頃になると、算博士の世襲化が進み算道によって奉試に合格するとともに、譜第の家系であることが算博士就任の要件とされるようになり、当初は家原氏・大蔵氏が平安時代前期には世襲化も兆候を見せるものの長続きせず、両氏の没落後は小槻氏・三善氏の両氏が世襲するようになり、自己の算道を家学・秘伝化し、また有能な門人を養子として家名を継承させることで他氏を排除するようになった。
- Around this time, the heredity of San hakase grew in importance, and being part of a hereditary family joined passing Hoshi as a requirement for assuming the role of San hakase; initially, in the early Heian period, the Iehara and Okura clans began to make it into the heredity, but this did not last; then, after the ruin of the preceding clans, the Ozuki and Miyoshi clans began to utilize heredity, made their own Sando into hereditary learning and secret teachings, and excluded other clans by adopting capable disciples to inherit the family name.
- 「日本の憲法は御承知のごとく五箇条の御誓文から出発したものと云ってもよいのでありますが、いわゆる五箇条の御誓文なるものは、日本の歴史、日本の国情をただ文字に現わしただけの話でありまして、御誓文の精神、それが日本国の国体であります。日本国そのものであったのであります。この御誓文を見ましても、日本国は民主主義であり、デモクラシーそのものであり、あえて君権政治とか、あるいは圧制政治の国体でなかったことは明瞭であります」と答弁した。
- He answered 'As you know, it can be said that the Constitution of Japan started from Charter Oath. So-called Charter Oath of Five Articles was just written expressing the history and the state of affairs of Japan. The spirit of Charter Oath itself is the national policy of Japan and what Japan is. Seeing Charter Oath, Japan is a democratic country and democracy itself. It is obvious that the national policy was not monarchy or repressive government.'
- この日、西郷を中心に作戦会議が開かれ、小兵衛の「海路から長崎を奪い、そこから二軍に分かれて神戸・大阪と横浜・東京の本拠を急襲」する策、野村忍介の「三道に別れ、一は海路で長崎に出てそこから東上、一は海路から豊前・豊後を経て四国・大坂に出てそこから東上、一は熊本・佐賀・福岡を経ての陸路東上」する策即ち三道分進策が出されたが、小兵衛・野村忍介の策は3隻の汽船しかなく軍艦を持たない薩軍にとっては成功を期し難く、池上の「熊本城に一部の抑えをおき、主力は陸路で東上」する策が採用された。
- On the same day, SAIGO held a council of war, and Kohei proposed the plan that 'the troops should attack Nagasaki from sea and then divide into two groups, one of which would raid Kobe and Osaka and the other of which would raid Yokohama and the headquarters in Tokyo', whereas Oshisuke NOMURA proposed the plan of heading east through three courses that 'the army should divide into three groups, one of which would go to Nagasaki by sea and head east from there, another of which would go to Shikoku and Osaka by sea through Buzen and Bungo Provinces and head east from there, and the other of which would head east by land through Kumamoto, Saga, and Fukuoka,' but both of the plans seemed to have little chance of succeeding for the Satsuma army, which had no warship but only three steamships; finally, they adopted the IKEGAMI's plan of 'deploying part of the army in Kumamoto Castle to defend the region and having the main force headed east by land.'